ISHRAE

HEAT LOAD
INSTITUTE OF ESTIMATIONS
EXCELLENCE

ISHRAE
INDIAN SOCIETY OF HEATING
REFRIGERATING AND AIR-
CONDITIONING ENGINEERS

ISHRAE INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCE

# 76, I FLOOR, KASTURI COMPLEX, MISSION ROAD, BANGALORE 560 027, PHONE: 080-22245523, 41495045 WEB SITE: www.iiebangalore.org
 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN

ISHRAE INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCE (IIE) was conceived after an intense deliberation and
pondering over the pros and cons of different seminars and workshops conducted by ISHRAE and
ASHRAE for the HVAC&R and allied subjects in order to provide a beneficial learning Institute of
Excellence. The aspirants are those who are eager to enhance their professional competency in pace
with & up to date with worldwide technological advancement.

The HVAC & R industry is facing acute shortage of Skilled Manpower at all levels, Further there has
been no adequate technical Training and Refresher courses for such Team of Engineers. Keeping this
in mind, IIE, Bangalore has been instrumental in organising Refresher Courses for the Working
Engineers. The course has been designed in such a way that the programs are conducted in the
evenings and during week ends. IIE Bangalore could refresh more than 500 Engineers so far.

It is the wish of IIE Bangalore that such dissemination of Knowledge should not stop at Bangalore and
should spread to all places. As such IIE has consolidated the lecture notes and has prepared a Power
point presentation of such lectures so that all IIE Centers in the country can take the benefit. The
notes and the power point presentation will come in handy for the IIE Centres and the Faculties so
that the courses can be conducted with ease.

The Refresher course notes by and large are compiled from the Seminars and Workshops conducted by
ISHRAE Bangalore Chapter over the years.

Further IIE Bangalore has taken a positive step to work with the Industry and Institutions. IIE in
association with ISHRAE Bangalore Chapter and ASHRAE South India Chapter is planning to facilitate
the industry to draw Manpower from Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics, ITIs and Cream of Science
Graduate and train them in such a way that they can be used directly by the industry. This is at a
time when the industry is facing shortage of manpower as well as shortage of time in training such
manpower.

I take this opportunity to thank the Trustees of ISHRAE Foundation Trust, Core Management Committee
members, Faculties and the ISHRAE Head Quarters for their support in the great work of Dissemination
of Knowledge.

As Knowledge is Power, please make use of these Refresher course Notes and reap the best of the
benefits.
Wish you all the Best!

D. NIRMAL RAM.
CHAIRMAN,
IIE, IFT Bangalore

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IIE acknowledges with thanks the following eminent personalities whose lectures are used to compile
this refresher course materials.

D. NIRMAL RAM, G.V. RAO, LESLIE DSOUZA, MAHESH KUMAR,

U. V. ACHAR, K. V. PRADEEP, RAKESH SAHAY AND MANY OTHERS

Bibilography :

ISHRAE Hand Book

ASHRAE Hand Books
Carrier System Design Manual
Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations

HEAT LOAD ESTIMATION

Undoubtedly one of the primary reasons for failures in LOAD COMPONENTS:

air-conditioning plants is due to improper estimation
1. SOLAR GAIN
of the heat load and failure to take into account various
factors which affect it. The load estimation is based on a. Through Wall
the actual instantaneous peak load. It is not possible to
b. Through Roof
measure this actual instantaneous peak load but only
can be estimated. Before estimating this load a c. Through Glass
complete survey of the building, if the building exists,
or the plans, incase of a new building, has to be done.
An accurate survey of the various parameters will result 2. TRANSMISSION GAIN
in a realistic load estimation.
a. Through Wall
The following data need to be collected:
b. Through Ceiling
1. Orientation of the building and latitude.
c. Through Floor
2. Application.
d. Through Glass
3. Dimensions of the building.
3. ROOM INTERNAL LOAD
4. Height up to ceiling.
a. People
5. Height up to false ceiling
6. Is the roof exposed? b. Lighting

7. Depth of the beam and projections of the c. Equipment

column d. Infiltration
8. Size and number of windows. e. System gain
9. Whether windows are shaded?
f. Miscellaneous Sources
10. Material of construction of walls, ceiling/roof.
4. OUTDOOR LOAD
11. Outside dry and wet bulb temperatures (all
a. Fresh Air System Gain
seasons)
12. Inside design dry bulb temperature and relative HEAT LOAD CONCEPTS
humidity.
A good designer has to calculate the cooling load at
13. No. of persons.
optimum design conditions. The load so calculated
14. Are they smoking? Type of activity should not be too high or too less. The space heat gain
15. Lighting load and type of lights. is a resultant effect of sensible and latent heat.The
sensible heat is the phenomenon of temperature,
16. Machinery loads with diversity
whereas the latent heat is the stored heat in the form
17. Other additional loads. of moisture or metabolism rate.
18. Duration of operation The other heat load components can be classified into:-
19. Space to locate various equipments a) Loads originated from heat sources outside or
20. Ventilation required external to the conditioned space.

21. Details of exhaust, if any. b) Loads within the conditioned space.

22. Level of cleanliness to be maintained c) Load occurring from heat gains or losses with
23. Availability of soft water and electricity moving cool fluids to and from the conditioned
space.
24. Other relevant information

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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai
NOTE:
Air-conditioning load estimations are based on quantity
of air required to produce the design conditions. As
such in high altitudes where air conditioning is required,
when the density decreases, more quantity of air is
required to satisfy the given sensible load. The weight
of the air to meet the latent load decreases owing to
the higher wet bulb temperature and relative humidity,
the wet bulb temperature decreases as the altitude
increases corresponding to the sea level.
Load estimations are based on either normal design
conditions or maximum design conditions. In normal
design conditions, the outdoor design conditions
are the simultaneously occurring dry bulb and wet
bulb temperature and humidity which are permitted
to exceed a few times a year for shorter periods.
This is generally recommended for comfort and
normal industrial applications and it is occasionally
permissible to exceed the inside design conditions.
In cases where inside temperature swings on the
higher side is not tolerable then the design should
be based on the maximum outside design conditions.
The maximum design dry and wet bulb temperatures
are simultaneous peaks and not individual peaks
that are considered for the load estimation. A constant
temperature is required for many industrial applications
instead of a temperature level.
The actual cooling load will generally be below the
peak total instantaneous heat gain, thus requiring
a smaller equipment to perform a specific job. If
the equipment is allowed to run at a few degrees higher
than design requirement during peak periods, a smaller
capacity plant will meet the requirement. A smaller
system running for longer duration at full load will result
in saving in power and is more efficient than a bigger
system running at part load conditions for a shorter
duration.
Reasons for the difference in the actual heat gain and
the total instantaneous peak heat gain is due to storage
effect, diversity and stratification. If the cooling capacity
supplied to the space matches with the cooling load,
the temperature in the space remains constant. On
the contrary, if the cooling capacity supplied to the
space is more than the cooling load then lower
temperatures are maintained. Precooling a space
below the design conditions increases the storage of
heat at the time of peak load. Precooling is useful in
reducing the cooling load in applications such as
churches, theaters and auditoriums.
Diversity of cooling load results from the probable non
occurrence of part of the cooling load such as lighting,
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Heat Load Estimations
people and equipment load. The size of the diversity
factor has to be based on the accurate judgment of
the user or his engineer.
Heat may be stratified in rooms with high ceiling and
where the air is exhausted through the ceiling or the
return air is taken above the false ceiling.
OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS
While calculating the heat load the outside conditions
play a vital role in estimating the heat load.
In America ASHRAE data are regarded as the industry
standard. In India ISHRAE has started working on the
project on establishing and compiling authentic
weather data for various places in India.
The ambient air properties and solar intensities changes
with different elevation, latitude and longitude. While
selecting the refrigeration capacity of the plant for year
round air conditioning the cooling load for summer and
monsoon weather whichever is higher is selected.
In general for Indian climatic conditions 4PM is the
average time for solar heat gain and average daily
range of temperature (Maximum DB Minimum DB
in a day) vary from 15 to 20 degree F (Local conditions
are to be referred).
INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS:
The human body considers itself comfortable when it
can maintain an average body temperature between
97 degree F and 100 degree F. It becomes the task of
air-conditioning to maintain the environment around
the body within this comfort zone of conditions.
In general 75 degree F DB and 50% RH is considered
the design conditions for human comfort. However,
these conditions may vary depending upon the
environmental requirement and applications.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
The primary weather related variable influencing the
sensible cooling load for a building is solar radiation.
The effect of solar radiation is more pronounced on
exposed surfaces.
Room sensible heat is calculated as under.
The heat transfer rate q is given by equation.
q=UA (T1-T2)
Where q= Heat transfer rate in Btu per hour.
U= Coefficient of overall heat transfer between the
adjacent and the conditioned space in Btu/h sqft-
deg.F.
Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations

A=Area of the separating section in sqft. More heat is reflected and less heat is transmitted inside
the conditioned area if the angle of incidence is more.
T1=Average air temperature in adjacent space deg. F
The total solar heat gain in the conditioned area is the
T2= Air temperature in conditioned space deg. F heat transmitted together with around 40% of the heat
U=1/R where R=Addition of thermal resistance of all absorbed by the glass windows.
the surfaces coming in between the conditioned space Depending on the latitudes, for each month in a year
and adjacent space. (Refer tables for Thermal and for different exposures and on different timings
Resistance R of various building and insulating there are tables for the solar heat gain. This solar heat
materials). gain in Btu /hr/sqft. area is multiplied with the area of
the glass and the factor depending on the shade. For
SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH GLASS ordinary glass the factor is 1.0 whereas for inside
Venetian blinds of light color the factor is 0.56.
The heat from the sun is partly scattered, partly
reflected and partly absorbed by the atmosphere.
The scattered radiation is called as diffused
radiation. The solar heat which directly comes through
the atmosphere is termed as direct radiation. It enters
the air-conditioned space through glass windows and
is absorbed by the objects and air in the conditioned
area. Ordinary glass absorbs a smaller percentage of
the solar heat say round 6% and reflects or transmits
the remaining. The amount of reflection is dependent
on the angle of incidence which is the angle between
the perpendicular to the glass surface and the sun rays.

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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai
SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION HEAT GAIN
THROUGH EXPOSED WALLS:
Heat flows from higher level to the lower whenever
there exists a temperature difference. The rate at
which the heat flows inside varies with the resistance
imposed by that material. The solar heat gain on
the exposed wall does not become an instantaneous
room load. The heat is absorbed by the external
wall and is conducted slowly into the inner layers
of the wall and only the convected and radiated
heat from the inner surface of the wall is the room
load. Due to this unsteady state of heat flow it is a
general practice to consider an equivalent
temperature difference. The equivalent
temperature difference is the temperature
difference that results in total heat flow through
the structure as caused by the variable solar radiation
and outdoor temperature.
The reciprocal of the total resistance offered by the
wall is called the transmission coefficient U. It is
the rate at which the heat is transferred through
the wall and is expressed in BTU/hr/Sq.ft/deg.F
temp. diff. The equivalent temperature difference
for different thickness of walls with different
exposures and timings are available in the tables
enclosed. These equivalent temperature differences
are worked out with an outside temperature of 95
deg. F and an inside temperature of 80 deg.F. As
such corrections to equivalent temperatures are to
be made for different conditions. Unlike the heat
gain tables for glass which constitutes only the solar
gain and not the transmission gain, this equivalent
temperature considers the solar heat as well as the
transmission heat gain due to the difference in
temperature between outside and inside conditions.
In addition to the resistance offered by the various
components in the wall, we have to take into account
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Heat Load Estimations
the film coefficient, when working out the transmission
co-efficient. It is the resistance offered by the film of
air which clings to the surface of the wall. The
resistance is more when the air is still and is less when
there is wind velocity.
Whenever a false ceiling is provided in a room having
an exposed roof, the space enclosed between the
false ceiling and the roof is called as attic space. If
this attic space is not properly ventilated the space
temperature may exceed the outside temperature.
The space temperature can be worked out
considering that the rate of heat flow from outside
into the attic space is equal to the rate of flow of
heat from the attic space into the room.
TRANSMISSION GAIN THROUGH
GLASS & PARTITIONS
There will be heat transmission through the glass apart
from the solar gain due to the difference in
temperature between the conditioned and non-
conditioned space. Similarly partitions/ceiling/floor
will also have heat transmission. They are worked
out by considering the area, temperature difference
and the factor.
INTERNAL LOADS
PEOPLE
Heat is generated within a human body by
metabolism. The metabolic rate depends on the
nature of activity. The enclosed table will give the
sensible and latent load due to personnel depending
on the type of activity and the inside temperature.
Before the heat load estimation, the exact number
of persons inside the conditioned area has to be
ascertained properly for an accurate estimation.
Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai
LIGHTS
Lights produce sensible heat and are dissipated by
radiation and convection. About 80% of the input
is radiated and around 10% is convected for an
incandescent lamp. For a fluorescent lamp 25% of
the input is radiated 50% is convected. For a
fluorescent lamp, approximately 25% more heat is
generated than the input and this is due to the
ballast. It is preferred to get the exact number of
lights and its wattage and type. It is also a common
practice to give this load in watts/sq.ft depending
on the application. The wattage is multiplied by
3.413 to arrive at the heat dissipated in BTU/hr.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electric motors generate sensible heat which is
dissipated inside the conditioned area depending
on the location of the prime mover and the driven
equipment. The heat dissipated by the motor is
input multiplied by the motor inefficiency. The rest
of the heat is dissipated by the driven machinery.
When a motor is overloaded or partially loaded the
heat generated will not obey the above law. As such
in case of heavy machinery load it is advisable to
measure the input and not to depend on the rated
horse power of the motors. When the motor rating
is in KW it is multiplied by 3413 and when the
rating is in HP it is multiplied by 2545 to obtain
the heat dissipation in BTU/hr. Suitable diversity
has to be applied to the connected electrical load
depending on the actual running of the motor at a
particular period of time.
Other internal loads that may constitute the room
load may be gas burners, electric/steam heaters and
water fountains, hot water/steam pipes and tanks.
SYSTEM HEAT GAIN
System heat gain constitutes heat added or lost by
the system components such as ducting, piping,
water pumps and the blower. Over and above some
safety factor is considered to account for the errors
in the survey or in the estimate. Leakage in the
supply duct will add to the room sensible and latent
heat. Supply ducts running in non conditioned area
will gain heat and as such becomes the room sensible
load. Return ducts for the above reasons will add to
the outdoor load.
INFILTRATION AND VENTILATION
Infiltration is not a feature for air-conditioning jobs
which is so for refrigeration. This is for the simple
5
Heat Load Estimations
reason that for air-conditioning, outdoor air is introduced
which develops a positive pressure inside the
conditioned area and only exfiltration does occur.
However infiltration may occur if wind velocity outside
is higher. Infiltration is also a predominant feature for
high rise buildings due to stack effect. Infiltration of air
and by pass of air through the cooling coil becomes a
room load.
Outdoor air is introduced into the conditioned area so
as to dilute the odours given off by the people, smoking
and other fumes and contaminations generated inside
the room. The quantity of fresh air depends upon the
volume of the room or the number of people and the
activity. Ventilation standards for different applications
are shown in the enclosed tabulations. For comfort
applications during the peak load when it is permitted
the outdoor air quantity may be reduced resulting in
smaller equipment. However during periods other than
the peak load the required maximum fresh air has to
be introduced into the room which will do the flushing.
However in any case the air quantity during peak load
should not be lesser than 50% of the required air
quantity. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is now talked loudly
by all. Minimum requirement of fresh air for
applications having lesser occupancy is one air change
per hour.
Solar gain through walls, glass, roof and transmission
gain through partition walls, ceiling, floors, internal
loads such as people, light, equipment and
infiltration of fresh air(due to by pass in the cooling
coil) constitute Room Sensible Heat (RSH). When the
system gain is added to this, this becomes Effective
Room Sensible Heat (ERSH).
Heat gain through infiltration, people and other sources
which adds moisture in the room constitute Room
Latent Heat (RLH). When system gain is added it
becomes Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH). The
summation of room sensible / effective room sensible
and room latent / effective room latent heat is called
as Room Total Heat (RTH)/Effective Room Total Heat
(ERTH). When outdoor sensible and latent heat is added
it becomes Grand Total Heat (GTH) based on which
the air-conditioning system is designed.
The effective room sensible heat over the effective
room total heat is called as effective room sensible
heat factor. With this factor and the inside design
conditions, Apparatus Dew Point (ADP) is calculated.
Dew point is the temperature at which condensation
occurs when the air is cooled and the effective
surface temperature of the coil should match with the
dew point to meet the design parameters. Temperature
rise is the difference in temperature between the room
Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations

and the apparatus dew point multiplied by the factor
(1-bypass factor). Effective room sensible heat over
1.08 and the temperature rise gives the dehumidified
air quantity which has to be pumped into the room to
offset the room load and to meet the design conditions.
In high latent load applications the dehumidified air
quantity will work out to be low. In such cases some air
has to be bypassed across the cooling coil to reduce
the temperature of air entering the room which
otherwise will cause a cold blast on the occupants. The
dehumidified air quantity and the bypassed air is the
total air quantity on which the equipment is selected.
Similarly for applications such as clean rooms minimum
required air changes are required to be met. During
such occasions also more air will be bypassed across
the cooling coil.

AIR QUANTITY EQUATIONS DERIVATION OF AIR CONSTANTS

ERSH
cfmda = (1) 60
1.08 x (1-BF)(t rm- tadp) 1.08 = 0.244 x 13.5

where .244 = specific heat of moist air at 70 F db

and 50% rh, Btu/(deg F) (lb dry air)
ERLH
6 0 = min/hr
cfmda = (2)
.68 x (1-BF)(Wrm- Wadp) 13.5 = specific volume of moist air at
70 F db and 50% rh

ERTH
cfmda = (3)
4.45 x (1-BF)(hrm - 60 1076
0.68 = x
hadp) 13.5 7000

TSH where 6 0 = min/hr

cfmda = (4) 13.5 = specific volume of moist air at
1.08 (tedb-tldb)
70 F db and 50% rh
1 0 7 6 = average heat removal required to
condense one pound of water vapor
TLH
cfmda = (5) from the room air
.68 x (W ea- Wla) 7 0 0 0 = grains per pound

GTH
cfmda = (6) 4.45 = 60
4.45 (hea- hla) 13.5

where 6 0 = min/hr
RSH 13.5 = specific volume of moist air at
cfmsa = (7) 70 F db and 50% rh
1.08 x (trm-tsa)

RLH
* RSHS, RLHS and GTHS are supplementary loads
cfmsa = (8)
.68 x (Wrm- Wsa) due to duct heat gain, duct leakage loss, fan and pump
horsepower gains, etc. To simplify the various
examples, these supplementary loads have not been
RTH used in the calculations. However, in actual practice,
cfmsa = (9) these supplementary loads should be used where
4.45 x (hrm- hsa)
appropriate.

cfmba = cfmsa - cfmda (10)

Note: cfm da will be less than cfmsa only when air is
physically bypassed around the conditioning apparatus.
cfmsa = cfmoa + cfmra (11)
When no air is to be physically bypassed around the
conditioning apparatus, cfmda = cfmsa.
** When tm, Wm and hm are equal to the entering
conditions at the cooling apparatus, they may be
substituted for tedb, Wea and hea respectively.

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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations

Cooling & Dehumidifying Heat Load Estimate

Estimated by : Date :

Checked by : Page No. : ______ of ______

Job Name Estimated for Local Time Peak Load LOCAL TIME
Address SUN TIME
Space Used for CONDITIONS DB WB %RH DP Gr/Lb
Size X = Sq.Ft.X = Cu.Ft.
Item Area or Sun Gain or Factor Btu/Hour Outside
Quantity Temp. Diff.
Room
SOLAR GAIN GLASS
Glass Sq Ft X X Difference XXX XXX XX
Glass Sq Ft X X Selected Room Conditions DB WB %RH
Glass Sq Ft X X
VENTILATION
Glass Sq Ft X X People X Cfm/Person=
Sky light Sq Ft X X INFILTRATION
SOLAR & TRANS. GAIN - WALLS & ROOF Sq. Ft.X Cfm/sq. ft =
Wall Sq Ft X X Cfm Ventilation *
Wall Sq Ft X X SWINGING/
Wall Sq Ft X X REVOLVING DOORS - PEOPLE X CFM/PERSON =
Open doors X CFM/DOOR =
Wall Sq Ft X X
Exhaust Fan
Wall Sq Ft X X Crack Feet X Cfm/Ft =
Roof Sun Sq Ft X X CFM OUTSIDE AIR THRU APPARATUS *
Roof Shaded Sq Ft X X SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR & APPARATUS DEWPOINT
TRANS GAIN EXCEPT WALLS & ROOF
All Glass Sq Ft X X (A) Eff. room Sens. Heat (ESHF)
=
Partition Sq Ft X X (C) Eff. room total Heat Sens Heat Factor
Ceilling Sq Ft X X
Indicated ADP F Selected ADP F
Floor Sq Ft X X
(1-BF) X (Room Temp-ADP) = Dehumidified rise F
INFILTRATION AND OUTSIDE AIR
Infiltration Cfm X X 1.08
Room Sensible heat = Dehumidified CFM

Outside Air Cfm X FX BF X 1.08
1.08 X Dehumidified rise
INTERNAL HEAT
NOTES
People People X
Power H.P./KW X
LIghts Wa tts X 3.4
Appliances, Etc X 3.4
X
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT
Supply Supply Fan Safety
Duct Duct H.P.% Factor
Heat Gain% Leak Loss%
EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (A)
ROOM LATENT HEAT
Infiltration Cfm X gr/lb X 0.68
Outside-Air Cfm X gr/lb X BF X 0.68
People People X
Steam lb/hr X 1080
Appliances, Etc
Vapor Tran.
Room Latent Heat SubTotal
SUPPLY DUCT % + SAFETY FACTOR %
LEAKAGE LOSS
EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT HEAT (B)
EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT (C)=(A+B)
OUTSIDE AIR HEAT

Sensible: Cfm X FX (1-BF) X 1.08
Latent: Cfm X gr/lb X (1-BF) X 0.68
Grand Total Heat Sub-Total (D) = (C+Outside Air Heat)
Return Return Pump
Duct Duct H.P.% %
Heat Gain% Leak Loss
GRAND TOTAL HEAT (GTH) (E) = (D+Losses)
Tons = E/12,000

7
 DISCLAIMER
Ishare Foundation Trust, Bangalore and IIE Bangalore confirm that the materials are compiled from
various lectures, seminars, workshops conducted by various ISHRAE members, faculties of repute
from ISRHAE Bangalore Chapter. This is not a book but a collection of course materials to refresh and
train the freshers and others belonging to the HVAC & R and allied fraternity.