QUMICA INORGNICA

INGENIERA EN BIOTECNOLOGA

Dr. Jos Jaime Vzquez Bravo

Profesor-Investigador
Ingeniera en Biotecnologa
drjvazquezb@yahoo.com
Jaime.vazquez@metropoli.edu.mx
 CLASIFICACIN Y
PROPIEDADES DE LA
MATERIA

Dr. Jaime Vzquez Bravo

CLASIFICACIN DE
LA MATERIA

Dr. Jaime Vzquez Bravo

 Definicin de materia
Materia, en ciencia, trmino general que se aplica a
todo aquello que ocupa un espacio y posee los atributos
de gravedad e inercia.

La cantidad de materia de un cuerpo viene medido por

su masa que vamos a diferenciar del peso
 Definicin de materia
Peso, medida de la fuerza gravitatoria ejercida sobre un objeto. En las
proximidades de la Tierra, y mientras no haya una causa que lo impida,
todos los objetos caen animados de una aceleracin, g, por lo que estn
sometidos a una fuerza constante, que es el peso.
Los objetos diferentes son atrados por fuerzas gravitatorias de magnitud
distinta. La fuerza gravitatoria que acta sobre un objeto de masa m se
puede expresar matemticamente por la expresin
P=mg
La aceleracin de la gravedad, g, es la misma para todas las masas situadas
en un mismo punto, pero vara ligeramente de un lugar a otro de la superficie
terrestre.
 Classification of Matter
4 Physical States: solid, liquid, gas, plasma
Solid:
Fixed shape and fixed volume;
Atoms tightly packed together
 Classification of Matter
Liquid:
No fixed shape but maintains a fixed volume
Atoms loosely packed together, slide around each
other
 Classification of Matter
Gas:
No fixed shape or volume
Atoms not really associated with neighbors at all
 Classification of Matter
Plasma:
mix of subatomic particles with not
organization
(sun)
States of Matter
 States of Matter
Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the
behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The following figure
illustrates the microscopic differences.

Microscopic view of a Microscopic view of a Microscopic view of a

gas. liquid. solid.
 States of Matter

State Shape Volume Compress Flow

Solid Keeps Keeps No No
Shape Volume
Liquid Takes Keeps No Yes
Shape of Volume
Container
Gas Takes Takes Yes Yes
Shape of Volume of
Container Container
 Properties of Matter
Physical Properties = Chemical Properties =
characteristics of a material describe how a material
Color reacts with another type of
Mass matter
Temperature Ability to burn
Odor Ability to rust / corrode
Density Ability to make a solution
Hardness acidic or basic
Solubility Lack of ability to react with
Conductivity (heat or something
electrical)
Freezing/boiling point
 Properties of Matter
physical measured without changing
substance, e.g. physical state, color, odor,
density, boiling point
chemical describes a substances reactivity,
e.g. flammability, corrosiveness
extensive depends on the amount of matter
present, e.g. mass, volume
intensive does not depend on the amount of
matter present, e.g. density, color, temperature
 Properties: The characteristics that give each substance its
unique identity

Physical Properties: Properties that can be observed without

changing the identity of a substance

Color
Melting Temperature - a physical change of state
Electrical conductivity
Density
Boiling Temperature - a physical change of state
Solubility
Hardness
Chemical Properties: Properties that result
in changes in the identity of one or more
reactants

The rusting of iron

Hydrogen and oxygen burning to form water
The baking of bread
The absorption of oxygen by hemoglobin
 Changes in Matter
Physical Changes = a Chemical Changes = changes
that alter the identity of a
change in a physical material, a change in the
property; does NOT chemical composition or
change the chemical atomic arrangement of
composition or atomic the material
Wood burns in air to
arrangement of the produce CO2 and H2O
material Cooking an egg (change
molecular structure of the
Increase in proteins, loss of water)
temperature Formation of rust (iron to
iron oxide)
Phase changes
Cutting into smaller
pieces
 Changes in Matter: Is it Physical or Chemical?
Properties: The characteristics that give each substance its
unique identity
Physical Properties: Properties that can be observed
without changing the identity of a substance
Color
Melting Temperature - a physical change of state
Electrical conductivity
Density
Boiling Temperature - a physical change of state
Solubility
Hardness continue..
 Changes in Matter (cont)
Chemical Properties: Properties that result in
changes in the identity
of one or more reactants

The rusting of iron

Hydrogen and oxygen burning to form water
The baking of bread
The absorption of oxygen by hemoglobin
continue..
 Changes in Matter (cont)
Chemical Reactions: Process in which one or more pure substances are
converted to one or more different pure substances

Reactants: Substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction

Reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation

Products: Substances formed as the result of a chemical reaction

Products are on the right side of the chemical equation

Reactants Products

Hydrogen + Oxygen Water

 Changes in Matter - Physical & Chemical

Physical Change: A change that alters the physical

form of matter without changing its chemical identity

Chemical Change: A change which changes the

chemical identity of the substance and creates one or
more new substances

continue..
 Changes in Matter - Physical Change
Example of a Physical Change:

A Melting Ice Sickle

Solid Water

Liquid Water

continue..
 Changes in Matter - Chemical Change

Example of a Chemical Change: The Electrolysis of Water (H2O)

Particulate
Viewpoint

Oxygen Gas

Hydrogen Gas

Negative Electrode Positive Electrode

2H2O 2H2 + O2 continue..

The Chemical Identity of Water ( H2O ) is changed

into the elements Hydrogen ( H2 ) and Oxygen ( O2 )
 2.7 Using Chemical Symbols (cont)

Chemical Equations: Representations of chemical reactions by the

formulas of reactants and products

2 C (s) + O2 (g) 2 CO

At the Macroscopic Level: Carbon, a solid plus oxygen gas yields

carbon monoxide

At the Particulate Level: Two atoms of carbon plus one diatomic

molecule of oxygen yields two molecules
of carbon monoxide

Equation Coefficients: Gives the relative amount of each compound

involved in the chemical equation

Balanced Chemical Equations: The number of each kind of atom on

the reactant side must equal the
number of each kind of atom on
the product side
 Classification of Matter
Matter - Anything that
occupies space and has
mass (solid, liquid or gas)

Heterogeneous Mixture: Physically Separable Into Homogeneous Matter:

Non-uniform composition Uniform composition

Pure Substances: Fixed Solution:

composition; cannot be Physically Separable Into Homogeneous
further purified mixture

Chemically decomposable Into

Compounds: Elements:
Elements united in Cannot be subdivided by
fixed ratios chemical or physical
Combine Chemically to changes
 The Chemical View of Matter

What are elements and chemical compounds made of?

What is the difference between a mixture and a pure substance?

What is the difference between a chemical and a physical process?

What is the basic theme of chemistry?

How are symbols for the elements used in formulas and equations
to communicate chemical information?

continue.
 Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter

Matter: - Anything that has mass and takes up space

(occupies volume)
Matter can be studied on three levels:
Macroscopic Level: Matter that can be seen with the human eye

Beach Sand, Trees, Cars, Pen, CD, Mountains,

Planets, Galaxies, etc
Length: 101 to 109 meters

continue..
 Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter (cont)
Microscopic Level: Matter that is too small
to be seen by the naked eye, but
can be seen under a
microscope
Very small plants, individual bacteria, cellular
structures, DNA Molecule, Semiconductors, etc

Length: 10- 6 meters

continue..
 Macroscopic, Microscopic & Particulate Matter (cont)

Particulate Level: Matter too small to be seen with

even the most powerful optical
microscope
Particulate matter consists of the tiny particles
that make up all matter

Molecules, atoms, protons & electron

Length: 10 - 10 meters (1 Angstrom = 10 - 10 meters
)

continue..
Elements - The Most Simple Kind of Matter

Pure Substance: Something that with a uniform, fixed

composition at the submicroscopic level

Recognized by the unchanging nature of their properties

Element: A pure substance composed of only one kind of atom

Atom: The smallest particle of an element

Atoms of different elements are different and are shown

on the periodic table
Each element has a one or two letter abbreviation

Hydrogen - H
Helium - He
Sodium - Na
Lithium - Li
Microscopic view of the atoms of the Microscopic view of the molecules of the
element argon (gas phase). element nitrogen (gas phase).
Elements
 The Periodic Table and the Elements (cont)
Main Group Main Group Elements
Elements

Transition Metals

continue.
Inner Transition Elements
Chemical Compounds - Atoms in Combination

Chemical Compounds: Pure substances made of atoms of different

elements combined in definite ways

Examples:

H2O Water
NaCl Sodium Chloride
C2H6O Ethanol
C6H12O6 Sugar
 Chemical Compounds (cont)
Compound: Any pure substance that can be
decomposed by a chemical change into two or
more pure substances is a compound -
(another definition) Compounds are made up
of elements

continue..
Examples of Compounds:

Water - H2O Ethanol - C2H6O

Salt - NaCl Sugar - C6H12O6

Examples of Mixtures of Compounds:

Pepper
Beer, Wine & Soda Pop
Milk
Cheese
 Using Chemical Symbols

Chemical Formulas: Combinations of the symbols for the elements

that represent the stable combinations of atoms
in molecules
Examples:

Water H2O
Carbon dioxide CO2
Ammonia NH3
Methane CH4
Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4

Subscripts: Indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each kind

 Using Chemical Symbols (cont)

Structural Formulas: Formulas that show the connections between

atoms in molecules

Ammonia H N H

Water H O H

Methane H C H

H
Microscopic view of the molecules of the compound
water (gas phase). Oxygen atoms are red and hydrogen
atoms are white.
 Mixtures and Pure Substances

Homogeneous Sample: Matter that has a uniform

appearance and composition throughout
A mixture of water and alcohol
Sugar dissolved in water
Gold blended with silver (18 karat gold)
The air we breathe - a mixture of oxygen and
nitrogen

Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures, either liquid, solid or gaseous

continue..
 Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Table salt is stirred into water (left), forming a

homogeneous mixture called a solution (right)
continue..
 Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Heterogeneous Sample: Matter that does not have a uniform

appearance and composition
throughout

A mixture of cooking oil and water (two phases develop)

Concrete (sand, rock, cement, etc)
A mixture of sand, sawdust, iron fillings and water

continue..
Mixtures and Pure Substances (cont)

Sand and water do not mix to form a

uniform mixture continue..
 Mixtures:
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Same composition Different samples of
throughout sample the same mixture
Ex- milk, tea, others? have different
compositions
Ex- air in the room
others?
Microscopic view of a gaseous mixture containing two
elements (argon and nitrogen) and a compound (water).
Classification of Matter
 Substances vs Mixtures
Substance Mixture
has a definite or fixed Has a varied composition
composition Each individual
Composition does not component can be
vary from sample to separated by physical
sample means
Ex: salt and pepper,
sugar in water, sea water
 Energy
The fuel of the universe
The capacity of something to do work
chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical,
radiant, sound, nuclear
The SI unit of energy is the Joule (J)
Other common units are
Calories (cal)
Kilowatt-hour (kW.hr)
Types of energy:
Potential
Kinetic
Heat
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed (but it does
change from one type to another!)
 Changes in Matter - Energy
Energy: The ability to cause change or, in formal terms of physics,
the ability to do work

Potential Energy: Energy in storage

There is potential energy in gasoline called chemical energy

Chemical energy is release as heat and light when it burns
Chemical energy can also be released as electrical energy

Kinetic Energy: Energy in motion

Examples are - Muscle in movement, a rocket in flight,

inflation of a car air bag during collision
 Heat & Temperature

Temperature is _____.
how hot or cold something is (a physical property)
related to the average (kinetic) energy of the substance
(not the total energy)
Measured in units of
Degrees Fahrenheit (oF)
Degrees Celsius (oC)
Kelvin (K)
Heat is energy that _____.
flows from hot objects to cold objects
is absorbed/released by an object resulting in its change in
temperature
Heat absorbed/released is measured by changes in
temperature
 Substances
Elements
Fundamental
substances from
which all things are
constructed
Only one type of atom
is present
Can not be broken
down any further
 Substances
Compounds
Substances made up
of two or more
elements in distinct
ratios
Molecules: smallest
characteristic part of a
compound; composed
of a distinct and
unique arrangement
of elements
 Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Scale, F
Waters freezing point = 32F, boiling point = 212F
Celsius Scale, C
Temperature unit larger than the Fahrenheit
Waters freezing point = 0C, boiling point = 100C
Kelvin Scale, K
Temperature unit same size as Celsius
Waters freezing point = 273 K, boiling point = 373 K
Temperature of ice water and boiling water.
 Heat
Heat is the flow of energy due to a temperature
difference
Heat flows from higher temperature to lower temperature
Heat is transferred due to collisions between
atoms/molecules of different kinetic energy
When produced by friction, heat is mechanical
energy that is irretrievably removed from a system
Processes involving Heat:
1. Exothermic = A process that releases heat energy.
Example: when a match is struck, it is an exothermic process
because energy is produced as heat.
2. Endothermic = A process that absorbs energy.
Example: melting ice to form liquid water is an endothermic
process.
 Heat (cont.)
The heat energy absorbed by an object is
proportional to:
The mass of the object (m)
The change in temperature the object undergoes (DT)
Specific heat capacity (s) (a physical property unique to the
substance)
To calculate heat (Q):
Q = c . m . DT
 Specific Heat Capacity (c)
The amount of heat energy (in J or Cal) required to
increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by
1oC (or 1K)
The Units of Specific Heat Capacity:
1. J/goC (SI)
2. cal/goC (metric & more useful in the lab)
Specific Heat Capacity is a unique physical property
of different substances
Metals have low specific heat capacity
Non-metals have higher specific heat capacity
Water has an unusually large specific heat capacity
c = Q/(mDT)