Fem nat service aff- education

I affirm

Resolved: In the United States National Service ought to be Compulsory.

Framework
 Value
I value feminism

The value is feminism

(Singh No Date) Ivy Singh, teaches Christian Theology at Serampore College. Serampore. Feminism:
Various Approaches and Its Values http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/37-1_058.pdf

Feminism is an awareness of women's oppression and exploitation at work, within the family and society,
and conscious action by women and men to change this situation and uplift the life of women. It is
unfortunate that people, particularly the majority of men feel threatened. "We don't mind things like the
welfare of women, but feminism is a problem" is a comment made by many people. It is true that feminism
makes people uncomfortable because it is a movement which enters the sanctity of the home, questions
our own belief, attitude, behaviour patterns, our religion and our values .. Since feminism questions the
existing dominant structures it runs into conflict. Feminism is against patriarchy expressed in domination,
selfishness, aggression, violence and oppression. The various approaches challenge the status quo and
propose a fundamental change in society in which both women and men live in equal status. What is
Feminism? Feminism has no specific abstract definition applicable to all women at all times, since it is
based on historically and culturally concrete realities and levels consciousness, perceptions and actions.
It is a complex movement with many layers. It can be articulated differently in different parts of the world,
depending upon various backgrounds. Earlier women struggled for their democratic rights, such as the
right to education and employment, the right to vote, the right to own property etc. In other words, they
fought for a legally equal position in the society. But today they are working for their . emancipation and
liberation from all fOl.JnS of oppression. Kamala Bhasin and Nighat Said Khan say "Present day feminism
is a struggle for the achievement of 'women's equality, dignity and freedom of choice to control their lives
and bodies within and outside the home".l Feminism is not about what women should do and should not
do. The Socialist and liberatibn tradition define "a transformation of the patriarchal socio-economic
system, in which the male domination of women is the foundation of all socio-economic hierarchies. "2
The National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW) defines feminism in a broader sense:
"an awareness of women's oppression and exploitation in the society, at work and within the family and
conscious action to change the situation"3 According to the above definitions, a feminist is anyone who
recognizes the existence of the gender discrimination, male domination, and patriarchy and who acts
against it. Feminism does not limit its area only within women's issues like wife beating and rape, but sees
the removal of all forms of inequality and strives for making a just social and economic, political and
religious order. That is why, feminism is not only the problem of women, it is the problem of the whole
humanity and of the nature;
 Value Criterion or standard
Is to use a feminist pedagogy

Social, cultural and affective relationships need to be the starting point to any form of
meaningful education
Renold and Ringrose 16, *Professor of Childhood Studies at the School of Social Sciences, Cardiff
University, Wales; ** Professor of Sociology of Gender and Education at the UCL, Institute of Education;
(Emma and Jessica, Teen feminist killjoys?: Mapping girls' affective encounters with femininity,
sexuality, and feminism at school, Teen Feminist Killjoys, Chapter 6)

We wish to conclude by suggesting that feminist pedagogical processes in contemporary schools (for
instance starting up girl power groups) must start from the social, cultural, and affective complexities of
girls own experiences of growing up girl, which in this case involved acknowledging the dilemmas of teen
feminine sexuality (Tolman 2002, 2013). Engaging with feminism can be at the same time a radically
pleasurable and painful set of experiences and processes of identification, contestation, and potential
transformation. Ahmed suggests that part of working with the idea of the feminist killjoy is an
acknowledgement that we might need to attend to bad feelings not in order to overcome them but to
learn by how we are affected by what comes near, which means achieving a different relationship to all
our wanted and unwanted feelings as an ethical resource (2010: 216). This means we need to engage
with feminisms that are inclusive of and work with the complexities and affective ambivalence of teen
feminine sexuality that explore sexuality as often simultaneously pleasure and danger, judgmental and
non-judgmental (Tolman 2013). By confronting what girls are actually faced with (such as the painful
contradictions around wanting to be both a slutty and a non-slutty girl), we open up space for a more
critical, inventive, and ethical feminist pedagogy capable of engaging with the complex material realities
of different girls in their various specific embedded and embodied locations and relations.

Traditional Classrooms devalue womens experiential knowledge, feminist pedagogy

key for reformation.
Dore 94 //Martha Morrison Dore; Taylor & Francis, Ltd. On behalf of Council on Social Work Education;
Journal of Social Work Education, Vol 30, No 1; Feminist Pedagogy and the Teaching of Social Work
Practice; pg. 98; Winter 1994; http://www.jstor.org/stable/23043177 ; jstor; 9/2/17; bgriffin//

"Pedagogy is the craft of teaching-the use of various approaches and strategies to stimulate learning" (Schniedewind, I987). Feminist
pedagogy applies
feminist principles and values to the methodology of teaching (Schniedewind, 1985). This pedagogical approach
reflects certain beliefs about the teaching/learning process that guide selection of educational strategies
and techniques (Shrewsbury. I987). It holds that application of these principles and values provides students with learning opportunities nonexistent in the
traditional classroom (Dunn, 1987). Feminist pedagogy has special relevance for adult learners, particularly women,

whose life experiences may impinge upon and interfere with the learning process and whose ways of
knowing and understanding can be different from and in conflict with traditional methods of teaching
(Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986; Hayes, I989). For example, Luttrell (1989) studied the ways working class women, both black and

white, define and claim knowledge. She found significant differences in beliefs about the power derived from knowledge gained from life
experience. Black women view knowledge produced through experience ("common sense") as a source of personal power while

white women do not. Both groups of working class women, however, enter the traditional classroom
already antagonistic toward its perceived devaluation of their experiential knowledge. And, conversely, they reject
classroom learning as a source of personal power and of knowledge for everyday life.
The Peace Corps
 Case
Making national service like Peace Corps mandatory will have a world benefit as well
as a positive effect on young people. White 14.
Lawrence White, 3-3-14, The case for mandatory national service The Times Union. <
http://blog.timesunion.com/lawrencewhite/the-case-for-mandatory-national-service/473>.

When I was a young man the draft was deeply resented. Unless you were one of the few with a
deferment you were going into the army and you were going to war. That has all changed now. There is
no mandatory military service. Instead we recycle the same valiant volunteer warriors into the war zone
over and over again while we thump our chests and demand hawkish warlike policies. This is extremely
harmful to those who serve and not an effective way to protect our country. The suicide rate of these
overused troops and veterans is shameful. There is another way and I feel our country would greatly
benefit from it. Mandatory service. Military? Yes. But not military alone. Other choices would
include health services, educational services, international good will services (Peace Corp etc.), and
many other services that positively effect our communities, nation and world. In my opinion this
period of mandatory service would last for a period of 2 years active duty and 2 years reserve service
and take place between the age of 18 and 22. Before college. I know that some will argue that it
is an infringement on their freedoms. My response is that freedom is not free. This service is
payment for our freedoms and helps young people better connect with their country and their
government. The main benefit to our country is the way mandatory service positively benefits young
people. The process opens up new possibilities and experiences that allow for a maturing process
unavailable otherwise. Our country also benefits by the work accomplished that otherwise would lay
fallow. It is important to note that young people today have a diminishing horizon of career and work
opportunities. A shrinking job market and low minimum wages make for a barren set of choices. High
tuitions at colleges mean that it is beyond reach or present a mountain of debt upon graduation. This
lack of promise can drive young people to negative activity that harms them as well as our country.
Mandatory service not only provides a positive activity, it helps to develop real world skills
that will help the individual in their future life. Those who chose military service would receive several
special benefits from society as they do now. Those who participate in other ways could receive
educational and medical financing as well as health insurance benefits. Although national service is
available in a voluntary manner (see link below) mandatory service would act as a sort of mega
apprentice program in the international school of many skills. During a crucial period of growth
this would provide young people with a powerful learning experience. By extension it would also be a
huge benefit to our country and the world. Having young people involved in positive activity like this
is good in so many ways it is impossible to count them. I only hope that politicians in DC will finally get
out from under lobbyists and unions and do the right thing for our country and our young people.
Mandatory 4 years of service prior to college is a good idea for everyone involved.
In the status quo feminism has been decreasing
First, The Trump Administration has just ended Let Girls Learn. Liptak 17.
Kevin Liptak, CNN Whitehouse Producer, 5-1-2017, First on CNN: Trump administration memo calls
for ending Michelle Obama's girls education program, CNN Politics,
http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/01/politics/trump-michelle-obama-girls-education/index.html

Washington (CNN)- The Trump administration is discontinuing a signature girls education

initiative championed by former first lady Michelle Obama, according to officials. The "Let Girls
Learn" program, which she and President Barack Obama started in 2015 to facilitate educational
opportunities for adolescent girls in developing countries, will cease operation immediately,
according to an internal document obtained by CNN. While aspects of the initiative's programming will
continue, employees have been told to stop using the "Let Girls Learn" name and were told that, as a
program unto itself, "Let Girls Learn" was ending. "Moving forward, we will not continue to use the 'Let
Girls Learn' brand or maintain a stand-alone program," read an email sent to Peace Corps employees
this week by the agency's acting director Sheila Crowley. Let Girls Learn' provided a platform to
showcase Peace Corps' strength in community development, shining a bright light on the
work of our Volunteers all over the world," Crowley wrote. "We are so proud of what 'Let Girls
Learn' accomplished and we have all of you to thank for this success." Hours after CNN reported on an
internal document advising administration employees that the education initiative would not be
maintained, the White House said the program had not changed. "There have been no changes to the
program," said Kelly Love, a White House spokeswoman, referring to the "Let Girls Learn" initiative,
which Obama launched in 2015. The White House originally referred questions about the program to
representatives of first lady Melania Trump, who declined to comment. In its comment, the White
House did not say whether "Let Girls Learn" would be maintained in the future as a standalone program
-- and they also did not directly address the memo or why it had been sent. The memo came the same
day President Donald Trump's agriculture secretary, Sonny Perdue, was visiting an elementary school in
suburban Virginia to announce changes to another initiative spotlighted by the former first lady, healthy
school lunches. Perdue was set to unveil a rule change "providing regulatory flexibility for the National
School Lunch Program" during a visit to Catoctin Elementary School in Leesburg. Like "Let Girls Learn,"
improving the nutritional quality of school meals was a major focus of Obama's during her tenure as first
lady.

In spite of this, increasing feminist pedagogy will have tremendous impacts,

First, Educating young women doesnt only benefit the women themselves, but also
the stability of the country as a whole.
Young African Leaders Initiative, No Date, U.S. Department of State,
https://yali.state.gov/tag/women-and-girls/page/2?print=print-page

International Womens Day on March 8 is a chance to reflect on long-standing inequalities between

women and men and also an opportunity to call attention to the fact that empowering women is one
of the most beneficial ways for a country to achieve peace and prosperity. Former U.N.
Secretary-General Kofi Annan said gender equality is more than just a goal: It is a precondition for
meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building
good governance. The World Economic Forum estimates that at the rate of progress its measured in
the last 10 years, economic parity for women will not be achieved in sub-Saharan Africa for another 79
years. We can do much better, as this video produced by the State Departments Office of Global
Womens Issues shows. The video not only highlights the continued areas of inequality across economic,
political and social lines, but also shows how womens empowerment will make a better world for
everyone. For example, if women played identical roles to men in labor markets, the global
GDP could rise by up to $28 trillion by 2025. The film concludes: When women do better we all do
better. Its just that simple. What will you do to help empower women and girls to become leaders? Be
sure to check out the YALI Networks online courses, follow the hashtag #Africa4Her to get some ideas,
and learn more at https://yali.state.gov/4her/. In the coming weeks, YALI will focus on ways to empower
women and girls. Gender equality simply means a world where women and girls enjoy the same
rights and have the same opportunities as men and boys. This isnt just the right thing to do.
Its also the smart thing to do. According to the U.S. Agency for International Development: In
developing countries, 20 percent of girls who enroll in primary school never finish. But when
10 percent more girls go to school, a countrys GDP increases on average by 3 percent .
Women make up 43 percent of the worlds agricultural labor force . However, women are less
likely to own land and they own less land when they do. But when women have the same amount
of land as men, there is an over 10 percent increase in crop yields. Women constitute only
18.9 percent of the worlds legislators. But countries where womens share of seats in
political bodies is greater than 30 percent are more inclusive, egalitarian and democratic. In
the developing world, 1 in 7 girls will marry before age 15. But girls who stay in school for seven or more
years marry four years later and have two fewer children. As onetime World Bank chief economist
Lawrence Summers said, Investment in girls education may well be the highest-return
investment available in the developing world. Each year of secondary school boosts a girls
future earning power by roughly 20 percent. Sadly, the World Economic Forum estimates that at
the rate of progress its measured in the last 10 years, economic parity for women will not be achieved
in sub-Saharan Africa for another 79 years. Thats where you come in. In the coming weeks, YALI will be
offering suggestions on what Network members can do to help raise awareness of gender equality
issues and ways to take action to empower women and girls. Be sure to check out the YALI Networks
online courses and learn how you can be bold for change by visiting yali.state.gov/4her. Remember,
when women lead, we all succeed. What will you do to help empower women and girls to become
leaders?

Second, Education is the first method of overcoming cycled poverty

Live Science Staff, 5-18-12, Education Important For Escaping Poverty, Live Science,
https://www.livescience.com/20426-education-important-escaping-poverty.html

People born into poverty are likely to continue to live that way as adults. But researchers are
discovering a way out education. Children reared in disadvantaged communities and poor
families earn less money and experience more health problems as adults than do children raised
without l;;lo;lkiadversity, according to researchers. "Early adverse life experiences, such as
community or family poverty, have a detrimental effect on young adults' social economy
attainment income, assets and job quality," study researcher Kandauda Wickrama, of the University
of Georgia, said in a statement. "Living in an adverse environment during childhood has a persistent,
long-term affect on young adults. Although you can change the place where you live, clearly early
adverse experiences are under your skin." The new research found that level of educational
achievement moderates these influences of earlier life experiences on young adults'
socioeconomic attainment.

Third, The education of young women isnt just a human rights issue, but a national
security one as well.
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 10-11-2016, FACT SHEET: Let Girls Learn A
Comprehensive Investment in Adolescent Girls Education, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-
press-office/2016/10/11/fact-sheet-let-girls-learn-comprehensive-investment-adolescent-girls

Ensuring that a nations girls are educated unlocks human potential on a transformational scale,
advancing progress in every area. It is a critical step in changing values and norms pertaining to women
and girls and spurring improvements on key development indicators. We know that education helps end
harmful cycles of poverty and improves health outcomes. Children of educated mothers are more likely
than those of uneducated mothers to have higher birth weights, less likely to die in infancy, less likely to
contract HIV, and more likely to be immunized. When women and girls are educated, they have the
tools to better participate in the formal economy and earn an incomeand are poised to make a
tremendous difference in all areas of their lives. Moreover, we know that any country that oppresses
half the population, does not respect their rights, or prohibits them from going to school or
allow them to work, is a society that will not reach its long-term potential. As the President
[Obama] has stated, educating girls is a national security issue; when girls are educated,
communities are better equipped to cope with adversity, withstand crises, and make
investments in the future. Countries are safer, more prosperous, and more stable when
women and girls have the same opportunities as men and boys. Simply put, when girls and
women are educated, they are a powerful force for positive change.

And, Educating young women is a critical first step in changing values and norms
relating to young girls.
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 10-11-2016, FACT SHEET: Let Girls Learn A
Comprehensive Investment in Adolescent Girls Education, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-
press-office/2016/10/11/fact-sheet-let-girls-learn-comprehensive-investment-adolescent-girls

Ensuring that a nations girls are educated unlocks human potential on a transformational
scale, advancing progress in every area. It is a critical step in changing values and norms
pertaining to women and girls and spurring improvements on key development indicators.
We know that education helps end harmful cycles of poverty and improves health outcomes. Children of
educated mothers are more likely than those of uneducated mothers to have higher birth weights, less
likely to die in infancy, less likely to contract HIV, and more likely to be immunized. When women and
girls are educated, they have the tools to better participate in the formal economy and earn an
incomeand are poised to make a tremendous difference in all areas of their lives. Moreover, we
know that any country that oppresses half the population, does not respect their rights, or prohibits
them from going to school or allow them to work, is a society that will not reach its long-term potential.
As the President has stated, educating girls is a national security issue; when girls are educated,
communities are better equipped to cope with adversity, withstand crises, and make investments in the
future. Countries are safer, more prosperous, and more stable when women and girls have the same
opportunities as men and boys. Simply put, when girls and women are educated, they are a powerful
force for positive change.
 Extensions
Many women in developing countries dont have access to education.
UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 10-2013, Education for All
Global Monitoring Report, UNESCO, http://en.unesco.org/gem-report/sites/gem-report/files/girls-
factsheet-en.pdf

Millions of girls around the world are still being denied an education PRIMARY SCHOOL: There
are still 31 million girls of primary school age out of school. Of these, 17 million are expected never
to enter school. There are 4 million fewer boys than girls out of school Three countries have over a
million girls not in school: In Nigeria there are almost five and a half million, Pakistan, over three million,
and in Ethiopia, over one million girls out of school. LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL: There are also 34
million female adolescents out of school, missing out on the chance to learn vital skills for
work. SKILLS: Slow education progress for children today will have lifelong effects: Almost a quarter
of young women aged 15-24 today (116 million) in developing countries have never completed
primary school and so lack skills for work. Young women make up 58% of those not
completing primary school. LITERACY: Two-thirds of the 774 million illiterate people in the
world are female. For further information see 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report; UNESCO Institute
for Statistics database

Thus, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who offers the best approach to
liberating women and deconstructing oppressive structures regarding women,
especially the women and girls left out of the focus of traditional western feminism.
Prefer my framework for the following reasons:
1. The affirmative includes marginalized women that are too often left out of the advocacy of
womens rights in the status quo.
2. The affirmative offers a liberation pedagogy for women that lack access to education.
3. The Affirmative actually takes a step in deconstructing systems that oppress women
traditionally ignored in the status quo.