EXPLICIT EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR FLOW OF

HERSCHELBULKLEY FLUIDS
Prabhata K. Swamee1 * and Nitin Aggarwal2
1. National Inst. of Tech. Jalandhar, Jalandhar 144 011, India
2. S-299, Greater Kailash 1, New Delhi 110048, India

There are three typical problems encountered in pipe ows: unknown friction factor, unknown ow rate, and unknown diameter problems. A
major problem in determining the solution to these ow problems occurs due to the implicit nature of the DarcyWeisbach friction factor. Though
explicit equations for ow of Newtonian uids and Power Law uids are available, no such usable equations exist for HerschelBulkley uids. In
this paper, explicit equations have been given for ow of HerschelBulkley uids in the laminar regime.

Il existe trois problemes typiques rencontres avec les ecoulements en charge : facteur de friction inconnu, debit inconnu et problemes de diametre
inconnus. Un grand probleme lors de la determination de la solution a ces problemes decoulement se produit en raison de la nature implicite du
facteur de friction de DarcyWeisbach. Bien que des equations explicites pour lecoulement de uides newtoniens et de uides en loi de puissance
soient accessibles, il nexiste pas de telles equations utilizables pour les uides de HerschelBulkley. Dans ce document, des equations explicites
ont ete donnees pour lecoulement des uides de HerschelBulkley dans le regime laminaire.

Keywords: HerschelBulkley uids, critical Reynolds number, diameter, discharge, DarcyWeisbach equation, explicit equation, friction factor,
head loss, laminar ow

INTRODUCTION Until now it is extremely difcult to arrive at exact analytical

solution to calculate the friction factor associated with ow of

T
he ow behaviour of many uids may be described by the
non-Newtonian uids and therefore tedious iterative methods are
HerschelBulkley (HB) model which is written as (Her-
used to calculate it.
schel and Bulkley, 1926):
Once the friction factor has been calculated the head loss can
be easily determined for a given ow by the DarcyWeisbach

=
o +  n (1) equation:

where
is the shear stress,
o the yield shear stress,  the con- 8fLQ2
hf = (2)
sistency coefcient,  the velocity gradient perpendicular to the 2 gD5
direction of shear, and n is an exponent. This model simplies
to other well known models: pseudoplastic uids for
o = 0 and where f is the friction factor, L the pipe length; Q the uid dis-
0 < n < 1; dilatants uids for
o = 0 and n > 1; Bingham plastic charge, and D is the pipe diameter. The friction factor can be
uids for n = 1 and  =  (plastic viscosity); and Newtonian uids written with the help of Equation (1) as (Hanks, 1978):
for
o = 0, n = 1, and  = (viscosity). 64
Non-Newtonian uids, especially HB uids are particularly f = (3)
Re
important to chemical engineers. Many uids such as crude
oil, cement pastes, fracturing gels, etc., exhibit HB uid char-
acteristics. Various monomers and polymers that are added to Author to whom correspondence may be addressed.
uids or formulations to modify their properties and are used E-mail address: swameefce@yahoo.com
in many oil production operations, such as drilling, cementing, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 89:14261433, 2011
etc. also exhibit HB uid characteristics (Lucas et al., 2009). 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
DOI 10.1002/cjce.20484
The hydraulic design and analysis of ow conditions of non- Published online 28 February 2011 in Wiley Online Library
Newtonian uids depends upon predicting the friction factor, f. (wileyonlinelibrary.com).

| 1426 | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | | VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 |
where Re is the generalised Reynolds number given by: since Re and He are unknown, it is also not possible to determine

n the friction factor using Equation (7) by straightforward trial and
8Dn V 2n  0.5n error procedure for subsequently nding discharge or diameter
Re = (4) using Equation (2).
 1 + 3n
In the present day computational scenario, a numerical solution
and can nd the variables like friction factor, discharge, or diameter
 n easily. However, such a solution yields a number, which is devoid
(1o )2 2o (1o ) o2 of any physical interpretation. Functional dependence cannot be
= (1 + 3n)n (1o )1+n + + (5) seen in a number. Furthermore, an explicit equation is capable
1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
of analytical operations like differentiation, integration, etc., for
where  is the mass density of uid, and  o is the dimensionless example, design of pipe transitions. An explicit equation not only
unsheared plug radius, given by: reduces the computation time, it avoids the use of iterative pro-
cedures. See Example 4. To make the calculations easier many

o 4
o L 8
o researchers have developed explicit expression for friction factor
o = = = (6)

w Dp fV 2 for ow of Newtonian uids (Swamee and Jain, 1976; Haaland,
1983; Serghides, 1984) and non-Newtonian uids (Darby, 1996;
where
w is the shear stress at wall, and p is the pressure differ- Sablani et al., 2003; Mohammad et al., 2011). However, a direct
ence. Eliminating between Equations (3) and (5): and simple explicit equation for f has not been found as yet for
 n HB uids. The overall objective of this article is to provide simple
64 (1o )2 2o (1o ) o2 explicit equations for the friction factor, discharge, and diameter
= (1 + 3n)n (1o )1+n + + (7) for HB uids.
f Re 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n

The parameter  o can also be written as a function of Re and a

generalised Hedstrom number (Hanks, 1978) He: FRICTION FACTOR PROBLEM
Equation (10) can be written in the following manner to give
n
 2
(2n)/n He/Re:
Re = 2He (8)
1 + 3n o

(2n)/n
2
He 1 f Re 1 + 3n
where He is the Hedstrom number given by: = o (11)
Re 2 64 n

D2 
o
(2n)/n
He = (9)
  For a given value of n,  o can be varied between 0 and 1. Using
these  o values f Re can be obtained by Equation (7). Using the
Eliminating between Equations (3) and (8)
resulting f Re, the values He/Re can be found out by Equation
  2 n/(2n) (11). Thus variation of f Re dependent on He/Re is obtained. See
64 2He n
o = (10) Figure 1. Using the data so obtained the following explicit equa-
f Re Re 1 + 3n tion for f was found out:

HerschelBulkley Fluid Flow Problems  0.958n/(2n)

The variables inuencing the pipe ow of HB uids are listed as: He
f Re = 64 + 64 (12)
(1) The discharge, (2) the pipe diameter, (3) consistency coef- [36 + (1.5/n)2.46 ]0.5 Re
cient, (4) the yield shear stress of the owing uid, (5) the
exponent n, and (6) the head loss. The interrelationship among
these variables is expressed by Equations (2) and (7).
In the pipe ow problems the rheological properties of uid
,
o , and n can be experimentally determined; or one can nd
these properties from standard texts. The pipe-ow problems of
HB uids fall into three categories: (1) Determination of f when
Q, D, , n, and
o are given, (2) determination of Q when D, Sf ,
, n, and
o are given, and (3) determination of D when Q, Sf , ,
n, and
o are given. The rst two category of problems are clas-
sied as analysis problem in which, for an existing pipeline, (1)
knowing Q the friction factor has to be determined; or (2) know-
ing hf (by manometer readings), the discharge has to be obtained.
The third category of problem is a design problem in which the
diameter of pipeline has to be obtained that carries a discharge Q
with given frictional loss hf . For laminar ow, these problems can
be solved utilising Equation (2) provided that the f expressed by
Equation (7) is determinable. For the rst category of problem,
difculty is posed by the inherent implicit nature of Equation (7),
which requires tedious method of trial and error for computing
the friction factor. For problems of the second and third category, Figure 1. Variation of f Re with He/Re.

| VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 | | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | 1427 |
 Equation (12) can be written in the following form: Using Equations (20) and (23), Equation (18) reduces to:
 0.958n/(2n)  n
64 64 He He 2 8(1 + 3n)
f = + (13) = (24)
Re Re [36 + (1.5/n)2.46 ]0.5 Re Re 128Q D
2n (2n)/n n

Equation (21) can be written in the following form:

The maximum error in the use of Equation (13) is less than
two percent. Thus, Equation (13) is sufciently accurate for all
1/n
practical purposes. n 16
Q = (25)
8(1 + 3n) f Re

DISCHARGE PROBLEM Eliminating Q between Equations (24) and (25)

Using the continuity equation:
2n/(2n)
n/(2n)
1 + 3n Re f Re
 2 D = (26)
Q= D V (14) n 2He 16
4
Eliminating He/Re between Equations (11) and (26), one gets:
Equation (4) is rewritten as:
4
 n D = (27)
128Q2 nD3 o
Re = 2 4 (15)
 D  8(1 + 3n)Q
Further, eliminating f Re between Equations (7) and (25), the
following equation is obtained:
Using Equation (2) the friction factor is written as:
 
(1o )2 2o (1o ) o2
2 gD5 Sf Q = n2(2+3n)/n (1o )(1+n)/n + +
f = (16) 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
8Q2
(28)
Using Equations (15) and (16):
Still further, eliminating  o between Equations (27) and (28)
 n
16gDSf nD3 yields:
f Re = (17)
 8(1 + 3n)Q
(1+n)/n
(2+3n)/n D 4
Q = n2
Using Equations (9) and (15): D

2



(2n)/n 2 D6  8(1 + 3n)Q n 1 D 4 8 D 4 16

He
=
o + +
Re  128Q2 nD3
(18) 1 + 3n D (1 + 2n)D D (1 + n)D2

(29)
Dening:

1/n Equation (29) can be simplied as:
Q 
Q = 3 (19) n
D gDSf Q = (1+3n)/n
(D 4)(1+n)/n
2(2+3n)/n D
 
and using Equation (19), Q is expressed as: (D 4)2 8(D 4) 16
+ + (30)

1/n 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
gDSf
Q = Q D 3 (20) Equation (30) is depicted in Figure 2 for various values of n.

Putting n = 1 in Equation (30) the following equation for Q for
Using Equation (20), Equation (17) reduces to: Bingham plastic uids is obtained:

 n 
n Q = (D 4)2 (3D2 + 8D + 16) (31)
f Re = 16 (21) 384D4
8(1 + 3n)Q
Equation (31) is further simplied to:
Further dening: 
Q = (3D4 16D3 + 256) (32)
384D4
gDSf
D = (22)

o The two extreme cases of Herschel and Bulkley uids are n = 0
and 2. For n = 0, the discharge is zero for all values of D , whereas
and using Equation (22), D is expressed as: for n = 2, Equation (29) reduces to:
D
o 
D= (23) Q = (D 4)1.5 (15D2 + 48D + 128) (33)
gSf 840D3.5

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Figure 2. Variation of Q* with D*. Figure 3. Variation of Q with D*.

It can be seen from Equation (29) that for D = 4, the discharge

is zero. That is, for a given pipe diameter, the ow stops at the
Substituting 64/(f Re) from Equation (7) into Equation (41),
energy gradient:
one gets:
4
o
Sf = (34)  
gD 8n (1o )2 2o (1o ) o2
Q = (1o )(1+n)/n + + (42)
(1+3n)/n
o 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
DIAMETER PROBLEM
Dening: Eliminating  o between Equations (27) and (42)
3 1/n g 3 Sf3
Q = Q (35)
(1+3n)/n
(1+n)/n

o
(1+3n)/n
D D 4
Q = 8n
4 D
and, using Equation (35), Q is expressed as:

2

1 D 4 8 D 4 16
(1+3n)/n

o + +
Q= Q 3 1/n 3 3 (36) (1 + 3n) D (1 + 2n)D D (1 + n)D2
  g Sf
(43)
and using Equations (22) and (35), Equations (17) and (18) are
written as:
 n Equation (43) is simplied as:
nD3
f Re = 16D (37)  
8(1 + 3n)Q (D 4)2 8(D 4) 16
Q = 2(2+3n)/n n(D 4)(1+n)/n + +
 n 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
He 2 D6 8(1 + 3n)Q
= (38)
Re 128Q2 nD3 (44)

Equation (37) is written as:

Thus, Q versus D curves can be prepared for various values of

1/n n. Such a plot is depicted in Figure 3. For D 4, the rst and
nD3 16D
Q = (39) second terms in the square brackets can be neglected in compar-
8(1 + 3n) f Re ison to the third term. Thus, for this case, Equation (44) reduces
to:
Substituting Equation (26) in Equation (39)

7n/(2n)
(1+3n)/(2n)
3  n/(1+n)
 1 + 3n Re f Re (1 + n)2(2n)/n Q
Q = (40) D = 4 + (45)
8 n 2He 16 n

Eliminating He/Re between Equations (11) and (40)

On the other hand, for D , Equation (44) reduces to:

7n/(2n)  2(1+3n)/(2n)
64 1/n
4 3
1 + 3n n
Q =  n/(1+3n)
(1+3n)/n
8o n 1 + 3n f Re (1 + 3n)2(2+3n)/n Q
D = 4 + (46)
(41) n

| VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 | | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | 1429 |
 Combining Equations (45) and (46) through a transition expo- where c is given by Equation (5) with  o =  oc and  oc is given
nent p one gets: by the following implicit function of He and n (Hanks and Ricks,
 n/((1+n)p)
1974):
n
D = 4 + 3232(2 + n)(2+n)/(1+n) oc
(2n)/n
(1 + n)2(2n)/n Q He = (55)
n(1oc )(2+n)/n
 n/((1+3n)p) p
n
+ (47) For  oc 0, it can be seen from Equation (55) that He 0.
(1 + 3n)2(2+3n)/n Q Further, for  oc 1, He .
Substituting c from Equation (5) in Equation (54):
For a given n and an assumed non-dimensional discharge Qi ,  2n
the corresponding value of Di can be obtained by using Equa- 6464(2 + n)(2+n)/(1+n) (1oc )2 2oc (1oc ) 2
tion (44) and resorting to trial and error procedure. Again using Rec = + + oc
(1 + 3n)n (1oc )n 1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n
Equation (47) and adopting a trial value of p, the corresponding
non-dimensional trial diameter Dci is obtained. Comparing these (56)
two values of D , the proportionate error i is obtained as:
The minimum value of Rec exists for He = 0. According to Equa-
Dci Di tion (55) this corresponds to  oc = 0. Putting  oc = 0 in Equation
i = (48)
Di (56) one gets:

Varying i from 1 to N, the cumulative proportionate error E is 6464(2 + n)(2+n)/(1+n)

obtained as: Rec min = (57)
(1 + 3n)2

N
Putting n = 0 in Equation (57), Rec min = 25 856. On the other
E= |i | (49)
n = 1 for Bingham Plastic uids Equation (57) gives
hand, putting
i=1
Rec min = 1212 3 = 2099. The maximum value of n is 2 for which
Minimising E by varying p using Fibonacci search, the optimum Equation (57) yields Rec min = 332.414.
p is obtained. Varying n in the range 0 < n 2, the corresponding On the other hand, for  oc 1.0, Equation (55) changes to:
variation of p with n is obtained. This variation of p is tted to
n/(2+n)
the following equation: 3232
1oc = (2 + n)n/(1+n) (58)
nHe
5.8n
p= (50)
3 + 5n Combining Equations (56) and (58) for  oc 1.0, one gets:
Using Equations (47) and (50) the non-dimensional diameter 2
n2 /(2+n)
is given by: 6464(2 + n)(2+nn )/(1+n) nHe
Rec max = (59)
 (1 + 3n)n (1 + n)2n 3232
(3+5n)/(5.8(1+n))
n
D = 4 + Putting n = 0, Equation (59) reduces to Rec max = 25, 856. On
(1 + n)2(2n)/n Q
the other hand, for n = 1, Equation (59) gives:
 (3+5n)/(5.8(1+3n))  3+5n
5.8n

n Rec max = 164He1/3 (60)

+ (51)
(1 + 3n)2(2+3n)/n Q
Further, putting n = 2 in Equation (59), one nds:
Putting n = 1 for Bingham plastic uids Equation (51) gives:
4

Rec max =
0.69
0.345
0.725 49
He (61)
 
D = 4 + + (52)
4Q 128Q Varying  oc in the range 0.0001  oc 0.9 and n in the range
0.1 n 1.9 the values of He and Rec obtained by using Equations
For n = 0, Equation (51) yields D = . On the other hand, for (55) and (56). Following Swamee (1993) by combining Equations
n = 2, Equation (51) gives: (57) and (59) and tting the thus obtained values of He and Rec ,
following equation is obtained:

0.747
0.32
0.892
2  1  p
D = 4 + + (53) Rec = Rec min 1/p + (kRec max )1/p (62)
3Q 56Q 1+k

where
CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER
0.83
The critical Reynolds number Rec , where the laminar ow ends, k = 0.0016(2n)9 He0.619[n/(2n)] (63)
is given by (Hanks and Ricks, 1974):

0.8
0.1
(2n)/n 2n 0.03n
6464 c (2 + n)(2+n)/(1+n) p = 0.05 + (64)
Rec = (54) n 2n
(1 + 3n) (1oc )(2+n)/n
2

| 1430 | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | | VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 |
 Beyond the critical Reynolds number the ow no longer remains
in the laminar regime and the equations for friction factor, dis-
charge, and diameter derived above cannot be used. However,
HB uids are seldom operated in the turbulent regime owing
to high pressure drops and thus requiring high pumping powers.
In such conditions, drag reduction agents are used to accelerate
the ow signicantly through conduits, providing a faster and a
cheaper solution to the problem of high energy usage for such
ows (Brostow et al., 2007; Brostow, 2008).
Therefore, for a given ow rate of a liquid, Equations (68)
and (69) can be equated to obtain the nal outlet temperature
iteratively from the implicit equation:
(T1 t1 )(T2 t1 )
QCp (T1 T2 ) = hAs (71)
ln[(T1 t1 )/(T2 t1 )]
It is assumed that the thickness of the pipe is negligibly small
as compared to the inner diameter of the pipe. Using Equation
(66), Equation (70) changes to:

OPTIMUM FLOW FOR HEAT TRANSFER 1 A

= 1/3 (72)
A common problem in industries is to extract heat from slurries QH Q
before discharging them. However, no expensive heat exchanging
equipment is preferred for such processes and most commonly where
the uid is cooled in the pipeline which is used for its discharge. 1
The heat transfer is, therefore, controlled by changing the ow A= (73)
A DLT LM
rate of the uid only. A common industry problem is thus to
nd an optimum ow rate of the uid so that the heat transfer
Pressure Drop Equation
is increased and the pumping cost is decreased at the same time.
The following section addresses this problem and clearly shows The pressure drop in pipes can be computed from the
the computational ease of the problem with an explicit equation DarcyWeisbach equation. Therefore, pressure drop p in the
for friction factor (see Example 4). length L of a pipe is given by:

fLG2
Heat Transfer Equation p = (74)
2D
The heat transfer equation for calculation of laminar-region heat
transfer coefcients for non-Newtonian uid is given by (Metzner where G is the mass velocity of uid in the pipe, given by:
et al., 1957):
4Q

1/3
0.14 G= (75)
hD QCp D2
= 1.75 (65)
k1/3 kL w
The power required by the pump to overcome the pressure drop
is:
where h is the heat transfer coefcient at the inner surface of
the pipe, k the thermal conductivity of the uid owing, Cp the P = Qp (76)
specic heat of uid owing, w the viscosity of uid at the wall
temperature, and = (3n + 1)/4n is the ratio of non-Newtonian to Re-writing Equation (76) by combining Equations (74) and
Newtonian heat transfer rates. Equation (61) is written as: (75), one has:

h = A Q1/3 (66) P = BQ3 (77)

where where

1/3
0.14 8fL
1.75k 1/3

Cp B= (78)
A = (67) 2 D5
D kL w
Objective Function
Considering T1 and T2 to be the inlet and the required out-
let temperature of the process stream; and t1 to be the ambient It is desired to operate close to a standard heat transfer rate Q but
temperature, the heat transfer rate is: on account of increase in pressure we settle for a lesser value
QH . Thus, the ratio Q /QH being greater than unity, has to be
minimised. Similarly, the minimum pumping power required in
QH = QCp (T1 T2 ) (68)
the process could have been P , but one has to settle at a larger
pumping power P, so that the heat transferred can be increased;
and
and as a result the ratio P/P has to be decreased. Therefore, the
objective function F, which is to be minimised [a similar approach
QH = hAs TLM (69) for optimising the performance of a double-pipe heat exchanger
can be found in (Swamee et al., 2008)], is selected as:
where QH is the heat transferred per unit time, As the surface area
for the heat transfer, given by As = DL, and
TLM is the log-mean Q C1 PC2
F1 = +  (79)
temperature difference expressed as: QH P

(T1 t1 )(T2 t1 ) where C1 and C2 are the coefcients having monetary units. The
TLM = (70) rst term on the right hand side is the cost related with the heat
ln[(T1 t1 )/(T2 t1 )]

| VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 | | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | 1431 |
transferred and the second term is related with the cost required
to provide the power to pump the uid.
Re-writing Equation (75) by combining Equations (68) and (73)
AQ C1 BQ3 C2
F1 = + (80)
Q 1/3 P
Differentiating Equation (76) with respect to Q (assuming f to
be constant), the optimum ow rate Q* is: uid ow lies in the laminar regime.
Therefore, the heat required to cool down the uid is given by:
0.1169 1230 1.699 15 1000
QH = QCp T = = 3666 kJ/s
3600
For ensuring the ow is in laminar regime, using Equations
(4) and (9), Re = 9783 and He = 25 913 217. Using Equations
(62)(64) for He = 25 913 217 and Rec = 19 263. As Re < Rec , the

0.3
AQ C1 P  Example 3
Q = (81)
9BC2 What size commercial steel pipe would be required to transport
a mineral slurry at 0.078 m3 /s over 30 m if a power equivalent
Assuming an initial value of Q, f can be iterated using Equations to a static head of 1.8 m is applied? The density of the slurry is
(23) and (81) to nd the nal optimum value of Q*. 1580 kg/m3 ,  = 0.34 Pa s1.2 , n = 1.2, and yield stress = 189 Pa.

EXAMPLES Solution
In this case Sf = hf /L = 1.8/30 = 0.06; thus, using Equation (35)
These examples illustrate the use of equations developed.

Example 1 3 1/n g 3 Sf3

Q = Q (1+3n)/n
= 0.807
A mineral slurry has to be pumped through a smooth 50 m long
o
pipe of diameter 0.3 m at a ow rate Q = 0.03 m3 /s. What pumping
head is required to do this? The mineral slurry has the properties Using Equation (51), one gets:
of a HB uid with a yield stress of
o = 4 N/m2 ,  = 0.2 Pa s0.8 ,
n = 0.8, and mass density  = 1200 kg/m3 .  (3+5n)/5.8(1+n)
n
D = 4 +
Solution (1 + n)22n/n Q
The velocity of the uid ow is V = 4Q/(D2 ) = 0.4244 m/s.  (3+5n)/(5.8(1+3n)) (5.8n)/(3+5n)
Using Equations (4) and (9), Re = 1182 and He = 48 299. Using n
+ = 4.707
Equations (62)(64) for He = 48 299 and Rec = 5906. As Re < Rec , (1 + 3n)2(2+3n)/n Q
the uid ow lies in the laminar regime. Using Equation (23),
f = 0.2313. Therefore, the pumping head hf that the pump has to Therefore, using Equation (23), D = D
gS
o
= 0.96 m
account for is: f
Hence, a commercially available pipe of D = 0.95 m can be
used for the given application. For ensuring For ensuring the
8fLQ2 8 0.2313 50 0.032
hf = = = 0.354 m ow is in laminar regime, using Equations (4) and (9), Re = 517;
2 gD5 2 9.81 0.35 and He = 289 540. Using Equations (62)(64) for He = 289 540,
Rec = 11 010. As Re < Rec , the uid ow lies in the laminar regime.

Example 2 Example 4
Grease is being transported through a pipe of diameter, It is desired to extract maximum heat from a slurry at 320 K before
Dp = 0.25 m and length Lp = 35 m, with the help of a pump, discharging it into a lake. The slurry is to be pumped through a
which is pumping at a head of 2.6 m. The uid has to be pipe (D = 0.1 m, L = 100 m) kept at ambient conditions (293 K).
cooled down from 40 to 25 C. It exhibits the properties of a HB It is assumed that the cost related to heat ow rate C1 = 10 $
uid and has the following properties: yield stress,
o = 45 N/m2 , and that to pumping C2 = 0.01 $. The standard heat transfer rate,
 = 0.473 Pa s0.551 , n = 0.551, specic heat = 1.699 J/g and mass Q , is 5.1 J/s and it is required that the process operates close to
density  = 1230 kg/m3 . Calculate the heat required to cool the this. The minimum pumping power, P , is 1.9 W. Find the opti-
uid to the desired temperature. mal ow rate at which the slurry should be pumped. The slurry
behaves like a HB uid with a yield stress of
o = 67 N/m2 ,
Solution  = 0.025 Pa s1.2 , n = 1.35, thermal conductivity k = 0.29 J/s mK,
Here Sf = hf /Lp = (0.75)/30 = 0.025; using Equation (22), specic heat Cp = 1128 J/kg K and mass density  = 1487 kg/m3 .
D* = 16.96. Therefore, using Equation (30)
Solution
n
Q = 1+3n/n
(D 4)1+n/n The following scheme is used to nd the solution:
22+3n/n D
  1. Assume an initial value of Q and T2 .
(D 4)2 8(D 4) 16 2. Calculate the values of A and B from Equations (73) and (77).
+ + = 0.000104
1 + 3n 1 + 2n 1+n 3. Calculate Q* from Equation (81).
4. Find new T2 iteratively by using Equation (71).
Using Equation (20), Q = 0.1169 m3 /s. 5. Repeat steps 14 till two successive Q and T2 values are close.

| 1432 | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | | VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 |
 Table 1. Design iterations: physical variables

Iteration number (1) Q (m3 /s) (2) T2 ( K) (3) A 106 (M0.33 /Ws0.33 ) (4) B 108 (Ws3 /m3 ) (5) f (6)

0 0.00025 302 10.5 24.3 0.20

1 0.00020 302 10.6 36.0 0.37
2 0.00018 301 10.8 44.3 0.37
3 0.00017 301 10.8 49.2 0.41
4 0.00016 301 11.0 51.9 0.43
5 0.00016 301 11.0 51.9 0.43

These iterations have been shown in Table 1. The nal values of Fluids in Smooth Pipes Using Adomian Decomposition
Q and T2 thus obtained are 0.00016 m3 /s and 301 K respectively. Method, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat. 16,
It can be easily seen in the example that the explicit form of 239251 (2011).
the friction factor greatly reduces computational time, because of Sablani, S. S., W. H. Shayya and A. Kacimov, Explicit
the reduction in inherent iterations involved for the calculation of Calculation of the Friction Factor in Pipeline for of Bingham
friction factor from the implicit Equation (23). Plastic Fluids: A Neural Network Approach, Chem. Eng. Sci.
58, 99106 (2003).
Serghides, T. K., Estimate Friction Factor Accurately, Chem.
CONCLUSIONS Eng. 91, 6364 (1984).
From the foregoing developments, the following conclusions are Swamee, P. K., Design of a Submarine Oil Pipeline, J.
drawn: Transport. Eng. 119, 159170 (1993).
Swamee, P. K. and A. K. Jain, Explicit Equations for Pipe Flow
1. A direct and accurate equation for determination of the fric-
Problems, J. Hydraul. Eng. 102, 657664 (1976).
tion factor is given by Equation (23).
Swamee, P. K., N. Aggarwal and V. Aggarwal, Optimum Design
2. Equation (30) nds is a closed-form solution for discharge.
of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
3. The explicit Equation (51) permits direct and accurate com-
51, 22602266 (2008).
putation of pipe diameter and can be used with ease.
4. An explicit equation for lower critical Reynolds number for
transition between laminar and turbulent ows for HB uids
is found by Equation (62). Manuscript received August 7, 2010; revised manuscript
received September 9, 2010; accepted for publication September
14, 2010.
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| VOLUME 89, DECEMBER 2011 | | THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING | 1433 |