Indy Squadron House Rules
A great site... a vibrant, active forum for all sorts of topics related to the game.
- Mike Carr, creator of Dawn Patrol
All house rules listed have been passed by majority vote at
an official squadron gaming day. The date and vote count is
listed where known.
Critical Hit Tables
The "Dawn Patrol 8th Edition Critical Hit Tables," 3rd draft
dated July, 1996 as released in AERODROME, are officially
adopted as the critical hit tables used at the Indy Squadron.
Upgraded from experimental status, passed by 3-1 vote,
January 1, 2003.
Victory Credit/Cuts for Kills
Any player who scored one or more hits on a target on the
turn that the target became a kill may cut for the victory
credit.
Evasion of Capture
Passed by 4-0 vote, January 1, 2003. When forced down
behind enemy lines, a pilot may roll 1D6 in an effort to evade
capture. On a result of "1," the pilot evades capture entirely
and successfully returns home. No other die rolls are
necessary. If he fails to evade capture, he may still roll 1D6
according to standard rules to escape from prison camp.
This supercedes the previous, similar Evasion of Capture
house rule created in 1990.
Targeting
Targeting (the act of aiming a gun) and shooting (the act of
firing a gun) are not synonymous. Declaring a target does
not mandate that a player fire on that target. All other
standard targeting restrictions remain unchanged. Passed by
a 5-0 vote, March 23, 2002.
Artillery Spotting
Observer operates wireless set; aircraft must fly straight and
level entire turn for wireless operation. Observer signals
artillery unit to commence firing, with a 5% chance for the
first, unguided salvo to hit (rolled at end of firing phase).
Every successive signal to artillery results in a 10% increase
for the next salvo to hit. Spotting aircraft must end turn within
10 squares of ground target in order to observe results.
Artillery will fire only one salvo after each wireless message
it receives. Once a hit is achieved, spotting aircraft must
send a final message to "fire at will," after which target is
destroyed. Final wireless message may be sent after
escaping from combat, or at any distance from target.
Observers may not perform any other duty while operating
wireless, but are not required to announce the intentions
Lewis Gun "Raking Rule"
Any aircraft with a Lewis wing gun that can defend
from top attacks can also attack an aircraft from
the bottom (with just the wing mounted Lewis gun)
while remaining level ("raking") and achieve an
advantage. If both aircraft end the turn in level
flight with identical directional facings, the
attacking Lewis gun bumps up one table in
addition to all other potential advantages or
bonuses. The attacking plane may not attack
another target with its deck gun. Passed by 6-0
vote, July 10, 2004.
3rd Man In
When determining eligibility for a third attacker on
a single target, firing range brackets will be used
to calculate distance, not the actual distance of the
shot. Therefore, a 50 foot shot is considered to be
the same distance as a 100 foot shot for
calculating 3rd Man In eligibility, because they are
in the same firing range bracket. The bracket
ranges for firing are the sole determinant for the
equal or closer to calculation. (The Point Blank
Range rule cannot be used to determine any
"equal to or better shot" consideration).
Card Restriction Rule
When seventh edition rules mandate the use of maneuver
cards, a player may not exceed the restrictions on the cards
and must execute the maneuver exactly as described. If the
player fails to execute the maneuver properly or abide by the
card restrictions, his plane is moved backwards and the
move is corrected. This constitutes an exception to the
Aircraft Movement Rule which prohibits backwards
movement. Passed by 4-0 vote with two abstentions,
January 17, 2004.
Mercedes DIII Engine
By a 4-0 vote the Indy Squadron adopted the Mercedes DIII
High Compression by Scott Campbell on January 1, 2003.
The rules, charts and accompanying article are available on
a separate page (see link).
Aircraft Groupings
until all movement is completed. Any conscious observer
may operate wireless. At their option, players may use the latest aircraft groupings
published by the Fits Society, or they may use the official 7th
Observer's Defense Rule edition aircraft groupings and simply add an "Early War
Fighter" group for each nationality. Players opting to use 7th
edition charts may absorb newer planes into existing aircraft
Observers may under certain circumstances fire on enemy
aircraft as it approaches his aircraft. Observer may stop an groups using their own judgement. Such additions should be
attacker in any square and declare his intention to fire on consistent with the existing aircraft groups in chronology and
type and style of aircraft. Passed by 4-0 vote, January 1,
that attacker in that exact spot (usually marked with a die).
Attacker is already assumed to be at his final intended 2003.
altitude, and all standard blind spots and firing procedures Pilot Wounds
remain in effect. Observer's fire takes full effect prior to
attacking aircraft's shot, including checks for critical hits. Players may use either the standard 7th edition wound
charts or the Pilot Wound Percentile Table below. Medium
Observer may declare an unlimited number of shots on an
unlimited number of attackers, and does not select a final Wounds have not been adopted by the Indy Squadron.
target until all movement is completed. Pilot Wound Percentile Table
Courtesy of Flying Circus Ohio Squadron
Wound Location No Effect Light Critical Dead
Aircraft Damage Index for Campaigns 1-10 Left leg 1-15 16-75 76-100
11-20 Right leg 1-15 16-75 76-100
Formation Flying 21-25 Left arm 1-17 18-80 81-00
26-30 Right arm 1-17 18-80 81-00
Formation flying is executed by taking tailing position behind
31-40 L shldr 1-14 15-60 61-90 91-00
the flight leader, with tailing range expanded to 500'. The 41-50 R shldr 1-14 15-60 61-90 91-00
flight leader need not be in the firing range of the wingman. 51-70 Abdomen 1-7 8-40 41-80 81-00
Wingmen do not roll for movement order, but declare their 71-85 Chest 1-8 9-22 23-60 61-00
formation flying intentions prior to rolling initiative. Flight 86-00 Head 1-6 7-20 21-45 46-00
leaders then execute a specific maneuver, then stop as Revised Albatros Statistics
wingmen repeat it, then finish movement, again followed by
wingmen. Formation flying is not permitted if you a) are Any player flying a non-high compression Albatros D series
tailing an opponent, b) intend to fire on an opponent who is fighter may, at his/her option, use the traditional Albatros
being tailed by your flight leader, c) broke formation with that stats, or the following revised stats generated by Mike Vice:
same flight leader on the prior turn, d) cannot duplicate your Albatros DII revised
flight leader's maneuver, or e) rolled for movement order. 160 hp Mercedes Sept 16-Apr 18
Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
Wingmen may stay in formation while their flight leader tails
to 4,950 100 80 250
an opponent, but may not fire on that opponent in that turn. 5,000-9,950 100 80 200
Wingmen must break formation if they end their turn outside 10,000-14,950 90 60 100
their flight leader's 500' tailing zone. 15,000-up 80 60 50
Maximum dive: 1,400 Ceiling: 17,000
Two ff Spandaus
Point Blank Range Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-10-11-11-11
All shots from 50' range are considered point blank, and one Albatros DIII revised
hit factor is added to the total damage inflicted. 160 hp Mercedes Dec 16-end
Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
to 4,950 100 90 300
Aircraft Movement Rules 5,000-9,950 100 80 250
10,000-14,950 90 70 150
15,000-up 80 60 100
Once an aircraft counter has been deliberately moved into a
Maximum dive: 1,350 Ceiling: 18,000
square on the game board, it may not be moved back. In the Two ff Spandaus
case of an illegal move, three options are possible: the Single seat fighter, German
player may reroute his aircraft to arrive at the same final Hit profile: 6-11-15-10-11-11-11
square, the player may remaneuver his aircraft to arrive at
that same final square (using only the maneuvers in his deck Albatros DV revised
if the player is involved in tailing), or the player's aircraft may 160 hp Mercedes May 17-end
fall out of control. Correction of an illegal move does not Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
"stop the clock" on a player who is being timed. Passed by to 4,950 110 90 250
majority vote circa 1989. Re-affirmed by 4-1 vote with one 5,000-9,950 110 80 200
10,000-14,950 100 70 150
abstention, January 17, 2004. 15,000-up 80 60 100
Maximum dive: 1,350 Ceiling: 20,500
60 Second Rule Two ff Spandaus
Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-11-12-12-12
Any player at the table may at his/her discretion put any
other player on a 60 second time limit to complete their
movement by verbally informing the player who is moving. It
then becomes the invoking player's responsibility to time the
moving player, and the regularly post them on the time Albatros DVa revised
remaining. The 60 second rule may be invoked to time 180 hp Mercedes Sept 17-end
movement (during tailing, the maneuver phase and the post Altitude (ft) Top Turn Climb
to 4,950 110 90 250
maneuver phase are timed separately) or choosing of tailing
5,000-9,950 110 80 150
cards. Altitude may be announced after the time limit has 10,000-14,950 100 70 150
expired, and the clock may be stopped for rule 15,000-up 80 60 100
interpretations. Failure to finish movement within the time Maximum dive: 1,400 Ceiling: 18,000
limit results in the plane stopping (if it has already moved 6 Two ff Spandaus
or more squares), or finishing the remainder of it's movement Single seat fighter, German
Hit profile: 6-11-15-11-12-12-12
in a straight line. In either case, there is no gain or loss of
altitude.
Condensed Alternative Collision Chart
Hidden Damage
When a potential collision occurs, each participant draws
cards according to 7th edition rules. If a collision takes place,
Attacking player informs the player receiving damage how
each participant then rolls on the table below until a valid
many hit factors they receive. Player receiving damage rolls
result is achieved to determine the severity and results of the
secretly to determine where hits occur, and if pilot hits are
incident:
possible, informs attacker of the number of chances.
Attacking player rolls pilot hit chances secretly; hits must be
Condensed Alternative Collision Chart
witnessed by a wingman.
Allied
1 2 3 4 5 6
Indy Sqdn Tournament Scoring System
1 X X AD1 BD4 Allied Allied
C
re-roll re-roll
e
+2 for each hit factor scored on an enemy aircraft n 2 X X AD2 BD3 Allied Allied
+30 for shooting down an enemy aircraft. Kill points t re-roll re-roll
are split squally among any pilot who hits the same r 3 CD1 CD2 X CD3 X Allied
a re-roll
area that caused the plane's demise on the turn, that 4 BD1 BD2 AD3 X X Allied
l
it goes down, regardless of the number of hits. If a re-roll
pilot his is the cause of the plane's destruction, then 5 Central re-roll
in order for another player to split the kill, he/she 6 Central re-roll
must have also a) scored a pilot his (regardless of Obsolete/Repealed Rules
wound type), or b) reduced some area of the plane
to zero, or c) inflicted a critical hit that would also All of the following former house rules were rescinded
have resulted in an indisputable kill. by majority vote.
+6 for an assist; scoring hits on an enemy aircraft on
the turn that it goes down (but in a different area of The Evasion of Capture rule originally passed in
plane). 1990 (which gave downed pilots a 5-10% chance of
+15/10/5 for surviving combat with aircraft in flying evading capture) is no longer necessary now that
condition/surviving combat and returning to own most of the society uses a similar rule. Indy's original
lines (prisoner escapes fall in this category), EoC rule was rescinded on Jan. 1, 2003 in favor of
surviving as prisoner for duration. the generally accepted society rule that is nearly
+10 for forcing an enemy to escape via normal identical.
escape rules or any other de facto means. Principle: Increased Parabellum drum capacity: Indy's 1989
 was the escape made following damage inflicted by
the plane in question for the purpose of avoiding an
attack or potential attack on the following turn?
Two Seater Mission Credit
It is not necessary for two seaters to fire or be fired upon in
order to receive mission credit. Mission credit is obtained via
participation in the game. Passed by majority vote, circa
1993.
Grounded Balloon Rule
Balloons that have been winched down to ground level are
still viable targets and, if destroyed, may be claimed as
victories. Passed by 4-1 vote, 9 September 2006.
MG Pilot Wound Chances
house rule expanding the ammunition in Parabellum
ammo drums from 10 to 20 rounds became
unnecessary when the society officially adopted a
rule which increased the Parabellum's capacity to 25
rounds.
Single gun firepower effectiveness: Indy's circa 1989
house rule that bumped single deck guns one table
higher on the Firepower Effectiveness table became
obsolete when the society adopted an identical rule.
Rear Fuselage Critical Hit Table: Indy's 1990 house
rule was rescinded six years later when the Fits
Society incorporated a nearly identical rule into its
new critical hit charts.
Pilot Hit Points: The Indy rule that assigned a hit
point capacity to each pilot personality was found to
be undesireable and rescinded by majority vote.

When firing at airplanes from a head-on angle, ground

machine guns must roll double "1's" to score a pilot hit.
Passed 8-1, November 11, 2006.

Caproni CA.36 Bomber

Special rules originally published in Aerodrome 95

Italian, French
April 1917 end
3 x 150hp Isotta-Fraschini V4B

LE CE RE FF RF T LW CW RW
6 6 6 24 18 18 20 20 20

TOP TURN CLIMB

To 4,950 80 70 150
5,000 9,950 70 60 100

Caproni Ca.36, the first true bomber

Note the positions of the front and rear gunners

10,000 13,400 60 60 50
Dive: 1,000
Ceiling: 13,400
Armament: front 1 Revelli rear 1 or 2 Revelli (Jan. 18 or later two Revelli)
Crew: 3-4
Stall Speed: 50mph

Special Rules
1) Loss of engine causes a 10mph decrease. With only one engine, the aircraft is considered
gliding at low throttle.
2) With three engines operating ignore performance reductions from 1st engine critical (speed
and climb). Other damage (fire, etc.) may not be ignored. All subsequent criticals take full
effect.
3) No fancy maneuvers or loops (except falling leaf when extinguishing a fire). Smoke has no
effect on this aircraft.
4) Aircraft is always considered level; the Caproni may never be nose-up or nose-down.
5) When carrying bombs, the Caproni suffers standard weight penalties:
-20 mph top, -10mph turn, (but not less than 60 mph), and 50 climb.
6) Forward gunner may shoot at any target at higher altitude, or any target at equal or lower
altitude that is in front of aircraft and the same row of squares as the Capronis wings.
Exception: may not fire in same square as and below the Caproni.
7) Rear gunner may shoot at any target at higher altitude, or any target at equal or lower
altitude that are behind the row of squares as the Capronis wings. The rear gunner may
also fire at targets BELOW and BEHIND the Caproni, on a roll of 1-2 on a D6.
8) If either pilot or co-pilot is critically wounded or killed, the other crewman can land the
aircraft with a 10% landing chance penalty.
9) Crew is pilot, copilot, forward gunner, and rear gunner.
10) Movement penalty, must add one to initiative roll.
11) Bombs: Forward gunner Salvo 10x25kg type D.
Three crewmen sat in the front cockpit
Hit Location Table

One was stuck above the rear wing in the "birdcage"

head-on side tail Top Bottom
1 RW FF /p/cp/fg LW FF /fg FF /fg
2 RE W / fg LW LW RW
3 CW /rg E T +/rg CW +/p/cp CW +/p/cp
4 FF /p/cp/fg CE CW +/p/cp CW +/rg CW +/rg
5 LE RF RW RW LW
6 LW T RW RW LW

+ = possible E hit roll a D6 then 1=LE 2=CE 3=RE 4-6=no engine hit
p = possible pilot hit; probable in head-on
cp = possible copilot hit; probable in head-on
fg = possible forward gunner hit; probable in head-on
rg = possible rear gunner; probable in head-on
Austria-Hungary

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: The Military Order of Maria Theresa (Militr Maria Theresien Orden) was
established on 18 June 1757 by the Empress Maria Theresa.

Classes: The Military Order of Maria Theresa was originally established with two
classes: the Grand Cross and the Knight's Cross. On 15 October 1765,
Emperor Joseph II added the Commander's Cross and the Knight's Cross
second class.

Criteria: The Military Order of Maria Theresa was one of

the most prestigious and eagerly sought after
military awards that the Austro-Hungarian
monarchy could bestow. It was awarded to
commissioned officers for especially
meritorious and valorous acts.

During World War I, the Military Order of Maria

Theresa was only awarded 131 times.

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: The Order of Leopold (Leopold-Orden) established on 8 January 1808 by

Emperor Francis I to honor his father.

Four Classes: The Order of Leopold was originally established with three classes: Grand
Cross, Commander and Knight. Subordinate to the Grand Cross, a First
Class was added by imperial decree on 1 February 1901.
 Criteria: During World War I the Order of Leopold was
awarded to recipients with Crossed Swords
for acts of bravery in the face of the enemy.

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: Established in 1805 by Napoleon I, King of Italy, the Coronne de Fer was
awarded in three classes: Grand Dignitary, Dignitary and Knight. In 1815, the
order was adopted by Austria after regaining control of Northern Italy. Re-
established on 1 January 1816 by Emperor Franz I of Austria, it became
known as the Order of the Iron Crown (Orden der Eisernen Krone) and was
awarded in three grades to noblemen.

Criteria: During World War I, the Order of the Iron Crown was
bestowed upon military officers for acts of bravery.
Recipients could receive the order more than once for
additional acts of bravery. Beginning on 13 December
1916, the order was awarded with swords for acts of
bravery in action against the enemy.
 Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: Originally established in 1849, the Military Merit Cross (Militr

Verdienstkreuz) was reorganised in three classes on 23 September 1914.

Classes: First class was a Steckkreuz (pin cross)

Second class was worn at the neck
Third class was worn on the left breast

Criteria: The Military Merit Cross was awarded to

noncommissioned officers for repeated and special
acts of bravery.

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: The small Military Merit Medal was established on 12 March 1890 in two
classes. On 1 April 1916, Franz Joseph added a third, higher class: the
large Military Merit Medal.

Three Classes: Gold (large medal), Silver and Bronze (small medal)
 Criteria: The Military Merit Medal was awarded for
outstanding services to the Austro-
Hungarian Empire in war and peace.
Crossed gold swords were attached to the
medal's ribbon for meritorious acts in the
face of the enemy. In February 1917, Karl I
authorized silver bars for additional awards
of the small medal and gold bars for
additional awards of the large medal.

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: The Medal for Bravery (Tapferkeitsmedaille) in gold and silver was
established on 19 July 1789. The bronze medal was established on 14
February 1915. Bars were authorized on 29 November 1915. Initially, the
medals awarded during the Great War were struck with the image of Franz
Joseph. Upon his death, the medals were struck with the image of his
successor, the young Archduke Karl, beginning in April 1917.

Classes: Four classes - the Gold, the Silver in first and second class and the Bronze

Criteria: The Medal for Bravery was awarded to military

personnel for acts of bravery in combat. For each
subsequent act of bravery, recipients were awarded
a bar in the appropriate class.

Number of medals minted during World War I:

3,700 Gold
143,000 Silver, 1st Class
384,000 Silver, 2nd Class
950,000 Bronze
 Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: Established on 13 December 1916

Classes: None

Criteria: During World War I, the Karl Troop Cross (Karl

Truppenkreuz) was awarded to all service
personnel, regular, militia and volunteers who
had served in combat for at least twelve
months and had participated in at least one
battle.

Country: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Established: The Wound Medal (Verwundetenmedaille) was established on 12 August

1917.

Classes: One
 Criteria: Bestowed upon the sick and wounded
during World War I, the Wound Medal was
awarded with a plain ribbon to seriously ill
recipients. For recipients wounded in
combat, up to five red stripes were added
to the medal's ribbon with each stripe
signifying an instance in which the recipient
was wounded.

Belgium

Country: Belgium

Established: The Order of Leopold (Ordre de Leopold) was instituted by King Leopold I on
11 July 1832.

Five Classes: Grand Cross

Grand Officer (Grand Officier)
Commander (Commandeur)
Officer (Officier)
Knight (Chevalier)
 Criteria:

Country: Belgium

Established: The Order of the Crown (Ordre de la Couronne) was established by King
Lopold II on 15 October 1897. In 1908 it was made a national decoration of
Belgium, junior to the Order_of_Lopold and awarded for any service to the
Belgian state.

Classes: The Order of the Crown is awarded in five classes,

plus two palms and three medals:

Grand Cordon, the medal on a sash worn on the right

shoulder with the star worn on the left chest
Grand Officer (Grand Officier), the star worn on the
left chest
Commander (Commandeur), the medal worn on a
necklet
Officer (Officier), the medal with ribbon (with rosette)
worn on the left chest
Knight (Chevalier), the medal with ribbon worn on the
left chest
Golden Palm, a wreath of golden palms medal with
ribbon worn on the left chest
 Silver Palm, a wreath of silver palms medal with ribbon worn on the left chest
Gold Medal with ribbon worn on the left chest
Silver Medal with ribbon worn on the left chest
Bronze Medal with ribbon worn on the left chest

Country: Belgium

Established: The Order of Leopold II (Ordre de Lopold II) was instituted by King Leopold II
on 12 April 1900.

Classes: Grand Cross

Commander (Commandeur)
Officer (Officier)
Knight (Chevalier)
Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal

Criteria: The Order of Leopold II was bestowed upon

recipients for personal services to the King of
Belgium.

Country: Belgium

Established: The Belgian War Cross (Croix de Guerre) was established on 25 October
1915.
 Criteria: During World War I, the bronze, silver or silver-gilt
War Cross was awarded by the commander of the
army for acts of bravery in the face of the enemy. For
subsequent acts of bravery, recipients were awarded
additional bronze medals. Receiving five bronze
medals entitled recipients to a silver medal. Receiving
five silver medals entitled recipients to a silver-gilt
medal.

France

Country: France

Established: 19 May 1802, by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Criteria: For military and civil service. The Legion of Honor (Lgion d'Honneur) is
currently France's premier order.

Classes: Knight (Chevalier)

Officer (Officier)
Commander (Commandeur)
Grand Officer (Grands Officier)
Grand Cross (Grands Croix)

Country: France
 Instituted: Created by Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic, on 22
January 1852, by decree.

Criteria: The Mdaille Militaire (Military Medal) was created to

reward warrant officers, corporals, sergeants, soldiers
and sailors for military service, especially for acts of
courage in combat. In June 1852, it was decided that
the Mdaille Militaire would also be awarded to generals
and marshals.

Country: France

Established: 8 April 1915

Criteria: During World War I, the Croix de Guerre was

awarded for bravery to military personnel mentioned
in dispatches. Recipients of the Lgion d'Honneur
and Mdaille Militaire were automatically entitled to
the Croix de Guerre. For subsequent acts of bravery,
the recipient was awarded a bronze palm leaf for
Army citations, a gold star for Corps citations, a silver
star for Division citations or a bronze star for Brigade
and Regimental citations:

Rgiment and Brigade citations toile de bronze

Division citations toile d'argent
Corps citations toile de vermeil
Arme citations palme de bronze

1 palme d'argent equals = 5 palmes de bronze

Germany
 Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Established: The Cross for Distinction in War (Kreuz fr Auszeichnung im Kriege) was
established by Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm on 10 March 1871. It was
reestablished on 11 August 1914 by Grand Duke Adolph Friedrich VI who
also established the First Class version of the award on 1 January 1915.

Classes: First Class and Second Class

Criteria: During World War I, the Cross for Distinction in

War was awarded in the Second Class to
military recipients of all ranks for bravery and
military merit. For repeated acts of outstanding
bravery before the enemy, recipients received
the First Class Cross.

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy : Oldenburg

Established: The Friedrich-August Cross was established on 24 September 1914 by

Grand Duke Friedrich-August.

Classes: Two classes; the first class, a Steckkreuz, was only awarded to recipients of
the second class.
 Criteria: The Friedrich-August Cross (Friedrich August
Kreuz) was awarded for meritorious service.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Saxony (Sachsen)

Established:

Classes:

Criteria:

Country: Germany
 City: Hamburg

Established: 10 September 1915

Classes: One

Criteria: The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuze) was

awarded to military personnel for bravery.

Hamburg awarded about 50,000 crosses

during World War I.

Country: Germany

City: Lbeck

Established: 21 August 1915

Classes: One
 Criteria: The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuze) was
awarded to military personnel for bravery.

Lbeck may have awarded as many as

10,000 crosses during World War I.

Country: Germany

City: Bremen

Established: 14 September 1915

Classes: One

Criteria: The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuze) was

awarded to military personnel for bravery.

Bremen awarded 20,018 crosses during

World War I.
 Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: The Iron Cross was originally established on 10 March 1813 by King Friedrich
Wilhelm III. It was reestablished in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war and
again on 5 August 1914 by Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany and King of
Prussia.

Classes: Three

Criteria: The 1914 Iron Cross was awarded without regard for
nationality or social class to combatants and non-
combatants for acts of heroism, bravery or leadership
skills. Although the medals of each class were
identical, the manner in which each was worn
differed. Employing a pin or screw posts on the back
of the medal, the Iron Cross First Class was worn on
the left side of the recipient's uniform. The Grand
Cross and the Iron Cross Second Class were
suspended from different ribbons.

WWI Awards: 5 Grand Cross

218,000 First Class
5,200,000 Second Class

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Baden

Established: The Karl-Friedrich Medal for Military Merit (Karl-Friedrich Verdienstmedaille

des Militrischen)

Classes:
 Criteria:

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Baden

Established: The Karl-Friedrich Order of Military Merit (Militrischer Karl-Friedrich-

Verdienstorden) was established in 1807.

Classes:

Criteria: Awarded to officers.

 Country: Germany

Kingdom: Bavaria (Bayern)

Established:

Classes: Gold and Silver

Criteria:

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Saxony (Sachsen)

Established: The Medal of the Military Order of St. Henry

Four Classes:
 Criteria:

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Bavaria (Bayern)

Established:

Classes: Three

Criteria:

Country: Germany

Duchy: Brunswick

Established: The Military Merit Cross (Militrverdienstkreuz) was established by Duke

Wilhelm in 1879. The award was re-established in 1914 by Duke Ernst
August.

Classes:
 Criteria:

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established:

Criteria: During World War I, the Military Merit Cross (Militr

Verdienstkreuz) was Prussia's highest award for non-
commissioned officers. Often regarded as equivalent
to the Blue Max for officers, it was bestowed upon
enlisted personnel for bravery in combat.

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Established: The Military Merit Cross (Militrverdienstkreuz) was established on 5

August 1848 by Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II. The 1914 version was
authorized on 28 February 1915.

Two Classes: First and Second Class

 Criteria: The Military Merit Cross was awarded to
recipients of all ranks for bravery or military
merit in World War I.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Bavaria (Bayern)

Established: 1 January 1806, by Maximilian-Joseph upon his ascent to the throne of the
Kingdom of Bavaria

Criteria: The Knight's Cross of the Military Order of

Maximilian-Joseph was bestowed upon Bavarian
soldiers for bravery in combat. A knighthood entitled
the recipient to a lifelong pension and the right to
append " Ritter von" to his surname.
 Country: Germany

Kingdom: Saxony (Sachsen)

Established: The Military Order of St. Henry was established on 7 October 1736 by August
III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony.

Four Classes: Grand Cross - not awarded to pilots or observers

Commander, 1st Class - not awarded to pilots or observers
Commander, 2nd Class - only awarded to Max Immelmann
Knights Cross

Criteria: Second only to Saxony's

Order of the Crown of Rue,
the Military Order of St.
Henry was awarded to
serving officers, either for
conspicuous personal
bravery on the battlefield or,
more frequently in the case
of officers of higher rank, for
merit in positions of great
responsibility. The Military
Order of St. Henry was the
highest Saxon decoration
bestowed upon members of
the German Air Service and
was most often awarded to
pilots and observers of
Flieger, Feldflieger and
Bomber Abteilungen.

At least 2,717 recipients

were awarded the Military Order of St. Henry during World War I. Of that
number, at least 107 recipients were pilots or observers/gunners.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Saxony (Sachsen)

Established: The Order of Albert (Albrechts Orden) was instituted on 31 December 1850 by
King Friedrich August II to honor the memory of Duke Albrecht the Brave,
founder of the Albertine Dynasty. The military variation of the decoration was
established in 1866.

Classes: Ten classes consisting of divisions for the Grand Cross, Commander's Cross,
Officer's Cross and Knight's Cross. Officers serving in the Luftstreitkrfte only
received the three lowest-ranking awards:
Knight, 1st Class with Crown and Swords
Knight, 1st Class with Swords
Knight, 2nd Class with Swords

Criteria: The Order of Albert was originally awarded to " all

those who render useful service to the state, or who
distinguish themselves through civil merit, science,
art, etc., who have earned a claim to Our recognition."
Beginning in 1866, the Order of Albert was bestowed
upon military personnel for merit in the field and to
indicate this, a pair of crossed swords were added to
the medal. Very often, non-Saxons also received this
award.

WWI Awards: Knight, 1st Class with Crown and Swords: 4 (incl. Wilhelm Siegert - Chef des
Feldflugwesens)
Knight, 1st Class with Swords: 31 (1 ace)
Knight, 2nd Class with Swords: 167 (pilots and observers)

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Wrttemberg

Established:
 Classes:

Country: Germany

City: Bavaria (Bayern)

Established:

Classes:

Criteria: Militr-Verdienstorden
 Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: The Order of the Red Eagle (Rote Adler Orden)

Classes: Grand Cross - Grand Cross badge

on a collar (chain) or on a sash on
the right shoulder with a star on the
left breast

1st Class - badge on a sash on the

right shoulder with a star on the left
breast

2nd Class - badge on a necklet with

a star on the left chest

3rd Class - badge on a ribbon on

the left breast

4th Class - badge on a ribbon on the left breast

Medal - medal on a ribbon on the left breast

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Baden

Established:

Classes:
 Criteria:

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Bavaria (Bayern)

Criteria: After gaining experience in aerial combat, a pilot of the

German Air Force usually received a Pilot's Badge.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: 27 January 1913, by Kaiser Wilhelm II

Criteria: Issued to enlisted men as well as officers and non-
commissioned officers, the silver Prussian Pilot's
Badge was normally presented to a pilot after he'd
gained experience in aerial combat. The front of the
badge depicts an early monoplane flying over a
village near a mountain range, surrounded by
wreaths of laurel and oak leaves joined together at
the base with a ribbon bow. The laurel leaves on the
left symbolize victory while the oak leaves on the right
symbolize strength. At the top of the badge is an
Imperial Prussian crown representing a united
Germany.

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Reuss (Reu)

Established:

Classes: Four

Criteria:
 Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: 23 August 1851, by Frederick William IV

Criteria: The Cross of the Royal House Order of

Hohenzollern was a Prussian order only
bestowed upon officers. For acts of bravery in
combat, the decoration was adorned with
crossed swords. It was most often awarded to
recipients who had already received the Iron
Cross, First Class.

The Royal House Order of Hohenzollern was

awarded 8,300 times during World War I.

Country: Germany

Duchy: Saxe-Ernestine

Established:

Five Classes: Grand Cross, Commander's Cross with Star (Commander 1st Class),
Commander's Cross (Commander 2nd Class), Knight's Cross 1st Class and
night's Cross 2nd Class
 Criteria: The Saxe-Ernestine House Order was
awarded to officers.

Awards estimate for World War I:

62 Grand Cross
68 Commander's Cross with Star
410 Commander's Cross
879 Knight's Cross 1st Class
2,027 Knight's Cross 2nd Class

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: Established in 1667 by Margrave

Frederick (later to become King
Frederick I), the Orden Pour le Mrite
was originally known as the
Brandenburg Ordre de la Gnerosit
(Order of Generosity). Reorganized by
Frederick II in 1740, it became the
Orden Pour le Mrite (Order of Merit)
and was awarded to military personnel
and civilians. The Order was again
reorganized in 1810 by Frederick
William III who reserved it solely for
individual military achievement on the
battlefield against the enemy. After the Prussian army occupied Paris in 1814,
a total of 1,662 Pour le Mrites were awarded. Of those, 1,470 Pour le Mrites
were awarded to Russians. In 1842, Frederick William IV added a civil class for
scholars, painters, sculptors, and musicians. Following the armistice of 1918,
the Orden Pour le Mrite was never again awarded for military service.
Criteria: During World War I, Prussia's highest military award, the Orden Pour le Mrite,
 was awarded to officers for repeated and continual gallantry in action. It was
never awarded posthumously and recipients were required to wear the medal
whenever they were in uniform.
WWI Awards: Of all officers in the German army and navy, the most frequent recipients of the
Orden Pour le Mrite were junior officers in the German Air Force. During World
War I, it was awarded to 81 German military aviators: 76 army aviators and 5
naval aviators. Of that total, 78 of the recipients were officers who held the rank
of Captain or below.

Country: Germany

Principality: Lippe

Established: The War Honor Cross for Heroic Deeds (Kriegsehrenkreuz fr heldenmtige
Tat) and the War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz am Kmpferband) were
instituted on 8 December 1914.

Criteria: The War Honor Cross was awarded

to military personnel, without regard
for rank, for acts of heroism.

The War Honor Cross for Heroic

Deeds was awarded 740 times
during World War I.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Saxony (Sachsen)

Established: The War Merit Cross was established on 30 October 1915 by King Friedrich
August III.
Classes:

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Reuss (Reu)

Established: The War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz)

Classes:

Criteria:
 Country: Germany

Duchy: Brunswick

Established: The War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz) was established as a

subordinate award to the Military Merit Cross. It was instituted in one class by
Duke Ernst August on 23 October 1914. On 20 March 1918, the Duke
authorized the award of this medal in the first and second classes. Awards
issued prior to that date were deemed to be of the second class.

Classes: Two

Criteria: The War Merit Cross was awarded for

meritorious service to soldiers who were
citizens of Brunswick or served in a Brunswick
unit.

Country: Germany

Grand Duchy: Baden

Established:

Classes:
 Criteria:

Country: Germany

Principality: Lippe

Established: The War Merit Cross (Kriegsverdienstkreuz am Kmpferband) and the War
Honor Cross for Heroic Deeds (Kriegsehrenkreuz fr heldenmtige Tat) were
instituted on 8 December 1914.
Criteria: The War Merit Cross was awarded for bravery in
action or war merit on the home front.

The War Merit Cross was awarded 18,374 times

during World War I.

Country: Germany

Kingdom: Prussia (Preuen)

Established: The Prussian War Merit Medal (Krieger-Verdienstmedaille)

Criteria:

Country: Germany
 Established: The Wound Badge was established on 3 March 1918 by Wilhelm II,
Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia.

Three Classes: Golden, Silver and Black

Criteria: In recognition for wounds received in combat,

German military personnel were awarded the
Wound Badge in one of three classes. The
Black Wound Badge was awarded for less
than three wounds; the Silver Wound Badge
was awarded for three or more wounds; and
the Golden Wound Badge was awarded for
severe wounds that permanently injured or
disfigured the recipient. Julius Buckler may
have been the only German ace to receive the Golden Wound Badge.

Britain

Country: Great Britain

Established: 5 February 1856

Criteria: Great Britain's highest award, the Victoria Cross (VC),

was awarded for most conspicuous bravery, a daring
or preeminent act of valour, self sacrifice or extreme
devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.

During the Great War, the Victoria Cross (VC) was

awarded more than 600 times. Only 19 of the
recipients were airmen of the Royal Flying Corps and
Royal Naval Air Service.

Country: Great Britain

Established: On 4 June 1917, in the eighth year of his reign, King George the V was
"pleased to institute, erect, constitute, and create an Order of Knighthood, to
 be called and known for ever hereafter by the name, style, and designation of
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire." London Gazette, 24 August
1917

Five Classes: Knights Grand Cross and Dames Grand Cross

Knights Commanders and Dames Commanders
Commanders
Officers
Members

Criteria: "It is ordained that the persons to be admitted to

this Order shall be such persons, male or
female, as may have rendered or shall hereafter
render important services to Our Empire, and
that Foreign persons upon whom We may think
fit to confer the honour of being received into
this Order shall be deemed to be, and described
as, Honorary Knights Grand Cross or Honorary
Dames Grand Cross, Honorary Knights
Commanders or Honorary Dames
Commanders, Honorary Commanders,
Honorary Officers, and Honorary Members,
according to the classes in the Order to which
they belong." London Gazette, 24 August 1917

Country: Great Britain

Established: 9 November 1886

 Criteria: The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) was awarded
to military officers for individual instances of
meritorious or distinguished service in war. Recipients
usually received it for combat against the enemy. For
additional acts of gallantry, a bar was issued.

Country: Great Britain

Established: October 1914

Criteria: The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) was awarded

to naval and marine warrant officers and officers of
the rank of Commander or below for the performance
of meritorious or distinguished service before the
enemy. For additional acts, a silver bar was issued.

Country: Great Britain

Established: 28 December 1915

 Criteria: The Military Cross (MC) was awarded to
commissioned officers of the rank of Captain or below
and warrant officers for distinguished and meritorious
service in battle. For additional acts of bravery, a
straight silver bar was awarded.

World War I Awards: 2885 (294 bars and 16 second

bars)

Country: Great Britain

Established: The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) was instituted by King George V on 3
June 1918.

Criteria: During the Great War, the Distinguished Flying Cross

was "awarded to Officers and Warrant Officers for
acts of gallantry when flying in active operations
against the enemy." Supplement to the London
Gazette, 3 June 1918

The 1 inch wide ribbon consisted of alternating,

horizontal violet and white stripes. Beginning in 1919,
the stripes on the ribbon were diagonal.

Country: Great Britain

Established: The Air Force Cross (AFC) was instituted by King George V on 3 June 1918.
 Criteria: During the Great War, the Air Force Cross was
"awarded to Officers and Warrant Officers for acts of
courage or devotion to duty when flying, although not
in active operations against the enemy." Supplement
to the London Gazette, 3 June 1918

Country: Great Britain

Established: 1854

Criteria: The oldest British award for gallantry and second only
to the Victoria Cross, the Distinguished Conduct
Medal (DCM) was awarded to enlisted personnel,
non-commissioned officers and warrant officers of
any nation, in any branch of the service, for
distinguished conduct in battle. For each subsequent
act of gallantry, the recipient was awarded a silver,
laurelled bar.

Country: Great Britain

Established: 14 October 1914

 Criteria: The Distinguished Service Medal was awarded to
Chief Petty Officers, Petty Officers and men of the
navy (or army and air force personnel of equal rank
serving with the fleet) who show themselves to the
fore in action, and set an example of bravery and
resource under fire, but without performing acts of
such pre-eminent bravery as would render them
eligible to receive the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal.

Country: Great Britain

Established: 25 March 1916

Criteria: The Military Medal (MM) was awarded for individual or associated acts of
bravery.

Royal GEORGE THE FIFTH, by the Grace of God of the

Warrant:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of
the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, To all to
whom these Presents shall come Greeting:

WHEREAS We are desirous of signifying Our

appreciation of acts of gallantry and devotion to duty
performed by non-commissioned officers and men of
Our Army in the Field We do by these Presents for
Us Our heirs and successors institute and create a
silver medal to be awarded to non-commissioned
officers and men for individual or associated acts of
bravery on the recommendation of a Commander-in-
Chief in the Field:

Firstly.It is ordained that the medal shall be designated "The Military Medal."

Secondly.It is ordained that the Military Medal shall bear on the obverse the
Hoyal Effigy, and on the reverse the words "For bravery in the Field," encircled
by a wreath surmounted by the Royal Cipher and
 a Crown.

Thirdly.It is ordained that the names of those upon whom We may be

pleased to confer the Military Medal shall be published in the London Gazette,
and that a Register thereof shall be kept in the Office of Our Principal
Secretary of State for War.

Fourthly.It is ordained that the Military Medal shall be worn immediately

before all war medals and shall be worn on the left breast pendent from a
ribbon of one inch and one quarter in width, which shall be in colour dark blue
having in the centre three white and two crimson stripes alternating.

Lastly.It is ordained that in cases where uon-commissioned officers and

men who have been awarded the Military Medal shall be recommended by a
Commander-in-Chief in the Field for further acts of bravery, a Bar may be
added to the medal already conferred.
Given at Our Court at Saint James's, this Twenty-fifth day of March, 1916, in
the Sixth Year of Our Reign.

By His Majesty's Command,

KITCHENER.

Country: Great Britain

Established: The Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) was instituted by King George V on 3
June 1918.

Criteria: During the Great War, the Distinguished Flying Medal

was "awarded to Non-Commissioned Officers and
Men for acts of gallantry when flying in active
operations against the enemy." Supplement to the
London Gazette, 3 June 1918

Approximately 105 Distinguished Flying Medals were

awarded during World War I.
 Country: Great Britain

Established: The Air Force Medal (AFM) was instituted by King George V on 3 June 1918.

Criteria: During the Great War, the Air Force Medal was
"awarded to Non-Commissioned Officers and
Men for acts of courage or devotion to duty when
flying, although not in active operations against
the enemy." Supplement to the London Gazette, 3
June 1918

Italy

Country: Italy

Established: Originally established on 14 August 1815 by King Victor Emmanuel I of

Sardinia, the Military Order of Savoy (LOrdine Militare di Savoia) was
reestablished in 1855 by King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia (later King Victor
Emmanuel I of Italy)

Classes: Grand Cross (Cavaliere di Gran Croce), Grand Officer (Grande Ufficiale),
Commander (Commendatore), Officer (Ufficiale), Knight (Cavaliere)
 Criteria: The Military Order of Savoy was awarded for
especially distinguished service in war. The first
three classes had the royal crown above the
cross. The Officer class had the cross
suspended from a "trophy" of flags. The lowest
class, the Knight's class, had the cross
suspended from a simple ring. The Knight's class
was awarded to sailors as well as soldiers. The
ribbon had three equal stripes of navy/red/navy.

With the fall of the monarchy, the Military Order

of Savoy was renamed the Order of Military Merit
of Italy.

Country: Italy

Established: The Medal for Military Valour (Medaglia al Valore Militare) was instituted by
King Carlo Alberto of Sardinia in 1833.

Classes: Three; Gold (d'Oro), Silver (d'Argento) and Bronze (di Bronzo).

Criteria: During World War I, the Medal for Military Valor was
awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in
combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the
recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding
class.

Country: Italy

Established: The Order of the Crown (Ordine della Corona) was established on 20 February
 1868 by King Victor Emmanuel II to commemorate the unification of the
Kingdom of Italy.

Classes: Five classes

Knight of the Grand

Cross, which wore
the badge on a sash
on the right shoulder,
plus the star on the
left chest
Grand Officer, which
wore the star on the
left chest
Commander, which
wore the badge on a
necklet
Officer, which wore
the badge on a ribbon with a rosette on the left chest
Knight (Cavalier), which wore the badge on a ribbon on the left chest

Criteria: The Order of the Crown of Italy was awarded for civilian and military merit.

Country: Italy

Established: The War Cross (Croce di Guerra) was instituted by King Victor Emmanuel III
on 19 Janury 1918.

Criteria: The Croce di Guerra was awarded "for war merit

in land, sea, or air operations, after at least a
year's service in the trenches or elsewhere in
contact with the enemy; [to] those who were
wounded in action and who had earned the
award of the Medal for Wounded, those who had
performed acts of bravery but not warranting the
award of the Al Valore Militare (Medal for Military
Valor), and for those who had received
promotion for a mention for war merit." The
Medals, Decorations & Orders of the Great War
1914-1918