Chapter 13 & 14:

States of Matter
& Gas Laws
Solids
Definite shape and volume
Contain particles with strong attractive forces
Particles in a solid vibrate in a fixed position
Most solids are more dense than liquids (ice exception: not more dense than water)

Crystalline solids: solids with atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in an orderly,

geometric shape
Unit cell: the smallest arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice that has the same
symmetry as the whole crystal
Amorphous Solids: A solid in which the particles are not arranged in a regular,
repeating pattern
Forms when molten material cools quickly
glass, rubber, and many plastics
Liquids
Definite volume, no definite shape
Liquid particles have some freedom of motion and
they can take the shape of the container
Attractive forces limit the range of the motion and
keep the particles closely packed
Much denser than gases because of the stronger
intermolecular forces holding the particles together
Large amounts of pressure must be applied to
compress liquids to very small amounts
Fluidity: the ability to flow and diffuse; liquids and gases
are fluids
Due to attractive forces, liquids diffuse slower
Viscosity: Measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow
and is determined by the type of intermolecular forces
Surface tension: Property of the surface of a liquid that
allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive
nature of the molecules
Stronger attractive forces = higher surface tension
Water has a high surface tension due to the hydrogen bonds
Surfactants: compounds that lower the surface tension of water
Disrupt the hydrogen bonds in water
Ex. Soap and detergents
Capillary action
Upward movement of liquid into a narrow cylinder, or
capillary tube

Cohesion: force of attraction between identical molecules

The force between two water molecules
Adhesion: force of attraction between molecules that are
different
The force between water and the glass
This is higher than cohesion forces for water
Water climbs the walls of a graduated cylinder
Gases
No definite volume or shape
Kinetic Molecular Theory: describes the behavior
of matter in terms of particles in motion

The gas particles are in constant, random motion

Particles move in a straight line until they collide with
another particle or the container wall
Particles have elastic collisionsno kinetic energy lost
Density: mass per unit volume (g/L)
Great amounts of space exist between gas particles very spread
out

Compression & Expansion

Compression reduces the empty spaces between particles
The collisions of the particles with the container will cause
expansion after the compression force is removed
Diffusion: Movement of one material
through another
The gas will move from an area of
high concentration to a low
concentration area
This will occur until the gases are
equally mixed
The rate of diffusion is based on the
mass of the particle

Effusion: Gas escapes a container through

small openings
Grahams Law of Effusion: the rate
of effusion is inversely proportional
to the square root of the molar
mass of the gas
Heavier gases effuse slower than
lighter ones
Temperature
Temperature: A measure of the intensity of the heat in
an object

Fahrenheit (F): US scale for temperature

Celsius (C): based on the freezing point 0C and boiling point 100C of
water
Kelvin (K): SI base unit for temperature, positive temperature scale

9 5
= + 32 = 32 = + 273.15
5 9
Pressure: Force applied per unit area
The force is the result of gas particles colliding with the walls
of the container
There is less air pressure at high altitudes because there are
fewer particles present, since the force of gravity is less
There are numerous units to express pressure

1 atm = 760mmHg = 760 torr = 101.3KPa = 14.7 psi = 1.01bar

Atm: atmospheres
mmHg: millimeters of mercury
kPa: kilopascal
psi: pounds per square inch
Daltons law of partial pressures
Law of Partial Pressure: total pressure of a mixture
of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all
the gases of the mixture
The partial pressure of a gas depends on the
number of moles, size of the container, and the
temperature and is independent of the type of gas

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +Pn
 Example:
Example: What is the total pressure, in mmHg, of the
following mixture of gases?
3.4 atm H2 544 torr O2 88.6 kPa N2 2.00 psi Ar
Phase Changes
Melting Point: temperature at which the solid and liquid
phases can coexist
Vaporization: the process of particles escaping the
attractive forces of a liquid to enter the gas phase
Evaporation: when vaporization occurs only at the surface
of a liquid
Requires energy but can occur at any temperature
Happens faster at higher temperatures
Method your body uses to control temperature
Boiling Point: the temperature where the vapor pressure is
equal to the atmospheric or external pressure
 Phase Changes
Sublimation: process by which
a solid changes directly to a gas
Solid CO2 dry ice
Deposition: opposite of
sublimation, process when a
gas changes to a solid
Condensation: process by
which a gas or vapor becomes a
liquid
Freezing Point: temperature at
which the liquid and solid
phases can coexist
Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagram: a graph of the pressure vs.
temperature
Shows which phase a substance exists under different
conditions
Different for every substance

Triple Point: where all three phases of matter can

coexist
All 6 phase changes can occur at this set of conditions

Critical Point: indicates the critical pressure and

temperature above which the substances cannot exist
as a liquid
Gas Laws
Scientific Law: describes a relationship in nature
that is supported by many experiments

For a fixed amount of gas, a change in one

variablepressure, temperature, or volume
affects the other two.
Boyles Law
Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume are inversely related
As one goes up, the other goes down
Temperature remains constant

1 1 = 2 2
Example 1: Breathing When you inhale, the diaphragm drops to
increase the volume of your lungs as pressure decreases. When you
exhale, the diaphragm rises, decreasing volume and increasing pressure

Example 2: Filling up tiresAs you put more and more air into the tire,
you are forcing all the gas molecules to get packed together, reducing
their volume.
 A sample of He is collected at 35.0C with a volume
of 2.344L at 2.0 atm of pressure. What is the new
volume at 0.50 atm if the temperature remains
unchanged?
Charles Law
Charles Law: Temperature and volume are directly related
As one increases, the other increases
Pressure remains constant
TEMPERATURE MUST BE IN KELVIN
1 2
=
1 2

Example 1: Leaving a basketball out in the cold weather. When a

basketball if left in a cold garage or outside during the cold months, it
loses its air inside (or volume).

Example 2: A real life example of Charles is a hot air balloon. Heat is

being added to the balloon heating up the particles already inside of it
and increasing the volume.
A balloon has a volume of 3.98 L at 35.0C. What is
the new volume at -15.5C?
Gay-Lussacs Law
Gay-Lussacs Law: Pressure and temperature are directly
related
As one increases, the other increases
Volume remains constant

1 2
=
1 2
Example 1: Firing a bulletWhen gunpowder burns, it creates a large
amount of superheated gas. The high pressure of the hot gas behind
the bullet forces it out of the barrel of the gun.

Example 2: Heating a closed aerosol canThe increased pressure may

cause the container to explode. You don't toss an "empty" can of hair
spray into the fire.
 http://www.discovery.com/tv-
shows/mythbusters/videos/how-to-implode-a-
train-tanker/
A gas has a pressure of 1 atm at 300 K. The pressure
falls to 0.80 atm. What is the new temperature of the
gas?
Combined Gas Law
Combined Gas Law: the relationship among
pressure, temperature and volume in a fixed
amount of gas 1 1 2 2
Temperature in K =
1 2
Standard Temperature and
Pressure (STP)
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP):
Standard conditions that have been chosen to
simplify the discussion of gas properties

Pressure: 1 atm
Temperature 0C (273K)

A gas is collected in a flexible vessel with a volume of 135.2

mL at 3.50 atm and -49.0C. What is the new volume at
STP?
Ideal Gases
Ideal gas is a gas whose molecules occupy negligible space and
have no interactions, and that consequently obeys the gas laws
exactly
Ideal gases experience:
There are no intermolecular attractive or repulsive forces between
particles or with their containers.
The particles are in constant random motion.
Collisions are perfectly elastic.
No gas is truly ideal, but most behave as ideal gases at a wide range of
temperatures and pressures.

**Real gases deviate most from ideal gases at high pressures and
low temperatures.
Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law: describes the physical behavior of an ideal
gas in terms of pressure, volume, temperature, and amount.
=
P pressure
V volume
n amount of gas in moles
R Ideal Gas Constant
T temperature

= 0.0821 = 8.31

 How many grams of N2 gas are trapped in a 1.50L
jar at 0.997atm and 20.0C?
 What is the pressure (in atm) in a 50.0 L tank that
contains 3.03 kg of O2 at 23C?
Modifications
1. Use molar mass to use values with grams
m=mass M=Molar mass

2. Rearrange formula and density can be included

**mass and volume changed to density (D)
Avogadros Principle
Avogadros Principle: equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules

Molar Volume: volume that one mole occupies at

STP
1 mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 L
At STP: 22.4 L = 1 mol
 What volume will a 96.7g sample of N2O occupy at
STP?
Gas Stoichiometry
Remember that the coefficients from a balanced
reaction can be expressed as mole and used in
stoichiometry
Based on Avogadros principle, these same values
can be used as relative volumes
Gas Stoichiometry
NH4NO3 (s) N2O (g) + 2H2O (g)

Calculate the volume of N2O produced with 2.90 L of

H2O at STP.

Calculate the mass of solid ammonium nitrate that

must be used to obtain 0.100L of N2O gas at STP
The following reactions take place at a pressure of
1.0 atm and a temperature of 298 K.
CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaO(s)
How many grams of calcium carbonate will be
needed to form 4.29 liters of carbon dioxide?
 The following reaction takes place at a pressure of
1.00 atm and a temperature of 300 K.
2 C6H6(g) + 15 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
If 2.45 liters of benzene are consumed in this
reaction, how many liters of water can be formed?