RESEARCH 1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE 3.

SUMMARY condensed form

A systematic inquiry step by step process RESEARCH PROBLEM anything needs solution. Situation w/c calls for immediate 4. EVALUATION
Use of discipline methods & process, purposes, actions & goal: action perceived difficulty
o Qualitative narrative Declarative end with a period WHY? PRIMARY REASONS OF RRL
o Quantitative numerical Interrogative end with a ? Framework
Studies something new; novelty 3 LEVELS PROBLEM STATEMENT o Conceptual mental images
Precise, accurate with no bias 1. DESCRIPTIVE 1. FACTOR ISOLATING describe/name o Theoretical abstract, scientific
2. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP? 2. FACTOR RELATING define rel.
7 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ( C C L E A R M ) *correlational* HYPOTHESIS guess (intelligent, educated, wise)
1. CYCLICAL a continuous process; unending 3. WHAT EXPERIMENTAL? *EFFECT* 3. SITUATION-RELATING hypothesis Null hypothesis
2. CRITICAL good decision in judgement testing Research hypothesis/alternatives
3. LOGICAL CHAPTER 1: WHERE DO YOU FIND RESEARCH? (C L I E N T)
a. Deductive general to specific (quantitative) CONCEPTS TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
b. Inductive specific to general (qualitative) LITERATURES 1. SIMPLE 1 independent, 1 DV
4. EMPIRICAL data presented should be objective ISSUES & CONCERNS 2. COMPLEX 2 or more DV
5. ANALYTICAL descriptive/inferential ESSAYS 3. STATISTICAL null, deny relationship
6. REPLICABILITY validate a previous study NEW PROBLEMS 4. ALTERNATIVES accept relationship
7. METHODICAL follows methods THEORIES 5. DIRECTIONAL has conclusion already. A is better than B
6. NONDIRECTIONAL no relationship specified. There is difference
ETHICS IN RESEARCH CRITERIA IN EVALUATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM 7. ASSOCIATIVE A increases as B increases (comma)
1. SELF-DETERMINATION right to decide for themselves 1. SIGNIFICANCE is it important? Benefits, importance 8. CAUSAL cause & effect
a. Informed consent of a person in a subject of research 2. RESEARCHABILITY research anything measurable 9. ARTIFICAL no relationship by time & other factors
i. Voluntary 3. FEASIBILITY resources (most important criteria) 10. DESCRIPTIVE/LOGIC HYPOTHESIS X is A, Y is A, then X & Y are the same
ii. Information (CORRECT, ACCURATE, COMPLETE) 4. INTERESTED
iii. Capacitated (sane) INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (CAUSE) can be manipulated
1. Legal capacity age 18 yr old and above CHAPTER 1: DEPENDENT VARIABLES (EFFECT)
2. PRIVACY A. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES start to end. Observable in nature
a. Anonymity protect identity of the subjects B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM INTERVENING VARIABLES during study (non observable)
b. Confidentiality dont divulged information a. Purpose overall goal
3. PROTECTION OF HARM b. Objective specific
a. Right from physical, mental & moral harm C. DEFINITION OF TERMS CATEGORIES OF
4. REWARDS/PROMISES/SOCIAL JUSTICE a. Conceptual dictionary VARIABLES
a. Right to representation (right to be represented in the sample) b. Operational how used in study
b. Right to full disclosure (right of equal access to knowledge D. SCOPE & LIMITATION
c. No discrimination a. Scope boundary of study
5. DEBRIEFING right to full explanation of experimental design b. Limitation weaknesses
a. NUREMBERG CODE informed consent c. Delimitation restriction prior to study NUMERICAL CATEGORICAL
b. HELSINSKI violation of human rights E. CONCEPTUAL
c. Morality doing something good a. Assumptions statements that are accepted as true
d. Integrity keeps information confidential b. Society values, cultures, belief
c. Previous resources
RESEARCH PROCESS d. Professional practice DISCRETE (whole BINARY (2 options,
1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE number) YES/NO)
a. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM (CHAPTER 1) CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
b. REVIEW OF LITERATURE (CHAPTER 2) Be organized
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
c. HYPOTHESIS Synthesize results
2. DESIGNED/PLANNED PHASE Published articles, documents
Identify areas of controversy CONTINUOUS NOMINAL
a. METHODOLOGY (CHAPTER 3) Proceedings
Formulate questions DATA-BASED LITERATURE
(changes) (categorized)
3. EMPERICAL PHASE
a. DATA COLLECTION (CHAPTER 4.1) MECHANICS OF NOTE TAKING
4. ANALYTICAL PHASE 1. QUOTATION exact words
a. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION (CHAPTER 4.2) ORDINAL
a. Direct
5. DISSEMINATION PHASE (rank)
b. Indirect as noted
a. PUBLICATION OF RESULTS 2. PARAPHRASE reader restates
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN 2. DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN VAS 100m line; express magnitude of an experience/belief
Plan/blueprint of the study i. Retrospective LIKERT SCALE 5 or more options; agreement
ii. Prospective
TYPES OF RESEARCH iii. Longitudinal NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION iv. Cross sectional design Has mean, median, mode all equal
A. BASIC/PURE knowledge sake/curiousity 3. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN Bell shaped
B. APPLIED/PRACTICAL to solve problems 4. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE/EXPOST FACTO 0-3; -3, +3 never touch horizontal axis
C. ACTION to develop skills/strategies B. EXPERIMENTAL manipulation, randomization, treatment/control Equal to one or 0.99; 99%
D. EVALUATION determine worth, merit, quality 5. TRUE EXPERIMENT MRT
i. Formative purpose of program improvement 6. QUASI-EXPERIMENT lack of characteristic
ii. Summative purpose of making summary judgement C. QUALITATIVE
E. ORIENTATIONAL focus on inequality/discrimination 7. PHENOMENOLOGICAL experience
i. Class stratification 8. ETHNO culture
ii. Gender stratification 9. GROUNDED THEORY develop own theory
iii. Ethnic/racial stratification 10. HISTORICAL - past event
iv. Sexual orientation 11. CONTENT ANALYSIS/DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE dissecting their
2. LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION message
A. EXPLORATORY 50% knowledge then explore rest D. MIXED RESEARCH
B. DESCRIPTIVE real life situation, dagdagan ang purpose or info 100% 12. CASE STUDY/FIELD METHOD in depth study
C. EXPLANATORY no knowledge/little
3. TIME ELEMENT POPULATION
A. HISTORICAL past THEORETICAL POPULATION WHO DO YOU WANT TO GENERALIZE TO?
B. RETROSPECTIVE present to past STUDY POPULATION WHAT POPULATION CAN YOU GET ACCESS TO?
C. PROSPECTIVE future SAMPLING FRAME HOW CAN YOU GET ACCESS?
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE SAMPLE
1. SUBJECT/ PARTICIPANTS 1. RESPONDENTS/INFORMANT
2. CONCEPTS/VARIABLE 2. PHENOMENA, CONCEPTS, VARIABLES RESEARCH SAMPLING
3. NUMERICAL 3. NARRATIVE NONPROBABILITY limited
4. RELATIONSHIP/CAUSAL 4. PATTERNS (EXPERIENCES, CULTURE) 1. SIMPLE RANDOM each member of the population has an equal chance of
5. DEDUCTIVE 5. INDUCTIVE being selected as a member of the sample
6. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, 6. TRUSTWORTHINESS/AUTHENTICITY 2. STRATIFIED RANDOM when the population is divided into categorical
GENERALIZATION subgroups
1. STRUCTURED DATA 1. UNSTRUCTURED DATA 3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING when the sample is chosen based on number
2. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2. SUMMARIZED DATA 4. CLUSTER SAMPLING used if population is too big, get each cluster & group
3. OBJECTIVE CONCLUSION (surveys, 3. SUBJECTIVE CONCLUSION will represent entire population
experiments) PROBABILITY everyone are equally selected
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLE chosen based on availability; first come first
4. MIXED RESEARCH serve; a group of individuals who meet the general requirements of the
A. MIXED MODEL single study both methods used study & are recruited in a variety of ways. Subject pool
B. MIXED METHOD study 1 topic 1 quali. 1 quanti. 2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING/JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING based on criteria.
3. SNOWBALL SAMPLING through referrals/recommendations. Also called
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS (12) network sampling
A. NONEXPERIMENTAL not manipulated & numerical in nature 4. QUOTA SAMPLE based on percentage
1. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN surveys (preliminary study)
i. DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY describe present conditions SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
ii. DESCRIPTIVE NARRATIVE compare results to national test NOMINAL category, naming
results ORDINAL ranking
iii. DESCRIPTIVE STATUS prevailing conditions INTERVAL equal difference distance is meaningful
iv. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS describe conditions by separating RATIO starts at zero
them into parts
v. DESCRIPTIVE CLASSIFICATION according to species CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
vi. DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE show worthiness DICHOTOMOUS 2 choices
vii. DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE one is greater than other MULTIPLE CHOICE 3 or more choices
viii. CORRELATIONAL SURVEYS relationship between two FILLER QUESTIONS skip items screening of items
variables