AWC DES310 Connections 1hr 141128

Connection Solutions for Wood-
frame Structures
Michelle Kam-Biron, PE, SE, SECB
Director of Education
American Wood Council
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International Copyright laws.
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without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
American Wood Council 2014
Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 1

Learning Objectives
On completion of this course, participants will:
Be familiar with current wood connection design philosophy,

behavior, and serviceability issues.
Be able to identify basic wood material properties and learn how to
avoid splits, notching, and net section issues in connection solutions
Be able to recommend fastening guidelines for wood to steel, wood
to concrete, and wood to wood connections.
Be able to describe effects of moisture on wood connections and
implement proper detailing to mitigate issues that may occur.
Outline
Wood connection design
philosophy
Connection behavior
Serviceability challenges
Connection hardware and

fastening systems
Connection techniques
Design software
Where to get more

information

Outline
Wood connection design
philosophy
Connection behavior
Serviceability issues
Connection hardware and

fastening systems
Design software
Where to get more

information
Basic Concepts
Model wood cells as a bundle of straws
Bundle is very strong parallel to axis of the straws
Parallel Perpendicular
Stronger Less strong

Connecting Wood - Philosophy
Wood likes compression parallel to grain
makes connecting wood very easy

Wood likes compression parallel to grain
makes connecting wood very easy

Wood likes to take on load spread over its surface
Concentrated at a single fastener

wood is more prone to split and crush

Wood and tension perpendicular to grain
Not recommended
Initiators:
notches
large diameter fasteners
hanging loads
11
Notching
Problem Solution
12

Beam to Concrete
Notched Beam Bearing
may cause splitting

not recommended
Split
13
Beam to Concrete
Notched Bearing Wall
alternate to beam
notch
14

Hanger to Beam
Load suspended from

lower half of beam
Tension perpendicular
to grain
May cause splits
Split
Split
N
A
N
A
T
15
Hanger to Beam
Lower half of beam

may cause splits
not recommended
Exception: light load

<100 lbs
>24 o.c.
Split
16

Hanger to Beam
Full wrap Load supported in upper

sling option half of beam
Extended plates puts
wood in compression
when loaded
N N
A A
compression T
17
Connecting Wood- Philosophy
Splitting happens because wood is

relatively weak perpendicular to grain
Nails too close (act like a wedge)
18

Staggered Nailing
Framing
Wood Structural
Panel
Nail
1/8" Gap
Between Panels
Nailing not staggered Nailing staggered

Nailing not staggered Nailing staggered
19
Connecting Wood- Philosophy

Splitting occurs parallel to
grain
Staggering
Splitting will not occur Staggering

gg g a line of
perpendicular to grain, nails parallel to wood
no matter how close grain minimizes
nails are splitting
20

Wood, like other hygroscopic materials, moves in varying

environments
21
Fastener selection is key to connection ductility, strength,

performance
22

Mechanical fasteners
keep them small

use lots of them
Issue is scale of fastener relative to wood member size
23
Next...
Wood connection design philosophy
Connection behavior
Connection hardware and fastening systems
Design software
Where to get more information
24

Connection Behavior
Balance
Strength high strength
strength, poor ductility
L d
Load
Ductility-
good strength, good

ductility
low strength, good ductility
Displacement
25
Connection Behavior
26

Connection Behavior
27
Connection Behavior
28

Connection Behavior
Balance
Strength Load high strength, poor ductility
Size
Si and d number
b off
fasteners good strength, good ductility
Ductility-
Fastener slenderness
Spacing
End distance low strength, good ductility
Displacement
29
Next...
Connection behavior
Design software
30

Connection Serviceability
Bristlecone Pine
Giant Sequoia Western Juniper
31
Issue: direct water ingress
Water is absorbed most quickly through wood end grain
No end
caps or
flashing
32

Re-direct the water flow

around the connection
end caps and flashing
33
Or, let water out if it gets in...
Moisture trap -
No weep holes
34

Moisture Changes In Wood
Causes dimensional changes perpendicular to

grain
Growing As wood
tree is dries, it
filled shrinks
with perp. to
Tangentially
water grain
Radially
35
Wood Shrinks
Woodmagazine.com
36

Moisture Effects
1% change in
dimension for
every 4%
change MC
37
Wet Service Factor, CM
Dowel-type connectors
bolts
Saturated drift pins
drift bolts
lag screws
19% MC
wood screws
nails
fabrication MC
in-service MC
Dry
CM 1.0 0.7 0.4* Lateral load (*CM=0.7 for D<1/4)
1.0 0.7 1.0 Withdrawal load - lag & wood screws only
1.0 0.25 0.25 Withdrawal load - nails & spikes
38

Wet Service Factor, CM
Saturated CM = 1.0 if:

19% MC 1 fastener
2+ fasteners
Dryy
CM 0.4 Lateral load (D>1/4) split splice
plates
fabrication MC
in-service MC Table 10.3.3 footnote 2
39
Beam to Column
Full-depth side plates
may cause splitting

wood shrinkage
40

Beam to Column
Smaller side plates
transmit force
allow wood movement
41
Beam to Column
Problem
shrinkage
tension perp
42

Beam to Wall
Solution
b l near bottom
bolts b
minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
43
Avoid contact with cementitious materials
Beam on Shelf
prevent contact with

concrete
provide lateral
resistance and uplift
44

Beam to Concrete
Beam on Wall
prevent contact with

concrete
provide lateral
resistance and uplift
slotted to allow
longitudinal movement
typical for sloped beam
45
Beam to Masonry
Application
Application
Need 1/2 air gap between

wood and masonry
46

Column to Base
Problem
no weep holes in
closed shoe
moisture entrapped
decay can result
47
Column to Base
Angle brackets
anchor bolts in
brackets
48

Column to Base
Wheres the plate?
49
Hidden Column Base
Floor slab poured over

connection
will cause decay
not recommended
50

Column to Base
Floor slab poured below

connection
51
Next...
Connection behavior
Design software
52

Mechanical Connectors
53
Traditional Connectors
All-wood solution
time tested
practical
extreme efficiencies
available with computer
numeric control (CNC)
machining
www.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
54

Long History > 100

years
Uses automated
Computer numerical
Control (CNC) milling
technology
machine joints
pre-drill holes
Timber Framers Guild -
www.tfguild.org
http://www.tfguild.org/downloads/T
FEC-1-2010-with-Commentary.pdf
55
Wood dowel connection design

technology now available
Schmidt, R.J. (2006): Timber Pegs Considerations for Mortise and Tenon Joint
Design, Structure Magazine, March 2006, NCSEA, 13(3):44-47.
http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/SF-Timber-Pegs-March-
061.pdf 56

Mechanical Connectors
Common Fasteners
Nails
Staples
p
Wood Screws
Metal plate
connectors
Lag screws
Bolts
57
Fastener Values
Included in U.S. design literature
Fastener Type Reference

Bolts
B l NDS or ER
Lag Screws NDS or ER
Wood Screws NDS or ER
Nails & Spikes NDS or ER Evaluation Reports
Split Ring Connectors NDS (ER) are developed
Shear Plate Connectors NDS for proprietary
Drift Bolts & Drift Pins NDS products
Metal Plate Connectors ER
Hangers & Framing
ER
Anchors
Staples ER
58

NDS Chapter 11 Dowel-type Fasteners
ASD and LRFD accommodated through Table 10.3.1

Bolts
L
Lag screws
Wood screws
Nails & spikes
59
Fastener Bending Yield Test

Center-Point Bending Test
Load
60

Dowel Bearing Strength
61
Yield Limit Equations
4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
Single & double shear
62

Yield Modes
MODE I
b i d i
bearing-dominated d
yield of wood fibers
MODE II
pivoting of fastener
with localized crushing
of wood fibers
63
Yield Modes
MODE III
fastener yield in
b di att one
bending
plastic hinge and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
MODE IV
fastener yield in
bending g at two
plastic hinges and
bearing
dominated yield
of wood fibers
64

4 Modes of failure
6 Yield equations
Single
Si l & double
d bl shear
h
Wood-to-wood
Wood-to-Steel
Wood-to-Concrete
65
66

67
Chapter 11- Dowels
68

Updated TR 12
http://www.awc.org/publications/TR/index.php
69
TR 12
Background and derivation of the mechanics-ba

sed approach for calculating lateral connection
capacity used in the NDS
Provides additional flexibility and broader applic
ability to the NDS provisions.
Simplified Equations
70

TR 12
71
TR 12
Allows for evaluation of

connections
ti with
ith gaps
between connected
members
72

TR 12
2014 Edition - New information on design of

wood members attached to hollow members
design of driven-fasteners with tapered tips
optimizing connections based on location of thre
ads relative to the connection shear plane.
73
Chapter 11- Dowels
74

Chapter 11-Dowels
75
Chapter 11-Dowels
Threaded
length < lm/4 lm
Dia. Fastener = D
Threaded
length < lm/4 lm
Dia. Fastener = D
76

Chapter 11-Dowels
lm
Dia. Fastener = Dr
77
Spacing, End, & Edge Distance 2012 NDS
78

Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate

cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
79
Adds the following notes to 11.5.1 The perpendicular to

grain distance between the outermost fasteners shall not
e ceed 5" (see Fig
exceed Figuree 11H) unless
nless special detailing is
provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the
wood member. For structural glued laminated timber
members, the perpendicular to grain distance between
the outermost fasteners shall not exceed the limits in
Table 11.5.1F, unless special detailing is provided to
accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the member. For
structural glued laminated timber members, the
perpendicular to grain distance between the outermost
fasteners shall not exceed the limits in Table 11.5.1F,
unless special detailing is provided to accommodate
cross-grain shrinkage of the member.
80

Unless special detailing is provided to accommodate

cross-grain shrinkage of the wood member.
81
Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
10.1.2 Stresses in Members at Connections

Local
Local stresses in connections using multiple
fasteners shall be checked in accordance with
principles of engineering mechanics. One
method for determining these stresses is
provided in Appendix E.
82

Closely spaced
fasteners
brittle failure
lower capacity
wood failure
mechanisms need
to be considered in
design
83
Properly spaced fasteners
increased ductility
higher capacity
spread out the

fasteners!
84

Appendix E NDS Expressions
Net tension:
'
Z NT Ft ' Anet
Row tear-out:
'
Z RT ni Fv'tsmin
i
nrow
'
Z RT Z RT
'
i
i 1
85
Appendix E NDS Expressions
Group tear-out
' '
Z RT top Z RT bottom
'
Z GT Ft' Agroup net
2 2
Note: spacing between outer rows of fasteners

paralleling the member on a single splice plate <
5
86

Chapter 12 Split Rings and Shear Plates
Geometry factor, CD
Side Grain
87
Chapter 12 Split Rings and Shear Plates
Geometry factor, CD
End Grain
88

NDS Chapter 13 Timber Rivets
Many applications
Canada several decades

2005 NDS
Glued Laminated Timber
DFL
SP
89
Chapter 13- Timber Rivets
Plates
Steel ASTM A36
Hot-dipped
H t di d galvanized
l i d if
in wet service
Perforated Steel Plates

Fixed-hole
pattern geometry
Holes sizes lock
and hold rivet to
prevent rotation
90

Timber Rivets - Design
Four strength limit states:
Rivet yielding
Pr parallel to grain
Qr perpendicular to grain
Wood failure
Pw parallel to grain
Qw perpendicular to grain
Plate yielding
Enhanced ductility
Lowest value governs design
91
Timber Rivets Design 2005 NDS
92

Timber Rivets Design 2012 NDS
93

2005 NDS
Reiterative process
Parallel to grain timber rivet capacity
Pr = 280 p0.32 nR nC (13.2-1)
188 2012 NDS
Perpendicular to grain timber rivet capacity
Qr = 160 p0.32 nR nC
108 2012 NDS

Section 13.3.1: The maxiumum distance perpendicular to
grain between outermost rows of rivets shall be 12
94

Where to Find Design Examples
Timber Rivet Connections

Design Process for a Hanger
Connection
http://www.awc.org/pdf/
WDF17-4-rivet-pw.pdf
95
Flow chart per the 2005 NDS
Reiterative process
96

Design Example 2005 NDS
97
Next...
Connection behavior
Design software
98

Connection Techniques
Must evaluate:
forces present
environmental effects
material effects
aesthetics
99
Wood bolts in all-wood structure
100

Pre-engineered Connectors
Post to Beam
Beam to Beam
101
Joist to Beam (Hanger)
102

Column Cap & Base hardware
103
Hanger hardware
104

Truss hardware
105
Custom Hardware
Difficult situations made easy
106

Bolts in heavy trusses
107
Connecting other frame materials :
Steel
108

Connecting other frame materials :
Concrete
109
Steel bolts in columns
Hidden kerf plates
110

111
112

Operations Centre
Larry McFarland Gulf Islands National Park Reserve
Architect,
V
Vancouver, BC
CWMM
Consulting
Engineers, Inc.,
Vancouver, BC
113
114

Regional District of Nanaimo
Administration Building Expansion
Architect: Neale Staniszkis Doll

Adams Architects Vancouver, BC
Owner; Regional District of

Nanaimo Nanaimo, BC
General Contractor: Windley

C t ti Ltd Nanaimo,
Contracting N i BC
Structural Engineer: Herold

Engineering Ltd. Nanaimo, BC
115
116

Custom Hardware
A blend of art
and technology
117
Concealed Connectors
Proprietary Systems
118

Hollow steel
connection
tube
Expanding
cross pins
119
Self-tapping
dowel s-w-s
Threaded screw
w-w
120

Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Cloverdale Campus
Bunting Coady Architects, Vancouver, BC

Bush Bohlman & Partners, Inc., Vancouver, BC
121
122

123
Shaped steel shaft
Steel pins or dowels
Non-shrink grout
124

Raleigh-Durham International Airport
Fentress Architects
Denver,
D CO
Washington, DC
Stewart Engineering, Inc.

Raleigh, NC
Archer Western
Contractors
Raleigh, NC
125
126

127
Steel pipe
Stitch bolts
Tie-Bolt
128

129
130

Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American

Theater
Bing Thom Architects

Fast + Epp Structural
Engineers
Clark Construction
131
Arena Stage at the

Mead Center for
American Theater
132

Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver) 133
Richmond Olympic Oval
CANNON Design
Gerald Epp, Fast + Epp
Richmond (south of Vancouver)
134

Myrick Hixon EcoPark Building - WI
Whole Trees Architecture, Stoddard,

WI
135
Next...
Connection behavior
Design software
136

Software Solutions Exist
WWPA Lumber Design

Suite
Beams
B andd JJoists
i t
Post and Studs
Wood to Wood
Shear Connections
(nails, bolts, wood
screws and lag
screws)
http://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/DesignSoftware/tabi
d/859/Default.aspx
137
Connection Calculator
AWC.org
138

Next...
Connection behavior
Design software
139
More info
2012 NDS
140

More info
M4.4
M4 4 Special Design Considerati
ons
Mechanical Connections
Dowel-Type Fasteners
Split Ring and Shear Plates
Connectors
Timber Rivets
http://www.awc.org/pdf/2012ASD-LRFD_Manual_WEB.pdf
141
More info???
2015
142

More info???
Technical papers on Timber rivets:
http://www.awc.org/helpoutreach/faq/faqFiles/Timber_rivets.html
Timber rivets in structural composite lumber

Simplified analysis of timber rivet connections
Timber rivet connections in U.S. domestic species
Timber Rivets-Structure Magazine
Seismic Behavior of Timber Rivets in Wood Construction
Seismic
Se s c Performance
e o a ce o of Riveted
eted Co
Connections
ect o s in Heavy
ea y Timber
be
Construction
Timber rivet suppliers
143
More info???
Load-carrying behavior of steel-to-timber dowel connections:

http://timber.ce.wsu.edu/Resources/papers/2-4-1.pdf
New Concealed Connectors Bring More Options for Timber
Structures http://www.structuremag.org/Archives/2007-
1/p42-43D-Insights-ConcealedConnectorsJan07.pdf
144

Take Home Messages...
Transfer loads in compression / bearing whenever possible
Allow for dimensional changes in the wood due to potential in-

service moisture cycling
Avoid the use of details which induce tension perp stresses in
the wood
Avoid moisture entrapment in connections
Separate wood from direct contact with masonry or concrete
Avoid eccentricity in joint details
Minimize exposure of end grain
145
Connections
and
and you
thought
connecting wood
was complicated!
146

147
Questions?
www.awc.org
info@awc.org
148

AWC DES310 Connections 1hr 141128

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Connection Solutions for Wood-

This presentation is protected by US and

American Wood Council 2014

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 1

On completion of this course, participants will:

Be familiar with current wood connection design philosophy,

Connection hardware and

Where to get more

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 2

Connection hardware and

Where to get more

Stronger Less strong

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 3

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 4

Wood likes to take on load spread over its surface

Concentrated at a single fastener

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 5

Wood and tension perpendicular to grain

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 6

Notched Beam Bearing

may cause splitting

Notched Bearing Wall

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 7

Load suspended from

Lower half of beam

Exception: light load

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 8

Full wrap Load supported in upper

Connecting Wood- Philosophy

Splitting happens because wood is

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 9

Nailing not staggered Nailing staggered

Connecting Wood- Philosophy

Splitting will not occur Staggering

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 10

Wood, like other hygroscopic materials, moves in varying

Connecting Wood - Philosophy

Fastener selection is key to connection ductility, strength,

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 11

keep them small

Issue is scale of fastener relative to wood member size

Wood connection design philosophy

Connection hardware and fastening systems

Where to get more information

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 12

good strength, good

low strength, good ductility

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 13

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 14

Wood connection design philosophy

Connection hardware and fastening systems

Where to get more information

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 15

Giant Sequoia Western Juniper

Issue: direct water ingress

Water is absorbed most quickly through wood end grain

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 16

Issue: direct water ingress

Re-direct the water flow

end caps and flashing

Issue: direct water ingress

Or, let water out if it gets in...

Copyright 2014 American Wood Council. All rights reserved. 17