26 BucklindCrippling CompressionCrippling PDF

Compression Crippling
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................3
GENERAL EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS ........................................................................................4
COMPUTER SOLUTIONS.............................................................................................................6
ATYPICAL MATERIALS..............................................................................................................7
LIPS AND BULBS..........................................................................................................................7
FORMED SECTIONS...................................................................................................................10
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:................................................................................................................20
EXTRUDED AND MACHINED SECTIONS..............................................................................21
BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-1

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26-2 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

Introduction
Compression crippling is defined as an inelastic distortion of the cross-section of a structural

element in its own plane resulting in permanent deformation of the section. (See Figure 1).
This behavior is one of the most common failure mechanisms encountered by structures under
compressive loads. Consequently, the crippling strength predictions form the foundation for
strength predictions for most compression structures. The compression crippling concept is an
invention devised to permit a simplistic analytical treatment to account for behaviors which are
actually quite complex.
Figure 1. Typical Pre-crippling Buckles

Compression crippling involves elastic, or inelastic, buckling of less stable elements of a
structural cross-section, and always involves inelastic axial compression of the more stable
portions of the section. Unlike initial elastic buckling, crippling induced deformations in the
member do not disappear when the member is unloaded. Although crippling itself does not
necessarily result in lateral translation of the section, the loss of stiffness, which occurs as the
buckles associated with the crippling develop, will typically result in other failure modes that
are initiated at lower maximum loads than those at which failure by inelastic buckling of the
individual elements would occur. This is particularly true of certain shapes, angles, and T-
sections, which are frequently selected for crippling test specimens that typically fail by
torsional instability.
It is significant to note that a structural section, made up of elements that all have the same
local buckle length, will fail at a lower load than a similar section with elements with differing
buckle lengths. Also, the load at which one element will buckle and the rate at which the
buckle develops with respect to load is influenced by torsional stiffness provided by adjacent
elements. However, the existing parametric treatments give no indication of these trends.
The parametric treatments are both easy to use and conservative in that the "allowables" have
typically been established at the lower boundary of a fairly wide scatter band of test data. The
width of the test scatter bands, as well as test data well above the compression yield, indicate
that greater structural efficiencies than those typically realized could be available for many
designs through a more accurate design and analysis approach. Programs requiring greater
structural efficiencies may elect to conduct large deflection finite elements analyses using
inelastic material properties and then conduct verification tests.

The historical parametric crippling strength predictions are described in 2. Formed and
extruded sections are discussed in 6 and 7 respectively. Round tube crippling is presented in 8
for metal tubes.
General Empirical Equations
Empirical techniques have been developed using coefficients derived from tests since there is
no analytical basis for the prediction of crippling strength. The crippling stress for a particular
cross-section area is calculated as if the stress were uniform over the entire section.
Furthermore, the maximum crippling strength of a member is calculated as a function of its
cross-section rather than its length. In reality, parts of the section buckle well below the
crippling stress. This results in the more stable areas, such as corners and intersections,
reaching a higher stress than buckled elements. At failure, the stress in the corners and
intersections is always above the material yield stress although the "crippling" stress, which is
an average value, may be considerably less than the yield stress. The compression yield
strength is used as the crippling strength cut-off since there is not sufficient data to permit an
exact solution at higher stress values for most materials.
Several empirical techniques using coefficients derived from test results have been developed
but none appear to solve all of the needs of the structural designer. The method used here is a
semi-empirical method which is a modification of Needham's * method.
* Needham, R.A., "The Ultimate Strength of Aluminum Alloy Formed Structural Shapes in
Compression", J. Aero, Sci., Vol. 21, April 1954.
This method uses the following general equation (a typical normalized plot is shown in Figure
1:
B10
Fcc
= b
FcyE
10 gft
where
m = slope of versus curve
(See Figure 2)
B10 = value of at = 10.0
B = Segment width
T = Segment thickness
gf = Term distinguishing stability differences of
segments with one edge free and segments
with no edges free (gf = 1.0 for one edge free)
E = Youngs Modulus
Fcy = Compression yield stress of material

Fcc = Crippling stress

.10
.05
B10
m
.03
Fcy E
Fcc
1.0
.01
3 5 10 20 30 50
b
gf t
Figure 2. Typical Normalized Compression Crippling Curve

The terms m, B10 and gf typically fall within a limited range for most materials. The crippling
strength for individual materials varies by as much as 10 or 15 percent from that predicted by
the average values oftn, B10 and gf therefore, specific values of m, B10 and gf must be
established, where applicable, for each material separately when firm allowables are required
for final design.
Formed sections are analyzed in the same manner as extruded and/or machined sections.
However, different coefficient values are used for the two types of sections.
The sections are analyzed as follows:
The section is broken down into individual segments as shown in Figure 2.

The allowable crippling stress for each segment is found from the applicable material
curve in 6 and 7.
The allowable crippling stress for the entire section is computed by taking an area weighted
average of the allowables for each segment.
Where
b1, b2 = Lengths of the individual segments

T1, t2 = Individual segments thickness
Fcc1, Fcc2 = Allowable crippling stress corresponding to computed b/t values
of the individual segments.

b3
b4
t
b2
No edge free
b1
One edge free
Figure 3. Formed Section

Computer Solutions
The Equations presented in 2 can be used to develop computer solutions that provide crippling
strength estimates for both formed and extruded and/or machined structural sections for most
isotropic structural materials. The resulting Fcc values will be identical to those presented in
graphical form in 6 and 7, provided that the same crippling coefficients, B\Q, gf and m values,
elastic modulus and compression yield values are used.
Figure 6.4.2-4 provides a number of sets of B \ Q, gf and m values. These do not change
significantly within the normal temperature usage ranges or as a result of compression yield
variations for individual materials and heat treatment ranges. Required elastic modulus values
and compression yield strengths should be obtained from DM84 to support computer solution
crippling strength predictions.
NOTE: Variations within the crippling strength coefficients for different material, either for
formed or extruded or machined sections are not large. This permits the use of average value
coefficients for preliminary design purposes for materials for which the required coefficients
have not been developed by tests. However, the user should be aware that crippling strengths
for specific materials may vary by as much as 10 to 15 percent from the average value
predictions.
Variations of crippling plots, all reflecting the above general relationships and the curve shape
indicated in Figure 2, have been developed and are presented for convenience to the various
users. The applicable parameters are also provided for those who wish to computerize their
analysis tools. Material specific curves and/or parameters should always be used if they are
available.

Alloy Temper Form m BIO Sf*

Aluminum
2024 T3,T351,T42 Bare Sheet & Plate .82 .063 2.5
T3,T351,T42 Clad Sheet & Plate .80 .054 3.4
T4, T351x Extrusion < .25 .75 .059 2.3
7075 T6,T651 Bare Sheet & Plate .80 .05275 2.65
T6, T651 Clad Sheet & Plate .82 .061 1.9
T6, T651x Extrusion < .25 thick .75 .063 2.3
Titanium c
CP-70A Annealed Sheet & Plate .80 .060 2.7
6A1-4V Annealed Sheet .80 .060 2.7
6A1-4V Soln. Heat Treat Sheet .80 .060 2.7
& Age @ 1000F
Magnesium
HK31A-H24 Sheet .815 .0527 2.7
AZ31B-H24 Sheet .78 .053 2.7
ZK60A T5 Extrusion .75 .061 2.7
All d Sheet & Plate .80 .053 2.7
Average
Values Extruded and/or Machined .75 .061 2.3
* For No Edge Free (gf= 1-0 for one edge free)
c See 4 for discussion of Titanium
d For use in Preliminary Design only
Figure 4. Crippling Coefficients
Atypical Materials
Figure 27 illustrates a somewhat different crippling curve shape and presentation format that
was developed by extensive testing of extruded sections of a specific titanium alloy. Two
distinct features of those particular crippling tests results were that the curve is not a straight
line and that it extends well above compression yield at the lower b/t values. This atypical
crippling behavior is believed to be due to a higher FCy/E ratio and to involve the torsional
stability developed at the intersection of the elements. This suggests that other materials with
uncommon strength to modulus ratios may also display unexpected crippling behaviors.
NOTE: Many, although not all, compression crippling curves have been drawn as a straight
line on a log-log plot with an arbitrary cutoff at FCy. Tests have shown that materials with
Lips and Bulbs
Lips and bulbs are often used, for formed and extruded sections as shown in Figure 65 (A) and
(B) respectively, to simulate a simply supported edge condition for the adjacent plate element.
This produces a more efficient load carrying element since the compressive buckling
coefficient is 4.0 for a plate element and 0.43 for a flange element. For such designs, it is
necessary for the buckling stress of the lip or bulb to be at least equal to the buckling stress of

the adjacent plate element. The minimum dimensions required for the flange to buckle at the
same stress level as the adjacent simply supported plate are plotted in Figure 6 for lips and
Figure 7 for bulbs.
However, the strengths are less than would be predicted by extension of the straight line
allowable curve from the elastic range. Developing those allowables will require crippling tests
for each heat treat level for each material. Programs desiring those allowable compression
crippling curves should contact their Allowables or Analysis Methods Group.
Bulb Bulb
Lip Lip
Bulb
(A) (B)
Figure 5. Typical Lips and Bulbs

Above Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider lip as a flat segment

with one edge free. Consider adjacent flange as having no edge free.
Below Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider the flange adjacent to

lip as segment with one edge free. The length of the flange becomes
b = bF + bL. Use this b in analyzing the flange and the lip.
bL 3 bF bF
8 .91 - =5
tL tF tF
6
F
b
bL
tF
4 Minimum efffective lip size

75
tL bL
32
tL
=.
tF t
bf
L
b
tL
2
tL > tF Applicable at > 40
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
bF
tF
Figure 6. Typical Element Breakdown for Complex Formed Section
Above the minimum effective curve: Consider the flange as having no edge free.
Fcc of the bulb equals Fcy.
Below the minimum effective curve: Consider the flange as having one edge
free. The length of the flange becomes fF
+ E and the area of the flange becomes

Minimum effective bulb size
D
min
t
2 D
t
bF
D 4 D 3 D 2 bF
t - 1.6 t - .374 t = 7.44
t
0
0 10 20 bF 30 40 50
t
Figure 7. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress-General Solutions

Formed Sections
The method used for the crippling analysis of formed sections develops the crippling stress by
analyzing individual segments of the section. All of the individual segments are analyzed by a
single strength plot. The analysis uses the same formula as those presented in 2. It should be
noted that for formed sections, the bend radii are ignored and only an idealized flat segment is
considered. That is, no recognition is given to the differences between flat and curved
segments as is shown in Figure 1. The analysis of a formed section is illustrated in the example
problem at the end of this section.
Use care when computing the crippling allowable for a lipped section. Consult Figure 6 to
determine if the lip is of sufficient size to provide stability to the adjacent segment. If the value
on the figure falls above the curve, the lipped section is of sufficient size. If so, the lipped
section should be regarded as a flat segment with one edge free and the adjacent flange should
be regarded as having no edges free. If the value on the figure falls below the curve, the lipped
section is not of sufficient size to support the flange. Therefore, the adjacent flange should then
be regarded as having one edge free and the length of the flange becomes
b = bLip + bFlange
For sections having laminated (bonded) flanges, the flanges should be treated as one flange
with a thickness equal to the total thickness. For riveted flanges, the possibility of inter-rivet
buckling should be investigated.

Figure 9 provides an average value nondimensional plot of crippling strengths, for formed
sections, to be used for preliminary design for materials for which crippling strengths have not
been established by test. Note that the crippling strength coefficients are the same as indicated
in Figure 4 for computer solutions. However, the plot is difficult to use in the nondimensional
form. The coefficients used in Figure 11 have been used to develop the plot presented in
Figure 10, which may be more useful. It is specialized for materials withamodulus of 10X 10
psi., aluminums. Corresponding curves, specialized for other modulus values can also be
developed.
The remainder of the crippling curves presented in this BDM have been developed from tests
of crippling specimens of the indicated alloys. They are listed below:
Material Figure
2024-T3, -T351, -T42 Bare 6.7.5-4
2024-T3, -T351, -T42 Clad 6.7.5-5
7075-T6, T351 Bare 6.7.5-6
7075-T6, T351 Clad 6.7.5-7
7178-T6-Bare 6.7.5-8
titanium (MIL-T-9046):
Commercially Pure, Annealed 6.7.5-9
6AI-4V, Annealed Sheet and Plate 6.7.5-10
6AI-4V, S.TA. + 1000F Age, 6.7.5-11
Sheet and Plate <.75 inch
b3
b4
where
t b1, b2, . . = lengths of individual segments
b2
t = section thickness
Fcc1, Fcc2 = allowable crippling stresses corresponding
to computed b/gft values of the individual segments.
b1
Figure 8. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnccn
Fcc =
Ebntn
b b
No edge free
.2
Number of g B10
f m
free edges
1 1.0
.053 .80
0 2.7
Fcy
Cutoff at .1
E
(Fcc < Fcy) .08
.06 No
Fcy E
Fcc
ed
.05 ge
fre
e
.04
On
e
ed
.03 ge
fre
e
.02
.01
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 9. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 2024-T3, T351, -T42 Bare Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnccn
Fcc =
Ebntn
b b
No edge free
E = 10 x 106 psi
100
Number of gf B10
80 m
free edges
1 1.0
.053 .80
0 2.7
60
40
Fcc, ksi
20
10
8
0 Edges free
1 Edge free
6
Note: Fcc cutoffs are at Fcc - Fcy.
4
4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100
b
t
Figure 10. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 2024-T3, -T351, -T42

Clad Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
80
60 70F
Fcy = 38,000 psi
50
40
30
200F
No
Fcc, ksi ed
Fcy = 36,480 psi ge
fre
20 e
On
ee
dg
e
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 11. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 775-T6, -T651, Bare Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
80
60
70F
50 Fcy = 36,000 psi
40
30
No
ed
Fcc, ksi
200F
ge
fre
20 Fcy = 34,560 psi e
On
e
ed
ge
fr e
e
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 12. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 7075-T6, -T651, Clad Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
70F
80 Fcy = 68,000 psi
60
50
40 No
ed
ge
30 fre
e
Fcc, ksi
200F
20
Fcy = 63,920 psi
On
e
ed
ge
fr e
e
10
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 13. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 7178-T6, Bare Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
70F
80 200F
70
60 t = .063 - .187 Fcy = 64,000 psi
50
t = .012 - .039 Fcy = 61,000 psi
40
30
No
Fcc, ksi ed
ge
fre
20 e
On
e
ed
ge
fr e
e
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 14. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Commercially Pure Titanium

(MIL-T-9046) (Annealed)

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
Fcy = 73,000 psi
80
70
60
50
40 No
ed
ge
30 fre
e
Fcc, ksi
On
e
20 ed
ge
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 15. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Ti6A1-4V (MIL-T-9046),

Annealed Sheet and Plate

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
100
80
60
50
No
40 ed
ge
fre
30 e
Fcc, ksi
On
e
20 ed
ge
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
70F, Fcy = 70,000 psi
250F, Fcy = 42,700 psi
400D, Fcy = 31,900 psi
500F, Fcy = 31,200 psi
Figure 16. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Ti-6AI-4V (MIL-T-9046), Solution Heat
Treat + 1000F Age, Sheet and Plate (< .750 Inch)

Example Problem:
Find: Crippling for the section shown below.
Given: The material is 2024 clad, Fcy = 36 ksi.
Step 1: Determine whether the lip segment, , provides sufficient stability to the
adjacent flange segment.
These values lie within the acceptable range in Figure 6.4.2-6
Step 2: Prepare tabular from and calculate Fcc.
The solution of crippling stress lends itself to a tabular format as follows:
Free Bn tn Bn/tn Bntn Fccn* tnbnFccn

Segment
edges
c 1 .275 .05 5.5 .01375 36. .495
d 0 .85 .05 17. .04250 36. 1.53
e 0 2.45 .05 49. .12250 24.5 3.001
f 1 .975 .05 19.5 .04875 19. .926
.22750 5.952
From Figure 13.

Extruded and Machined Sections
The method used for the crippling analysis of extruded or machined sections develops the
crippling stress by analyzing individual segments of the section. A typical breakdown for a
complex extruded section is shown in Figure 19. All of the individual segments are analyzed
by a single strength plot. The analysis used the same formula as that presented in 2.
Unbalanced sections should be broken down in a special manner. Whenever the thicknesses in
a section differs by a factor of more than 3.0, the excess thickness should be discounted in
calculating both the crippling stress and the section area effective in carrying load. In addition,
an unbalanced section should be checked for flexural or torsional stability.
For a bulb section, consult Figure 7 to see if the bulb is of sufficient size to provide stability to
the adjacent segment. If the value on the figure falls above the curve, the bulb section is of
sufficient size. In this case, the adjacent flange should be regarded as having no edges free and
Fcc of the bulb equals Fcy. If the value on the figure falls below the curve, the bulb section is
not of sufficient size to support the flange. Therefore, the adjacent flange should then be
regarded as having one edge free, the length of the flange becomes bF + D, and the area of the
flange becomes bft + (D2/4). Lipped sections should be checked to determine whether the lip
provides sufficient stability to the adjacent flange. This may be done using Figure 6 in the
same manner as described for formed sections in 6.
Current crippling stress prediction methods ignore fillets. However, recent tests of extruded
angles and channels indicated that increasing the fillet radius from t/2 to 2t will increase the
crippling stress by 6 to 12 percent. Additional testing would be required to justify increasing
allowables to reflect the fillet radius.

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
200
100
80
N
o
ed
60
ge
fre
50
e
Fcc, ksi O
ne
40 ed
ge
fre
30 e
20
10
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 150
b
t
70F, Fcy = 70,000 psi
250F, Fcy = 42,700 psi
400D, Fcy = 31,900 psi
500F, Fcy = 31,200 psi
Figure 17. Typical Element Breakdown for a Complex Extruded Section

Figure 20 provides an average value nondimensional plot of crippling strengths, for extruded
and/or machined sections. This plot corresponds to that provided by Figure 2 for formed
sections and is to be used for preliminary design for materials for which crippling strengths
have not been established by test. Note that the crippling strength coefficients are the same as
indicated in Figure 4 for computer solutions.
However, the plot is difficult to use in the nondimensional form. The coefficients used in
Figure 4 have been used to develop the plot presented in Figure 23, which may be more useful.
It is specialized for materials (aluminums) with a modulus of 10 X 10" psi. Corresponding
curves, specialized for other modulus values can also be developed.
The remainder of the crippling presented in 7 has been developed from tests of crippling
specimens of the indicated alloys. They are as follows:
Material Figure
Aluminum:
2024-T3, -T351X Extrusion 22
2219 Bare (Machined Shape) 23
7075 Extrusion 24
7079 Extrusion 25
7178 Extrusion 26
c Titanium:
6AI-4V Extrusion 27 thru 29
c Note that the atypical nature of the titanium
curves is discussed in 4.

One edge free

One edge free
t t
t t
2 2 bntnFccn
Fcc =
bntn
b b
No edge free
200
100
No
80 ed
ge
60
fre
e
50 On
e
Fcc, ksi 40 ed
ge
fre
e
30
20
10
5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t 70F, Fcy = 70,000 psi
250F, Fcy = 42,700 psi
400D, Fcy = 31,900 psi
500F, Fcy = 31,200 psi
Figure 18. Extruded Section Normalized Allowable Crippling Stress General Solution

b1 b2
t2
t1
One edge free One edge free
t3 Where
b1, b2 = Lengths of individual segments
b3
0 edge free t1, t2 = Individual segment thickness
Fcc1, Fcc2 = Allowable crippling stresses b/gft
t4 corresponding to computed values of the individual
b4 t5 segments
b5
Figure 19. Extruded Section Allowable Crippling Stress
One edge free
One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
.2
Number of g B10
f m
free edges
1 1.0
.061 .75
0 2.3
Fcy .1
Cutoff at
E
.08
(Fcc < Fcy)
.07
No
.06 ed
ge
.05 fre
e
.04
Fcy E
Fcc
On
e
.03 ed
ge
fre
e
.02
.01
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 20. Compression Crippling of Extrusions, 2024-T4, -T351X Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
E = 10 x 106 psi
100
Number of gf B10
80 m
free edges
1 1.0
.061 .75
60 0 2.3
40
Fcc, ksi
20
10 0 Edge free
1 Edge free
8
NOTE: Fcc cutoffs are at Fcc = Fcy.
6
4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100
b
t
Figure 21. Compression Crippling of Machined Shapes, 2219-T62, -T87, -T851
Bare Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
100
70
60 70F
Fcy = 34,000 psi
50
40
30
Kcc, ksi
No
ed
20 ge
200F fre
Fcy = 32,640 psi e
On
e ed
ge
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 22. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7075-T6, -T6510 Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
100
80 T87 Fcy = 50,000 psi
T85 Fcy = 46,000 psi
60 T62 Fcy = 38,000 psi
50
40
No
ed
30 ge
Kcc, ksi fre
e
On
20 e ed
ge
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 23. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7079-T6 Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
100
70F
80 Fcy = 70,000 psi
60
50
No
ed
40 ge
fre
e
200F
30 On
Fcy = 65,800 psi e
Kcc, ksi ed
ge
fre
e
20
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 150
b
t

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
100
80 Fcy = 67,000 psi
60
50
40
No
ed
30 ge
fre
e
Kcc, ksi On
e ed
20
ge
fre
e
10
8
7
6
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t
Figure 25. Compressive Crippling of Extrusions, 7079-T6 Aluminum

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
100
Fcy = 78,000 psi
80
60
50
No
40 ed
ge
fre
30 On e
e
ed
ge
Kcc, ksi fre
20 e
10
8
7
6
5
5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 150
b
t

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
70F (Fcy = 129,000 psi; E = 17,100,000 psi)

250F (Fcy = 106,800 psi; E = 16,360,000 psi)
400F (Fcy = 89,400 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi)
500F (Fcy = 80,900 psi; E = 15,220,000 psi)
200
Number of
free edges gf
1 1.0
0 2.3
100
Fcc, ksi
50
30
20
3 5 10 20 30 50
b
gft
Figure 27. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusion, Ti-6Ai-4V,

Condition I (Mill Anneal)

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
70F (Fcy = 147,000 psi; E = 17,100,000 psi)

250F (Fcy = 123,000 psi; E = 16,360,000 psi)
400F (Fcy = 105,400 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi)
500F (Fcy = 97,800 psi; E = 15,220,000 psi)
200
Number of
free edges gf
1 1.0
0 2.3
100
Fcc, ksi
50
30
20
3 5 10 20 30 50
b
g ft
Figure 28. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusions, Ti-6A1-4V, Condition III

One edge free

One edge free
t2 t3 t2
t2 t3 t t2
2 2 2 t 2
bntnFccn
b b Fcc =
t bntn
No edge free
70F (Fcy = 136,000 psi; E = 16,400,000 psi)

250F (Fcy = 113,600 psi; E = 15,500,000 psi)
400F (Fcy = 97,500 psi; E = 15,610,000 psi)
500F (Fcy = 90,400 psi; E = 14,300,000 psi)
200
Number of
free edges gf
1 1.0
0 2.3
100
Fcc, ksi
50
30
20
3 5 10 20 30 50
b
gft
Figure 29. Compressive Crippling of Machined Extrusions, Ti-6AI-4V, Solution Heat Treat,
+1250F Age

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Compression Crippling

GENERAL EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS ........................................................................................4

LIPS AND BULBS..........................................................................................................................7

EXTRUDED AND MACHINED SECTIONS..............................................................................21

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-1

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26-2 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

Compression crippling is defined as an inelastic distortion of the cross-section of a structural

Figure 1. Typical Pre-crippling Buckles

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-3

General Empirical Equations

m = slope of versus curve

B10 = value of at = 10.0

26-4 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

Fcc = Crippling stress

Figure 2. Typical Normalized Compression Crippling Curve

The sections are analyzed as follows:

The section is broken down into individual segments as shown in Figure 2.

b1, b2 = Lengths of the individual segments

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-5

Figure 3. Formed Section

26-6 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

Alloy Temper Form m BIO Sf*

Lips and Bulbs

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-7

Figure 5. Typical Lips and Bulbs

26-8 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

Above Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider lip as a flat segment

Below Minimum Effective Lip Curve: Consider the flange adjacent to

4 Minimum efffective lip size

Figure 6. Typical Element Breakdown for Complex Formed Section

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-9

Minimum effective bulb size

Figure 7. Formed Section Allowable Crippling Stress-General Solutions

26-10 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-11

One edge free

26-12 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

One edge free

Figure 10. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, 2024-T3, -T351, -T42

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-13

One edge free

26-14 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

One edge free

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-15

One edge free

26-16 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

One edge free

Figure 14. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Commercially Pure Titanium

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-17

One edge free

Figure 15. Compressive Crippling of Formed Sections, Ti6A1-4V (MIL-T-9046),

26-18 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC

One edge free

BDC Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures 26-19

Find: Crippling for the section shown below.

Given: The material is 2024 clad, Fcy = 36 ksi.

These values lie within the acceptable range in Figure 6.4.2-6

Step 2: Prepare tabular from and calculate Fcc.

The solution of crippling stress lends itself to a tabular format as follows:

Free Bn tn Bn/tn Bntn Fccn* tnbnFccn

From Figure 13.

26-20 Design and Analysis of Aircraft Structures BDC