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ANALISIS REAL I
Disusun Oleh :
JURUSAN MATEMATIKA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
2012
IDENTITAS MAHASISWA PESERTA MATA KULIAH
ANALISIS REAL I
Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013
Nama :______________________________
NIM :______________________________
ii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN PENGUASAAN MATERI LKM
II
III
IV
iii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadapan Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena
atas berkat rahmat-Nya ringkasan modul yang berjudul Modul dan Lembar Kerja
Mahasiswa Analisis Real i dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Modul ini digunakan
Analisis Real I.
Modul ini terdiri atas lima bab yaitu Bab 0 Metode-metode dalam
pembuktian, Bab 1 Sistem Bilangan Real, Bab 2 Barisan Bilangan Real, Bab 3
Limit Fungsi dan Bab 4 Relasi Rekursif. Pada awal sub bab akan disajikan
contoh-contoh soal dan soal latihan yang wajib diselesaikan oleh setiap
terarah dan menumbuhkan keaktifan serta kemandirian siswa dalam belajar baik
Penulis menyadari tulisan ini masih jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu penulis
menerima kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi perbaikan tulisan ini.
iv
September, 2012
Penulis
v
DAFTAR ISI
COVER ................................................................................................. i
IDENTITAS MAHASISWA ii
PENDAHULUAN 1
vi
Analisis Real I 2012
PENDAHULUAN
B. DESKRIPSI PERKULIAHAN
Sebelumnya mari kita simak kata-kata bijak berikut :
Imajinasi lebih penting daripada pengetahuan (Albert Einstein).
Mata Kuliah Analisis Real I mempelajari pendekatan deduktif konsep
fundamental matematika yang mencakup sistem bilangan real dan sifat-
sifatnya, limit dan kekontinuan serta teori-teori fungsi yang
Beberapa kata mutiara dari ajaran KONFUSIUS (551 479 SM.) disajikan
disini: Hidup miskin bukanlah hal yang memalukan, yang memalukan
adalah hidup miskin dan tidak mempunyai semangat yang tinggi.
Memegang posisi yang rendah tidaklah mengerikan, yang mengerikan
adalah memiliki posisi rendah dan tidak meningkatkan kemampuan
diri. Menjadi tua tidaklah menyedihkan, yang menyedihkan adalah
menjadi tua dan telah menyia-nyiakan hidupmu.
BAB O
METODE-METODE DALAM PEMBUKTIAN
1. Bukti langsung
Bukti langsung ini biasanya diterapkan untuk membuktikan teorema
yang berbentuk implikasi p q. Dalam hal ini p sebagai hipotesis
digunakan sebagai fakta yang diketahui atau sebagai asumsi, dan
dengan menggunakan p kita harus menunjukkan q berlaku. Secara
logika pembuktian langsung ini ekuivalen dengan membuktikan bahwa
pernyataan p q benar dimana diketahui p benar.
Contoh A Buktikan, jika x bilangan ganjil maka x2 bilangan ganjil.
Bukti. Diketahui x ganjil, jadi dapat ditulis sebagai x = 2n - 1 untuk
suatu bilangan bulat n. Selanjutnya,
x2 = (2n - 1)2 = .......................................... = 2 (2n2 + 2) +1 = 2m + 1:
m
Karena m merupakan bilangan bulat maka disimpulkan x2 ganjil.
2. Bukti taklangsung
Kita tahu bahwa nilai kebenaran suatu implikasi p q ekuivalen dengan
nilai kebenaran kontraposisinya q p. Jadi pekerjaan membuktikan
kebenaran pernyataan implikasi dibuktikan lewat kontraposisinya.
Contoh B Buktikan, jika x2 bilangan ganjil maka x bilangan ganjil.
Bukti. Pernyataan ini sangat sulit dibuktikan secara langsung. Mari kita
coba saja. Karena x2 ganjil maka dapat ditulis x = ....................... untuk
suatu bilangan asli m. Selanjutnya x = 2m + 1 tidak dapat disimpulkan
apakah ia ganjil atau tidak. Sehingga bukti langsung tidak dapat
digunakan. Kontraposisi dari pernyataan ini adalah
.....................................................................................
Selanjutnya diterapkan bukti langsung pada kontraposisinya. Diketahui
x genap, jadi dapat ditulis x = 2n untuk suatu bilangan bulat n.
Selanjutnya,
x2 = ................................. = 2 (2n2) = 2m
m
yang merupakan bilangan genap.
3. Bukti kosong
Bila hipotesis p pada implikasi p q sudah bernilai salah maka implikasi
p q selalu benar apapun nilai kebenaran dari q. Jadi jika kita dapat
menunjukkan bahwa p salah maka kita telah berhasil membuktikan
kebenaran p q.
Contoh C Didalam teori himpunan kita mengenal definisi berikut :
Diberikan dua himpunan A dan B. Himpunan A dikatakan himpunan
bagian dari B, ditulis A B jika pernyataan berikut dipenuhi : jika x A
maka x B.
Suatu himpunan dikatakan himpunan kosong jika ia tidak mempunyai
anggota. Buktikan, himpunan kosong merupakan himpunan bagian dari
himpunan apapun.
Bukti. Tanpa mengurangi keumuman bukti dimisalkan A =....................
suatu himpunan kosong dan B himpunan sebarang. Akan dibuktikan
bahwa pernyataan jika x A maka x B bernilai benar. Karena A
himpunan kosong maka pernyataan p yaitu x 2 A selalu bernilai salah
karena tidak mungkin ada x yang menjadi anggota himpunan kosong.
Karena p salah maka terbuktilah kebenaran pernyataan jika x A maka
x B, yaitu A B. Karena B himpunan sebarang maka bukti selesai.
4. Bukti trivial
Bila pada implikasi p q, dapat ditunjukkan bahwa q benar maka
implikasi ini selalu bernilai benar apapun nilai kebenaran dari p. Jadi
jika kita dapat menunjukkan bahwaq benar maka kita telah berhasil
membuktikan kebenaran p q.
x
Contoh D. Buktikan, jika 0 < x < 1 maka 0 <
x +1
x
Bukti. Karena pernyataan q, yaitu 0 < selalu benar untuk setiap x
x +1
6. Bukti eksistensial
Ada dua tipe bukti eksitensial ini, yaitu konstruktif dan takkonstruktif.
Pada metoda konstruktif, eksistensinya ditunjukkan secara eksplisit.
Sedangkan pada metoda takkonstruktif, eksistensinya tidak
diperlihatkan secara eksplisit.
Contoh F Buktikan, ada bilangan irrasional x dan y sehingga xy rasional.
( 2) 2
rasional maka bukti selesai, dalam hal ini diambil x = y = 2 . Bila
( 2)
2
bukan rasional (yaitu irrasional), diperhatikan bahwa 2
2 2
=
( 2) 2
= 2 merupakan bilangan rasional.
x a xb = x a x n + x n xb
x n x a + x n xb
< +
2
= x a xb
3
2
Akhirnya diperoleh x a xb < x a xb suatu pernyataan yang
3
kontradikstif. Pengandaian xa xb salah dan haruslah xa = xb , yaitu
limitnya mesti tunggal.
8. Bukti dengan counter example
Pembuktian ini dilakukan dengan cara menemukan satu saja kasus yang
tidak memenuhi konjektur tersebut maka selesailah urusannya dengan
kata lain konjektur terbukti.
n
Contoh I Untuk setiap n bilangan asli maka 2 2 + 1 merupakan bilangan
prima.
Bukti. Pernyataan ini berlaku untuk setiap bilangan asli n. Tapi bila bila
n0
ditemukan satu bilangan asli, katakan n 0 dan 2 2 + 1 tidak prima
s
Karena bilangan pada kelompok pertama dan kelompok kedua habis
dibagi 9 maka terbukti p habis dibagi 9.
BAB I
SISTEM BILANGAN REAL
KOMPETENSI DASAR
1. Memahami sistem bilangan real dan aturan dasar yang
berlaku di dalamnya.
2. Memahami sifat kelengka-pan bilangan real dan dapat
menggunakannya untuk menunjukkan eksistensi bilangan
irrasional dan bilangan rsional
INDIKATOR:
Setelah melakukan proses belajar mengajar mahasiswa mampu :
1. Menyebutkan aksioma bilangan real
2. Memahami teorema dasar yang langsung diturunkan dari
aksioma
3. Memahami operasi dan himpunan bagian pada bilangan real.
4. Memahami sifat urutan pada bilangan real
5. Memahami ketidaksamaan akar & kuadarat
6. Memahami rata-rata aritmatika-geometri
7. Memahami ketaksamaan Bernoulli dan Cauchy.
8. Memahami definisi dan sifat harga mutlak
9. Memahami pengertian himpunan terbatas.
10. Memahami pengertian supremum dan infimum dan
sifatnya.
SUB POKOK BAHASAN :
1.1. Konsep dan Struktur Bilangan
1.2. Himpunan Bilangan Real
1.3. Aksioma Bilangan Real dan Beberapa
Aturan Dasar
1. Bilangan kompleks
Himpunan bilangan yang terbesar di dalam matematika
adalah himpunan bilangan komleks. Himpunan bilangan real yang
kita pakai sehari-hari merupakanhimpunan bagian dari himpunan
bilangan kompleks ini.Secara umum bilangan kompleks terdiri
dari dua bagian: bagian real dan bagian imajener (khayal).
2. Bilangan Real (Bilangan Nyata)
Bilangan nyata adalah semua bilangan yang dapat ditemukan pada
garis bilangan dengan cara penghitungan, pengukuran, atau bentuk
geometrik. Bilangan-bilangan tersebut ada di dunia nyata. Ada
berbagai macam bilangan yang termasuk dalam bilangan nyata.
Bilangan Real juga dikenal sebagai suatu bilangan yang terdiri dari
bilangan rasional dan bilangan irasional. Bilangan real biasanya
disajikan dengan sebuah garis bilangan.
3. Bilangan Imajiner
Bilangan imajiner adalah apabila sebuah bilangan bukan
merupakan bilangan nyata (dalam artian bilangan tersebut bukan
merupakan bilangan rasional maupun irasional), maka bilangan
tersebut dikatakan imajiner.
4. Bilangan Rasional
Bilangan rasional adalah bilangan Real yang dapat disusun ulang
dalam bentuk pecahan di mana a dan b harus merupakan bilangan
bulat. Jadi, Bilangan irasional adalah bilangan Real yang TIDAK dapat
disusun ulang dalam bentuk pecahan .
5. Bilangan Irasional
Bilangan irasional adalah suatu bilangan yang terdapat pada suatu
garis bilangan yang tidak dapat di alokasikan dengan cara biasa
karena bilangan ini tidak dapat digambarkan seperti halnya bilangan
rasional.
6. Bilangan Bulat
Bilangan bulat adalah bilangan non pecahan yang terdiri dari
bilangan: Bulat positif (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ), Nol (0), dan Bulat Negatif
( ,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1)
Di dalam bilangan bulat terdapat bilangan genap dan ganjil :
Bilangan bulat genap adalah bilangan yang habis dibagi dengan 2
yaitu { , -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, }
Bilangan bulat ganjil adalah bilangan yang apabila dibagi 2 tersisa
-1 atau 1 yaitu { , -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, }
7. Bilangan Pecahan
Bilangan pecahan merupakan bilangan yang mempunyai jumlah
kurang atau lebih dari utuh.
Terdiri dari pembilang dan penyebut.
Pembilangan merupakan bilangan terbagi.
Penyebut merupakan bilangan pembagi
Macam-macam pecahan ;
a. Pecahan biasa
Bilangan pecahan yang hanya terdiri atas pembilang dan penyebut.
b. Pecahan Campuran
Bilangan pecahan yang terdiri atas bilangan utuh, pembilang dan
penyebut.
c. Pecahan Desimal
Merupakan bilangan yang didapat dari hasil pembagian suatu
bilangan dengan 10, 100, 1.000, 10.000 dst.
d. Pecahan Persen
Persen artinya perseratus. Merupakan suatu bilangan dibagi
dengan seratus.
e. Pecahan Permil
Permil artinya perseribu. Merupakan suatu bilangan dibagi seribu,
ditulis dengan tanda
8. Bilangan Cacah
a. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1990:116) bilangan
cacah adalah satuan dalam sistem matematis yang abstrak dan
dapat diunitkan, ditambah atau dikalikan. Himpunan bilangan
cacah adalah himpunan yang semua unsur-unsurnya bilangan
cacah {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .}. (Cholis Sadijah, 2001: 93).
b. Menurut Muchtar A. Karim, Abdul Rahman Assari, Gatot
Muhsetyo dan Akbar Sutawidjaja (1997: 99) bilangan cacah dapat
didefinisikan sebagai bilangan yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan cacah anggota suatu himpunan. Jika suatu
himpunan tidak mempunyai anggota sama sekali, maka cacah
anggota himpunan itu dinyatakan dengan nol dan dinyatakan
dengan lambang 0. Jika anggota suatu himpunan hanya terdiri
atas satu anggota saja, maka cacah anggota himpunan tersebut
adalah satu dan dinyatakan dengan lambang 1. Demikian
seterusnya sehingga kita mengenal barisan bilangan hasil
pencacahan himpunan yang dinyatakan dengan lambing 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, . . . sebagai bilangan cacah.
c. Menurut ST. Negoro dan B. Harahap (1998: 41) menyatakan
bahwa bilangan cacah adalah himpunan bilangan yang terdiri
atas semua bilangan asli dan bilangan nol.
9. Bilangan Asli
Bilangan asli merupakan salah satu konsep matematika yang paling
sederhana dan termasuk konsep pertama yang bisa dipelajari dan
dimengerti oleh manusia. Bilangan asli adalah suatu bilangan yang mula-
mula dipakai untuk membilang. Bilangan asli dimulai dari 1,2,3,4,...
10. Bilangan Prima
19 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
Bilangan prima yaitu bilangan yang hanya dapat dibagi oleh bilangan
1 dan bilangan itu sendiri. Semua anggota bilangan prima adalah
bilangan ganjil kecuali 2.
11. Bilangan Komposit
Bilangan komposit adalah bilangan asli lebih besar dari 1 yang bukan
merupakan bilangan prima. Bilangan komposit dapat dinyatakan
sebagai faktorisasi bilangan bulat, atau hasil perkalian dua bilangan
prima atau lebih. Sepuluh bilangan komposit yang pertama adalah 4, 6,
8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, dan 18. Atau bisa juga disebut bilangan yang
mempunyai faktor lebih dari dua.
Beberapa hubungan antar bilangan di atas dapat digambarkan dalam
diagram berikut:
Bilangan Komplek
3. Selain jenis bilangan di atas apakah ada jenis bilangan lain yang
pernah anda kenal?
Jawab:
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22 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
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Sub bab ini menjelaskan tentang hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan dengan
himpunan dan sistem bilangan real sebagai suatu sistem matematika
yang memiliki sifat-sifat sebagai suatu lapangan yang terurut dan lengkap
yaitu bahwa pada himpunan semua bilangan real R yang dilengkapi
dengan operasi penjumlahan dan perkalian berlaku sifat-sifat aljabar dari
lapangan. Sifat terurut dari R berkaitan dengan konsep kepositifan dan
ketidaksamaan antara dua bilangan real, sedangkan sifatnya yang
lengkap berkaitan dengan konsep supremum atau batas atas terkecil.
Teorema-teorema dasar dalam kalkulus elementer, seperti Teorema
Eksistensi Titik Maksimum dan Minimum, Teorema Nilai Tengah,
Teorema Rolle, Teorema Nilai Rata-Rata, dan sebagainya, didasarkan atas
sifat kelengkapan dari R ini. Sifat ini berkaitan erat dengan konsep limit
dan kekontinuan. Dapat dikatakan bahwa sifat kelengkapan dari R
mempunyai peran yang sangat besar di dalam analisis real.
Definisi 1.1 (Sifat Aljabar dari Bilangan Real) Sistem bilangan R adalah
suatu sistem aljabar yang terhadap operasi jumlahan (+) dan operasi
perkalian ( o ) mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut:
A. (R, +) Grup komutatif, yaitu:
(A1). a, b , a + b (Tertutup)
(A2). a, b, c , a + (b + c ) = (a + b ) + c (Assosiatif)
C. (,+,o) distributif
a, b, c , a o (b + c ) = a o b + a o c
Selanjutnya anggota disebut sistem bilangan Real / bilangan nyata.
Teorema 1.2
(a). Jika z dan a , z + a = a, maka z = 0
(b). Jika u, b dengan b o dan u o b = b, maka u = 1
Bukti:
(a). Diketahui z , a , z + a = a
Akan ditunjukkan bahwa z = 0
Menurut (A4) (z + a ) + ( a ) = a + ( a )
(A2) z + (a + ( a )) = a + ( a )
(A4) z+0 =0
(A3) z =0
(b). Diketahui u , b , b 0, u b = b
(M4) (u o b ) o b 1 = b o b 1
( )
(M2) u o b o b 1 = b o b 1
(M4) u o 1 =1
(M3) u =1
Teorema 1.3.
(a). Jika a, b , a + b = 0 maka b = a
1
(b). Jika a 0, b , a o b = 1 maka b =
a
Bukti :
(a). Diketahui a, b , a + b = 0
(A4) ( a ) + (a + b) = ( a ) + 0
(A2) (( a ) + a ) + b = ( a ) + 0
(A4) 0 + b = ( a ) + 0
(A3) b = a
(b). Latihan!
Diketahui..................................................................................................
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1
x = ob
a
Bukti:
(a). Dengan (A2) (A4) & (A3) didapat
a + (( a ) + b ) = (a + ( a )) + b = 0 + b = b
Q a + x = b mempunyai penyelesaian x = ( a ) + b
Misal x1 juga penyelesaian, maka diperoleh:
a + x1 = b
(A4) ( a ) + (a + x1 ) = ( a ) + b
(A2) ( a + a ) + x1 = ( a ) + b
(A4) 0 + x1 = ( a ) + b
(A3) x1 = ( a ) + b
(b). Latihan
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Teorema 1.5. Jika a sebarang, maka
(a). a o 0 = 0 (c). ( a ) = a
(b). ( 1) o a = a (d). ( 1) o ( 1) = 1
Bukti:
(M 3)
(a). a a o1 = a
a + a o 0 = a o1+ a o 0
(c )
= a o (1 + 0 )
A3
= a o1 = a
Th (1a )
Q a+ao0 = a ao0 = 0
(M 3)
(b). a + ( 1) o a = 1 o a + ( 1) o a
(c )
= (1 + ( 1)) o a
( A4 )
= 0oa
(a )
= 0
Th ( 2 a )
Q a + ( 1) o a = 0 ( 1) o a = a
(c). Dari A4 ( a ) + a = 0
Th 2 a
a = ( a )
1
(b). a 0 0 sehingga dari yang diketahui:
a
aob = aoc
o (a o b ) = o (a o c )
1 1
a a
1o b = 1o c
b=c
(c). Misalkan a 0 harus dibuktikan b = 0 .
1
0 . Oleh karena itu o (a o b ) = o 0
1 1
Karena a 0 , maka
a a a
(diketahui)
1o b = 0
b=0
Sifat Terurut dari
Sifat terurut dari R berkaitan dengan konsep kepositifan dan
ketidaksamaan antara dua bilangan real. Seperti apa kedua konsep
Kesepakatan :
a a disebut bilangan Real Positif, ditulis a > 0
a a disebut bilangan Real Negatif, ditulis a < 0
a {0} a disebut bilangan real non negatif, ditulis a 0
a {0} a disebut bilangan real non positif, ditulis a 0
a b ditulis a > b atau b < a
a b {0} a b atau b a
a < b < c a < b dan b < c
a b c a b dan b c
Penjumlahan k buah suku elemen 1 menghasilkan bilangan k.
Himpunan bilangan k yang dikonstruksi dengan cara demikian disebut
sebagai himpunan bilangan asli, dinotasikan dengan N . Himpunan N ini
merupakan himpunan bagian dari himpunan . Himpunan ini memiliki
sifat fundamental, yakni bahwa setiap himpunan bagian tak kosong dari
N memiliki elemen terkecil. Sifat yang demikian disebut sebagai sifat
well-ordering dari N . Selanjutnya, jika kita ambil sembarang k N maka
k N . Gabungan himpunan N , {0} , dan {k : k N} membentuk suatu
Bukti:
(1). Menurut sifat Trichotomi, untuk a 0 , maka a atau a
Dengan sifat urutan (2) a o a = a 2 atau ( a ) o ( a ) = a 2 .
Jadi a 2 > 0
(2). Dari (1) : 1 0 12 . Jadi 1 > 0
1o1 = 1
(3). Dengan induksi matematika:
i) n = 1 1 > 0 benar karena (2)
ii) Dianggap benar untuk n = k
Karena 1 & k maka dengan sifat urutan (1) :
k + 1 Q k + 1 > 0 . Jadi n > 0, n
Teorema 1.9 Diketahui a, b, c, d
(1). a > b a + c > b + c
(2). a > b c > d a + c > b + d
(3). a > b c > 0 ac > bc
a > b c < 0 ac < bc
a<0 1 <0
a
Bukti:
(1). Dari a > b, maka a b .
a b
(a + c ) (b + c ) = a + c > b + c
(2). Karena a > b c > d maka a b dan c d
Dengan sifat urutan (1) : (a b ) + (c d ) = (a + c ) (b + d )
Q a+c >b+d
(3). Dari a > b dan c > 0 , maka a b dan c
Dengan sifat urutan (2) : (a b ) o c
ac bc
Q ac > bc
(4). Latihan.
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> 0 2a < (a + b )
1 1 1
2 2 > 0
a < (a + b ) < b
2 2 2 1
dan
1
(a + b ) < 1 2b 2
2 2
Teorema 1.11
Jika a dan 0 a < , untuk sebarang bilangan > 0 maka a = 0
Bukti:
1
Andaikan a 0, a > 0 . Dengan Teorema sebelumnya, 0 < a < a . Diambil
2
1
bilangan 0 = a , maka 0 < 0 < a . Kontradiksi dengan yang diketahui :
2
0 a , > 0
Q Pengandaian a 0 salah
Teorema 1.12 (Teorema Ketidaksamaan Bernoulli)
x dan x > 1 maka (1 + x ) 1 + nx, n
n
Bukti:
Dengan induksi matematika:
i) n = 1 (1 + x ) 1 + x benar
Q (1 + x )n 1 + nx .
HARGA MUTLAK
Definisi 1.13 (Nilai Mutlak) Nilai mutlak dari bilangan real a,
dinotasikan dengan a , didefinisikan dengan
a, a 0
a :=
a, a < 0.
Nilai mutlak dari bilangan-bilangan real ini memiliki sifat-sifat tertentu,
di antaranya seperti yang tertuang dalam fakta berikut ini.
Teorema 1.14
1. a = 0 a = 0
2. a = a
3. ab = a b untuk setiap a, b R .
6. a < a < a , a
Bukti:
1. Jelas dari definisi
2. a
i) a = 0 a = 0 a = a
a <a< a
Selanjutnya, kita sampai kepada sifat nilai mutlak yang lain, yang
dinamakan dengan Ketidaksamaan Segitiga. Ketidaksamaan ini
mempunyai kegunaan yang sangat luas di dalam matematika, khususnya
di dalam kajian analisis dan aljabar.
Teorema 1.15 (Teorema Ketaksamaan Segitiga)
Untuk a, b, , a + b a + b
Bukti:
Untuk a, b : a a a
b b b
Diperoleh : a b a + b a + b
(4 )
(a + b ) a + b a + b a + b a + b
Akibat 1.16
(1). a b a b
(2). a b a + b
Bukti:
1). Untuk a, b
(i) a = a b + b a b + b
(ii) b b a + a b a + a = (a b ) + a = a b + a
Sehingga
a b a b dari (i)
Jadi
a b a b ab
D.k.l
a b ab
2). a b = a + ( b ) a + b = a + b
Contoh 1.17
2 x 2 + 3x + 4
Tentukan > 0 sehingga f ( x ) , x [1,4] dengan f ( x ) =
5x 1
Jawab:
2 x 2 + 3x + 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4
f (x ) = =
5x 1 5x 1
2 x 2 + 3x + 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4
= 2 x 2 + 3x + 4
2 16 + 3 4 + 4 = 48
5x 1 5 1 1 = 4
2 x 2 + 3x + 4 48
f (x ) = = 12 = , x [1,4] .
15 x 1 4
Lembar Kerja 2.
1. Cari semua penyelesaian dari ketidaksamaan x 2 x < 6 .
Jawaban. Perhatikan bahwa
x 2 x < 6 x 2 x 6 < 0 ( x + 2 )( x 3 ) < 0 .
kedua kita peroleh bahwa x < 2 dan x > 3 . Perhatikan bahwa pada
kasus kedua tersebut tidak ada nilai x yang memenuhinya. Dengan
demikian, ketidaksamaan x2 x < 6 dipenuhi oleh semua
x {x R : 2 < x < 3} .
2. Selidiki apakah ketidaksamaan
x2
>2
2x + 3
memiliki penyelesaian.
Jawaban:
..
Jawaban:
..
4. Tentukan himpunan penyelesaian dari .
Jawaban:
..
37 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
..
5. Selidiki apakah ketidaksamaan x 3 + x + 2 4 memiliki penyelesaian.
Jawaban:
..
..
Sifat Kelengkapan
Sifat kelengkapan berkaitan dengan konsep supremum atau batas atas
terkecil. Untuk itu, kita akan bahas terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud
dengan batas atas dari suatu himpunan bilangan real, dan kebalikannya,
yaitu batas bawahnya.
Definisi 1.18
(i). Himpunan A R dan A dikatakan terbatas ke atas (bounded
above) jika ada bilangan real k sehingga berlaku a k untuk setiap
a A . Selanjutnya k disebut batas atas (upper bound) himpunan A .
(ii). Himpunan A R dan A dikatakan terbatas ke bawah (bounded
below) jika ada bilangan real l sehingga berlaku l a untuk setiap
a A . Selanjutnya l disebut batas atas (lower bound) himpunan A .
(iii). Himpunan A R dikatakan terbatas (bounded) jika A terbatas ke
atas dan terbatas ke bawah.
Definisi 1.19
(i). Bilangan real M R disebut batas atas terkecil (supremum) atas
himpunan A R jika memenuhi:
a. a M untuk setiap a A .
b. Jika a M untuk setiap a A maka M M
(ii). Bilangan real m R disebut batas bawah terbesar (infimum) atas
himpunan A R jika memenuhi:
c. m a untuk setiap a A .
d. Jika m a untuk setiap a A maka m m
Teorema 1.20
(i). M supremum himpunan A jika dan hanya jika memenuhi
a. M batas atas himpunan A
b. Untuk setiap bilangan >0 terdapat a A sehingga
M < a M
(ii). m infimum himpunan A jika dan hanya jika memenuhi
c. m batas bawah himpunan A
Bukti
(i). ( ) Karena M supremum (batas atas terkecil) himpunan A maka
aM untuk setiap a A dan untuk setiap bilangan > 0 , M
bukan batas atas himpunan A . Berarti ada a A sehingga M < a .
Karena M batas atas terkecil himpunan A maka untuk setiap a A
khususnya a A berlaku a M .
Jadi terbukti ada a A sehingga M < a M .
( ) Diketahui bahwa a M dan untuk setiap bilangan > 0 terdapat
a A sehingga M < a M . Hal ini berarti tidak ada batas atas M 1
supremum himpunan A
(ii). ( ) Karena m infimum (batas bawah terbesar) himpunan A maka
a m untuk setiap a A dan untuk setiap bilangan > 0 , m + bukan
batas atas himpunan A . Berarti ada a A sehingga a < m + . Karena
m batas bawah terbesar himpunan A maka untuk setiap a A
khususnya a A berlaku m a .
Jadi terbukti ada a A sehingga m a < m + .
( ) Diketahui bahwa m a dan untuk setiap bilangan > 0 terdapat
a A sehingga m a < m + . Hal ini berarti tidak ada batas bawah m1
a < m + o = m + (m1 m ) = m1 .
2). Suatu himpunan bisa jadi punya batas bawah tapi tidak punya batas
atas, dan sebaliknya punya batas atas, tidak punya batas bawah.
Misal:
S1 = {x : x 0} Punya batas bawah tapi tidak punya batas atas
S1 = {x : x < 0} Punya batas atas tapi tidak punya batas bawah
Sifat Kelengkapan
1. Setiap himpunan tak kosong dan terbatas di atas dalam
mempunyai supremum dalam
pada Q . Tetapi jika kita bekerja pada R , yang demikian tidak akan
terjadi.
Lembar Kerja 3.
1). S , S , terbatas dalam
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Teorema 1.25 Diberikan A, B & x . Didefinisikan A + B = {a + b : a A & b B}
Jika A, B dan terbatas, maka
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Bukti :
Misalkan x > 0 . Ambil z = y x > 0 . Dengan sifat archimedes, n N
x<r 2 < y.
Lembar Kerja 4.
{ }
1. Diberikan S = 1 ; n . Buktikan inf S = 0
n
Bukti:
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{ }
2. Diberikan S = 1 + 1 ; m, n . Buktikan sup S = 2 , inf S = 0
n m
Bukti:
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{ }
3. Diberikan S = 1 1 ; m, n . Buktikan 1 = sup S , -1 = inf S
m n
Bukti:
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4. Diberikan S , S , u .
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disebut titik ujung interval. Selain interval terbatas, terdapat pula interval
tak terbatas. Pada interval tak terbatas ini, kita dikenalkan dengan
simbol dan yang berkaitan dengan ketak terbatasannya.
( , a ) := {x R : x < a}.
b. Interval tutup tak terbatas adalah himpunan [a, ) := {x R : x a} atau
( , a] := {x R : x a} .
Himpunan bilangan real R merupakan himpunan yang tak terbatas dan
dapat dinotasikan dengan ( , ) . Perlu diperhatikan bahwa simbol
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BAB II
BARISAN BILANGAN REAL
KOMPETENSI DASAR
Memahami konsep kekonvergenan barisan bilangan real dan
sifat-sifatnya serta dapat menerapkannya pada masalah yang
memuat limit barisan.
INDIKATOR:
Setelah melakukan proses belajar mengajar mahasiswa mampu :
1. Memahami definisi barisan bilangan real.
2. Memahami definisi kekonvergenan barisan dan limitnya.
3. Memahami maksud, bukti dan penggunaan TKD
4. Memahami hubungan keterbatasan dan kekonvergenan
barisan
5. Memahami sifat-aljabar barisan konvergen
6. Memahami teorema kekonvergenan terjepit
7. Mengidentifikasi barisan monoton dan terbatas (BMT).
8. Memahami sifat konvergensi BMT dan barisan bagian.
SUB POKOK BAHASAN :
2.1. Barisan Bilangan Real
2.2. Barisan Cauchy
2.3. Barisan Monoton
2.4. Barisan Bagian
( ) (
2). S = 1 : n N = 1, 1 , 1 ,....... .
n 2 3
)
3). Y = ( y n ), y n = ( 1) , n N ;
n
( y n ) = ( 1,1,1,......., ( 1)n ,.......).
5n + 1 6 11 16. 5n + 1
4). W = (wn ), wn = , n N ; (wn ) = , , ,......, ,.......
2n + 3 5 7 9 2 n + 3
Berikan contoh lain:
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Definisi 2.3 Jika X = ( xn ) dan Y = ( yn ) barisan bilangan real. Didefiniskan :
Jumlah barisan X + Y = ( xn + yn ; n N )
Jika c , cX = (cxn ; n N )
X xn
= ; n N
Z zn
Definisi 2.4 Barisan bilangan real X = ( xn ) dikatakan konvergen dalam
Note:
xn x < < xn x <
x < xn < x +
xn ( x , x + )
Contoh 2.5.
1
1). xn = , n N . xn 0
n
1
2). xn = 3 + , n N . xn 3
2n
1 1
Bukti xn 3 = 3 + 3 = Diberikan sebarang bilangan > 0. Dengan
2n 2n
1 1
sifat archimedes, k sehingga < 2 atau < , untuk n k , diperoleh
k 2k
1 1
xn 3 = < .
2n 2k
Q xn 3
5n + 1
3). xn = , n N. xn 5
2n + 3 2
Bukti :
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Definisi 2.6
Barisan bilangan real (xn ) dikatakan terbatas jika M > 0 sehingga
xn M , n N
Contoh 2.7
1. x n = 1 , n N
n
xn = 1 = 1 1, n N
n n
Q (x n ) terbatas.
2. x n = ( 1)n , n N
xn 1, n N
n+2
3. y n = ,n N
2n + 1
n+ 1 + 3
= 2 2 = 1 + 3 1 + 3 =1
(
2n+ 1
2
)2 4n + 2 2 4 + 2
Q yn 1, nN
Catatan:
(xn ) tidak terbatas jika M > 0, n N , xn > M
Contoh 2.8
1) xn = 2 n , n N
x n = 2 n = 2 n = (1 + 1) 1 + n n
n
xn n > M
2) xn = n 2 , n N
xn = n 2
jika n k berakibat
xn x < 1
Untuk n k :
xn = xn x + x
xn x + x < 1 + x
xn M , n N
xn x lim (xn )
(4) konvergen dan lim n = , asal lim ( yn ) 0, yn 0
yn yn lim ( yn )
Bukti
Misal x n x dan y n y
Q x n konvergen ke x .
xn x <
2
Karena y n y , maka terdapat k 2 N sehingga jika n k2
berlaku
yn y <
2
Pilih k = maks {k1 , k 2 } , akibatnya untuk n k berlaku
(xn + y n ) (x + y ) xn x + y n y < + =
2 2
Q xn + y n x + y .
(3) xn y n xy = xn y n xn y + x n y xy
= xn ( y n y ) + (xn x ) y
xn ( y n y ) + (xn x ) y = xn y n y + xn x y
xn x < .
2( y + 1)
xn M , n N .
yn y < .
2M
Dipilih k = maks {k1 , k 2 } . Akibatnya jika n k :
xn yn xy M +
2( y + 1)
y
2M
< + = .
2 2
Contoh 2.11
1
xn = 2 + 2
n
3n + 4 3
yn =
2n 1 2
1 4
4 x n = 4 2 + = 8 + 8
n n
1 3n + 4 7n 2 + 4n 1 7
xn + y n = 2 + + =
n 2n 1 2n n
2
2
1
2 + (2n 1) 4n
1 1
2
xn
= n = n = n 4
y n 3n + 4 3n + 4 3n + 4 3
2n 1
Berikan contoh lain!
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Teorema 2. 12 (Teorema Uji Rasio)
Contoh 2.13
1). (xn ), x n =
n
,n N .
3n
xn +1 n + 1 3n n +1 1
lim = lim n +1 = lim = <1
n ~ xn n~ 3 n n ~ 3n 3
zn + 1 n + 2
= 1
zn n +1
Teorema 2.13
Jika x n x, x n 0, n N maka x 0
Bukti:
Andaikan x < 0 , maka x > 0 . Diketahui x n x . Diambil bilangan
x < xn x < x
2 x < xn < 0
Kontradiksi dengan x n 0 .
Teorema 2.14
Jika x n x, y n y, x n y n , n N maka x y
Bukti:
Diketahui x n y n , maka y n x n 0 . Akibatnya
lim( y n x n ) 0
n ~
lim y n lim x n 0
n ~ n ~
yx0
y x atau x y .
Jadi lim y n = x .
n ~
Definisi 2.16
Barisan ( xn ) dikatakan :
Contoh 2.17
1
1). xn =
n
1
x n +1 =
n +1
x n x n +1 , n N
2n + 1
2). xn = ,n N
3n + 5
=
(
2n+ 5
3
) 7 3 = 2 7
( 3 ) 3 9n + 15
3n+ 5
2 7
x n +1 =
3 9n + 24
x n x n +1 , n N . Jadi ( xn ) naik monoton.
1 , n 100
3). yn = n
n + 1, n100
( yn ) tidak monoton
Bukti:
() Diketahui (xn ) konvergen. Menurut teorema sebelumnya, (xn )
terbatas.
() Diketahui ( xn ) monoton dan terbatas. Misal ( x n ) naik monoton ,
terdapat k N sehingga
x < xk
x < xk xn x < x +
Jadi x n x .
Catatan:
Untuk menyelidiki kekonvergenan suatu barisan, maka kita cukup
memperhatikan ekor dari barisan tersebut, yaitu barisan bagian dari
barisan tersebut yang dimulai dari suatu urutan tertentu.
Definisi 2.19
Misal Y = ( y1 , y 2 ,....., y n ,.....) barisan bilangan real. M : bilangan asli, Ekor
Contoh 2.20
Y = (1, 3, 5, 7, 9,11,13,....., 2n 1,.....)
Y5 = ( y 5+ n : n N ) = ( y 6 , y 7 , y8 ,......) = (11,13,15, ....., 2n + 1,.....) .
Teorema 2.21
Misal Y = ( y n ; n N ) barisan bilangan real dan M N . Ekor M dari Y, YM
1). xn = 1 , n N
n
( xn ) terbatas dan turun monoton, maka
menurut TKM :
{
Lim x n = inf 1 ; n N = 0
n
}
Bukti: y1 = 1, y 2 =
1
(2 1 + 3) = 5 , y3 = 1 2 5 + 3 = 11 ,.....
4 4 4 4 8
Claim y n y n +1 (naik monoton).
n = 1 y1 = 1 y2 = 5 (benar)
4
Dianggap benar untuk n = k. Jadi y k y k +1
y k +1 =
1
(2 y k + 3) = 1 y k + 3 1 yk +1 + 3 = 1 (2 yk +1 + 3) = yk + 2
4 2 4 2 4 4
Jadi n N , y n y n +1 .
Claim 1 y n 2 (terbatas)
n = 1 1 y1 = 1 2 (benar)
Dianggap benar untuk n = k. Jadi 1 y k 2
y k +1 =
1
(2 y k + 3) = 1 y k + 3 4 1 2 + 3 4 = 1 3 4
4 2 2
Q 1 yk +1 2 .
1
= Lim (2 yn + 3)
4
1 3 1 3
= Lim yn + Lim = Lim yn + .
2 4 2 4
1 3 1 3
y= y+ y= y= 3 .
2 4 2 4 2
Definisi 2.23
Diketahui X = ( x n ) barisan bilangan real dan (rn ) barisan bilangan asli
( )
X 1 = x r1 , xr2 , x r3 ,......., x rn ,....... disebut barisan bagian dari X .
Contoh 2.24
(
X = 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,......., 1 ,.......
2 3 4 5 n
)
(
X 1 = 1 , 1 , 1 ,......., 1
3 4 5 n+2
)
,....... barisan bagian X
ke x.
Bukti: Diambil >0 sebarang. Karena xn x , maka
ekuivalen:
(i). X = ( x n ) divergen (tidak konvergen ke x )
( )
(iii). o > 0 dan X ' = xrn xrn x o , n N
Bukti: Andaikan (( 1) )
n
konvergen ke x, maka barisan bagian (( 1) )
n
sedangkan X 1 = (1,1,1,1,.......) 1
(
Q ( 1)
n
) divergen
64 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
xm xn <
Contoh 2.32
1). xn = 1 , n N
n
Diambil > 0 sebarang
xm xn = 1 1 1 + 1 = 1 + 1
m n m n m n
xm xn 1 +1 < + = .
H H 2 2
Q ( x n )BC
2n + 5
2). yn = ,n N
3n + 1
=
(
2 n + 1 + 13
3
)
3 = 2 + 13
(
3n+ 1
3
)
3 9n + 3
2 13 2 13
ym yn = + +
3 9m + 3 3 9n + 3
13 13
=
9m + 3 9n + 3
13 13
+
9m + 3 9n + 3
13 13
= +
9m + 3 9n + 3
13 13
+
9 m 9n
1 9
Dipilih H N sehingga <
H 26
Akibatnya m, n H :
13 9 13 9
ym y n < + =
9 26 9 26
Q ( y n )BC .
3). z n = ( 1) , n N
n
z m z n = ( 1) ( 1)
m n
Diambil = 1
H N , m, n N , m genap, n ganjil sehingga m, n H
Diperoleh:
z m z n = ( 1) ( 1)
m n
= 1 ( 1) = 2 >
Q ( zn ) bukan BC
Bukti:
(a). Karena ( x n )BC , maka untuk = 1 , H N , m, n H
xm xn < 1
Akibatnya n H
xn = xn x H + x H x n x H + x H < 1 + xH
Diperoleh n N
xn M .
xm xn < 2 .
(x ) dari (x ) sehingga
rn n x rn x, x .
( )
Karena xrn x, maka k N , k H dan k (r1, r2 ,.......) sehingga rn k :
xrn x < .
2
Akibatnya untuk n k :
xn x = xn xk + xk x xn xk + xk x < + = .
2 2
Contoh 2.34
Jawab:
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3 , x4 = 7 , x5 = 13 dst
2 4 8
1 x n 2, n ( x n ) terbatas
TKM tidak dapat digunakan
(xn ) tidak monoton
Perhatikan bahwa:
x1 x2 = 1 2 = 1
x 2 x3 = 2 3 =1
2 2
x3 x 4 = 3 7 = 1 = 1 2
2 4 4 2
:
:
1
x n x n +1 = (cek dengan induksi).
2 n 1
Diperoleh:
xn xm = xn xn+1 + xn+1 xn+2 + xn+ 2 + ....... + xm1 xm
xn x n +1 + xn +1 x n+ 2 + xn + 2 xn +3 + ....... x m1 xm
1 1 1 1
= n 1
+ n +11
+ n + 2 1
+ ....... + m 11
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ....... + m n 1
2 n 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 4
= n 1 = n
2 1 1 2
2
1
Diberikan > 0 sebarang. Pilih H N dengan H
< .
2 4
Akibatnya m, n H :
4 4
xn xm = n
H < 4 =
2 2 4
Q ( x n )BC . Menurut teorema sebelumnya, ( x n ) konvergen.
x1 = 1
x3 = 3 = 1 + 1
2 2
x5 = 13 = 1 + 1 + 1 2
8 2 2
x7 = 53 = 1 + 1 + 1 3 + 1 5
32 2 2 2
:
:
1 1 1
x 2 n +1 = 1 + + 3 + ....... + 2 n 1
2 2 2
1
1 1 4
= 1+
n
( )
2 1 1
4
1 4 1
= 1 + 1 n
2 3 4
2 1 2
= 1 + 1 n 1 + = 5
3 4 3 3
Bukti.
a) Karena X = ( ) terbatas ke atas, maka terdapat sedemikian
hingga untuk semua . Namakan A = ,
maka R, terbatas ke atas dan tidak kosong. Menurut Sifat
Lengkap maka supremum A ada, namakan x = sup A. Diambil
, maka terdapat sedemikian hingga .
Karena X naik monoton, maka untuk berlaku
atau
Bukti
persekitaran titik x.
pengandaian.
Bukti:
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2. Tuliskan definisi barisan Cauchy dengan definisi tersebut buktikan
setiap barisan Cauchy pasti terbatas.
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3. Tuliskan definisi himpunan terbuka dan himpunan tertutup dalam .
n
Dengan definisi tersebut buktikan jika A1 , A2 ,...., An terbuka maka U Ai
i =1
n
terbuka dan I Ai tertutup.
C
i =1
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2n
4. Buktikan barisan bilangan real 2 konvergen ke 0.
n + 1n 1
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BAB III
LIMIT FUNGSI
KOMPETENSI DASAR
Memahami konsep limit fungsi dan dapat menggunakannya
untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang memuat limit fungsi.
INDIKATOR:
Setelah melakukan proses belajar mengajar mahasiswa mampu :
1. Memahami pengertian titik limit, titik terasing suatu
himpunan.
2. Memahami pengertian limit fungsi dan ilustrasinya.
3. Memahami kriteria sekuensial limit dan penggunaannya.
4. Memahami hubungan konvergen dan keterbatasan fungsi
5. Memahami beberapa teorema limit fungsi dan penggunaannya
SUB POKOK BAHASAN :
3.1. Topologi pada bilangan real
3.2. Pengertian limit fungsi
3.3. Beberapa teorema limit fungsi
Contoh 3.3
Contoh 3.5.
1. Diberikan A = ( 2 , 3 ), tentukan titik limit A.
Penyelesaian:
2 titik limit A, karena dengan mengambil sebarang = , dimana
V1 / 2 (2) = (1 12 ,2 12 ) maka (V1 / 2 (2) /{2}) A . Sehingga dengan mengambil
Jadi 1 bukan titik limit B. Begitu juga dengan titik yang lain.
Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } tidak mempunyai
titik limit.
Definisi 3.6
Diberikan A R dan c R , dengan c harus di . Titik di sebut titik
dalam (interior point) A jika sehingga . Selanjutnya
himpunan dikatakan terbuka (open) jika setiap anggotanya merupakan
titik dalam. Himpunan dikatakan tertutup (closed) jika terbuka.
Definisi 3.7
Diberikan A R dan c R , dengan c harus di .
1. Titik disebut titik batas (boundary point) A jika berlaku
dan .
2. Titik disebut titik luar (exterior point) A jika ada bilangan
sehingga .
3. Titik disebut titik terasing (isolated point) A jika ada bilangan
sehingga .
Selanjutnya himpunan titik-titik tersebut dilambangkan dengan lambang
berikut:
1. adalah himpunan semua titik dalam himpunan .
2. adalah himpunan semua titik limit himpunan .
3. adalah himpunan semua titik luar himpunan .
4. adalah himpunan semua titik batas himpunan .
5. adalah irisan semua himpunan tertutup yang memuat .
Bukti:
( ) Misal c titik limit A. Sehingga V 1 (c ) memuat sedikitnya satu titik di A
n
an A, an c, n N lim ( an ) = c .
n
Contoh 3.10
1
1. Diberikan A = : n R , f : A R , f ( x) = 2 x . Buktikan lim f ( x) = 0 .
n x 0
Bukti: Ambil >0 sebarang. Pilih = , Sehingga jika
2
0 < x 0 = x < dan x A berlaku f ( x) L = 2x 0 = 2x = 2 x < 2 = 2 = .
2
Jadi terbukti lim 2 x = 0 .
x 0
2. Buktikan lim x 2 = c 2 .
x c
Sehingga x 2 c 2 = x + c x c < (1 + 2 c ) x c ,
Dengan mengambil = maka diperoleh x 2 c 2 < .
1+ 2c
Bukti: Ambil > 0 sebarang. Pilih = min 1, ,
1 + 2 c
x 2 c 2 = x + c x c (1 + 2 c ) x c <
Teorema 3.11
Jika f : A R dan c titik limit A , c R maka f hanya mempunyai satu
limit di titik c. Selanjutnya akan dibicarakan kaitan antara barisan
dengan limit fungsi dan kriteria kedivergenan.
Teorema 3.12 (Kriteria Barisan untuk Limit).
Diberikan f : A R dan c titik limit A , maka lim f ( x) = L jika dan hanya
x c
Contoh 3.13
Buktikan lim x 2 = 4 dengan menggunakan kriteria barisan.
x 2
( f ( xn )) tidak konvergen ke L.
b) f tidak punya limit di c jika dan hanya jika ada barisan (xn) di A yang
konvergen ke c dimana xn c, n N, tetapi ( f ( xn )) tidak konvergen ke
.
Contoh 3.15.
1. Buktikan lim sgn( x) tidak ada.
x 0
Bukti:
1, x > 0
Diberikan f(x) = sgn (x). Perhatikan bahwa sgn( x) = 0, x = 0 .
1, x < 0
x
Sehingga fungsi sgn (x) dapat ditulis menjadi sgn( x) = ,x 0.
x
(1) n
Ambil ( xn ) = , n N . Tetapi
n
(1) n
xn n = (1) n ,
f ( x n ) = sgn( x n ) = =
xn (1) n
sehingga ( f ( x n ) ) divergen.
1
2. Buktikan lim tidak ada di R .
x0 x
Bukti: Diberikan f ( x) =
1
. Ambil ( xn ) = 1
,n N . Tetapi
x n2
f ( xn ) =
1
= n2 ,sehingga ( f ( xn )) tidak konvergen karena tidak
1 2
n
1
terbatas di . Jadi terbukti bahwa lim tidak ada di R .
x0 x
Teorema 3.17.
Diberikan A R , f : A R dan f mempunyai limit di c R , maka f
terbatas pada suatu persekitaran dari c.
Definisi 3.18
Diberikan A R , f : A R , g : A R . Definisikan
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x ) ( f g )( x ) = f ( x) g ( x) , ( fg )( x ) = f ( x) g ( x )
f f ( x)
(bf )( x) = bf ( x), b ( x ) = , h( x ) 0 , x A
h h( x )
Teorema 3.19.
Diberikan A R , f : A R , g : A R dan c R , dengan c titik limit A.
Jika lim f ( x ) = L dan lim g (x ) = M , maka
xc x c
(1) lim( f + g )( x ) = L + M
x c
(2) lim( f )( x ) = L,
x c
f
lim (x ) =
L
(4) ,M 0
x c g
M
Bukti:
1. Ambil > 0 sebarang.
Misal lim f ( x) = L , artinya 1 > 0, untuk 0 < x c < 1 dan x A
x c
berlaku f ( x) L < .
2
Misal lim g ( x ) = M , artinya 2 > 0, untuk 0 < x c < 2 dan x A
xc
berlaku g ( x ) M < .
2
Akan ditunjukkan lim( f + g )( x) = L + M .
x c
( f + g )( x) ( L + M ) = ( f ( x) L) + ( g ( x) M )
f ( x) L + g ( x) M < + =
2 2
Jadi terbukti lim( f + g )( x) = L + M .
x c
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86 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
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Contoh 3.20
x + 4 x2 4
Hitung a). lim 2 b). lim
x 2 3 x 6
x 2
x
Jawab.
a) Misalkan f(x) = x + 4 dan h(x) = x2 , h( x) 0, x , lim h( x ) = H 0 maka
x2
x + 4 lim( x + 4) 6 3
diperoleh lim 2 = x2 = =
x2
x lim x 2
x2
4 2
x2 4
untuk x 2, lim
x2 3x 6
1
x2 3
1
1
( 4
= lim ( x + 2) = lim x + 2 = (2 + 2) = . )
3 x 2 3 3
Teorema 3.21
Diberikan A R, f : A R dan c R , dengan c titik limit A. Jika
lim g ( x ) = L .
x c
Contoh 3.23
1 1
Buktikan bahwa lim cos tidak ada tetapi lim x cos = 0 .
x 0
x x 0
x
1 1
Bukti. Akan dibuktikan lim cos tidak ada . Misalkan f ( x) = cos .
x 0
x x
1 1
Jadi lim cos tidak ada. Akan dibuktikan lim x cos = 0 .
x0
x x 0
x
1
Perhatikan bahwa x x cos x dan lim x = 0 = lim x maka menurut
x x 0 x0
1
teorema apit lim x cos = 0 .
x 0
x
Teorema 3.24
Diberikan A R, f : A R dan c R , dengan c titik limit A. Jika
L
Bukti: Diberikan L = lim f ( x ) > 0 . Pilih = > 0 , sehingga menurut
x c 2
L
definisi limit fungsi > 0 0 < x c < , x A f ( x ) L < . Karena
2
L L L L
f ( x) L < maka < f ( x ) L < atau f ( x) > > 0, x A V (c ), x c
2 2 2 2
88 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
Lembar Kerja 7
1. Diberikan fungsi f : A dan lim f ( x) = l ada dengan c titik limit
x c
Bukti
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2. Sesuai definisi dan menggunakan dasar logika matematika buktikan
bahwa
i. A - b(A) terbuka.
ii. A B A B
Bukti
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3. Tentukanlah titik dalam, titik batas, titik luar, titik limit dan sifat
himpunan (terbuka atau tertutup) dari himpunan A berikut!
{
A = ( x1 , x2 ) 2 x1 a1 + x2 a 2 < r }
Jawaban
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( x 2 5 x + 4)
4. Buktikan bahwa lim = 3 dengan menggunakan definisi
x c ( x 1)
limit.
Bukti
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91 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
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BAB IV
KEKONTINUAN FUNGSI
KOMPETENSI DASAR
Memahami konsep fungsi kontinu dan sifat-sifatnya serta dapat
menggunakannya untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang memuat
fungsi kontinu.
INDIKATOR:
Setelah melakukan proses belajar mengajar mahasiswa mampu :
1. Memahami pengertian kontinu titik, kontinu pada himpunan.
2. Menggunakan konsep limit pada fungsi kontinu.
3. Menggunakan kriteria diskontinuitas.
4. Mengkonstruksi fungsi kontinu
5. Memahami sifat-sifat aljabar fungsi kontinu.
6. Memahami pengertian fungsi terbatas, dan ekstrim mutlak.
7. Memahami sifat-sifat fungsi yang kontinu pada interval.
SUB POKOK BAHASAN :
4.1 Definisi Fungsi Kontinu
4.2 Sifat-Sifat Fungsi Kontinu
4.3 Fungsi Kontinu pada Interval
4.4 Kekontinuan Seragam
4.5 Fungsi Monoton
4.6 Fungsi Invers
1. Jika c A , dimana c titik limit A, maka dari definisi limit dan definisi
fungsi kontinu dapat disimpulkan bahwa
f kontinu di c f (c) = lim f ( x ) .
x c
Dengan kata lain, jika c titik limit A maka f dikatakan kontinu di titik
c jika memenuhi syarat
f terdefinisi di titik c
lim f ( x ) ada
x c
f (c) = lim f ( x)
x c
maka f ( x) V ( f (c)) .
f : A dan c A ; f diskontinu di c ( x n ) A, x n c f ( x n ) f (c )
Contoh 4.4
1, x rasional
1). f (x ) =
0, x irrasional
Untuk c rasional, f (c ) = 1
x n irrasional f ( x n ) = 0, n N . Akibatnya f ( x n ) 0 f (c )
Untuk c irrasional, f (c ) = 0
y n rasional f ( y n ) = 1, n N . Akibatnya f ( y n ) 1 f (c )
f (r ) = 0, r rasional
Buktikan f ( x ) = 0, x
Bukti:
Cukup dibuktikan f (x ) = 0, x irrasional
Diambil sebarang x irrasional. Karena f kontinu pada , maka f
x + 3, x rasional
f (x ) =
8 3 x, x irrasional
Tentukan titik-titik kekontinuan dari f
Jawab:
Misal f kontinu di c.
x + 3, x n rasional
f (xn ) = n
8 3x n , x n irrasional
Karena xn c maka (xn ) rasional dan (xn ) irrasional juga
z n = 8 3 x n 8 3c
f (c ) = c + 3 = 8 3c sehingga c = 5 .
4
Teorema 4.5 (Kriteria Ketakkontinuan)
Diberikan A R , f : A R dan c A . f tidak kontinu di titik c jika dan
Contoh 4.6
1. Diberikan f(x) = 2x. Buktikan f(x) kontinu pada R .
Bukti:
Ambil > 0 sebarang dan c R sebarang.
Pilih = x c < , x D f f ( x) f (c ) = 2 x 2c = 2 x c < 2 = .
2
Sehingga menurut definisi kekontinuan f(x) kontinu pada R .
Diberikan bR \ Q, ambil ( yn ) Q, ( yn ) b, n N .
Teorema 4.8
Diberikan A R , f , g : A R , b R . Diberikan c A dan f dan g kontinu di
titik c,
(i) f g kontinu di c
(ii) b f kontinu di c, b skalar
(iii) fg kontinu di c
kontinu di c, g (c ) 0
f
(iv)
g
Bukti: (hampir sama dengan limit. Coba dilanjutkan sebagai latihan).
(i). Bukti
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(ii) Bukti
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(iii) Bukti
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(iv) Bukti
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Teorema 4.9.
Diberikan A R , f : A R , dan diberikan | f | didefinisikan sebagai
f ( x) = f ( x) , x A .
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Bukti
b)..............................................................................................................
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103 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
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Teorema 4.10.
sebagai ( f )( x) = f ( x) , x A
Bukti.
f (x ) 0 = f (x ) f (c ) < .
f ( x) f (c ) =
( f ( x) f (c ) )( f ( x) + f (c ) )= ( f ( x ) f (c ) )
( f ( x) + f (c ) ) ( f ( x) + f (c ) )
f ( x ) f (c ) f ( x ) f (c ) f (c )
= < < =
f ( x) + f (c ) f (c ) f (c )
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Teorema 4.12.
Misal A, B R , f : A R , g : B R , f ( A) B . Diberikan f kontinu pada A
dan g kontinu pada B . Jika f ( A) B maka g o f : A R kontinu pada A.
Bukti
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1
s* < f ( x nr ) s*, r .
nr
1
Karena lim s * = s* = lim s * maka menurut teorema apit
n n
nr
lim ( f ( x nr )) = s * . Sehingga f ( x*) = lim ( f ( x nr )) = s* = sup f ( I ) .
n n
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Teorema 4.18 (Niai Tengah Bolzanos).
Misal I = [a,b] interval dan diberikan f : I R kontinu pada I. Jika
a, b I dan jika k R yang memenuhi f (a) < k < f (b) maka
c (a, b) f (c) = k .
Bukti:
Diberikan a < b dan diberikan g(x) = f(x) k. Karena f (a) < k < f (b)
maka g (a) < 0 < g (b) . Karena f(x) kontinu pada I maka g(x) juga
kontinu pada I, sehingga menurut teorema lokasi akar
c (a, b), a < c < b 0 = g (c) = f (c) k .Jadi f(c) = k.
Diberikan b < a dan diberikan h(x) = k - f(x). Karena f (a) < k < f (b)
maka h(b) < 0 < h(a) . Karena f(x) kontinu pada I maka h(x) juga
kontinu pada I, sehingga menurut teorema lokasi akar
c (a, b), b < c < a 0 = h(c) = k f (c) .Jadi f(c) = k.
Akibat 4.19.
Misal I = [a,b] interval tertutup terbatas dan diberikan f : I R kontinu
pada I. Jika k yang memenuhi inf f ( I ) k sup f ( I ) maka
c I f (c) = k .
Dari definisi kekontinuan fungsi jelas bahwa jika f kontinu seragam pada
A maka f kontinu di setiap titik dari A. Tetapi jika f kontinu di setiap titik
dari A tidak mengakibatkan f kontinu seragam pada A. Contohnya
1
diberikan g ( x) = , A = {x R : x > 0} . Fungsi g kontinu pada A ( lihat
x
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Pada teorema 4.22 suatu fungsi kontinu akan kontinu seragam jika
intervalnya tertutup dan terbatas. Apabila intrervalnya tidak tertutup dan
terbatas akan sulit menentukan kekontinuan seragam. Untuk itu
diperlukan kondisi lain, yaitu kondisi Lipschitz .
Definisi 4.23 (Fungsi Lipschitz).
Diberikan A R, f : A R. Jika K > 0 f ( x ) f (u ) K x u , x, u A maka f
Pilih = , sehingga x, u A, f ( x) f (u ) K x u < K = K = .
K K
Jadi f kontinu seragam pada A.
Kebalikan dari teorema di atas tidak benar, artinya tidak setiap fungsi
kontinu seragam adalah fungsi Lipschitz. Contohnya, diberikan
g : I , I = [0,2], g ( x ) = x . Menurut teorema 4.10 g kontinu pada I,
sehingga menurut teorema 4.22 g kontinu seragam pada I. Tetapi g
bukan fungsi Lipschitz karena tidak ada
K > 0 g ( x ) g (u ) K x u , x , u I .
Contoh 4.25.
1. Diberikan f(x) = x2 pada A = [0,b] dengan b konstanta positif.
Tunjukkan bahwa f kon tinu seragam.
Jawab:
Ambil x, u [0, b] sebarang. Perhatikan bahwa
f ( x) f (u ) = x 2 u 2 = x + u x u 2b x u .
xu 1
g ( x) g (u ) = x u = xu .
x+ u 2
Sehingga dengan mengambil K = , g merupakan fungsi Lipschitz.
Menurut teorema 4.24 g kontinu seragam.
Teorema 4.27.
Misal I R, f : I R, f naik pada I. Misal c I dimana c bukan titik
ujung dari I, maka
( i ). lim f ( x ) = sup{ f ( x ) : x I , x < c }
x c
( ii ). lim+ f ( x ) = inf{ f ( x ) : x I , x > c }
x c
Bukti:
(i). Ambil > 0 sebarang.
Diberikan x I dan x < c. Karena f naik maka f ( x ) f ( c ) . Sehingga
{ f ( x ) : x I , x < c } terbatas di atas oleh f(c). Karena { f ( x ) : x I , x < c }
terbatas di atas maka mempunyai supremum,sebut
L = sup{ f ( x ) : x I , x < c } .
Maka > 0, L bukan batas atas { f ( x ) : x I , x < c } , sehingga y I
(ii). Bukti
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Akibat 4.28.
Misal I R, f : I R, f naik pada I. Misal c I dimana c bukan titik
ujung dari I, maka pernyataan berikut equivalent:
a) f kontinu di c
b) lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) = lim+ f ( x )
x c x c
Lembar Kerja 8.
1. Diberikan f : R R, dan K > 0 yang memenuhi
titik c R .
Bukti
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2. Diberikan A R, f : A R , dan diberikan | f | didefinisikan sebagai
kontinu di titik c.
Bukti
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3. Berikan contoh fungsi f dan g yang tidak kontinu di titik c, tetapi
(f + g) dan (fg) kontinu di titik c.
Bukti
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4. Berikan contoh fungsi f : [0,1] R yang tidak kontinu di setiap titik
dari [0,1], tetapi |f| kontinu pada [0,1].
Bukti
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119 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
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5. Misal I = [a,b] dan diberikan f : I R kontinu pada I , dan
diberikan f (a) < 0, f (b) > 0 . Diberikan W = {x I : f ( x) < 0} dan w =
sup{W}. Buktikan f(w) = 0.
Bukti
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6. Diberikan g ( x) = x, A = [0, ) . Tunjukkan bahwa g kontinu
seragam pada A.
Bukti
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1
7. Diberikan g ( x) = , A = [a, ) dengan a konstanta positif.
x
Tunjukkan bahwa g kon tinu seragam pada A.
Bukti
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9. Diberikan f(x) = x dan g(x) = sin x, tunjukkan bahwa f(x) dan g(x)
kontinu seragam pada , tetapi (fg)(x) tidak kontinu seragam pada
.
Bukti
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1
10. Diberikan g ( x) = , A = [1, ) . Tunjukkan bahwa g kon tinu
x2
seragam pada A, tetapi g tidak kontinu seragam pada B = (0, ) .
Bukti
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12. Diberikan A R, f : A R, g : A R, b R . Diberikan c A dan f dan
g kontinu di titik c, buktikan (f + g), f - g, fg, bf kontinu di c dengan
menggunakan definisi fungsi kontinu.
Bukti
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127 Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas Udayana
Analisis Real I 2012
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
http:/www2.edc.org/makingmath
http:/www.cut-the-knot.org
DePree, J., Swartz, C., Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wilwey &
Sons, Inc., 1988.
http:/www2.edc.org/makingmath
http:/www.cut-the-knot.org