The Numismatic

Chronicle 170
Offprint

Anonymous Half-Siliquae
of the Late 4th Century AD
by

ROGER BLAND

LONDON
T H E R O YA L N U M I S M AT I C S O C I E T Y
2010
 ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD 205

Anonymous Half-Siliquae
of the Late 4th Century AD
ROGER BLAND1

PLATES 13-14

THE PURPOSE of this note is to discuss a small group of anonymous half-siliquae of

the late 4th century AD which contain a bust of Roma on the obverse with a reverse
containing either X or XV within a wreath, from the mints of Trier and Aquileia.2
The coins may be described as follows:

Trier
1. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, l. Rev.: X in wreath; in exergue: TR.
RIC IX 109, Cohen VII, p. 329 (Rome), 11, Bendall 2003, 1. 18 examples.
2. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, l . Rev.: XV in wreath. RIC IX 110,
Cohen , Bendall 2003, 2. 4 examples.

Aquileia
3. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, l. Rev.: XV in wreath; in exergue:
AQ. RIC IX , Cohen , Bendall 2003, 3. 5 examples.

In addition there is a contemporary copy of an imperial half-siliqua. Obv.: DNEODO-

[...]V[...], bust of Theodosius (?), pearl-diad., dr., cuir., seen from front, r. Rev.: XV in
wreath; in exergue: AQ. RIC IX , Cohen , Bendall 2003, p. 460. 1 example

The first discussion of these coins was by Sir Arthur Evans in his publication of the
North Mendip hoard, in the context of a general discussion of half-siliquae (Evans
1915, pp. 468-78).3 Evans quoted Feuardents opinion that they were not earlier than
the age of Valentinian II (see below). The two types from Trier were published by
Pearce in RIC IX (Trier) 109-10, but he did not attempt to date them. Subsequent
writers have been similarly vague about their date.4 The most recent discussion of
1
I am grateful to Andrew Burnett, Richard Abdy and Sam Moorhead for reading a draft of this
paper and to Chris Howgego of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Martin Allen and Adi Popescu of
the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, Klaus Vondrovec of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna,
Karsten Dahmen of the Mnzkabinett of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin and Dr Alexander Ruske
of the Numismatik Kommission of the sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften for generously
supplying images of the coins in their collections and for permission to publish them.
2
These coins are not to be confused with the two groups of anonymous silver pieces published by
Bendall (2002) which lack mint-marks and which date respectively to the 330s and the 6th century.
3
Some of the types in Evanss list of half-siliquae are in fact siliquae. For discussions of half-siliquae
see Pearce 1943 and DOC, p. 39.
4
The types are not included in King 1987.
206 ROGER BLAND

these coins is by Bendall (2003) who quoted the (unpublished) view of John Kent
that the coins were probably struck in 381.
Twenty-two examples come from Trier and six from Aquileia, of which one is a
copy. Eighteen coins (all from Trier) are inscribed X, while ten (four from Trier and
six from Aquileia) have XV.

Half-siliquae
Half-siliquae were struck only in small quantities in the late fourth century: the
Hoxne hoard had five, one of which is an anonymous issue, compared to 14,565
siliquae and 60 miliarenses. They were struck at four western mints, Trier, Milan,
Rome and Aquileia, and the earliest dates to 367-75: no examples from Balkan or
eastern mints are known. They continued to be issued in the west down to the end of
the Empire in the West in 476 (RIC X, p. 439). It is not clear why they were issued,
but perhaps it was a conscious attempt by the state to revive the production of a
fractional denomination, just as in the early Empire occasional issues of quinarii had
been issued alongside the much more numerous denarii (King 2007). It is possible
that the coins had a ceremonial use. Grierson and Mays write: The coins were
probably intended for throwing to the crowds on such festive occasions as imperial
accessions, anniversaries and consular processions (DOC, p. 39).
The table below summarises imperial half-siliquae issued before 402.
Trier Milan Aquileia Rome
367-75 Gratian,
VICTORIA
AVGVSTORVM,
RIC IX 28
378-83 Gratian,
Valentinian II
and Theodosius
I, VICTORIA
AVGGG,
RIC IX 36
388-93 Theodosius I
and Arcadius,
VICTORIA
AVGGG,
RIC IX 57
393-4 Theodosius I and
Eugenius, VICTORIA
AVGGG,
RIC IX 33
394-5 Theodosius I, Arcadius Theodosius
and Honorius, I, SPES
VICTORIA AVGGG, ROMANORVM,
RIC IX 38-39 RIC IX 66
 ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD 207

Trier Milan Aquileia Rome

395-402 Arcadius and Honorius, Honorius, SALVS
VICTORIA AVGG, REI PVBLICAE,
RIC X 1230-2 and RIC X 1244
VICTORIA AVGGG,
RIC X 1233-6
Date of issue
Because they are anonymous, the date of the issues under discussion has long
puzzled scholars. Evans (1915) cited a statement by G.L. Feuardent (the continuator
of Cohen) that cette mdaille [the X half-siliqua of Trier] est videmment postrieure
Constantin; elle ne peut gure avoir t frapp plus tt que sous Valentinien II
(Cohen VII, p. 329). Pearce, normally so acute in his attribution and dating of siliqua
issues, listed the X and XV coins at the end of his catalogue of the mint of Trier and
stated that they were unplaced (chronologically), although it seems that he thought
they were issued between 364 and 395. In the catalogue of the Hoxne treasure Guest
(2005, pp. 44-5) cited my former view that, on the basis of the amount of wear
shown by the Hoxne example (Cat. 1d below), the coins were struck in the 380s at
the latest.
The fact that no imperial half-siliquae are known before 367 gives a likely terminus
post quem for these coins. A terminus ante quem of 402 is provided by the fact that
twelve of these coins come from Britain and silver issues cease to enter Britain
in significant quantities after that date (Guest 2005; Bland, Moorhead and Walton
forthcoming). Indeed the terminus ante quem is likely to be earlier since the mint of
Trier, from which most examples come, closed in about 395, 5 while the 2010 Frome
hoard, which had one of these coins (with X), closes with issues of Eugenius of 392-
4. Thus we have a likely date range of 367-94.

Imperial vota
This range can be narrowed if the reverse inscriptions can be taken to refer to imperial
vota. Evans (1915) argued that this was the case, and subsequent commentators have
agreed with him, and it does indeed seem the most likely explanation. It is difficult
to see what else these numerals could refer to: since the X and XV coins were struck
to the same weight standard, they can hardly be marks of value.
Imperial vota are one of the most common reverse types in the fourth century,
either with the simple formulation VOT[IS] V (or X etc.) or with the longer one
celebrating the successful completion of the first term (vota soluta) and their renewal
(vota suscepta) for a further term: VOT[IS] V MVLT[IS] X (see Mattingly 1950 and
1951 for a detailed list). The vows are always made in units of five or ten years.
The dates at which emperors celebrated their vota in the fourth century are
notoriously difficult to establish. Emperors frequently took their initial, fifth vota at
the start of their reign and then could continue to strike coins with that vota until the
5
Although Trier was reopened in 408 and issued coins sporadically into the 420s (RIC X, pp. 26-7),
these coins are very rarely found in Britain and it is unlikely that the anonymous half-siliquae were
issued then. In any case the 5th century issues of Trier are stylistically very different.
208 ROGER BLAND

next quinquennium was reached, so it is necessary to leave a considerable margin

for error if one attempts to use vota as the basis for dating.6 However, given the fact
that this issue seems to commemorate one rulers tenth vota and anothers fifteenth,
it seems reasonable to examine whether there are any dates that could fit with this.
There are the following possibilities:

Dates VOT X VOT XV

Valentinian I 26 Feb. 364 17 Nov. 375 373
Valens 28 Mar. 364 9 Aug. 378 373 378
Gratian 4 Aug. 367 25 Aug. 383 376 381
Valentinian II 22 Nov. 375 15 May 392 384 389
Theodosius I 19 Jan. 379 17 Jan. 395 388 393
Arcadius 19 Jan. 383 1 May 408 392 397
Honorius 22 Jan. 393 15 Aug. 423 402 417

Magnus Maximus, Flavius Victor and Eugenius can be excluded as their reigns
were too short to reach either tenth or fifteenth vota.
Another possible interpretation also needs to be considered: could the X refer to
the vota soluta and XV to vota suscepta for the same emperor? It is very common
for vota reverses to include both elements, as we have seen above, but it would be
unusual for them to be spread across different types; and no coins with X are known
from Aquileia at all.
We also need to consider whether the X and XV coins of Trier and Aquileia are
contemporary. In common with previous scholars, I believe that in all probability
they were, mainly because they are the only anonymous late Roman silver coins
known and it seems most likely that they were issued at both mints on a single
occasion. However, there are no obverse die-links between the X and XV coins of
Trier, even though both issues have Romas bust facing left on the obverse, while the
XV coins of Aquileia show Romas bust facing right. Clearly, we have to allow the
possibility that these issues may have been struck at different times.
However, if it is accepted that they were most probably struck at the same time, the
table above suggests that there are two likely occasions for this issue: (a) 388-9, the
tenth anniversary of Theodosius I and the fifteenth of Valentinian II, and (b) 392-3,
the tenth vota of Arcadius and the fifteenth of Theodosius. Of these two possibilities,
the existence of the contemporary copy of a coin of Theodosius with XV could
suggest that the later date is a stronger candidate, if the evidence of what appears to
be a copy can be used in this context.
An alternative view is suggested by Bendall (2003, pp. 459-60), who quotes Kents
belief that all three types were struck on a single occasion before the introduction
6
Nevertheless, in RIC VIII Kent dated the VOT XX MVLT XXX nummi of Constantius II and the
parallel VOT XV MVLT XX issues of Constans from eastern mints to 347-8 on the basis of Constanss
15th vota, which was celebrated in 346-7 (RIC VIII, p. 505). By extension he re-dated the parallel
VICTORIAE DD AVGGQ NN issues from western mints to the same period, whereas in Carson, Hill
and Kent 1960 these issues had been dated to 341-6. So in this case it seems that imperial vota are an
important criterion in establishing the dating of an issue.
 ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD 209

of the imperial half-siliqua and that this can only have been in the reign of Gratian
(367-383). He suggested that the most likely date would have been in 381 when
Gratian was in Trier and when the regular siliquae of this mint changed their reverse
legend from VOT V MVLT X to VOT XV MVLT XX. The numerals on types 1 and
2 would therefore represent Vota Suscepta for which coins were occasionally struck
in immediate succession. However, it is not clear why these coins should necessarily
have been issued before the introduction of the half-siliqua and in any event the
earliest half-siliqua known is a unique coin of Gratian, in the Fitzwilliam Museum,
minted at Trier between 367 and 375.
As noted above, Guest (2005) cited my earlier opinion, based on the initial study
of the Hoxne hoard that, because the half-siliqua which it contained (Cat. 1d below)
is considerably worn, these coins cannot have been issued later than the 380s.
However, I would not now propose dating this whole series on that single factor
alone; the examples from the Bishops Cannings (Cat. 1e) and Whitwell (Cat. 1l)
hoards, both of which close with issues of 402, have considerably less wear than the
Hoxne coin.

Production
The three specimens from Trier with the XV reverse come from at least two
obverse dies, while the four specimens from Aquileia all come from different
obverse and reverse dies. The following is a summary of the dies observed for
the Trier issue with X.
Obverse dies: 16 specimens, 10 dies; 2 dies known from 3 specimens; 2 from 2
specimens and 6 from 1 specimen.
Reverse dies: 16 specimens, 12 dies; 1 die known from 4 specimens; 1 from 2
specimens and 10 from 1 specimen.
Estys formula for calculating the total number of dies used in a coinage (Esty
2006) gives for the X issue of Trier a total of 22.4 obverse dies, with a range of 11.5
- 49 dies and 45.3 reverse dies, with a range of 23.5 - 131.4 dies.
This suggests a small, but significant, coinage. As a point of comparison, these
figures are higher than the estimated total number of obverse dies used for the
siliquae of Jovian at the mint of Arles. My unpublished die-study of these coins, of
which there were 31 specimens in Hoxne, found a total of 44 specimens from 15
obverse dies, which, on the basis of Estys formula, gives a total of between 16 and
28 dies.7
One of these coins has been analysed: Guest (2005, p. 121) published an XRF
analysis of the Hoxne specimen (cat. 1c) and found it to contain 97.5% of silver,
very close to the three other half-siliquae from the hoard analysed (95.6%, 97.2%
and 98.7%).

7
Jovian reigned for just under eight months from 26 June 363 to 17 February 364. The die-study included siliquae
of Jovian from all mints: Lyon, Arles, Sirmium, Constantinople, Nicomedia and Antioch. It was not intended to be
comprehensive and was limited to coins in the BM and the Hoxne hoard. Arles accounted for the majority (44) of
the 65 coins in the study. There were single coins from Lyon and Sirmium, 3 from Antioch (from 2 dies), 5 from
Constantinople (from 3 dies) and 13 from Nicomedia (from 6 dies).
210 ROGER BLAND

Geographical distribution
Seven specimens lack any provenance, but of the remaining 21 coins, 17 have
British findspots. Of the four non-British finds, one comes from Lauriacum in
Austria, one from Milan in Italy and two are said to have come from a discovery in
the regency of Tunis in North Africa and were sold at Sothebys in 1852.8
The British specimens fall into two groups: seven coins come from East Anglia
(Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk), the East Midlands (Rutland) and East
Yorkshire, while nine come from Somerset and Wiltshire in the south-west, and one
has an uncertain British provenance. This is broadly in line with the distribution of
hoards of siliquae and of single finds recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme
(Bland, Moorhead and Walton forthcoming).
Ten coins are single finds and seven come from hoards, of which only one, the
North Mendip hoard, has more than one example.

Country County Place Hoard/single Terminal date Cat. no.

find of hoard
Britain Cambridgeshire Godmanchester Single find 1q
Britain Cambridgeshire Cherry Hinton Single find 3d
Britain Cambridgeshire Upware Single find 4a
Britain Suffolk Hoxne Hoard 408 (98.5% of 1d
all coins in the
hoard clipped)
Britain Norfolk No provenance Single find 3a
Britain Rutland Whitwell Hoard 402 (78.5% 1l
clipped)
Britain Yorkshire, East Market Weighton Single find 1m
Britain Somerset North Mendip Hoard 402 (some 1g, 1k,
(Bristol area) clipped) 2b
Britain Somerset Frome Hoard 394 (18% 1n
clipped)
Britain Somerset Bath, near Single find 1b
Britain Wiltshire Bishops Cannings Hoard 402 (56.7% 1e
clipped)
Britain Wiltshire Swindon, near Single find 1h
Britain Wiltshire Uncertain Single find 2c
Britain West Country Uncertain Single find 2d
Britain Uncertain Uncertain Single find 1j
Austria Lauriacum Single find 1p
Italy Milan Single find 3e
Tunisia Tunis, near ? Hoard 1a, 1i

8
It is not clear whether these were from a hoard or are single finds, and indeed there must be
some doubt as to whether these two examples do indeed come from Tunisia since the Sothebys sale
contains coins from other sources besides the discovery in the regency of Tunis and the catalogue
does not distinguish the Tunis group from the other finds. Indeed it is not possible to identify the two
anonymous half-siliquae within the catalogue: they were presumably included in a multiple lot and are
not individually described.
 ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD 211

Siliquae were struck at mints throughout the Empire and presumably circulated
throughout the Empire. The large number of siliqua hoards from Britain is well-
known: a survey made in 1997 included details of 159 hoards of these coins from
across the Empire and beyond of which no fewer than 92 (57.9%) came from Britain
(Bland 1997a). That number can now be increased to 114 hoards, while 708 single
finds have also been recorded on the PAS database (Bland, Moorhead and Walton
forthcoming). The evidence for the circulation of siliquae in the rest of the Empire is
much more limited, but they certainly do occur regularly as single finds (Reece 1973
summarised in Bland 1997a, p. 41).

Conclusions
These anonymous issues must date to between 367 and 394 and, although dating
coins of this period according to the vota recorded on them requires caution, the
prominence of the vota on the reverses does suggest that it may be significant. I
believe that they were most likely to have been issued either in 388-9, for the tenth
anniversary of Theodosius I and the fifteenth of Valentinian II or, more probably,
in 392-3, for the tenth vota of Arcadius and the fifteenth of Theodosius. It is harder
to say why they were issued but the production of anonymous coins with the bust
of Roma immediately recalls Constantines prolific VRBS ROMA nummi of 330-
41 (although there are no equivalents among the half-siliquae of his parallel issue
honouring his new capital of Constantinopolis).
One possible occasion for their issue could be during the three months interregnum
in the West after the suicide of Valentinian II on 15 May 392 before Arbogastes,
the Magister Militum, created a court official, Eugenius, emperor (RIC IX, p. 9).
However, as Sam Moorhead has noted, it is questionable whether Arbogastes would
have wanted to honour the vota of two members of the Theodosian dynasty. He
suggests that these coins may have been issued to celebrate the victory of Theodosius
I over Eugenius and Arbogastes at the battle of the river Frigidus on 5-6 September
394: Aquileia, where some of the coins were minted, is close to the site of the battle,
while Trier was still the capital of the north-western Empire.

(Catalogue and Bibliography overleaf)

212 ROGER BLAND

Catalogue
9

Trier
1. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, l. Rev.: X in wreath; in exergue: TR.
RIC IX 109, Bendall 2003, 1
No. Obv. Rev. Weight and Details
Die Die die-axis
a I i 1.09g, 7 BM, 1853-1-5-126 (purchased from H.O. Cureton, from
Tunis, North Africa, ex Sothebys sale 20 December 1852
[Catalogue of a fine selection of Roman coins from a
discovery in the Regency of Tunis...]) Bendall 2003, 1e.
b I ii 0.96g BM, 1981-2-2-1 (found near Bath). Bendall 2003, 1g.
(broken), 12
c I i 0.95g, 8 Berlin, Mnzkabinett Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,
accession no. 1900/397, object no. 18221934, Gbl 1978,
p. 132, 142.
d II i 1.43g, 12 BM, 1994-4-1-758/1, ex Hoxne hoard (Guest 2005), no.
758, 1.43g, 12, Bendall 2003, 1a.
e II i 1.27g, 12 BM 1995-7-2-76 ex Bishops Cannings hoard (Guest et al.
1997), no. 287. Bendall 2003, 1h.
f III iii 1.09g, 12 BM, 1956-4-9-30, Armitage bequest, Bendall 2003, 1i.9
g III iii 0.92g Ars Classica sale, Geneva, 17, 3 October 1934, 1963 (ex
Evans, ex North Mendip hoard, NC 1915, pl. XX, 16),
Bendall 2003, 1j.
h IV iv 0.86g, 6 Shown to BM by T. Hennell, December 1992 (found near
Swindon), Bendall 2003, 1k.
i IV v 0.94g, 12 BM 1853-1-5-127 (purchased from H.O. Cureton, from
Tunis, North Africa, ex Sothebys sale 20 December 1852
[Catalogue of a fine selection of Roman coins from a
discovery in the Regency of Tunis...]), Bendall 2003, 1f.
j IV vi 0.97g Numismatica Ars Classica, Zrich, Auction 23, 19 March
2002, 1702, Bendall 2003, 1b: British provenance.
k V vii 1.05g Ashmolean Museum ex North Mendip hoard (NC 1915, pl.
XX, 15), Bendall 2003, 1d.
l VI viii 1.06g, 12 BM 1992-9-4-19 ex Whitwell hoard (Bland 1997b), no.
114, Bendall 2003, 1l.
m VII ix 0.77g, 12 Fitzwilliam Museum, CM 51.1994 (acquired from Brian
Snowball; found at Market Weighton, East Yorkshire
by Mr F.J. Peacock with a metal detector, 1993). Coin
Register BNJ 1994, no. 104 (M.A.S Blackburn and M.J.
Bonser), Bendall 2003, 1m.
n VIII x 0.95g, 12 Frome II hoard, to be acquired by the Museum of
Somerset and to be published in CHRB.
o IX xi 0.77g, 6 Berlin, Mnzkabinett Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, object
no. 18221935.

9
This coin is not in fact from the North Mendip hoard as Bendall states.
 ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD 213

p X xii 0.96g, 11 Enns Museum (found at Lauriacum). Bendall 2003, 1c

(where mistakenly said to be in Vienna).
q ? ? 0.62g Coin Register, BNJ 2008, no. 53 (Adi Popescu), found by
(fragment) Simon Ashford, Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire, with a
metal detector, 2007 (not illustrated).
r ? ? Cohen VII, p. 329 (Rome), 11 (engraved): Vente de
Lespine.
2. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, l . Rev.: XV in wreath. RIC IX 110,
Bendall 2003, 2
a XI xiii 0.82g, 12 BM, B1011, NC 1915, pl. XX, 17, Bendall 2003, 2c.
b XII xiii 0.62g Ashmolean Museum ex North Mendip hoard (NC 1915, p.
(broken), 6 474, G), Bendall 2003, 2b.
c XI xiii 0.85g Private collection, found in Wiltshire, 2002, Bendall 2003,
or 2e.
XII
d ? ? 0.97g Seen in trade, February 1992: found in the West Country,
Bendall 2003, 2d.10
Aquileia
3. Obv.: bust of Roma, helmeted, dr., seen from front, r. Rev.: XV in wreath; in exergue:
AQ. RIC -, Bendall 2003, 3
a XII xiv 0.90g, 6 Shown to BM by A. Hennell May 1986 (found in
Norfolk), Numismatica Ars Classica, Zrich, Auction 23,
19 March 2002, 1703, Bendall 2003, 3a.
b XIII xv 1.13g, 12 Berlin, Mnzkabinett Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,
accession no. 1910/1044, object no. 18221933, Gbl 1978,
p. 132, 143, Bendall 2003, 3c.11
c XIV xvi 1.10g, 5 Vienna, Herzfelder collection (acquired 1930), Inv. R
41914, Bendall 2003, 3d (mistakenly said to come from
the Schottenstift collection).
d XV xvii 0.89g, 6 Shown to Fitzwilliam Museum, 2010 (to be published
in the Coin Register, BNJ), PAS Database SF - C35A06:
metal detector find, Cherry Hinton, near Cambridge.
e ? ? Milan excavation 2000. Bendall 2003, 3b.12
4. Contemporary copy of half-siliqua. Obv.: DNEODO-[...]V[...], bust of Theodosius
(?), pearl-diad., dr., cuir., seen from front, r. Rev.: XV in wreath; in exergue: AQ. RIC -,
Bendall 2003, p. 460
a - - Formerly collection of Professor Hughes, Cambridge
University, found at Upware, Cambridgeshire, NC 1915, p.
473, fig. 1.
101112

10
Bendall 2a lists a coin of these types in Vienna from the Herzfelder collection: however, this is a coin of Aquileia
also listed by Bendall under 3d (3c in the present catalogue).
11
This coin is not the same as no. 3982 from the Trau sale (Gilhofer & Ranschberg, Vienna, and Adolf Hess,
Luzern, 22 May 1935), as Bendall states. Trau 3982 is a 6th century issue with reverse P.
12
Bendall 3e, cited from Frank Sternberg Auction 13, 17 November 1983, 1006, is not in fact an example of this
type, as it has P on the reverse.
214 ROGER BLAND

References
Bendall 2002: S. Bendall, Some comments on the anonymous silver coins of the fourth to
sixth centuries A. D., RN 158, pp. 139-59
Bendall 2003: S. Bendall, Anonymous western half-siliquae of the late fourth century, RN
159, pp. 457-61
Bland 1997a: R.F. Bland, Whitwell, Rutland in Bland and Orna-Ornstein 1997, pp. 470-9
Bland 1997b: R.F. Bland, The changing patterns of hoards of precious-metal coins in the late
Empire, LAntiquit tardive 5, pp. 2955
Bland, Moorhead and Walton forthcoming: R.F. Bland, T.S.N. Moorhead and P. Walton,
Finds of late Roman silver coins from Britain: the contribution of the Portable
Antiquities Scheme in F. Hunter and K. Painter (eds), Proceedings of the Traprain
Law Symposium, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, forthcoming
Bland and Orna-Ornstein 1997: R. Bland and J. Orna-Ornstein (eds), Coin Hoards from
Roman Britain X, London: British Museum
Carson, Hill and Kent 1960: R.A.G. Carson, P.V. Hill and J.P.C. Kent, Late Roman Bronze
Coinage, London: Spink
Cohen: H. Cohen (continued by G.L. Feuardent), Description historique des monnaies
frapps sous lempire romain, 2nd ed., Paris: Rollin & Feuardent, 1888
DOC: P. Grierson and M. Mays, Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks
Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. From Arcadius and Honorius to the
Accession of Anastasius, Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and
Collection, 1992
Esty 2006: W.W. Esty, How to estimate the original number of dies and the coverage of the
sample, NC 166, pp. 359-64
Evans 1915: A.J. Evans, Notes on the coinage and silver currency in Roman Britain from
Valentinian I to Constantine III, NC 1915, pp. 433-519
Gbl 1978: R. Gbl, Antike Numismatik, 2 vols. Munich: Battenberg Verlag
Guest 2005: P.S.W. Guest, The Late Roman Gold and Silver Coins from the Hoxne Treasure,
London: British Museum
Guest et al., 1997: P. Guest, R. Bland, J. Orna-Ornstein and P. Robinson, Bishops Cannings
(Blagan Hill), Wiltshire in Bland and Orna-Ornstein 1997, pp. 426-62
King 1987: C.E. King, Roman Silver Coins V. Carausius to Romulus Augustus, London:
Seaby
King 2007: C.E. King, Roman Quinarii: from the Republic to Diocletian and the Tetrarchy,
London: Spink
Mattingly 1950 and 1951: Harold Mattingly, The imperial vota, Proceedings of the British
Academy 36, pp. 155-95 and 37, pp. 219-68
Pearce 1943: J.W.E. Pearce, A half-siliqua of the Treveran mint, NC 1943, pp. 97-9
Reece 1973: R. Reece, Roman coinage in the western Empire, Britannia 4, pp. 227-51
RIC IX: J.W.E. Pearce, The Roman Imperial Coinage IX. Valentinian I Theodosius I,
London: Spink, 1951
RIC X: J.P.C. Kent, The Roman Imperial Coinage X. The Divided Empire and the Fall of the
Western Parts 395-491, London: Spink, 1994
 PLATE 13
(All 2x)

1a 1b 1c 1d

1e 1f 1g 1h

1i 1j 1k 1l

BLAND, ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD (1)

PLATE 14
(All 2x)

1m 1n 1o 1p

2a 2b 3a

3b 3c 3d 4a

BLAND, ANONYMOUS HALF-SILIQUAE OF THE LATE 4TH CENTURY AD (2)