Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
for
Everybody
v
J13111K
AIIJI
ii
.
..w
1994
Russian
for
Eve
Textbook
Edited by
V. Kostomarov
Seventh Edition
0
Russky Yazyk Publishers fiHWNI erS"TD" INQ
Moscow NIWYGIIK
1994
81 2 96
89
. . Stepanova, Z. N. Ievleva,
L. . Trushina, R. L. aker
Adaptation Roert L. Baker
Middlebury College
n811011.
111.11
188
l
H3JIUIC
. . Mt~AJJXoa
arJJik:l'oro : , . riI, . . KpOtlllta
. . t~
u . . J:
: . . ~;
. . t1
. . KapeUIUI
6
I. "nte basic arammatical constructions treated in the lesson are presented in a box at the top of the
first pap of the lesson, almost always usina already familiar vocabulary. The relevant grammatical
constructions are printed in bold-face type.
2. Followina this there are brief phonetics and intonation drills which review the points of the Rus-
sian sound system known to be most troublesome for Americans. Almost all of the words used in these
drills are already known actively by the student.
3. The new grammatical structures of the lesson a~ presented as simply and as graphically as poss-
ible. by means of pictures. model sentences. etc. Whenever possible these presentations are based on
familiar vocabulary. The relevant structures are presented in bold-face type.
4. Some of the new vocabulary is presented by means of pictures. model sentenceS, etc. which
should make the meanin1 clear without alossina. Each new word is, however. printed at the bottom of
the page on which it first occurs, accompanied by an Enllish Bloss in most cases. Words are not
alossed. however. in the case of readily recopizable cognates: and whenever possible words are
glossed by means of a reference to a familiar Russian word (a synonym. antonym, or the related mem-
ber of an imperfective/perfective aspect pair).
5. The new arammatical constructions are presented one by one, first by means of model sentences
or tables. then in explanations and rules. There follow exercises desiped to lead to mastery of the par-
ticular grammar item involved. The order of presentation of srammatical items does not always corre-
spond to their relative importance. In some cases this order is dictated by methodoloaical considera-
ions; it provides for a lf8dual build-up from simpler elements to more complex ones.
6. Notes on the use of- individual words-a section which provides special instructions on the
proper use of individual words or explanations of their cultural content.
7. The basic text of the lesson (generally a narrative text, but sometimes involvina a dialog). This
text stresses the new grammatical and lexical items of the lesson: The topics of these texts acquaint the
student with the life of Russian people and with Russian traditions and customs.
8. Dialogs. based on the grammatical and lexical items of the lesson and aimed at leading to
natural use of these items in conversationar contexts.
9. Additional exercises based on the speeehpattems which occur in the dialogs and on the use of
individual words and set expressions.
10. Exercises aimed at allowing the student to use the newly learned words and structures in talk-
ing about himself. his family, his work. his studies. etc.
I I. Word study-a section aimed at helping the student to see the relationships between Russian
words and English words or between more than one Russian word. This section should help the student
in memorizing new words and in recognizing them in the future when they contain familiar roots or
derivational models.
12. A word list containing all of the new words and set expressions encountered in the lesson, pre-
sented without English glosses. for use as a check-list or reminder in reviewing the contents of the les-
son.
Following each live lessons there is a review lesson. which summarizes the grammatical content of
the relevant lessons and gives review exercises.
The appendices contain grammatical tables with the paradigms of the basic declension and con-
jugation patterns and a reference list of numerals: a complete Russian-English vocabulary, containing
all words presented in the te~ttbook: and an Enllish-Russian vocabulary, containing only those words
presented for active mastery; an index of grammar topics treated.
In addition to the basic textbook. the following supplemental components are available:
I . The recorded supplement, containing the phonetics drills in the introductory lessons as well as
the phonetics drills and dialogs in lessons 1-18 of the basic textbook. (For a more complete recorded
supplement write to BABEL Productions. Box 746. Middlebury VT 05753 U.S.A.)
7
2. The Workbook containing the worksheets used in the listening comprehension tests provided in
the complete recorded supplement. the written exercises of each lesson. covering the new grammar struc-
tures and most of the new vocabulary. In addition to fill-the-blanks and transformation drills. En-
glish-Russian translations are included. These drills should be used only after the contents of the
lesson have been mastered orally.
3. The booklet containing additional materials to aid in the development of spoken Russian and
reading (J(tulaiime nozOtJOPf!M u no11umae.w.'). This booklet is recommended particularly for use in pro-
grams with more than three contact hours per week.
4. The Tea~her 's manlllll, containing methodological sugestions, keys to the exercises and oral drills
(which do not duplicate those printed in the textbook) to aid in mastering the grammatical and lexical
content of the lesson. Also included are brief listening comprehension tests. which allow students to
check on their own mastery of the material. There are sometimes additional explanations. The exercises
in the Tea~her's m1111uol are coordinated with the complete recorded supplement.
Tacher's Preface to the Slxdl and Seventh Editions
Previous editions and reprintings of Russian for EW!rybody bavc been based on photo-offset print
ing. using the original material typeset for the First Edition (1984). Changes between editions were mi-
nimal.
For the Sixth :1nd Seventh Editions type has been newly set for all components except for the
Teacher's Manual.
This edition has been prepared during a time of major and rapid changes in Russian reality. And
the fa.:t that type was being newly set has made it possible to represent many of these changes in the
materials:
I. Geographic names (for example, neuHHrpaJl has,- in all but a few places where historicism was
important, been chanpd to CauKT-nCTCp6ypr, ynKua ropwcoro has been changed to Taepcu ynH-
ua).
2. The names of periodical publications have been changed to represent more closely present-day
reality.
3. Prices have been adjusted to represent more closely the situation that prevailed in 1992. (But
one must keep in mind that prices are still in a state of nux.)
4. Dates have been adjusted so as to make our cast of characters of an age suitable for the present
day.
Since the Teud1er's Manual is not being redone at present, the teacher must be aware of the above
chanaes when correcting written assignments and must not remain to closely bound by the answer keys
given in the Teacher's Munuol.
Also, teachers using either the Ruorded Supplement which accompanied the Teacher's Manuol or
the more extensive Audio Supplement offered by BABEL Productions must warn students to expect
a lack of coordination between recorded and printed material due to the above-listed changes.
The authors and editors would be grateful for any criticisms or suggestions. which may be sent to
the American co-author or to the following address: Puc~u.'l 101012. Mucxu. CmapcNIUII~ttufl nep., 1/S.
HJdomeA~>nntiO Py~CKIIU R'JWK.
Robert L. Boker
BABEL Productions
Box 746
Middlebury fiT OS7SJ
U.S.A.
l of Contents
PreUminary Lessons OD t Russian Solllld System and Handwritillg.
LessoD 1 11
LessoD 20
Lesson 1 34
LessoD IV 46
LessoV 58
1. 74
2. 84
: .N!! 2. 90
3. 93
: 100
4. 104
: 110
5. 114
: -? 122
- 1-Review Lesso 1 126
6. 131
: 136
7. 140
: ? 147
8. 152
: . 159
9. 163
: 169
10. 174
: r 181
- ll 186
11. 192
: ... 202
12. 206
: 215
13. 219
: r 227
14. 232
: ? 243
15. 247
: 256
- Il1 261
16. 268
: 274
17. 279
: 286
Ypoll. 291
: 300
19. 305
: l: 311
10. : 315
: .1 322
Ypo-nOtlmoprue /V 328
21. 334
: II 342
22. 348
: '? 356
23. 360
: ? 366
24. 370
: r 376
25. 382
: ? 389
-11! V 395
26. 401
: .1- l\11n
407
27. 413
: r.1 3 420
28. 426
: 436
29. 443
: 3 450
. 456
: 463
Ypo-nOtJmoprii! J1/ 468
LESSON I
I. CAjwaiune! Listen!
,
[rna, ... am ,
... mu .. . Urn .. . mo ... om ... mu-mo .. . urn-om]
Ma ... aM ... My .. . yM .. . MO... OM... MY-MO .. . YM-OM
Listen now to the following contrasts between the Russian vowel sounds and their closest English
equivalents. Note the greater richness and sonority of the Russian sounds.
1 The symbol -+ indicates a listening comprehension drill in the supplementary recorded materials.
The answer sheets for these drills are in the Workbook.
12
Russian the vocal cords vibrate vigorously throughout the entire length of the consonant, while in
English there is a tendency for the vocal cords to vibrate only during the latter part of the consonant.
In order to become aware of the vibrations of the vocal cords. place your fingers over the voice box
area in the front part of the neck or close each ear with a finger. Do not open your lips until you can
feel the buzzing of the vocal cords! In order to achieve the required tension in the Russian accented
vowels and in the voiced consonants, you will need to exaggerate consciously at the beginning.
The accented Russian vowel [a] is similar to the first vowel sound in the word 'father', but the
mouth is somewhat more open. To produce the sound properly, place the tip of the tongue on the back
of the lower teeth.
Note that Russian vowel sounds are joined to consonant sounds smoothly, with no jerkiness and
no catch in the throat. This is true also of the beginnig of words whose first sound is a vowel. The onset
is smooth, without the catch in the throat which exists in some languages you may have studied.
Now practice the following syllables until you become aware ofthe tension in the vocal system and the
vibration of the vocal cords. Remember not to open the lips until you feel the buzzing ofthe.vocal cords.
In order to keep the quality of the vowel pure, make certain that your tongue and lower jaw are
held tense and do not move during the sound. Listen again to the accented Russian vowels [u] and [6].
V. CAywaiune! Listen!
[mu ... um .. m6 .. om]
My ... yM .. MO ... OM
--+These two vowels are pronounced with a great deal more lip-rounding than are the corresponding
English sounds. The vowel [ia) is pronounced somewhat like the vowel in 'schoof, but the lips are
strongly protruded-you should be able to see your own lips. The back part of the tongue is raised
farther towards the back of the mouth than is the case in English.
VI. CAywaume u noBmop.Rumel Listen and repeat!
,
[mu,...,um ... mu, ... urn , ')
... mu ... um
My ... yM ... My ... yM ... My ... yM
The accented vowel [6] is pronounced somewhat like the vowel in 'saw', but the lips are rounded
and protruded more than in English. The lips are more rounded at the very beginning of the sound, giv-
13
ing it a very slight w-like on-glide, but this must not be exaggerated to the extent that it becomes a
separate element. This is the Russian vowel which speakers of English tend most to diphthongize by
giving it an off-glide. Remember to keep the sound pure by keeping the tongue and lower jaw tense
and motionless!
V. C11ywaume! Listen!
[pu-bu ... po-bo ... pa-ba ... bu ... bo ... bill
ny-6y ... no-6o ... na-6a ... 6y ... 6o ... 6a
-+
Now pronounce these sy!Jables, remembering to increase the tension in the throat without at the same
time increasing the strength of the air stream. Don't open your lips until the vocal cords are vibrating.
VI. C11ywaume u no6mopAume VI Listen and repeat VI
I. C11ywaume! Listen!
[na, .. . an
, , ,
... nu ... un .. . no ... on ... nam]
ua ... au ... uy ... yu .. . HO ... OH ... HaM
The Russian dental consonants differ from the corresponding English sounds in that the Russian
sounds are pronounced by the tongue against the upper teeth, while the English sounds are produced
against the alveolar ridge, the ridge of flesh just behind the upper teeth. To produce the Russian sounds
properly, place the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth and the blade of the tongue (the portion just
behind the tip) firmly against the back of the upper teeth; the middle and back portions of the tongue
must remain low. The area of contact of the blade of the tongue with the upper teeth is not large, but it
must be very firm. Now practice these items, remembering proper tongue placement and striving for full
voicing in both vowels and consonants.
[ta-da ... tu-du ... t6-d6 ... tam-dam ... t6m-d6m ... dam ... d6m]
Ta-,lla ... yYJlY ... TO,llO ... TaM-,!laM ... TOM,llOM ... ,!laM ... ,llOM
I. C11jwaU1ne! Listen!
[m~m01] Mama
MaMa
Both English and Russian have strong stress, but in English the stressed syllable is marked more by
length than by tension and vigor.
The two languages also have different ways of distributing the speech energy over the length of
a word. English words of three or more syllables usually have three levels of stress: main stress, sec-
ondary stress, and unaccented syllables. The secondary stress will be found at least two syllables
away from the main stress. In Russian all of the stress energy is concentrated on one syllable of the
word. The energy builds up very rapidly just before the stressed syllable, and falls ofT even more ra-
pidly after the stress. Compare the following English word and its Russian equivalent to observe
this difference:
Note that in the English word the second-strongest syllable is two syllables away from the main
stress, while in the Russian word the second-strongest syllable is the one immediately before the
stressed syllable. This is due to the fact that it shares slightly in the build-up of energy on the main
syllable.
In materials printed for native speakers accents are not marked. In materials for teaching Russian
to foreigners, however, accents are generally marked in words of two or more syllables: AHTOH .llOMa.
Accents are generally not marked on capitalized letters: Aaaa [ana] 1 Keep in mind, however, that
1 A horizontal bar above a symbol indicates length. In this case the tongue is kept in contact with
the teeth for a moment during the pronunciation of [fi].
16
these markings refer only to relative stress within a word. Within a sentence a more complex system
exists, with some one word usually being heavily stressed, while other words which are stressed when
pronounced in isolation will be basically unstressed in the over-all sentence stress distribution. In nei-
ther English nor Russian do we "read" all of the blank spaces as pauses-rather we pronounce whole
phrases as units, with strong and weak words within ~he larger units.
In Russian the stress may occur on any one syllable, and within the forms of a particular word may
shift its position. The stress is an integral part of the word itself-it may differentiate between words or
between various forms of a single word. The stress must be learned when the word is learned-the best
way to do this is to let your ear do the learning for you, don't make it an intellectual process.
Unstressed vowels are, in general, shorter and less tense than the corresponding accented vowels.
Lack of stress has relatively little effect on the vowel [u], the unaccented variant being simply less teRSe
and full-sounding.
~
John's going home.
To native speakers of Russian this rise in tone before the drop makes the sentence sound non-
neutral, and they will understand the sentence as having some special emotional connotation.
In speaking of intonation, "low pitch", "mid pitch", and "high pitch" are to be understood in
relative terms. Each speaker has a nonnallevel of "mid pitch", which is used in non-emotional speech,
and it is in contrast with this level that low pitch and high pitch are perceived within the speech of that
particular speaker.
The Russian non-emotional (neutral) declarative sentence intonation contour consists of a more
or less sharp fall in pitch on the accented syllable of the most important word of the sentence (the word
which conveys the most important new information). Note that the fall is confined within one syl-
lable, and the vowel of that syllable will be lengthened slightly. All syllables preceding the strong accent
will be at the speaker's mid level.
I. C.!ljnuafnne! Listen!
-- --,
3TO AOM.
[eb_dom]
If there are any syllables following the fall in pitch, they must remain at a low level.
--
3ro """'
MaMa.
[eb_mam~]
The fall in tone may be more or less sharp, but in Russian this makes no difference in the meaning
or "tone" conveyed. To an American an abrupt fall in tone may seem to indicate gruffness or indiffer-
ence which is not intended by the Russian. It turns out, therefore, that what is neutral in English is non-
neutral in Russian, and vice versa. It is important for the student to strive to imitate the correct Russian
intonation as closely as possible. It is precisely in matters of intonation that inter-cultural misunder-
standing can easily occur-even if the message gets across, the receiver of the message may misinterpret
th~ feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
-+In these preliminary lessons the type of intonation contour will be indicated by a small superscript
number, which will replace the accent mark for that word.
In the following exercise note that all of the sentenceS are read smoothly, and with no pauses be-
tween words (the symbol ....... will be used to re.nind you to join words in one smooth utterance). Note
also that when two vowels come together on the borderline between words, they ar: joined smoothly
and with no catch in the throat to separate them.
18
III. CAywaume! Listen!
[et~__.dJm] This I That's a house. [ami.._.tJt] She's here.
31-o ,ZJ;OM. Oua 'fYT.
[et~__.Jn] This I That's it. ret~._..anton]1 This I That's Anton.
3TOOH. 3ToAHTOH.
[6n__.t~m] It's (over) there. [' 1
on__.tam] He's (over) there.
Ou TaM. Ou TaM.
' 1
[et~__.mam~]
This I That's Mama. [mam~. . . . dJm~] Mama's at home.
3TOMaMa. MaMa .n;6Ma.
[e~__.an~] This I That's she. [ana.._.dcim~] She's at home.
3To OHa. Oua .n;6Ma.
[et~. . . . P~P~] This I That's Papa. [ ' 1
a.._.pap~_..tam] But Papa's (over)
3TOmina. A nana TaM. there.
[' 1
et~__.on] This I That's he. [' 1
aii~__.tut] Anna's here.
3TOOH. Auua TyT.
[et~---~n~J This I That's Anna. [a. . . . anton.._.tk] But Anton's (over)
3ToAuua. A AHTOH TaM. there.
--+
Now practice these sentences several times. Learn them by heart.
V. lfumaume! Read!
6y ... 6o ... 6a
uy ... HO ... HaM .. . ua.n;o ... .n;aH .. . ou6
TOM ... TOT ... llOTOM ... zy.n;a ... TOM-TOMa ... TYT-TY.lla
.n;a ... .n;aM ... .n;aMa ... .n;aHa ... TOM-,ZJ;OM ... TaM-,lJ;aM
....... 1 1 1
-.::1To nana. 3To ou. Ou TYT.
....... 1 ....... I Q , 1
-.::1TO MaMa. -.::1TO OHa. Ha TaM.
3To .n;JM. 3TO Ju. Ou T~M.
19
"' 1" 1 1
JTO AHToH. JTO oH. OH ,n;oMa.
1 1 1
3To AHHa. 3To oHa. 0Ha TYT.
,
M aMa 1 A ,. 1
,n;oMa. nana TyT.
AHHa Th. A AHTOH TiM.
Following are some Russian words which have closely related English counterparts (cognates).
Can you read them? But be certain to read them with a Russian accent! Cognates are fun to work with,
but present a special danger-the closer the word is to English, the greater will be the temptation to
fall back on English pronunciation habits (and the meanings may not always correspond exactly). (You
are not expected to learn these words!)
TOH Mo,n;a no:h
TOM ,n;aMa 6aHaH
,[{oH (a river) .n;liTa (date) no3Ma
TOHHa (ton)
hoM
LESSON II
A. The Russian Labio-Dental Fricative consonants [f] and [v]
I. CAjwailme!
[fu ...w... fo ... of ... fota ... faktJ
$y ... y$ .. . $o .. . o$ ... $oTO ... $aKT
' ... von
[fu-vu ... fo-vo ... fa-va .. . vot ' ... vam
' ... vad') a
$y-By ... $o-BO ... $a-Ba .. . BOT .. BOH .. BaM ... BO,ZJ;a
[dva . davno]
,l(Ba ... ,n;aBHO
(Labio-dental consonants are those produced by contact of the upper teeth with the lower lip.
Fricative consonants are those in whose production the air is not stopped off completely, but in
which there is a narrowed passage which causes the air stream to produce a hissing or rushing
sound.)
The Russian fricative consonants [f] and [v] are similar to their English counterparts except that
they are pronounced with slight lip-rounding. Remember to strive for full voicing when pronouncing
the voiced consonant [v]. ~
20
B. The Dental Fricative Consonants [s] and [z]
I. Cllywaume!
[sa ... as .. . so ... OS... su ... us... sam... son... sup)
ca ... ac .. . co ... oc ... cy ... yc ... caM: coR... cyn
[nas ... vas ... nos ... sto ... sva ... svo]
Hac BaC HOC CTO CBa CBO
The Russian dental fricative consonant [s] is similar to the Russian [t] in that it is pronounced
farther forward in the mouth than the corresponding English sound. The tip of the tongue should touch
the lower teeth slightly, while the blade of the tongue is brought near the upper teeth. The middle and
back parts of the tongue must be kept low.
Listen again to the last two items in this exercise:
II. Cllywailme!
[sva ... svo]
CBa CBO
Your English speech habits will tempt you to turn [v] in these syllables into [f]. This is due to
the type of consonant assimilation which exists in English. (Assimilation is the process through which
a sound becomes similar to a nearby sound in some way.) Compare the last sounds in 'bats' and 'bags'.
The last letters are written the same, but are pronounced differently, [s] or [z], depending .on whether
they follow a voiceless or a voiced consonant. Russian does not have the sort of consonant assimilation
in which the first consonant determines the quality of the second, so you will need to practice to avoid
this habit in Russian.
I. Cllywailme!
. .
[sat ... sut. .. zavot ... zup ... gas... sup-zilp]
ca.zl... cy.zt ... 3aBO.zt ... 3)'6 ... ra3 ... cyrr-3y6
Russian voiced consonants which have voiceless counterparts do not normally occur at the end of
words. In this position they are replaced by their voiceless counterparts in pronunciation. (Since [m]
and [n] do not have voiceless counterparts, they are not affected by this rule.)
I. CAyutaume!
[ya, ... yu, ... yo, ... ye, ... a-ya
, , , , , , , ,
... u-yu ... o-yo ... e-ye ...
j( 10 ... e ... e a-S~ .. y-10 ... o-e 3-e .
[ya ... yem ... yest ... maya ... mayo ... payu ... payut ... payot]
S~ ... eM .. ecT Moil .. . Moe . . nolO ... nolOT ... noeT
[payO'm ... d ayu' ... d ayo't ... '
may... d'ay ... ' ... svoy
moy ' .. . tvoy]
noeM .. .n:aiO .. .n:aeT . .. MaH ... .n:aH .. . MOH ... CBOH .. . TBOH
The Russian consonant (y) is similar to its English counterpart, but is produced with considerably
greater tension, and the tongue is closer to the front part of the mouth, even closer than for the Russian
vowel sound [i].
Russian does not have any single symbol for this consonant sound. Before a vowel sound the con-
sonant (y) is not represented by a separate symbol, but is combined with the vowel sound into one sym-
bol. Thus, four of the Russian vowels have two symbols each, one of which represents the vowel alone,
and one of which represents the consonant (y] plus the vowel sound. The latter occurs when the conson-
.
ant stands at the beginning of a word or after another vowel letter.
[a-ya] [u-yil] [6-yo] [e-ye]
a-S~ y-10 o-e :re
When it comes after a vowel sound, with no other vowel sound following, [y] is represented by the
symbol i.
When practicing this exercise remember to strive for extra tension in both this consonant and in
the accented vowels. Also pay close attention to the last two items of the exercise-'do not let the [v] be-
come an (f)!
II. CAyutaume u noBmopftume I!
IV. C~tjulainne!
bank [bank]
6amc
When pronouncing the Russian [n] be sure to keep the tongue in firm contact with the teeth and do
not let it stray to the back part of the mouth, no matter what sound may follow.
--+
V. C~tjulaiune u noBmopllume!
[banka ... bank ... stayanka]
68.mca ... 6amc ... croilHKa
I. C.11jwailme u noemopftilme!
[on-ano ... on-ana-an;... dom-dom;-dama-damoy ... moy-maya]
OH-oHO ... OHOHa-Aaaa . ,ZJ;OM-,ZJ;OMa-,ZJ;OMa-,ZJ;OMOH ... MOB-MOB
[sam-sama ... tvoy-tvaya ... svoy-svaya]
CaM-caMa ... TBOH-TBOB... CBOH-CBOB
[d?m; ... b?kv; ... fo~; ... vi?';t ... rMut .. . damoy ... tvaya ... payot]
,!J;OMa ... 6yiCBa ... <!OTO B.blXO,!J; . e.nyy .. . ,!J;OMOH ... TBOB... noerr
[kuda ... kakoy ... zavilt ... ivan... idut .. . mayo... vmaskvil]
Ky,ZJ;a . nKoii ... 3oayT ... Haaa ... H,ZJ;}'T .. . Moe... a Mocny
[kakay; ... bumag;]
KaKb ... 6yMara
25
K. Intonation Contour 1 in Various Parts of the Sentence
In Lesson I all sentences presented had the major sentence stress on the last word. In some contexts
the sentence stress will occur on an earlier word in order to point this word out as conveying the new in-
formation of the utterance or to provide mild emphasis. Remember not to let the tone rise again follow-
ing the drop in tone on the main sentence stress of IC-1.
I. CAytuaume u noBmopflilme!
KTo .n;6Ma?
[kto._..payot]
2
Who's singing?
- -.
KTO noey?
KTo noe-r?
[kt6._..yest......s~p] Who's eating soup?
KTo ecT cyn?
fkuda._..idut...... mam~...... i._..pip~] Where are Mama and Papa going?
Ky.n;a H.ZJ;Yr MaMa H nana?
[kak6y._..et~......s~p] What kind of soup is this?
Ka:x6i 3To cyn?
[kakay~._..et~......bumig~] What kind of paper is this?
Kaxa.R 3To 6yMara?
[kak......lx......zavdtJ What are their names?
Kax ux 3oByT?
In both English and Russian questions which contain an interrogative (question) word are gen-
erally pronounced with falling intonation. The presence of the interrogative word makes it unnecessary
to signal the question by means of a special intonation contour. In Russian IC-2 is somewhat like IC-1,
but the emphasized word is pronounced with increased energy and tension and may be somewhat
higher in tone. The accented vowel is somewhat longer than in other words. Be careful not to confuse
simple loudness with the required increased tension! When the main sentence stress is on the last syl-
lable of the sentence, the tone will fall within the accented syllable, but will not fall as far or as sharply
as in IC-1. Any syllables following the syllable bearing the main intonational stress must remain at a
low level and not be allowed to rise above the speaker's normal mid-tone.
The emphasized word will normally be at the end of the sentence except in contexts where intona-
tion is used' to mark the new element in the question. Exceptions occur in tlie case of very short ques-
tions containing a pronoun or adverb at the end ofthe question (cf. the first four examples). Placing the
27
emphasis on the interrogative word in other cases will normally result in a very peremptory question or
one with special emotional overtones.
While practicing the items in this exercise, remember to strive for smoothness throughout the
whole sentence, with no extraneous pauses between words.
II. C.11jr.uailme u nOBmopftume I!
In the following exercise note that in some cases both short and long answers are given. As in
English, it is most common in conversational Russian to give in the answer only the new information
asked for. During the early stages of study, however, there may be times when your teacher will want
you to give full answers for the extra linguistic practice which this provides.
While practicing this exercise, remember to strive for smoothness throughout the sentences. Re-
member about the proper distribution of energy within the word, and that in each sentence there will be
one word picked out for special stress, while other words will be relatively unstressed (without losing
their own identity and relative vowel values).. Avoid extraneous pauses. Practice these items until you
know them by heart.
30
distract you from the sounds you have learned, and remember to strive for smoothness of reading,
without extraneous pauses. Don't read the blank spaces in these sentences as pauses.
ll. qumlzUme!
1. - Kn3 3To?
,.,._ ~ 1 A' , 1
- JTO MOH nana. no MOJI MaMa.
31
Note on punctuation:
Note that Russians use dashes to separate the various speeches in a conversation, rather than put-
ting quotation marks around each direct speech utterance.
In reading the following cognates remember to do it with a Russian accent!
ra3 sll:Ja TOMaT (a kind of sauce) 3n6xa
Mail (a month) cpa3a Ta68.Ic aTba
HOC 3xo KOMnoT (stewed fruit) KOMaH.Qa
CTOn Macca cpoHTaH
TOCT MaCICa cpoite
nocT (duty) KOMnac KOM6aHH (farm equipment)
6aHIC nay:Ja
1 The first printed letter in each case is the standard printed form. The second variant is the Italic
form. You will note that the written forms are sometimes more similar to Italic printed forms than to
the standard printed forms.
32
Aa A a Oo Oo 33 33 Yy Yy
d:a
MMMM
Oo
nn nn 561i6
Ja
HH HH
Yr
TT Tr 11.11 lid
Ou- -
3ro MaMa.
3TO MtiMII.
"'f'& 0Ha TIM.
Jmo~ t1o.pa-ua-.J~ ~
MIMll AOMll. Dana TIM.
MtiMtl OOMtl. nana MM.
ASSIGNMENT:
I. Write a full line of each capital and lower-case.letter.
2. Write each sentence three times.
LESSON III
A. The Intonation of Questions without an Interrogative Word (IC-3)
I. CAywaiime!
II. CAyw_aiime!
Is Anna atlhome? .l!J!jshe who's singins?
In the Russian contour the syllables preceding the accented syllable of the emphasized word are
pronounced at the speaker's mid-level. The pitch rises very abruptly at the beginning of the accented
syllable and continues to rise within the syllable. The vowel of this syllable will also be somewhat longer
than usual. It is extremely important that any syllables following this accented syllable be pronounced
at a low level-the voice must not be allowed to rise again, no matter how long the sentence may be.
Ill. CAywaiime!
r -- r, r _,
3TO AOM? 3TO MIMI? Oaa non?
The main difficulty the American student will have in producing IC-3 is in making the rise in pitch
sharp enough and high enough. Subtle psychological factors are at work here. In American English we
tend to use a rather narrow range of pitches except in highly emotional or "gushy" speech. Although
we have rising intonation contours in English, none of them are as extreme as is IC-3. As a result even
non-emotional Russian speech may appear to be emotionally-charged or gushy to an American, and an
American student (particularly a man) may feel uncomfortable trying to produce IC-3. In order to mas-
ter IC-3 you will need to throw aside your inhibitions and be willing to exaggerate consciously.
An additional problem is created by the fact that our own intonation system tends to make us re-
act to any very strong intonation as a falling contour. For this reason you may find yourself making
sharp falling contours, even when trying your hardest to make sharp rising contours. (In so doing you
will be producing not questions but emotional exclamations.) --+
IV. CAjwaume!
3 3 3 3 3
3To_.noM? 3To.....,oa? 3To_oaa? Aaaa.......TaM? Oaa.......noh?
In this exercise the intonation shift occurs on the very last syllable. Strive to make the rise in pitch very
sharp-do not let it trail off gradually as we often do in English.
35
3*
V. j IV!
In the fo11owing exercise contrast IC-3 and IC-1.
VI. !
/'
._.,~? ?
---.....
.
._... 1!148
3 1 3 1
- ._..?- ._...- ._..?- ._...
- ._.,.-
, 3 ? '._.,.-
1 '._.,.
3 ?- n 1
._.,.
In the next exercise the stressed syllale is even ear1ier in the sentence-make certain not to 1et the
sy11ales following the stressed syllale rise above 1ow 1eve1.
. !
3
:._.,? :._.,? ._.,?
In the next exercise the answers contain two intonation units or contours, which we syntag-
mas. Each syntagma expresses re1ative1y comp1ete thought and has its own contour. There is very
small pause etween the syntagmas. (h symbo1 1is used to show the boundary etween syntagmas.)
Xl. !
,..<;,. 3 1, 1 11
- ..::~._..?- , 1._... , 1.
"ls that ?'' "Yes, it's ." "Yes, ."
36
. 3 1, 1 11
- 1
.._..?- ,/ ._... , .
- , 3 1
._...
?- , 1
._...
, 1.
1, 1
1 1 , 1 1 1
.
- ._...-
3 ? 1
, ._... , .
The rise in tone of IC-3 oa:urs within the accented syllae of the most important word of the
question, the word indicating the new information eing sought. Note in the following exercise how the
answer varies, depending on the location of the intonation shift in the question.
XII. !
- 8.._..~? - ~. 1J.
- i._..6?- ~./~.
3 1 1
- ? - 1
, .
3 ....... 1 1
- ? - , 1 .
....... 3 1 1
- .......? - , 1.
""?
0 ._...
- 3 1
- , 1.1
Xl/1. XII!
/. j!
,. ' , ... nu-n
[na-n , ' u,. .. . no-n
, ' , ... m-n
,. '']
1
- ... - ... - ... -
37
[ta-t , ' u, ... t'o-t' ' ... t't- t'')
, ', ... tu-t 1
- ... - ... - .. . -
' d'' .. . d'u- d''u .. . d'- d'' .. .
[d - d't- d'']
1
- ... - ... - ... -
[sa-s
' ,,
... su-s'u ... s6-s'6 ... si-s'i]
- ... - ... - ... -
.
[za-z'' ... zu-z'u ... z6-z'o ... zi-z'i]
- ... - ... - ... -
( small apostrophe-like symbol ' after consonant letter will used throughout to indicate palatali-
zation.)
The secondary articulation, palatalization, must take place at exactly the same time as the asic ar-
ticulation ofthe consonant. lt is not something added on after the basic articulation. The middle ofthe
tongue must in position for the [] from the very beginning of the basic consonant sound. Soft con-
sonants are not consonants followed [], but consonants which contain [] :ithin themse/ves. Be-
cause of the raising of the middle part of the tongue, the area of contact of the tongue during the pro-
duction of soft consonants is consideraiy greater than during the corresponding hard consonants.
This contact must firm, but brief. ---+
While practicing the following items sure to avoid superfluous (] etween the consonant and
vowe\-make soft consonant followed immediately vowel sound.
//. !
, ',. ... -zvan ', t ... nu-n
[na-n , ',u ... zvan ',u ... no-n
, ', ... ano-an
, ',om]
- ... ... - ... ... - ... -
[dn ,om
, ', t ', ,, , ,, ,
... n ... an ... mn ... nt-n 1... ana-an 1 ... n
,, ,.. ]
... ... ... ... - ... - ...
[sn'im ... dn'i ... kn'ig~ ... zvan'im)
... ... ...
There are, however, cases in Russian when consonant is followed [] which serves as aseparate
consonant. lt is important for the student to i to distinguish clearly in speech etween soft con-
sonant followed vowel and consonant followed (yj plus vowel.
1//. !
, 'u-n ' o-n
, ' , ,, ' ,
, ', ' ,
[na-n a-n ... nu-n , ' yu, ... no-n
, .,
... nt-n 1-n 1 ... n ' e-n
, ' ,]
-- ... -- ... -- ... -- .. . -
(Note that hard consonants do not generally occur efore the vowel (].) ---+
Now perfonn this exercise, avoiding superfluous () where there should not one, and striving
for vigor in [] when it is present.
IV. j //1!
From the point of view of the structure of the language, Russian has set of hard and soft con-
sonants, but the orthography does not have separate set of symbols for the fifteen soft consonants.
Instead the softness of the consonant is most frequently indicated means of set of five additional
vowel symols, making total of ten vowel symbols:
38
"Hard series vowel" symbols:
V. j!
[ta-t'a-t'ya ... tu-t'u-t'yit ... to-t'o-t'yo ... t'e-t'ye ... tt-t'i-t'yi]
-- ... -- ... 6-- ... - ... --
[da-d'a-d'ya ... du-d'u-d'yu ... do-d'o-d'yo ... d'e-d'ye ... di-d'i-d'yiJ
-- ... -- ... -- ... - ... --
. 7->t1 ...
[t1-1 "d'' d'' d
sa""-1 1... ... om-1 om
..1! "d' . ... 1"d' t ... st u d'.ent]
-... -... ... - ... ...
---+
Now practice thesc items.
VI. V!
The next drill deals with the soft dental fricative consonants [s'] and [z1- Rememer to move the
tongue farther forward in the mouth than for the corresponding English sounds and to raisc t~e middle
of the tongue vigorously toward the hard palate.
39
VII. !
, t..C. , , , ', ' , , ' , ' , , ' , ' ]"
[sa-s ~-s ... za-z a-z ... su-s u-s yu ... zu-z u-z yu .. .
-- ... -- ... -- ... -- .. .
, ,, ' , , ' , ,,
[so-s o-s ... zo-z o-z' , ... s',e-s' , ... z',-, ... st-s 1.. . :zf-z'i]
-- ... -- ... - ... - ... - .. . -
In the next exercise the soft consonants occur at the very end ofwords-e sure to keep the [] con-
tained within the asic consonant and do not allow superfluous fricative sound to follow the con-
sonant.
VIII. )'!
[on-d'en' ... stakan-fstan' sat-s'at' yest-yes't' syest-syes't']
- ... - ... - ... - ... -
1. !!
[pat~m-p;tam~ ... zvan'~-p;zvan'~ ... akn?-nno .... zav?t-n;zavotJ
- ... - ... - ... -
[m;gaz'in ... muzikant ... kakoy-n;kakom]
... ... -
[z'in; ... n'in; ... noviy ... kn'ig; ... nov;y; ... payil ... payot ... maks'im]
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
1 h so-called "hard-si~" symol serves the same purpose as would the "soft sign" etween
consonant and vowel; it 1ndicates the presence of []: [syem].
40
[stud'ent ... stat'ya ... stud'entk;]
... ...
- ?- .
- ?- .
3 1
[an'i] [an'i] "Is it they?'' "It's they."
_ ?-.
3 . 1
[zvan'it] [zvan'it] "Is it ringing?'' "lt's ringig."
- ?-.
3 1
[stat'ya] [stat'ya] "Is it article (i agazie)?" "lt's article."
- ?- .
F. Developing Smoothness in Prases and Sentences
While practicing the following items strive for smoothness and avoid pauses witbln phrases and
sentences.
1. !
[akno] [n;akn'e) [kn'ig;] [tvaya kn'ig;]
........
widow the widowsi/1 book your book
(tvaya._.kn'ig;._.n;akn'~)
.
Your book is the widowsi/1.
[n'in~.......dom~]
1
. "Nia's at h too."
2
2.- ? "Who's sigig?''
1
- . "/' sigig."
3
: ? "Js i singing'!'
[maks'im]
1
- . "Maxi's siging too."
3.- 5 ? "Who's that?''
- i. "That's t."
. .
- 3 ? u
"Is he w studet?''
[on.....,.noviy.._.stud'ent]
1
-. "Yes."
2
.4. - ? "Who's that?''
. "That 's Zia."
[z'in~]
- . .
.
3 ?
"Js she w studet?''
[ai.....,.nv~y~.._.stud'entk~]
1
. "No."
5. ~? "Are you w stlet?''
[vt.....,.nviy.......stud'ent]
1
-. "Yes."
2
? "What's your ?''
[kak.......vazavut] 1
1
. "i."
1 Since the words are read without pause. the [s] joins with the following sound to form long (z].
42
6. - i? "Where's Nina going'!'
[kuda.._..id'ot.._..n'in~]
2 ?
7. - . "Where's book'!'
[gd'e. . . . maya.._..kn'ig~]
1
- . " Your book 's the windowsi/1."
[tvaya.._..kn'ig;.._..makn'e]
8. - i? "Is this your articler'
[et~......tvaya.._..stat'ya]
1 1
- , 1 . "Yes, (it's ) article."
3
9. - ? "Is this your article'!'
1 1
-, 1 . "Yes, ine."
II. ! 2
2 4.- ?
1. - ?
. ~ 1
-
.
.
. - .
2
- ?
- J? 1
1 -.
- .
2 ?
. 3? 5.- .
2. - .
- ,
1
1
.
1 - ~.
3 . .
- -r
3 ...
- ?
1
1 -.
-.
3. - ?
2
6. - ~?
- . . 1
- 1
.
.
3
- ? 7. - i?
- ~ . - . ~ .
43
.8. - ~ ? 12. - i?
-
1 .
,/.
1
-
1
.
'
9. - ~ ? 13. - i?
- 1 1'
, 1 . - i, / i.
- ~ ? 14. i.
-
u
.
1
1 ' 1
15. . .
10. - i?
- 0 .. .
11
.
. 16. ?
2 '
17,.. ' 2 ?
.
11. - ?
1
- .
1/l. ! Read with Russian accent. ( Remeber the rules of word dynamics
in Russian.)
~
:
WREN ASSIGNEN
11
..
!
U s, - .
IW li
v
.~ t!Jj
1 :r r X1t
J ~ :;-;,
Notes on the fonnation of c:ertain letters:
1. h letters and 1 do not nn occur at the eginning of words.
44
2. Note the steps in the fonnation of , and :. Note that : () must always preceded
very sma\1 hook at the line.
J .9 p_9Cf 11! .2 .9 !l
3. Although the two dots are seldom printed the letter i in materials for native speakers and
seldom used in their writing, it is good idea for the student to write them in, at \east during the early
\essons. This vowel symbol occurs only in accented position and an accent mark is never written
over it.
4. careful not to confuse the writing of and :J. Make certain that the first bas round k
and tbe second has an indentation in the back.
:z 31
5. Note that and the lower~se are not loop letters and are no tatler than the \ower-case vowel
letters.
,
6. Note that is written as two opposing half-circles, not crossing one stroke with tbe other.
7. Note that the word (1) is capitalized only if it egins sentence.
- ? - .
-Kro r? - AIOii IIIIIUI.
/fm" k ~? & ~
11811& MocDy.
llNil ,...., td)l MOCkey.
LESSON IV
. The Soft Laial and Laio-Dental Consonants
In the case of the laial and laio-dental consonants, palatalization is sb'mewhat simpler than in
the case of dental consonants, since the tongue is not involved in the asic articulation. Rememer,
however, to make sure that the tongue is in position for the [] efore the basic articulation egins.
/. !
[ma-m
, 'r
a-m ' , ... mu-m
r 'r
u-m ' yur ... mo-m
r
o-m ' r ... m 're-m ' r ... m1-m
'r r
1
'']
46
[fo-ro-yo ... vo-v'o-v'yo ... re-v'e ... fi-i-yi ... vi-v'i-v'yi]
-- ... -- .. . - ... -- ... -- ...
[sv'et ... vmaskv'e ... riz'ik ... gatf-gator zavot-zav'ot-v'yot]
... .. . .. . - ... --
/. !
[k', ... ge
', ...
', ... k''1 ... gt
,, ... xt'']
.. . re .. . .. . .. . .. .
[pak'et ... k'em ... k'ino ... k'iosk ... p~mag'i ... kn'ig'i ... s't'ix'i)
.. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. .
[x'im'ik-x'im'ik'i ... riz'ik-riz'ik'i ... naga-nog'i]
-... -... -r
When pronouncing the following items rememer to keep the articulation of [n] firmly on the teeth-
do not let it stray to the back of the mouth.
Il. !
[blnk-vblnk'i ... d'en'g'i]
- ...
II. - !
[m'as~-m'isnoy ... ya-yizik ... p'at'-p'it'i ... d'es'it' d'ev'it' pam'it']
- .. . - ... - ... ... .. .
1 Not the spelling here. This is special ending you will leam later.
47
,. t' , , ... Yl"-:0
, ... m,.tn,,, ... t''b''
[ m,,,esw-m
+-
1s ~ ... -~ 1 !1... s'
1 . .. . yimuj
-... -... ... ... ... .. .
[ s 1m .. . 1S 1gd' ... znayt
,. ' , &':. ,. ' 't ... v''d''t'
1 1 s,.1m,,1... vos
, ,.1m']
... ... ... ... ...
An exception exists when is written at the very end of word.' In this case the vowel is pro-
nounced [::~].
1//. ft!
['tm' 3 ... d''d'
3 ... t''t'
3 ... s,.IVvun
~ '3
}
... ... ...
In unstressed syllables in English it is possible to pronounce either [::~] or an unaccented [i] without
changing the meaning (in such words as 'Episcopaf, for example). In Russian grammatical endings is
pronounced as [::~] when unaccented. It is important that the student able to distinguish etween [i]
and [:J] in unaccented syllaies, since this can make ditference in meaning.
--+-
IV. ft!
.
[on_v}
''d''t
.-.
1 .. . an'i v'id'3t]
.. .
he sees they see
[kn'ig3
, .........stoit
, ... kn'ig'i
, .......,stoy3t]
, the book costs the books cost
...
An exception to the general rule aout the quality of unstressed and occurs when these are the
very first letter of word. In this case one always pronounces the unaccented [], not [:J], no matter
,how far in front of the accented syllable this may .
V. j ft!
[aftamat ... af~zavot ... astanofk3 ... apt'im'ist]
... ... ...
_J - /
? ?
II. j !
4 4 4 4 4
[.....,vi] [a.....,maks~im] [a.....,fxot] [a.....,et:)] [a.....,n'ina]
? ::? ? :? ? ?
Il. !
[stra-s'istra ... tra-utra ... zdra-zdrastvuy ... pazdrav'it']
- ... - ... - ...
[rana ... tramvay ... v'era ... stro-stroit ... tro-mitro]
... ... ... - ... -
[roza ... urok ... stril-s'istril ... tril-trildna ... drilk ... rilsk'iy]
... :: ... - ... - ... ... ::
[stn,- s't's'";:
..... ... na..-
u;" ... s'"~
""ny ... za'fitra ... spras''t'
1 ' d ]
prav
- ... ... ... ... ...
[frilkti ... katoriy ... brat ... dobriy ... nav'ema ... v'ikt:)r]
... ... ... ... ... ::
[nom'ir ... park ... tort ... sport ... t'iatr]
... ... ... ...
49
4-1022
F. The Soft "Fiap" Consonant [r']
h soft [r'] is also vibrated or "tap" sound, but in addition to the basic articulation the middle
part of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate. This gives the tongue more restricted range of ac-
tion and makes it more difficult for the American tongue to deliver the required allistic articulation.
Also, since the air passage is reduced, the sound may seem somewhat fricative. You must, however,
careful not to allow fricative sound to replace the required tap of the tip of the tongue.
1. !
' tr' ' ... t ru- t''
[tra- r .. . tro- , ,,1... ra-r
' t r' ' .. . tro~-tr ',... ru-r
, ',u J
- ... - ... - .. . - ... - ... -
, ' ...
[ro-r , , ,,1... r ',... rat-r
ro~-r , ' at , ... r ' , d~m ... g~var' at ' ' ~tJ
' ... k ur
- .. . - ... ... - .. . ... .. .
[kur'i ... g~var'i ... kur'it .. , smatr'et' tr'et'iy ... s'igar'et~]
... ... }' ... ... ...
[vr',em' ~ ... ro-r , ',o-r' , ... uro, k ... fi,.1r', t ... s,.1r' yozn~
, ... v',eru-v',er' u]
.. . -- .. . ... ... .. . -
[kur'u ... g~var'u ... d'v'er'i-d'v'er' vyinvar'e-yinvar' t'ip'er']
... ... - ... - .. .
[dobr~y~._,Jt~]
! Good orning!
-- _,,
!
[d~sv'idin'i~]
! Good-bye!
'_,
2
[zdrastvuy] 1
! He/lo! (familiar) 2 !
[zdristvuyt'i]
! Hello! (polite) 2
1 Note that one ofthe letters which is written is dropped in the pronunciation ofthese forms. Rus-
sians normally use such greetings only upon the first encounter of the day, not on each following meet-
ing.
2 Familiar forms of address are used in addressing memer of one's family, close friend of
about the same age, child, or an animal. Polite forms of address are used to other persons or whcnever
more than one person is addressed.
50
2
[spas'ioo]
! Thank !
2 2
[prast"it'i] or [izv'in 'it'i]
! ! Pardon / 1
2 2
[n'in~ 1zdrastvuy]
, ! Nina, hello!
[aii~.._..p'itr5vn~ 1zdr~stvuyt'i)
, ! Anna Petrovna, hello!
variant of IC-2 is used in greetings and similar polite formulas, and when addressing pcrson
name. ln this variant of IC-2 thc strcssed syl\a\e is pronounced at higher level than in the asic va-
riant and thc tonc falls within thc accented syl\a\es (but does not fall as far as in IC-1).
/1. .V 1!
. IC-3 in Requestioning
lf spcaker rcpcats pan or all of question ecause thc answcr has not n heard clearly, IC-3
will uscd i11 the repcated question, no matter what the intonation of the original question was. (We
do something similar in English, so this should eause no difficulty in Russian if the studcnt has mas-
tered thc sharp rise of IC-3.)
/. (' !
1. - J ? 3. - ~? cigarettes
- ~. ~.
3 3
-? ?
1 1
--. ,
~?
2
2. - ? 4. -
[ft'i~tr] to the theater
1
. - .
3 3
? ?
1 1
. .
1 These forms arc uscd only if asking forgiveness, not when excusing oncsclffrom thc t\ or Jeav-
ing room.
51
4*
1. Reew Exercise the Contrast etween IC-3 and IC-1
/. !
[e~,__d'id'~J [e~._.d'id'a]
- ? "Is this (your) /?" - . "This is () /."
3 1
[eta,__z'in~] {e~,__z'ina]
1. - i?
- ~,/ i. . [t't'a] "This is () t."
3
-?
1
- .
-
1
, 1,
.
, 1
"No, that's his l
3.- ~ ?
- . [makmiy] "That's an acquaintance ofine." (.)
- ?
- .
. 1
.
2
- ? "What is he?''
1
- . [x'im'ik] "He's cheist."
4.- ~ ?
1
- . [makomaya] "This is an aquaintance of ine." (f.)
2
- [yiyo] ? "What's her ?"
52
1
- .
2
- ?
1
- . [iz'ik] "She's physicist."
2
5. - ?
1
- . (z'd'es']
(== ; is more conversational in tone.)
4
- ?
1
- .
6. - J?
1
-.
4
- ?
- . 1
.
- .
9. (zdristvuyt'i]
- ! "//."
[dobrny:).._~trn.._v'ikt:)r] 1
- }', ! "Good orning, Victor."
- J? "Is Anna Petrovna at home?''
1
-.
1 Note that when the greeting comes efore the n there is only one syntagma. Do not let your-
self tricked into reading pause wherever Russian has comma-many of them are purely formal
device which does not correspond to actual speech.
53
4
- ?
-
' 1
.
10. [may_m'esta]
- ? ''Is this seat?"
1
- , .
1' ~ '
2
- ?
- ~.
11. - ? [s'igar'~ti] Where are cigarettes?''
1
-- .
3
-?
1
- .
3
12. [tvayi_s't'ix'i]
- ? "ls this your poetry (verses)?
1 1
- ,f.
3
13. [vi_k~r'it'i] [xat'it'i_s'igar'etu]
? ? "Do you soke? Want cigarette?'
2
[spas'iba] [ya_n'i_kur'J]
- ~,/ . . "No, thanks. 1 don't soke."
4
--- ? "How about you?''
l '
- . "/ don 't soke either."
14. [dobriy_ d'~n']
! Good day!
15. [dasv'idin'ia]
! Good-bye!
2 2
16. (pras't'it'i] [izv'in'it'i]
! or ! Pardon ! 1Excuse !
/ll. /l!
1. - :? - 1 1'
, ' ~
.
54
, !
2
- ? 8. -
~,
, 1
- . -
3 !
2. - ?
3 ?
- 1 ~ 1
, .
1. - .
1 1
2 - ,/ .
- ? 4
1 - ?
- . .
4 - 1
.
- ?
1 1
-. 9. - .
4
2 ? - ?
3.- .
1
1 ~ .
- . 1
~ 1
.
- ~./ .
2 ? 2 ?
- . '10. - .
1 1 1
-. - ,/ .
3
2 ? -?
4.- .
1
..... 1 - .
- , .
3 ?
- .
11. - 2 2 ?
, .
1 ..
1.
1
-. . -
l
B .
3 2
5. - ? -.
1 1
- , . 1 12. - ~, !
2
- ? - ~, !
1
- . 2 2
13. - ! ?
2 ? 1 2
6.- . - . !
1
- . 3 3
1 .....
14. - ? -
, ..,
.
?
1 2
7. - ? - ,/ .
1 1
-. .
4 4
- ? - ?
..... 1 1
- , . - .
55
15. - 5 ? - i ?
- .
1
- . :.
1
3
-? 2.
21. - ?
1
- . - 1 1
- 1
, .
3
.
-?
16. - erg ? - :.
1
2.
- 1
, /' 1
. - 1
1
, .
1
.
22. - i:?
2. 2.
17. - ,/:.:- ?
-
. 1
. -
1
, . 1
1
2.
-.
23. - ~:?
2. 1 1
18. - ? - 1
, :.
1 1 4
- . . - ?
2. 3 ? - 1
':.
19. - ,/ .
4
- ?
- ,
1 /
' .
1
.
3 1
1
.
- :.
20. - : ? 24. .
25. :.
1 /' 1
-, .
IV. !
:
~:
::
:: l(l(
::
::
S6
WRf'EN ASSIGNEN
Note that the soft sign is not loop-letter and is no taller than the lower-case vowelletters. h
soft sign never occurs at the eginning of words. 6
6
- :no? - . - ?
- r tro? - m r. - r ?
- ?- ~.-lf ,?
? -..
twii f')lt? - ll.
~l~?-
- . - ROU ~?
- i IIOtlflll C'l')'t)rt~?
- Ollll
-&
- ? -, :no .
- m fl? -/1, tro fl.
-.nw rpotL?-Am ~
ID. MIICCII ~.
uu u . . no&.
LESSONV
[1]
Il. !
[klup .. . glupiy .. . vuglu ... globus .. . polka .. . dlga]
... ... r ... ... ... r
[kalxos ... xalodniy ... d'iplom ... ploxa ... t'iplo ... glas]
... ... ... ... ... r
58
[glavniy .. . klas ... kladu ... lam}X) .. . ladn;) ... data]
... ... ... .. . ...
[blla ... sta1i ... u1ipk;) ... b'etiy .. . dala-daJ... znai;)ZDal)
... ... 1 ... .. . - ... -
[yet ... v'id'il... g;)var'il]
... ...
/. !
[il'i ... kup'ili .. . gul'at' 1'ud'i ... 1'y6t ... fil'm ... apr'el']
... .. . ... ... ... ...
English has rea\ equivalent ofthe Russian soft [1'], the English "bright" sound in such words as
'lit' eing pronounced in quite diferent ashion. For the Russian sound the tip the tongue should
placedfirm/y on the back or the lower teeth. The lade or the tongue (the part just ehind the tip)
touches the back the upper teeth, and as much as possie of the middle part of the tongue is raised
toward the hard palate. The tongue is less tense than r the Russian hard [1] but there must firm
contact. It may help you to leam to produce the sound i you place your tongue in the position just de-
scribed and then let it glide back and orth slightly over the area of contact.
-+
(1']
//. !
[il'i ... p'il'i ... kup'il'i ... vas'il'iy ... v'id'il'i ... yel'i ... s'el'i]
.. . .. . ... ... .. . ...
[s'id:el'i ... b'il'et ... dal'i ... zval'i ... d'el;)l'i ... 1'i]
.. . .. . .. . ... .. . :
[l'i ... l'id;) ... l'es ... l'et;) ... gul'at' n'id'e}';) ... l'ud'i ... 1'6t]
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
[- day-dat' yuk-I'uk ... yot-I'ot ... 1i-I'i-I'yi]
-... - ... - ... - ... --
no-1'6-1'y6 ... la-1'a-1'ya ... 1'6t-1'y6t-1'y6t ... strait:il'i-strait'il')
-- ... -- ... -- ... -
[partrel'i-partrel' ... rul'i-nil' angl'iysk'iy ... xl'ep ... z'iml'a]
- ... - ... ... ...
59
[kupl'u ... l'ul'u ... rm ... pal'to ... tl'k:) ... skol'k:)]
... ... ... ... ...
[.ZJ 1[sJ
looking carefully at the diagram above you can see easily why these two sounds have no soft
equivalents-tbey are hard nature. Since the middle ofthe tongue must low, it cannot possiiy
raised to the necessary position for palatalization. eware of the Russian spelling however, for the
"soft" vowelletters , are written after these consonants, as is the soft sign . Whatever may writ-
ten following 1, rememer to keep the consonants hard. When the vowel follows these conso-
nants, it will pronounced [i]. --+
//. !
,., , ... xazu...
[zu .., , sk azu" , ... v,,lZU
" L.O, zon
. "" , "" ,
... za ... za1'] v ,
/. !
'
1' .
3
2 ?
~ 1 ~?
......
.:JTO 3
'1' 2 ?
.
u
'
1'
3 2 ?
.
1 ~?
. h Russian Affricate Consonants [ts] and []
Affricates are consonant sounds having two phases of articulation. h first phase is stop sound,
the second phase fricative sound produced at the same place of articulation. lnstead of the clear-cut
release of stop consonant, the tongue is withdrawn from the point of contact very short distance for
very short period oftime and the air flows through this narrowed passage. It is important, however,
that the two phases form unit, that they pronounced in very rapid succession.
/. j!
[at'ets ... l'itso ... kan'ets]
... ...
[atsa ... d'etsk'iy ... dvat~t kazit~ ... katatsa]
... ... ... .. .
h hard Russian affricate [ts] egins as hard Russian [t], which turns into fricative at the same
point of articulation. Since it is related to hard [t], this affricate will always hard no matter what let-
ter may written after it.
Note in the second line of examples v that this affricate is representCd in the writing system
not only , but also in some cases , :, . Also note that when it occurs after / or in the
cominations -/n.ctl long affricate results. his is produced holding the tongue in position for
the stop phase fraction of second longer than usual.
--+
11. !
[atsa ... atsu ... atsom ... atsi ...
tsa ... tso ... tsu ... tsi]
... ... ... ... ...
... ...
[l'itso ... ul'itsa ... aritser ... tsentr ... natsianat'nas't' at'ets]
... ... ... ... ...
[kan'ets ... tsv'iti ... stsena ... kal'tso ... kantsert ... n'im'etsk'iy]
... ... .. . ... ...
[d'etsk'iy ... sav'etsk'iy ... dvat~t' ktsa ... katat~]
... ... ... ...
61
/1/. !
[cist) ... ... ocin' ack'i uciw ...)
.. . .. . .. . ...
h soft Russian affricate [] egins as soft Russian [t'], which changes to fricativc sound at
the same point of articulation. h sound is always soft, no matter what letter is written after it. In fact,
the Russian sound is softer than the corresponding English sound--rememer to keep the tip of your
tongue ehind the lower teeth and the middle part of the tongue high.
IV. !
[cist;:) ... citat' ucit' ciJav'ek ... ... zacem ... ocin']
... ... ... ... ... ...
[ ... cas ... s'icas ... corniy ... uooniy ... ucu ... kr'icu]
.. . . .. .. . .. . ... .. .
[mal'cik ... kon'cit' pact'i ... cira ... d'ev;:)(:k;:) ... ack'i]
... .. . ... .. . ...
[- ... - ... ci-Cyi ... cu-Cyu ... nocyu ... ... kl'uc]
- ... ,. ... - ... -... ... ...
[doc ... 1vavan;:)v1c ... v' v' ... so-co .. . se-ce .. .
sa-ca .. . su-cu X~-Cv'J)
... ... - .... -... - ... - ... -
[ses't'-ces't' d'ev;:)(:k>d'evusk;:) ... v'et'ir-v'ecir .. . vrat'-vrac)
-... -... -s .. . -
G. h Intonation of Requests
Polite requests are normally pronounced with IC-3.
62
/. " ! 3
[fxad'it'i] [~d'it'i]
! i! ! Wait!
3
[sl~s~yt'i] [p'isit'iJ
! Liste! ! Write!
~ 2
(skaz4t'i......pazal~s~ 1 gd'e n'in~]
, , ?
//. !
2
[sts;yt'i] [p;dazd 'it'i]
! !
/. !
- ?
- ? 6.
' 2
- ?
- .
' 3 ? .
1
/. !
4
[vaSi.._..im';]
- ? "r first ?'' (polite address)
1
-.
63
[~stva] " ( r) patroyic?'' ( n derived fro the father's
-? first n.)
[ivinav'ic]
-.
4
[fa'il'iya]
"(r) last ?''
-?
[ivan~f]
-. "lvanov."
[natsian:l'nas't']
- ? " ( r) atioa/ity?''
[rsk'iy]
-. "Russia."
Repeat the preceding exercise and the following items until you know them heart.
Il. ! !
6.- .......
3 ' '
.............,? ''Do you know these verses?''
1 4
-. ......,? "Yes. Do you?''
1
- __....... .....,. "/ don't know the."
1 This form of Hel/o is used only on the telephone. Can pronounced with either [1] or [1'].
z This form of Good-bye means literally Best of everything!
65
S-1022
1
7. .._. (schoo/gir/, pupil)
1
D.._. (stlent, higher education)
.._~. (graduate student)
1
8. .._. (shoo/boy, pupil)
1
.._. (student, higher education)
.._~. (graduate student)
9. .._.._. (teacher)
.._.._~.
10. .._.._.zt~.
.._.._.._J. (teaches in school)
.._.._~. .._ .._.._~.
Word-Study
i- -RIC/-IIIII
npeoouiem.- i11111U1 /-IIIIIUl
.-. /-
i- i /-
(But has only one fonn.)
Note that RusSians are much more careful than we are aout the specific level of instruction-in
English we get along with the word 'student' for most levels of study. In Russian an awkward situ-
ation may result if you use the wrong word.
//. umilme!
1. - , ?
-.
- ?
-.
- ?
- ? .
2.. - , ?
--.
- ?
- ? .
- ?
- ? .
3. - , .
-.
-.
66
4. - ! ? ! .
-- , .
--- , ?
-- .
-- , ?
- .
- . !
5. - ! , , ?
- ? , .
-. !
6. - , , ?
- ? .
-?
- .
7. - -?
-, .
- -?
- .
8. - , .?
- .
- ?
-.
- ? ?
- , .
9. - , ? ?
- , .
10. - ?
- . .
11. - ?
- ~.
12. - , !
- , !
13. - , ?
- .
14. - , ?
- .
15. -, ?
- .
- ?
- .
16. - , ?
- ? .
s
17. - ?
- , . .
-?
- .
18. - , ?
- . .
19. - ?
- .
20. - , ?
-.
- , ?
- . , .
21. - , , ?
- ~.
-.
22. - ! .
- '?
-.
- 6?
-.
-?
-.
23. - ?
-, . ?
- .
24. r -.
25. ir )'?
26. ?
27. ?
28. l( ?
29. .
30. .
68
1111
!
J. Reading Rules
Although the Russian orthography refiects more closely thc pronunciation than is thc case in
English. it is still not truly phonctic rcpresentation of thc spok~n language. Nevenheless, fol-
lowing few simple rulcs one can rcad correctly. any new Russian \\'Ord, provided one knows which
syllae is ac~o."Cnted.
Vowels: Rcmemcr that thc soft \'Owcl symols , , rcprcscnt the co11sonant [] plus vowel
sourid only in the following situations:
1. whcn the lirst letter in word: 11 [yu], [yuk], .1 (yolk;)], ~ [ycm);
2. following vowel lettcrs: [ma}il]. (mayu). ~ (mayo]. ocii (m]:
3. at"tcr thc soft sign or hard sign: cc~il (s'im'ya). ~.-~ (s'im'}u). ~:ii [s'im'yoy].
(s'im'yc). ~: [sycl].
Following consonant symols the soft vowellcttcrs mercly indicate the softness ol' the consonant.
and therc must 1101 an independent (] cforc 'the vowel: ..il (d':id'u). [ziv'om).
Rememcr that () and [) do not normally occur except in accented syllaes. Elsewherc they are
replacc:d the unacccnted varieties of and .
Consonaats: Russian consonants are pronounced hard el"orc hard vowel symbols and soft efore
soft vowel symols and the soft sign (ceil. n.. n.). The hardness or softness of consonant is
an important component of word stem. Rcmemer that when rcad \\'ithout pause word eginning
as
with is pronounced if writtcn with w il' the preceding word cnds in hard consonant:
(vinst'itut'i]. il [iv:in ivan;)v'it). (sin i d). The hard consonant ofthe prc-
ceding word is kept hard pron"<;uncing the proper variantof vowel aftcr it.
Voked and Voiceless Coasonants, Assimilation and DeYoieiag:
V oic:eless n 10
Voiced 6 8 il 1
None of thcse voiced consonaniS is pronounced at the end of word efore pause. The voiceless
countepart is pronounc:ed in this position: (mus]. : ['las'et). <)_,. (a\'ek].
None of these voiced c:onsonaniS is pronounced efo.re vOic:dess consoaant. Thc \'oiceless counter-
part is pronounccd instead: ) [ftaroy]. 8 J1 (fSkOI'i). (sas'etka).
None of these voiced c:onsonants is pronounccd' efore w:ed CODIOII8JII exeept , . , Jl,
and (]. Note that whilc becomcs devoiccd cl'ore voiccless consonants. it does 1t cause preccding
69
voiceless consonant to m voiced: [oilix] (> > ), [gdomu]; but
fsvoy], [kvam].
Certain consonants are always hard or soft nature (due to the manner in which their asic arti-
culation occurs), no matter what letter may written after them:
Always hard: , w, - [zina], [Zivu], [ziv'os], [tsirk].
Atways soft: , , [)- [s'icas], [yii'o].
Some Special Cases
h gcnitive singular pronoun and the genitive singular modifier endings -/- are pro-
nounced with [v] in place of [g]: [yivo], [n'iCivo], [krasnav:~].
h comblnations -, -: are pronounced as if spelled .,.: : [uciis:~], [uciiS:~).
(h consonant here is actually /ong affricate, made holding the tongue at the point of contact for
fraction of second efore producing the fricative portion of the sound.)
. Spelling Rules
The following rules concern spe/ling only and have no effect on pronunciation. Butyou must know
them so well that they m automatic. Otherwise leaming the gammatical cndings of Russian
words will more difficult than necessary for you.
Spelling Rule No 1: Following the letters , , , , w, , (the three velar consonants and the
four so-called "hushing consonants"), the vowel symols: 11, , are not written. ln their place you
must write the corresponding hard or soft counterpart vowel symbol: , , , ,
, , .
Spel6ng Rule No. 2: Following the letter never write , : , . After this letter - is used
in cndings (), but occurs in the roots of some words ( 'circus').
SpeUing Rule No. 3: When adding endings after the three velar consonants t; always add -
whe there is ~tn -q/-e choice: r-, ~r(), -6. (But remem-
er that in the noun endings for the prepositional case singular there is no hardfsoft choice: -
i".)
Spelling Rule No. 4: Whe adding edings after the four "hushing consonants" w, , , and after
,
when there is an -q/-e choice, always add - if the accent is on this vowel, otherwise add -:
- - xopow6, - w6- , - 6, -
.
WRIfEN ASSIGNMENT
L. Most Russians do not close the hump of the letter (i. ., it is not closed circle like the English let-
ter which it resemles).
2f--
ui! !
riir! !
'~.2J"fe ynrwl
70
! t! !
! / :lfl!
~fl&/~1~
r .
z IUl .
- ? - .
- J(yt)tl i ? - .
-&.~?.~ ~?
-.~k. ~ .i ~-
- .11 u I.II.
- 011 IIOfiiiJI IUIKOIIJI.
11
- ? - . - ?
- el r? -. - Kro OIUl?
-~ -Jmo ~~~tL.-Ii:u&
-. - Kro ? - l:.
- Mat:II. - Kro ? - .
..2...1J..,.-!& (J.Z.7& 71
ASSIGNEN:
1. Write one line of the capital and lower-case . 2. Write each sentence three times.
! Review!
Do you rememer all the following words?
!
!
/- ( )
... ?
}' 1 f-
( )
( , - ,
) 1 / 1
1, 1m 11i 1
,
! ( ?,
1 / 1 ... ?)
( ) ( )
( ?) ( -
( ) )
( !)
/
i, , -
,U
1
( )
! ( ?) ( -
! ( ?) !)
( ?)
,
( )
! ( ?)
-:
, , ! First naes
, , , ,
( ... ?) -
f-
( )! !
1
,
( ?)
, , , ( )
! (, -
)
72
RUSSIAN ALPHABET
Printed ltalic Written Name of Printed ltalic Wriuen Name of
letter type letter letter leuer type letter letter
~, .J[",
~cr.
~"'
IJI
rr :h r Jl[""
J)1 :!1,
~ () t f!Jf/J
f
_
t~ ()
. )((" ~,
3 3 3 31 .. 1t~
lL m
il 7);;, ,
( xpan:oe)
lf", ICa 1.1 "
."" JI () .,
""
i
....lk
., 6 ml
i
~ J
I ()
Jla .i& Jl ()
NUMERALS: Note that some Russian numerals are written differently than their
English equivalents (note particularly 1, 7, 9):
12345678910
1 Does not occur at the beginning of words.
73
.N! 1 ( )
-
- ?- . .
- ?- . .
- ?- .
- ?- . .
?- .
- ?- .
- ?- .
, .
:
Read . 12-13 concerning the pronunciation of the Russian accented vowels.
r.....:
Read . 17-18 concerning IC-1 in statement and . 26 concerning IC-2 in questions with an inter-
rogative word. As you Iisten to and repeat the sentences from this lesson make certain that in state-
ments the tone does not rise efore falling. In questions make certain that the voice does not rise at the
end.
- ? - ?
LLD
a:::D
a:::D
a::D
a::D
D:D
D:D
a:::D
a::::D
- . - . -
- . Nl 1.
- .
). .
. .
.
~~\1 ljiti
1 ::AI;
~~
"~1
fl
:sil=
-
. . . . .
. . . .
, .
.
1.1
= this 1that 1these 1those 1is 1are, it is
.
This 1it is Maxim
.
is here
75
1.1 Grammatical Gender
.
.
. .
.
(Capital Russian letters will sometimes used in this course to indicate struc-
tural units of Russian, such as the basic endings. These are based on the under-
lying structure of the language, not on the orthography. For example, - refers to
the basic ending of one type of feminine nouns. In the writing system this may
spelled as - or -, depending on whether the preceding consonant is hard or soft.
The orthography of Russian sometimes makes the grammar system seen more
complicated than it actually is when analyzed on the basis of the spoken
language.
Russian bold-face letters will sometimes used to represent the written sym-
bols of the language.)
1.3 Patronymics
Russians never have "second names" the way we do. Adult Russians with
whom one is not on first-name terms are usually addressed first name and pat-
ronymic. This form suffices for all except the most formal and official situations.
76
Words equivalent to 'Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Miss' are seldom used (except to foreigners).
Patronymics are formed from the first name of the father. In this lesson we
meet:
, whose father was also named ,
, whose father was named ,
, whose father was named .
For men the basic ending is - (- after soft consonant; if the con-
sonant is -, this disappears, since the first letter of the ending contains []). For
women the basic ending is - (- after soft consonants).
What will the patronymics of and when they grow up?
ln conversational Russian many patronymics are shortened in pronunciation,
so that becomes [], i- []. In your own speech
imitate your teacher or the voices in the recorded materials.
.
.
. .
, .
(But commas do not separate compound subjects or compound predicates. See the
first two. examples in this section.)
(Exercises)
1.- ?
77
- ?
2. . ...
.
3. (Model): it:.- ?
2. . 3. .
1. 4.
. 5. . 6. .
4. : .- ?
-1. . 2. . 3. .Nil 1. 4. .
5. . 6. .
5. : .- ? .- ?
. 2. . 3. . 4.
1.
. 5. . 6. .Nil 1. 7.
. 8. .Nil 1. 9. . 10. . 11.
. 12. .
6. :- .N'!! 1?- . Ng 1 .
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
? 5. .Nil1? 6. ?
7. :- ?- ..
1. .Nil 1? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ;
? 5. ? 6. N2 1? 7. ? 8.
? 9. ? 10. .N'!! 1?
8. :- , ?- .
1. , ? 2. , ? 3.
, ? 4. , ? 5. , .N2 1?
6. , ? 7. , ? 8.
, ? 9. , ? 10. ,
?
9. :- ?- .
1. .J\121? 2. .J\121? 3. Q? 4.
.N!! 1? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? 8.
N.! 1? 9. ? 10. ? 11.
? 12:. ?
10. : .-u , u .
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
.
: - ? - ?
- . -. - -
- .
.
- ? - ? - ?
-. - . - .
- ? - ?
-. -.
79
- ? ?
- . - .
- - "cigarettes"?
- "Cigarettes" --.
- - ?
- -- "apartment, flat"
ur
11. . : u.
: :
. . 14. - ' ?
. ?.
. ?
?
12. - ? - .
? - .
? - .
13.- ?- .
?-.
?- .
?- .
WRII'EN ASSIGNMEN
II/ ll(
Zl,u, ;
Note on the formation of certain letters:
l. Note that lower-case is not loop letter and that it must egin with small hook, just like
, .
1 : :JII:Jh
3. It is good practice to write smallline under the lower-case . Note also that this letter must re-
tum to the line-it must not end up in the air like the English w.
4. The small tail on the letters , must kept very small-it is not like the loop on such letters
as .
ll(
5. Note that the tail on the capital must tum to the right, in the opposite direction to that ofthe
capital .
1{
81
6-1022
6. 8 particularly careful when writing the lower-case letters r and . The tirst must have
rounded hump, the second must have squared-off top.
r
, .
w~r., r . v ~
:
~ uy'lll R. v
-~~~
~ 1
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Write line of each capital and lower-case letter.
2. Write each sentence three times.
82
R
(New Words and Expressions)
6
! 6?
l nima
R n JI
D 1
( )
-r ? no-ar
-? ! 1
(
- )
1
(6 6)
.N"t 2 ()
-
ero . . .
- ?- .
- ?- .
- ? - .
- ?
-. (-, .)
- . (-, .)
- ?- .
i:
. Intonation Contour 3: Read . 34-35 conceming the use of IC-3 in questions without an inter-
rogative word. Strive for very sharp rise in tone on the accented sylla\e and make certain that any
syllales following this rise are at Iow level.
! Listen d repeat!
3 3 3 3 3
? ? ? ? ?
,
3? , 3? , 3
. . ?
3 3 3 3 3
? ? ? ? ?
3 3
... ? ? -
3
?
. Altemative Questions: Read . 61 conceming the intonation of altemative questions (questions
containing i = 'or').
! Listen d repeat!
1 ? 1 i? ~ 1
2 ?
. '
3 /' 2?
. ,
3 /' 2?
.
. Intonation Contour 4: Read . 48 conceming the use of IC-4. Rememer to use it only in in-
complete questions introduced .
! Liste d repeat!
1 4 1 1 4
- .- ?- .... - .- ?-
1 2 ? , 1 , 4 ? 1
.... - . - .- . - .
- 2?'
.- 1
.-
?- 0 .
4 ,t
, i
84
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
. .
. .
.
--+ ero .
--+ .
--+
().
().
8
.
.
Ero .
- ?
- i.
- -
?
- i.
- ?
. - i.
- ?
- .
Nina is now at home. - ?
- .
85
- ?
- . (, .)
- . (, .)
11
-
-
? \(11~~1~1
. ._
ij 0_
0~
01
_ 01
__ .
2.1. . .
. ... ....
. ...
.
. ...
. .. .
.
2.2. . :.
. ... .
. .
. .
. .
. .
86
All four verbs which you leam in this lesson elong to what is called the First
Conjugation. For the third-person singl.llar forms the ending is - (pronounced [it]
when unaccented). The third-plural ending i~ - (spelled - after vowelletters).
2.3
. .... ,
... ,
...
'
- ?- .
- ?- ....
- ?- I.
- ?- .
- ?- .
- ?- .
- ?- .
~ ?- .
- ? 1 - .
- .
- ?
~. .
. - .
. .
. .
Words ofthe oia-class have in the accusative case the basic ending - (spelled
- /-):
. .
}rI. ;I.
. )' .
Nouns ofmasculine gender with the ending - (spelled /-11) act in the.sen-
tence like masculine nouns, but take the same endings as nouns of feminine
gender with the nominative case in -:
- ?- .
)' .
~)' .
2.4
.
....._
i11 uncle
88
. - ? - ...
- ? - .
- ? -
- ? -
- ? -
- ? - ...
- ? -
.- . - ?
- . - ?
- . - ?
- . - ?
- . - ... ?
- .- ?
- : .Ne 2. - ?
2.5 Word Order in Questions with an lnterrogative Word
When the subject of question con-
1 2 3 taining an interrogative word is pro-
. noun, the subject ust precede the verb.
But noun subject most often fo/lows
3 1 2" the verb.
?
3 2 1
?
U 2.5
: : N!l 1: N!! 2:
. ? ?
il!
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. .
: . ?
. j ?
!
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. :. 10.
.
instructor, teacher
1
J
89
2.6 Notes on Individual Words
Note that i, are often used in conversation_ not only of one's own
parents, but also or the parents of one's friends. Note also that these words are
not capitalized unless they egin sentence.
In words still felt to foreign borrowings Russians sometimes pronounce []
in unaccentuated syllales. his is the case in 8..
.N!! 2
.N!! 2.
. Ero
. .
-
?
- ,
.
- ?
- .
- ?
- ~.
- ? ? - ?
-. . -.
- ? - ? - ?
- . - . - .
- . ? - . ?
- . .
- Note that this word often egins sentence in continuing conversation, serving to turn at-
tention to another item or topic.
ll 1i is 1are strolling, out playing 1out walking
?-Nt that in an incomplete question is often an equivalent of 'And how aout ...?'
?- is particle which emphasizes the preceding word. It is always unaccented and
pronounced as one word with the preceding word. possile English equivalent would 'But where in
the world is...?', but more often the emphasis would expressed just tone ofvoice and special stress
on the word involved.
i-f. . 79 ( 6?)
90
- , - . - '[( ?
. r r?
- . - ?
- -
.
- ?
- ero -
.
- ?
!?
. .
2.7
- ?-.- ?- .
- ... ?- .- ... ?-.
- ...?- .- ... ?- .
2.8
. ?
. :r?
:r . ?
2.9
- ? - ?
- :r. -.
- ? - ?
- - ...
- r? - -
?
2.10
- . ?
- .
91
- . ?
?- .
. ?-
. ' .-
'? .. .
. ?- .. .
- .
-
- li.
?
- .
- Oli .
- - .
? - .
...,....
(oina)
:i? ei npenoaaiem.
? 6
? ? poirrena
ceilic
8
61
1
y.llie I')'Jii
........
iml
i
w 1j
i
() /-
1
n nJ CWII
.
...
MY:JWIC8
i / i
.NJt 3 ()
-
- ?- .
- ?
- .
- ?- , ...
, .
m:
Read . 12-13 concerning the quality of Russian accented vowe1s. In this exercise strive for vigor
and avoid diphthongization in the accented vowe1s.
8n:
.
1
,
1 .
1 .
3
,
1 1
.
The use of IC-3 in the first syntagma makes the contrast more emphatic.
!
.
1
,
1
.
1 .
3
,
1
1
.
11' 1
, .
, 1 .
3 1
1
, 1 .
1 3 .
, 1
1
.
1 1 3 1
, 1 . , 1 .
. 11
,
.
1 .
,
31 .
.
1
- ?
- -
. .
- ?
- . .
93
. ?
.
. . .
--
? .
--
.
.
, . . .
. -- ?
-- .
2. -- ;
3. yze
, .
-- ?
-- , . .
-- ?
-- , .(-- , .)
94
:
3.1 - ?
- .
- ?
- .
- . - .
- . .
Speaking of professions, in some cases Russian has separate words for male
and female workers, but in most cases one word serves for both. In referring to
mixed groups the masculine form must used. While there are the feminine
words , , there are separate femi-
nine _forms for , , , .
Note that in Russian is always used of animate nouns, while in English we
use 'what' when asking about occupations.
3.1
- ? - ? - ?
- - - ....
- ?
-
- .
....
- .
-.
- .
- ? - ? -.
- - - .
3.2 hGender of Nouns Ending in -
The gender ofnouns written with soft sign at the end (this is not an ending as
such) must, in most cases, learned when the noun is learned. In the case f
and the meaning clearly indicates gender. Nouns with the suffix -, indi-
cating the performer of the action represented the root of the verb, are always
j-
95
o-words, and their gender will not indicated in word lists: , i,
. You can assume nouns ending in - are oa-words (f.) unless they
have suffix - or unless they are marked as o-words (m.).
3.3 Familiar and Polite Address
, ?
, ?
, ?
Russian has two equivalents for 'you'. h "familiar" (related to the ar-
chaic 'thou') is used in addressing member of one's own family, close friend of
about the same age, any child or animal. It is normally used for those whom one
would address first name or familiar form of the first name.
h "polite" is used for all plurals and in addressing one person with whom
one is not on such familiar terms. lt must used when addressing person first
name and patronymic.
(Since can used for either polite singular or any plural, there may mo-
ments of amblguity in oral drilling- should the student answer with or ? Un-
less otherwise clear from the context, either is correct. But for the sake of simplici-
ty the following convention is suggested for use in purely oral exercises. h stu-
dent should answer question containing using . Likewise, if the question
contains , the student should answer , although may also correct.
3.4 h Present Tense of First-Conjugation Verbs
- , ?- . .
- , ?- .
- ? - .
- , ?- .
- , ?- .
- i ?-
.
- , ?- .
96
(Remember the use of the "soft series" vowelletters to indicate the softness of
the preceding consonant, and that [] and [] occur only in accented syllales-in
unaccented syllales after soft consonants both are pronounced [i). Also rememer
that is always pronounced hard-the soft sign at the end ofthe -form has no
phonetic meaning.)
Note that the consonant efore the endings of the , , , forms is al-
ways soft (ifit has soft variant). After vowelletters always write -, - (not -,
-).
All of the verbs leamed in Lesson 2 have the stress on the stem and are conju-
gated just like , ...
Here we have case where the spoken language is simpler than the written lan-
guage, and the orthography misleads us. Actually all of the verb stems we are
dealing with here end in consonant. The orthography makes it seem that in the
verb - the stem ends in - and the ending is -. In reality the consonant
[] in - elongs to the stem:
= + [rabot;Jy-u)
= + [rabot;Jy-is]
The infinitive is the verb form which has no reference to person or time (in
English it is usually preceded 'to': 'to live', 'to work'). It is normally the dictio-
nary entry form. Most .Russian infinitives have the ending -: , ,
, , , .
Unfortunately the infinitive is not the most useful form to start from, for it
sometimes fails to reveal what consonant comes at the end of the stem in the present
tense. herefore in this book you will given basic for1Jis, from which you can
make any form needed (including the infinitive): -, +,
+, JI +, +, +. In some cases the basic form is
an actual form of the verb, such as -. In the other cases given here the basic
form is an abstraction, from which actual forms can made adding the
proper endings (the + means that an ending must added in order to obtain
an actual form of the verb).
consonant which comes before the infinitive ending - is normdlly lost:
()- =, () + =, etc.
(For couple oflessons you will given both the basic form and the infinitive
of new verbs. When you have become accustomed to this system, we willlist only
the basic form in lesson word lists. In the book-end vocabulary infinitives ~re not
given if they would stand alphabetically next to the basic form (i. . +,
). They are given in cases like -, .)
3.4. .
1. . ? 2.-
. .?-, ... . 3. .
? 4.- ?- ... . 5.
.1\! 3. ?
6. ... . ... .N"!! 2. ...
.N"!! 1. ... . ... ? ,
... ?
97
7-1022
7. ... . ... ?
... . ... . ... .
... ?
8. ... . .... ... , -
... . }' ... .
9. ... , -
... . ... , ? ... , ?
10.- ... , ?- ... . , ?
... ?- ...
3.5 Verb Agreement with Compound Subject
.
.! 3 .
compound subject is one consisting of two or more nouns or pronouns. Nor-
mally verb with compound subject is in the plural, but if the verb comes efore
the subject, as in ~he second example, it may agree with the nearest noun or pro-
noun.
3.6 The Prepositional Case
- -?
? ?
()
.
. _
- J? . _
() . _
.
.
. .
With the exception of the nominative case, most Russian cases have uses both
with and without preposons. The prepositional case derives its name from the
fact that it is never used without preposition. Its major use is to indicate /ocation
when used with the prepositions ('in', 'at')and ('on', 'at'): , iiCII'Ij
e, .
Remember that before adding endings, any previous ending word may have
must removed. The basic ending for th~ prepositional case is - (the consonant
before the ending will softened, of course, if it has soft counterpart). For most
nouns the ending is spelled -, but for nouns which have -- written just before the
ending (actually the stem ends in []) the ending is spelled -:
- , - .
3.6
1. (). 2. ().
3. (). 4. ().
98
5. (). 6.
( .N2 1). 7. (). 8.
_ ( NQ 3). 9. ,
().
3.7 The Negative Particle
, .
, .
, ..
The negative particle immediately precedes that part of the sentence which is to
negated. While this will often the verb (as in the first example), it may also
other parts of the sentence.
3.8 Reading Rules and Spelling Rule No. 1
Review carefully the reading rules on . 69-70 and learn spelling rule No. 1 on
page 70. Knowing the spelling rules so well that they become automatic will make
it much easier for you to learn to spell the words correctly, and they will m
increasingly important as you learn to put endings on words.
3.9 Notes on lndividual Words
- - , . -
? .
- ? - , .
- , .
- ~ ? - , .
- , .
The use of and can become confusing (particularly when used with
negation) ifyou think in terms ofspecific English equivalents. It's best to think in
terms of the ideas expressed: indicates continuing status, more of the same;
indicates change of status, new situation.
Note that the pronoun is not capitalized unless it begins sentence.
1 is used of teacher in elementary and secondary educa-
tion (grades 1-11) or of teacher in non-academic setting (such as music
teacher who gives private lessons); 1 is used in
higher education to refer to teacher ofnon-professorial rank. (American children
sometimes address their teachers as 'Teacher'-the Russian equivalents are never
used as forms of address.) Russian students address their teachers first name
and patronymic.-
3.10 The Use of the Dash
- . - .
, .
.
As you are aware, Russian does not use an equivalent of the verb 'to ' in
equational sentences in the present tense. In its place dash is often used when
both the subject and the predicate nominative (the complement in an equational
sentence) are nouns. lt is not used if one ofthem is pronoun and tends not to
used if the predicate nominative is preceded negation.
99
7*
. .N!! 2.
s . .N!! 3
: . - .
. ,
. . -.
.
- . .N!! 2.
. . .
, ? - ?
. - .
? - ?
, . --.
- . .
- ! ?
- . ?
- .
- -
?
- , .
! .
- .N!! 3? - ?
-. - , .
- - -
? ?
- , . -.
- ? - ?
- , . . -, .
- ? - ?
-. - , , -
- ? .
- . -
- ? N!! 3?
-, . -.
- ? -.
- . , - - .
.
() your U'am.)
(/. ) t phone conversation(s)
100
- , -.
! - .
3.11. - ?
- .
? ?
?
3.12. Replace the italicized words with words in parentheses at the end of the exer-
cises.
- ?
- , . , .
( , , , )
3.13. - ? - , .
- , .
?-, .-,
- ?-, .-, ...
- ?-, .-,
- ?
- , .
- i?
- ... , .
?
... , .
?
... , .
, i.. Come in, please.
- . "Thank you."
-. "Don't mention it. /You're welcome" (Note that i. is polite for-
mula with more than one meaning.)
101
3.14. -- N9 3?
--.
- ?
-, .
.
.
(r-, - , -
).
3.15. ( or ).
- ?
- , . .
?
, . .
?
, . .
~?.
, . .
3.16. ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
102
, . R
n: n
i :
! j-
, :
- () + () ,
() j -
?
j-
N!! 4- ()
I
- ?
- MOR (, , i) .
.
.
.
() ,
.
.
.
- , ?
- , ,
.
m:
Read . 12-13 conceming the qua1ity of [6] and [U]. In this exercise stress lip-rounding. Remem-
ber the ru1es of word dynamics in Russian.
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
-
ri
Pronounce the foowing sentences as one syntagma, without intema1 pause. Do not allow the tone
to rise efore it falls.
. !
-. N!! 3.
-. ~.
When declarative sentence is spoken as two syntagmas, the first syntagma may pronounced
with either IC-3 or IC-4. IC-3 is more common1y used in lively conversational Russian, IC-4, in more
formal style.
Pronounce the following sentences as two syntagmas, using IC-3 in the first syntagma.
. !
~- 1. : 1 N!! 3.
J- 1. : 1 ~.
,
104
? ?
. .
. .
-
?
-
.
. . .
. ,
. . .
. ,
.
105
- i , ?
- , , -
.
- , ?
- , .
4.1 The Possessive Modifiers
This/ It IS book.
_.
w ? ? ? ?
_
_
_
_
_
Masculine nouns of the -/ - class function like masculines in the sentence and
require masculine modifiers: , .
Note that , keep the accent on the stem, while , have the ac-
cent on the endings (except, of course, where there is zero ending).
As with the verb, the orthography hides the fact that the final [] of the mascu-
line forms is retained throughout, but is represented differently in the spelling:
= + , = + .
In your pronunciation certain to distinguish clearly between (one syl-
lale) and (two syllales, with accent on the ending).
The root of the interrogative possessive is - [-], and the in the mascu-
line form is just "fill" vowel needed to make the word fully audile in speech
when there is no ending. Again we see how the various ways of spelling [] can ap-
pear to make the system more complicated than it is.
+ () to know ecause n/ - calmly, (un-)
why how
106
Possessive modifiers are frequently omitted when the "owner" is clear from
context:- ?- ./ .
4.1
. , .
.
.
.
, ?
?
?
?
, .
.
.
.
, ?
?
?
?
. , .
... , ... . ... , ... .
, ... . ... , ... .
... , ... . , ... . ...
, ... . ... , ... .
... , ... . ... , ... .
... ? ... ? ... ?
4.2 New Verbs
All new verbs learned in this lesson conjugate just like + :
+, + , +, +, + , + .
4.2
... ...
107
4.3 Complex Seteces
- ?- , .
- ?- , .
- ?- , .
- : :?- , .
- ?- , .
- ?- , .
Questios cotaiig interrogative word icorporated ito state-
met with modificatio. I this case they m dependent c/auses. ( depen-
det clause is which does t itself express complete thought.) Remember
that all such clauses must separated from the rest of the st comma.
But i this type of st the comma is purely formal requiremet-i most
cases the st is read as sytagma, without pause.
I such seteces the iterrogative word retais relatively strog stress and
ofte has t writte over it (cf. first example).
4.3
:- ?- , .
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
: ? 5. ? 6. ?
7. ? 8. ?
4.4 im, ?
I polite requests for iformatio or aid Russias tend i coversatio to e
gate the verb i the mai clause. The Eglish equivalet might 'You do't
to kow ... ?'
108
4.5 Word Order
Adverbs are words which modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They
aswer such questions as 'how', 'when', 'where'. Russia advers most frequently
precede verb which they modify: . Placig the
adverb after the verb puts special emphasis it:
.
Sice Russia has many grammatical endigs, word order used for dif-
ferent purposes tha in Eglish, where it must used to indicate the function of
the words in sentence. In Russia word order plays an impprtant role i indicat-
ig the most importat, the new iformation in the sentece. There is strong t
d for the w iformation to come at the end of the sentece. It is important
for the studet to learn to use the correct Russia word order, particularly in
aswerig questios-if giving full aswer, put the known iformation at the
giig of the aswer, followed the new iformation. (Normally in short
answers only the w iformation is given.)
- .NQ 2? - ?
- ( 1- 2 ) - ( ) -
. .N!! 2.
But remember that word. order and intonation are closely interconnected. If
one uses intonation tomark logical stress~ it is possiJe to put the new information
earlier in the sentence:
- 1- 2? - ~ (
.NQ 2)
As you see, the new information receives the strong stress, wherever it comes in
the sentence.
4.6 AssimiJation of Consonants
In earlier lessons you have seen examples of the devoicing of normally voiced
consonants at the end of words or efore voiceless consonants ( , ,
). In this lesson you see the first example of the reverse procedure, the voicing
of normally voiceless consonants before voiced paired consonants: [oaix]
( > > ), and similarly in .
Voiceless consonants are not affected following consonant which does not
have voiceless counterpart, , , , , [] or before : , , ,
, .
4.7 Adding Endings to Words Ending in -
Before adding endings to word written with soft sign at the end ofthe nomi-
native case, the soft sign must dropped (remember this is just an indication of
the softness of the consonant): , . soft sign within the stem
of word is not dropped: , .
4.8 The Use of the Comma (continuation)
In English in series it is possiJe to place comma before the last item. In
Russian comma is never used before the last item ifthe conjunction is present:
, .
, , .
109
4.9 The Use of Individual Words
-Nt that the second word does not change form:
(since the expression means literally 'house of rest'). The expression does not
refer to an old folks' home or nutsing home, but to resort or vacation center.
Part of all of the cost of vacation at such center may bome the worker's
union. Husband and wife do not necessarily vacation at the same time, as we see in
the story in this lesson.
oea-Russians normally dine sometime etween noon and two or three
o'clock, and this is the largest meal ofthe day. Supper is generally simpler meal
and does not include the soup course, which is considered almost oligatory for
dinner.
_ &_ = 'to late'. Sometimes Russian verb may correspond to
~ verb plus adjective or adverb in English-a further reminder ofthe danger oftry-
ing to translate word-for-word from one language to another. (ln the future we
will use this Jittle figure to remind you ~ot to attempt to translate word-for-word.)
. . ,
i. , . , .
, , . .
, }' , . ,
. .
. - i
. , , , .
, ... !
:
- , ?
- , N'!! 2.
- , ?
- .
- , ?
- .
- ?
- .
110
- , ?
- .
-.
- .
- , ?
- .
- , ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ?
- , .
- ?
- .
- , .
- , . ?
? ! ,
. , . ,
! ,
.
-.
.
4.10. . - , ?
- .
-.
- .
( N2 4, , , N2 3, N2 1)
. - , N!! 2?
- i .
( N!1 3- ,
-)
l1l
4.11. - , ?
( , , , )
4.12. . - ?-, .
- ?- ,
- ?- ,
. - ?-, .
- ?- ,
- ?-,
. , - ,
. , ... ... , ...
4.13. - ?
- . ?
- .
- ... ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ... ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ... ?
- ... , .
4.14. - , , .
-.
- .
( -, -,
- )
4.15. Ask your classmates questions about where they and their parents live and
work, when they take their meals, etc., but restrict yourself to the words and
forms you know.
112
4.16. Word Study
-, day. Sometimes root may appear without vowel in some forms, with vowel in
other forms (cf. , ).
it +, -{v] and [u] are close\y related, not only in the development of Russian, but
in the history of languages in general.
, , aoe-lnterogative words beginning with ac--are related to English inteogative
words beginning with wh. The first letter of r is just the voiced counterpart. The in , ,
is the resu\t of palatalization of the .
nope-portfolio
i
8 + () i
ili + ()
+ () i
+ () /
+ () i
r im. ji + ()
.N"t 5- ()
-.
-. .
-, .
.
- ?- .
, -.
Rememer that in unaccented syllales is replaced the unaccented varieties of (cf. . 16, 17).
Unaccented is pronounced [i). Rememer the rules of word dynamics in Russian.
!
... ... ... ...
... ... - ... ... ... ... -
...
... ... ... ... ... 1
...
r81111:
In this exercise read the sentences as one syntagma, without pauses. Do not let the tone rise again
after it falls. The longer the sentence, the faster the unaccented parts will read.
!
? ? ?
, ?
, ?
, ?
, ?
, ?
-.
-r. .
iu -.
.
~= 1
.
.
114
-
-
n--r
.
\
.
-..
-
-
-
-
. : -.
. -.
. ? -.
. : . 1
. - .
- .
. 11 .
tt.
- - .
. . - .
: . - ?
.- . - -.
115
.
.
-.
.
: -?,- ,
-.
, 1?
- , ().
soft cons. +- -
-
soft cons. +- -
soft s. + - -
soft cons. + - - /-
Russian has only two classes of conjugation. Most verbs with the suffix -- (in-
finitives in --) belong to th~ second conjugatio, while verbs whose stem ends in
consonant (+, +) lg to the first conjugation.
For second-conjugation verbs the infinitive serve as the basic form, but
you must remember to drop the vowel suffix -- before adding endings (
+). The final consonant of the stem is soft in the second conjugation in //
forms, if the consonant has soft variant (while it is sometimes hard in the first
conjugation--y, -).
5.1
1. ... -? 2. -, ...
. 3. ... -. 4. ...
)'? 5. -, ... . 6.
... -?
117
5.4 Hard & Soft Stems, Adding Endings
In the case of vers we saw that the final consonant of the stem was softened
some endings (-vs. ). Also the stem ofthe third-person pronoun shows
change from hard to soft in the plural (_ vs. -),
In nouns and adjectives, however, stem must kept either hard or soft
whenever possile throughout the declension. The hardness or softness of stem
refers to the quality of the last consonant of the stem. Examples of hard stems:
_, r-, -. Examples of soft stems: ()., -,
- ( + 0). (Remember that the soft sign at the end of noun is
not an ending but simply an indication of the softness of the consonant, and is re-
moved before endings are added.)
Hardness or softness is an important characteristic of the stem and must re-
tained adding the appropriate hard or soft vowel symbols:
.-- .--
---- ---
--- ---
118
There is also small group of masculine nouns which have the ending - (not
always accented) but which also have the stem extended in the nominative plural:
_--, _--, _--
This is the third preposition used with the prepositiona1 case. Before wordse-.
ginning with vowel sound (written with -, -, -, -, -) the variant form must
used: , , , . (Note that this variant is
not used before words beginning with those vowelletters which include the sound
[]--, -, -, -: .)
Note the prepositional case forms of the interrogative pronouns: , .
119
5.7 The Prepositional Case of Feminine Nouns in - and Nouns in -i.
- , ?-,
.
The prepositional case ending for feminine nouns in - is spelled - (thus the
form is the same as the nominative plural for these words).
Nouns in - have the prepositional case ending spelled just as do those ending
in -, -.
5.7
: ( .N2 5).- Ng 5.
1. ( ). 2.
( )? 3. () ( )? 4.
( ). 5. ( ).
6. ( .N2 5). 7. ().
8. () , .( )?
5.8 Word Order, Adverbs (continuation)
ceiiac .
ii .
1.
-, .
- ?- .
- ?- .
The most usual position for an adverb is before the verb. Placing it after the
verb puts special emphasis on the adverb (fourth example). But within context the
placement of the adverb will depend on what is the given and what is the new in-
formation in sentence (fifth and sixth examples).
5.9 Word Order Accompanying Quoted Speech
: .
,- .
When the words indicating the speaker come after the words quoted, the verb
must come before the subject.
Note that in their printed form Russian quotation marks differ from those
used in English. In handwriting the forms are similar to those in English, but are
reversed in sequence, and the first pair are placed at the bottom of the line of
writing:
.lnrm ~-~~~~
5.10 Indirect Speech and the Interrogative Particle
: ?
, .
: ~?
120
, .
, .
.
.
: 3
.
?
, .
, .
: ?
, .
, .
, ~?
Questions containing an interrogative word can incorporated into sen-
tence as an indirect question similarly to the way it is done in English.
lfthe question does not contain an interrogative word, it is turned into an indi-
rect question means of the interrogative particle , which is placed after the
word in the question which receives the strong sentence stress represented the
intonation shift (IC-~). This stressed word is p)aced at the beginning of the indi-
rect question. The result is the equivalent of an English clause introduced
'whether' (or 'if = 'whether').
In colloquial speech an indirect question can made simply means of in-
tonation (cf. the last example above).
5.10 1
. :- ?- , .
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
? 5. ?
. :- ~?- , .
1. ' 3.?
2. ' 3 ?
. '
3.
u ' 3?
. 4. '
.
? 5. '
-.
u ? 6. '
.
, ?
7. i? 8. i -? 9.
~? 10. - i? 11. i?
12. -~?
. Turn direct questions into indirect questions.
1. : ?>> 2. :
~? 3. : ~? 4.
: ? 5. : -
-.
? 6.
:
? 1. -
.
121
~: ? 8. : ?
9. : J? 10. :
?>> 11. : ~? 12.
: ?
-?
: . ! 5.
, .
.
-, - ,
. -
.
: :
. ~
. : ,
-?>> ,- .
. ? . -.
-?" . .
: , : ,
. : . -, ...
. ! -!
i3 + () to tell (narrate) :
then, afterwards r, ni:. Would you like ciga-
rettes?
122 only, just
:
- , -i,
-. ?
- . -, .
I.
- -?
- , -:, -
- -.
- ?
- -.
-, , -?
- , , -.
.
- , -?
- , -, .
hi. .
... ?
- , ?
- .N!! 5, .
-.
-.
- , , , ?
- .N!! 2.
-.
-.
- ?
-, .
- 1
-.
6 6
-!
- ? ? ?
- , ? , .
- .
- .N!! 4?
-.
5.12. - -. ?- -
-.
- -. ?- ...
- r. ?- ...
- - -.
?- ...
- -. ?- ...
- r. ?- ...
- -. ?- ...
5.13. - ?
-, .
- !
-.
- !
( , )
5.14. - , , ?
- .
-.
- .
( .N!! 5, .N!! 3, .N!! 1, )
5.15. - u, , . ?
- . 2.
-.
- .
- ... , ?
- , .
- ... , ?
- , .
5.16. - !
- ? , , u ?
- , .
-.
- .
( - , ~-)
5~17. - - , , , naccaup, etc.?
- - ypa-magazine.
, i:... Tell (me), please ... ri... .his is ... (speaking) (used h)
! (used h)
124
5.18. Find out from your classmates and teacher what languages they know and
how well they know them.
5.19 Word Study
--ir tleet
---
+ --, ,
oo--oculist (window = wind-eyi:)
--nt(gn)
+ -!
/
ii ::. + ()
-ii ii, !
! ( )
--
+ () w + ()
, .? 1. , ii.
, /. 2.- i?-,
/
+ () .- .
j'i
+ ()
-j'
-
i i
113blK
-
+ (8)
IIblK /
l
-
-
ii
-
1ci6 . 1.
- ( 1-5)
REVIEW LESSON
1 (LESSONS 1-5)
You know the three genders ofRussian nouns and the basic endings which characterize them in
the nominative case, as well as the use of the pronouns , , and as replacer pronouns:
Mascu/ine-(o) zero ending (i.e., stems ending in hard or soft consonant with ending).
Feminine- () asic ending -, or stem ending in soft consonant with zero ending and written
with -
Neuter-(oo) basic ending -0 (spelled -/ -).
.
_
.
.
.
.
few masculine nouns referring to male beings end in - (spelled f -11): oii n, oii ir.
You know how to differentiate hard and soft stems and how to add endings to them.
The plural () basic endings are: Masculine and Feminine -, Neuter -.
You know Spelling Rules 1 and 11, which are asic to the proper selection of the written form
when adding endings to stems.
.- - -
.- - - n
.-- -
You know that some borrowed words (which do not have recognizaie masculine or feminine
Russian endings) do not decline, i.e. do not change form for numer or case: - ,
- , - .
You know that some nouns have fill vowel which is present only in forms which have zero
endings: _- , i_- .
You know that Russian nouns decline (change form for case), and know the following cases and
their uses and the corresponding endings:
Nominative case: . .
Accusative case: il, r-.
126
Prepositiona/ case with the prepositions 1
, , : . &.-
0 ?- .- ?- 6.
_
_ li
, _ ero, , ,
_
_
_
Rememer that possessive modifiers are often omitted when the meaning is clear from
context:-Ko ?- n.
Negation
You know how to use the negative particle : . .
. , . , .
Advers
Numerals
You know the numerals and adjective-numerals:
127
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 - "
5 -
Cojunctions
Comp1ex Setences
J~ .1\! 2.
.
r .
.
() , orit .
.
.
.
.
, .
, JJH -.
Word Order
You know how to use proper word order: (1) putting the new information at the end (particu1arly
in answering questions); (2) in questions with an interrogative word ( i:Jiae? JJ
?); (3) i the explanatory words accompanying quoted speech ( : .
>),- roopil .)
Punctuation
You know the use of the comma, the dash in equationa\ sentences, and the Russian form of quota-
tion marks.
128
Russians ask for the meaning of foreign words and phrases with: - (-ii
) ?, ?
Russians ask for another's opinion with:-Ka w ,?-, (/).
REVIEW EXERCISES
1. : - , .
!
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. ero . 6. rn.
7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12.
. 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. .
2. : r, - ?- .
!
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , MJ>I.
6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , .
11. , . 12. , .
3. : - ? ()- , .
- '? (.)- , .
!
1. ? () 2. ? () 3. ? (
) 4. ? () 5. ? () 6. ? (
) 7. ? () 8. ? () 9. ? (
) 10. ? () 11. ? () 12.
? ()
4. : .- .
!
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9.
. 10. .
6. !
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ( )?
8. () () ? 9. ?
? 10. ? 11. ? 12. ?
13. -? 14. -? 15.
? 16. ? 17. ?
Nt 6(1)
-
. .
, .
- i?- 61.
:
Read . 69 conceming the devoicing of consonants at the end of words or efore voice1ess con-
sonants.
! (Rr the rles of word dynaics in Rssian.)
... ... r ... ... )' ... ... ... ...
oiQIUI: In enumerations one may use either IC-1 or IC-3 in nonfinal syntagmas.
li!
~~. / ~, / ~ / ~.
k, 1 i, 1i 1 ~.
, / ~, / i / i.
,
,
,
3 / ,
,
3 /3 1
. 1
' ' 1 1 1 1 1
, /, .
1
'
' ,
3 3
, 1 1
3 1 1
.
- -
() ()
.
~
.
,
. . .
, i car
street - (i) to go (wa1k)
- () to go (ride, drive) . 1 streetcar
131
9*
.
.
,- -- ?
r . ? - .
. - . .
, ,
. .
132
When descriing action actually eing observed at the moment of speech, both
of these verbs are the equivalents of both 'to go' and 'to come':
1 . Here s 1There goes Nina.
Both of these verbs are regular first-conjugation verbs, but both have infini-
tives which are formed irregularly. (Remember that the infinitive tends to
the most irregular form of the Russian verb.)
(The verb - is used of purposeful, goal-oriented motion; -i + is used
only of walking for pleasure, 'to out walking.')
6.1
. !J ~
0 0
1. . ?- .
2. . ?- ...
3. . ?- ...
4. . ?- ... ;:::;:=;::;:::::;:::::)
... n,
.
... ... ,
... ?-
. 1. - ?
- , . ?
- ..
? Who else...?
133
2. - ? ?
- , ... .
- ?
- .
3. - ... ?
- , ... .
- ?
- .
4. - . ?
- .
5. - . ?
- ... .
- ?
- ... .
6. - ? ?
- , . ... ?
- , .
6.2
1
. ( ).
1. , ... 2.
.... 3.... , . 4. ... ,
? 5. ... , .
6.
. : n . n?
. n?
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. .
7. .
6.3. --
- ?- .- ?-
.
This is regular verb of the second conjugation, but the infinitive has suffix
new to you, --. The accent pattem of this verb is different, however, from that of
r-i-. In the present tense of -- the accent is on the ending in .
134
first-person singu1ar form, but moves back to the stem in other forms. In word lists
and where the verb is presented in its basic form (in an "exp1oded form", with
hyphens etween the component parts) tbls type of accent pattem will indi-
cated in this textbook using the "grave" accent mark ( ). Rememer, however,
that the on1y effective way to learn the accent to word is to let your ear 1eam
it for you.
6.3
1.- , ?- ... . 2.- ,
... ?- ... ,
. . 3. ... .
But in writing the student should always use the neutral word order, with the new
information at the end.
In similar fashion, if one were to make up questions which would call forth as
an answer particu1ar senteilce, one shou1d assume that the new information is at
the end of the statement:
u:.- ?
6.- ?
6.4
. Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses. Observe proper Rus-
sian word order.
1. -? () 2. ? ( ) 3.
? () 4. ? () 5.
? ( )
. Supply the questions to which the following sentences represent neutral answers.
1. . 2. i.
3. N!! 2 . 4.
i. 5. .
. N2 6. ,
, . . ,
.
- , ?-
.
- , ,- .
- ?
- , .
- ?
- . .
:
- . , , , .
, .
- , . .
. , ,
. , , .
136
:
- ?
- , . ?
- .
- ! .
- ?
- , , .
- ?
- . . ? !
- -?
- -.
=~~~~~~~, ~ ?
. ~
-.
- .
- ?
- , . ~, ~.- ~n
fih. .
- , , .
- , !
- ? ?
- , .
-, .
- . .
- !
- ?
- . .
-!
- ? ,
.
- .
- ?
- , .
- ?
- . .
137
Ynpa...eiiiUI
.7 - , , ?
- .
-.
-.
( , )
6.8 :- ?
-.
- . .
( , , )
6.9 - , ?- ,
?
, 6?- ...
, ?- ...
, ?- ...
, ?- ...
6.10 (, )
! ?
-.
- .
... , ! ?
-.
- .
... , ! ?
-.
- .
6.11 - , , .
- , .
(-, - ,
)
6.12 - .
- ? .
- !
- ?
-. .
-.
( - , - ,
)
6.13- !
- ! .
138
- , , ?
-.
- r 8?
- .
( , , )
6.14
-r
r
6.15 ? ( )?
? r ( )?
? ( )?
? ?
w i/i/R
: --
! (,
8i1
roopirr: rooplrr )
61
- () {rr n!
--
w: ?
il! ()
ii()
1 (i)
rpili+ cnpodle!
- (il) dl
()
i
awila
6 wec6i
. 7 ()
-
- ?- , .
- ?- .-
6m !
- ?- n .
- ?- .
.
{ii-I-5:
!
-, .. - -
xopoudi n!
-.
"'
What good briefcase!
-!
IC-5 expresses an emotional eva1uation and is used particu1arly in exclamations eginning with
ii, .The tone rises gradua11y the first stressed sy11ale and remainsaove mid-level unti1 the fi-
na1 accented syllale, when it falls. The fina1 word may stressed heavily, so that the sentence has, in
effect, two intonationa1 centers.
. !
! ... ! ...
! !
In questions without an interrogative word the 1 of the intonation shift will determine the
answer received.
. !
u
?
.-
,
. (-, .
)
i
3
?-, ~.
1
(-, 1 ~.)
?- , . (-, .)
?-, . (-, ~t'.)
,
140
IW . .
. .
. .
?- .
?- .
?- .
?- .
. . .
.
. .
.
141
ceiiic ? ( ?)
(5~ 6 --
~ 4 ~ ~
v 3
- .
~ 5 6 ~ 7 6
,
- . ,
, - ,
. .
- ?- ,
. ?
- ?- ?
, . ?
- ?-il ?
. .
- ?-,
.
142
Whe cotext ivolves both place d evet or activity, Russia uses
two directioal costructios, while i Eglish we ted to thik i terms of direc-
tio to activity located at place:
.
... to work at the library.
7.1 The Prepositios d
, .
.
.
Russia has sigle equivalet for 'to' or 'at' .lt is impossile to traslate these
__ ._
Eglish prepositios directly-you must first cosider the u they are used with. ~
1
h prepositio meas literally 'i ito' d is used i referece to co
taiers, eclosed spaces, cities, coutries, orgaizatios, texts, etc.
h prepositio meas literally 'ft' d is used of ueclosed sur-
faces, such as , JI, or with us ormally used with whe what is
meant is top of: :::r.
As you have s, the prepositio is also used with us which refer t to
place but to event or activity: , , 6. (Wamig:
UIOJia refers to the buildig, t to the classes that take place i it!)
There is extremely limited umer of cases i which must simply lear
that u is used with . Such cases will idicated i word lists as follows:
().
But meas of trasportatio demads (with the prepositioal case) whe
the u is used with goig verb: amime. (Note that di-
rectio is ivolved sice the vehicle is movig, but Mama is located the vehicle,
h the prepositioal case.) Whe such us are used i sese oflocatio
l, with goig verb, is used: m.
7.1-1
.
? ? ?.
. ( - )
1. ... . 2. ...
. 3. ... . 4. -
: . .
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. .
5. . 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. .
r.
: -. .
1. -. 2. -. 3. -.
- - (spelled 1
- -) -, -, -, -
-- (spelled -f-) -, -, -, -
-
Note that for the feminine and neuter genders and the plural numer the first
vowel of the ending is the same vowel that we expect as typical of those genders
and of the plural, as seen in the third-person pronouns.
ou can see that if you know. the spelling rules heart you will need to learn
144
only one set of endings for the adjective-if you don't leam them you will need to
learn several sets of endings!
7.3
. :- .- ? !
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. .
8. . 9. . 10. .
. Complete the sentences supplying the proper endings.
1. ... ... . 2. ... ... . 3. ...
... . ... 4. ... ,
.... 5. ... ... , ... ... . 6. ...
... . 7. ... ... . 8. ... -
. ... .
7.4
?
G 4
4
(3.00, 1.00, 6.00, 4.00, 7.00, 2.00, 5.00)
(Note that in Russian period is used instead of co1on when time is indicated in
figres.)
1. ~? 2. ~ ? 3. ir
? 4. i ? 5. ~ ?
.Read the fol/owing questions with correct intonation in order to obtain the an-
swers indicated.
1.- .N2 2?-, .
2.- ?-, . .
3.- ?- .
4.- ?- .
5.- ?-, .
. . .
. . ,
. . .
.
N2 3 .
. r.
. , :,- .
. :- .
1
- far girl
ii/- nice (of living being only) always
cepll:Ji /- serious
147
10"
.
.
? , .
, .
:
- , .
- .
- ?
- . , , .
- ?
-.
- .
- , ?
- , . .
- ? ! .
.
- . .
- ? !
- , , , ?
- .
-.
- .
- ?
- .
- ? !
- ,
, -
?
- . - ,
-. !
- . - .
- .
-. .
. Good-bye.
(neut. pl.) classes (university /evel) (noun) downtown (area)
(/. ) .
[s'ivdn'a] today 1
ii - eautiful, handsome
(partic/e) after all, you know , noiyiica! Pardon me, please.
u probaiy iii. That's . Don't mention it.
148
, .
-- -
, , ?
-
, .
- , .
-.
- .
-. .
-, .
-, , ?
-, .
-, .
-.
- .
- , . . ,
, ?
- , .
-, .
- .
7.11 , .-u,
?
, .
, .
, .
, .
, .
7.12- , , , ?
- .
-.
- .
( , , )
7.13 - .- ? .
( - , - , -
)
7.14 - . - , ,
... ! .
- . - .
.. .! ... !
! ! ! !
149
7.15- , .
, .
- .
- ?
-. , .
, li.
.
( - , - ,
- )
7.16 1. ? ?
? ?
? ?
2. ? ?
3. 1
? 1
4. ?
? ?
) Prerax: An element added to the beginning of the word to modify its Iexical or grammatical
meaning:
-
-r
-
) Suffix: An element added to the end ofa root to modify the lexica\ meaning or to form word
elongig to different part of speech:
----
--)'--
d) Endig: An element added to stem to indicate the grammatical function of the word in the
sentence:
_, -, -
r-, r-, r-
-I, -
) Stem: The root with its prefixes and suffixes, but without grammatical endings:
-
-
-wit
,
\50
r&--r, r
-, , , etc.
- ( = Faith)
...-, oovelty, new
rR-, ( = of this day)
3!-3i +
~ntr ( There is regular correspondence between and Eng/ish before e/i/y.)
- ( = this hour)
r3R 3ii/
r8 IIDii/-
r I' ? (= -
! r ?)
f --
w cipwi
3i!
i+
! JIOXOi/Be-
38110() - pocirre, 8i.- xopiullii
3RR ( 38HRTHRX) 8ii.
il/- rR
ii
YPQJ( .Ni 8- ()
11118 .
6 .
- ?- .
i. 6.
- .- , i,
.
nu:
Read . 15-16 concerning the place of articulation of the dental consonants , . . particular-
ly careful when pronouncing / etween vowels.
- , 3?0'
-
. .
1
- 5?- J.
.
3
1 3 . 1
- - .
r?
(jJ . ?
? ?
000 .
.
1
6, l
i announcer
6. 6
a'IRRil+(ca) to start, egin
811 broadcast, pro~am
ICOR'Iil + () to end, fimsh
'lac$1 At what time? (bookish)
152
Kor ?
?
?
- -
.
.
.
.
~.
.
.
.
. -
.
, , .
.
, ,
- . , ,
- , .
.
, .
,
.
.
:
.
. - , ii
, !
? - , .
153
.
.
8.1
. 7 .
. (2 ).
(5 ).
(8 ).
The verb never occurs without the parcle -. These two new __ &.
verbs (, ) occur both with and without the particle -. English ~
grammar seldom indicates the function of word its form. Russian grammar is
more apt to do so. One might say that, in this sense, Russian grammar is very for-
malistic. In the above English sentences there is .formal difference between
transitive and intransitive verbs, while in Russian the intransitive equivalent of
these verbs have the particle -. Remember that transitive verb must have
direct object .either present or clearly implied. You will need to become
aware of the transitivejintransitive contrast. -
While not all intransitive verbs have the particle - (cf. , ) all
verbs which do have this particle are intransitive.
The direct object of , expressed an infinitive:
7 .
8 .
8.2
. : 3 .-
3 .
1. . 2. 7 .
3. 8 . 4. 5 .
5. 6 . 6. 2 .
7. .
. (/)
1. 2 . 2. 8 . 3.
... 5 . 4. ... 6 . 5. ...
3 . 6. ... . 7. ...
8 . 8. 5 .
(/)
155
8.3 Days of the Week
.
It is Wednesday.
- ? - ?
- . - .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
- ?
. 1 .
- .
What case is used to express the day on which something happens?
Note that Russians consider Monday to the first day of the week, and that
the days of the week are not capitalized. Also note the fill vowel in the preposition
in oJUUI (to break up the difficult consonant cluster that would otherwise oc-
cur).
8.3
: - ?- .
1. ? () 2.
? () 3. ? () 4.
? () 5. ? () 6.
? ( ) 7.
? ()
-
Note that the neuter third-person singular accusative form is like the masculine
accusative form, not like the neuter nominative!
The usual position for the accusative pronouns is efore the verb (which is in
keeping with the general tendency of Russian word order, since pronouns, being
noun replacers, normally refer to the known rather than the unknown part of the
sentence): . . But they may found in other posi-
tions, depending on context and intonation or for greater emphasis.
156
8.4
: -. ?
1. N!i 1, . . ...
. 2. . ... . 3.
u, , , . 4. ~
. ... ? 5. -r. ...
? 6. ? ... . 7.
-? 1, -, ...
. 8. u . ,
.
8.7. ().
1. , ... , . 2. ... ,
. 3. , ... , -. 4.
: ... . 5. , ... ,
. 6. ,
158
8.12 Notes on Individual Words
+ m-Nt that the name of the game is not used as direct
object in Russian. Instead one uses the preposition with the accusative case.
1 1
?---f. 6?
-Nt that this noun always has the accent on the ending: .
N2 2 -
. .
!\![
,
.
,
!
.
- , ,- .-
.
- , .
. , !
. , : , ...
- , .
.
-.
, .
, ! , .
.
.
:
- ?
- .
-?
- , , .
- , ?
- , .
- ?
- .
- , !
- .
- .
- , !
- ,
.
.
- ?
- .
- !
- , . .
- . ,
, !. .
- , .
- , .
- , . .
- ?
- , .
- .
- , .
- , ?
- .
- ?
- .
- ?
-.
- . .
-.
- ! . !
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
u
8.13 - ? - .
- ? - .
- - , -
? .
(]
000
8.15 ?
? :( ?
?
?
?
8.16- , .
- !
( - ,
- )
8.17
?
?
?
,
?
,
?
161
11-1022
8.18 ? ?
? ?
1 :? 1 ?
(, )?
? 1 ?
i ?
1 ( )?
? ?
- i--i
r- --8th
8i+ ..,.. + --
!
i /
+ ()
: ? CII8i+
i+ ?
- aliii(e) 1 /-
.r.
- u(). + ()
--
JI . : ?
iu
pyrOi 1npoa/
, --
: er6 :? i
.Ni! 9- ()
i .
.
, i
.
- 8, !
- , !
Read . 16-17 conceming the dynamics ofword stress in Russian. Also rememer to read prep-
ositions together with the folloWing nouns.
fl!
... ... ~ ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... ...
!
i:
Non-final syntagmas which express complete thought are normally pronounced with IC-1.
. j nomopflme!
1
,
1 1
.
1 1. 1
, .
.
,
1 1 . .
.
1
Non-final syntagmas which do not express complete thought are most often pronounced with
IC-3.
. nomopflme!
~, 1
1
.
~, 1 ~.
~, 1 ~.
~. 1 : .
163
.- .
... ?
.
.
, .
. .
. .
. . .
. .
.
164
:
, , :.
. , nst.
. .
,
h English verb 'to have' is often used with meanings other than that of pos- __ (1.
session, such as the meaning of the location of an object. In Russian appears ~
in this construction / when possession itself is in question (since the form comes
from the verb 'to ', it is really question of existence). If the stress is some-
thing other than existence, such as the quality of something already known to
exist, the fonn is not used.
165
- : ?- ~ ().
"Who has chess set?" "1 have ( chess set)."
- : ?-() .
"Who has the <:;hess set?" "1 have (the chess set)".
- : ?-( ) .
"What kind of set is it you have?" "(/ have) new chess set."
In the second and third examples 'have' refers not to possession but to the loca-
tion or quality of something already known to exist, as we can tell from the definite
article 'the' and the possessive modifiers. Therefore is not used. Note that, al-
though Russian does not have separate words equivalent to the definite and indefi-
nite articles 'the', '/ an', it does have other ways ofexpressing this contrast. Com-
pare also:
- ?- . ... letter.
- ?- . The letter...
Here word order is used to express the definite 1indefinite contrast.
The construction + personal pronoun is often used in conversational Rus-
sian as an equivalent of the possessive modifier: : = :.
Using this construction can help to make your Russian speech sound more
natural, less bookish.
(This construction cannot used in equational sentences, such as
.)
9.1
. () ?
1. () ... .
'2. () ?
3. () ... ?
000
4. () ?
5. () ?
6. () ?
. : - .
1. :. 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8.
.
. !
? 2. ? 3. :
1.
? 4. :? 5. ? 6. ?
7. ? 8. ? 9.
? 1. ?
166
. Add / to those seteces i which it is eeded.
1.- ... ?- . 2.- ... ?-
. 3.- ... ?- ... . 4.- ...
?- . 5.- ... ?-, .
6.- ?-, .
9.2 = while whe i Com lex Seteces. The Puctuatio of lex
ts
, .
,
.
Sice these are replacer proous, stadig i place of u, they are t used if
the u itself is present i the st. Here is used.
- .- .
.
Now it is two o'clock.
.
It is Wednesday.
The accent of the imperative is on the same syllale as that of the first-person
singular form. This means that for verbs with shifting accent the imperative will
168
aecented differently than the present-tense second-person plural form:
, but !
9.4. .
'
1. ( 1
v ' v '
... , 1.... ,
) ' ' 1.... , 3'.1
2. ( 1) , ....... , .... , .
3. (/ ) , ... . , -
.
4. ( 1:)., ... :r. , ...
.
5. (/ ) ... , , ?
6. 1
( ) ... , , , ? ... , n,
, ?
7. (/) ... , , .
, .
8. (/) , , . , -
' .
, .N2 6. ,
, - . ? .
, .
169
. ,
.
- ,- .-
. ,
.
- . ?- .
- , . , -
.
- ?
- .
- , ?
- . , .
.
~ , , .
.
- , ?
- , .
- .
- , ?
- , .
- ?
.
- ?
-, , .
- ?
- .
- ?
.
1 .
- .
:
-, ?
- .
- .
- ?
- .
- ... , ?
- ?
- . ?
- , , . ? -
, ?
- .
- , . , .
- .
- , . . , -
. , .
- ?
- , .
- ! ?
- , , .
- !
- , , ?
- . .
9.8 - ?
-.
- ?
- .
- .
- , .
- .
(, , )
9.9. - , ?
- .
(... ? ... ? ...
? ?)
171
9.10- !
- .
( , -, )
9.11 - , !
- , . ?
- , . ?
- , .
( - ~ - ,
- )
9.12 i . .
. ...
. ...
.
.
9.13 - .
- . .
- .
- . .
- -.
- . .
- .
- . , ! .
9.14 - , ?
- , . .
(, , , , , )
9.15 - . ()
- !
- , .
- . ()- .. .
- . ()- .. .
- . ()- ...
9.16 l. ?
? ?
?
( )?
?
?
-t: w / ? oporplia
:
f
-- (, il) ri
,
: 10: r
ra3 10?
r
i () ()
eirri
: ?
i
11, 3+
: () ()?
, .N! 1 ()
-
i . .
- ?- .
- i, wi N.! 10.
)).
Read . 24 concerning the vowel . Rememer that if word eginning with the letter follows
without pause word ending in hard consonant, this vowel is pronounced as ( ). Also review
reading rules, . 69.
!
... il ... ... 1
...
in:
Even when read as two syntagmas, declarative sentences differ from questions consisting of the
same words, since the questions are spoken as one syntagma.
j !
3 1 3 ?
-/. -.
3
- /1
. - 3
.? .
.
3 1
.
1 3 ?
.
.
.
3 1
-.
1_ .
.
-
3
.?
. .
. .
..,..., i1
174
, .
, , .
+ -- -
, , - ~- - -
, , - I! - -
- - - -
, , -JI -JI -JI -JI
.
. dl,
? . .
.
.
. IC ? ?
?
.
.
. .
. ,
. .
. . .
. ,
. .
. m
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
I .
175
. .
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
. - -
. . . .
- -
. .
- ?- ,
.
- ?-
.
The present tense in Russian changes form for person and number. The past
tense, however, changes only to agree with number, and, in the singular, with the
gender ofthe subject.lts forms are, therefore, more like those ofa pronoun than of
verb. The past-tense ending is -, which is added to the basic form. this are
added the same endings as are found the third-person pronouns:
176
_ -- (() + ) --_ (() +)
- -- --
- -- --
As was the case in the formation of infinitives, consonant must removed be-
fore the - is added.
. .
ou are accustomed to the fact that in the present tense the verb is nor-
mally zero-form. It does, however, have explicit forms in the past tense: ,
, , .
Many verbs which have one-syllale stems shift the accent to the feminine
ending in the past tense: , 2ICIIJia. If the verb is negated in the
past tense, the accent will on the negative particle except in the feminine form:
, , , .
f
The past tense of verbs with the particle - - is formed simply adding the
proper variant of the particle following the gender or plural ending:
. . n.
When the subject is or the gender depends on the person speaking or
being spoken to. With the verb is plural at all times.
-, ?- .
- , ?- .
- , l?- .
With masculine nouns such as , ui, the past tense form is mas-
culine: .
h interrogative pronoun always takes masculine past tense form,
-- neuter form:
- .- ?
- .- ?
10.1
. , /J
:.
1. , :. 2.
, . 3.
, !, ...
-:. 4. 8 , ...
7 . 5. : 3 , ... 4 . 6.
, .
. . .
1. . ... . 2.
. ... . 3.
, .. . . 4. ii , ...
:. 5. ? . 6.
. .
177
12-1022
. - i.- i?
l. - i .-
? 2. - .- ... ?
3. - .- ... ? 4. -
.- ? 5. - t:
.- ... ?
. : - .- U.
&. 2. . 3.
l.
. 4. . 5. .
6. . 7. . 8. .
9. . 10. . ll. . 12.
. 13. .
178
relative adjective introduces an adjective clause ( clause which modifies
noun). The relative adjective must agree with the noun modified in gender and
numer. But since it has its own function in the adjective clause, it11eed not agree
with the noun in case. In the first four examples both the noun and the relative ad-
jectives are subjects of their own clauses. Why, in the second set of examples, is the
relative adjective in different case than is the noun it refers to?
(Note that occurs only as an interrogative pronoun, not as the relative pro-
noun 'who'.)
10.3
: . .- ,
.
1. . . 2. . . 3.
. . 4. ? .
5. . . 6. . .
7. . 6. 8. .
. 9. . .
179
12*
If the titles of books, films, ewspapers, broadcasts, etc., are quoted, they are
declied uless the word , JI, , etc., is preset i the
setence.
1
Sice meas 'is', it ofte occurs i equiv~lets of 'there is there are'. d
sice i such costructios we are questioig or affirmig the existece or pres-
ece of somethig, the will ormally preset, v if there is referece to
quality, quatity, etc. (Note that this 'there' is not adverb of place, but is
"empty" word, similar to the "empty it" Therefore it has equiva1et i the
Russia st.)
Note that there are umber of equivalets of 'There is f are ... ':
1. Poitig out somethig: . There's our street.
2. Empty phrase used with verb form i '-ing':
. There's an interesting program starting now.
3. Expressig existece: ? What newspa-
pers are there at the newsstand today?
180
10.9 Notes on Individual Words
means 'why' when referring to the goal or aim of an action;
means 'why' when referring to the reason for an action or state:
- ?-
.
- ?- , }'
.
-nvr used of children; use instead ( )
-ung man
-ung people young men 1
and are commonly used in addressing sales per-
sons, in asking help from strangers, etc., as long as the age of the person addressed
is suitale.
+ : 1 ...?-This verb is used only with
things. () ? is used only of people.
-ldrl (used of people only, more polite than ).
(News)- Note that this is neuter plural form.
means 'now' when comparison is made with previous state of affairs
or when transition from one action to another is indicated; means simply
'now', 'at this time'.
-'mn', 'person', while -'mn (male)'. But the word comi
nation refers to young male (the counterpart of ). As
in English, the plural of has different rt-.
.
-
.
, .
1 , ,
, . i
, , , ,
, , , ,
...
Note capitalization:
The current practice is to capitalize only the first word in most titles and names
(other than personal names, of course): ,
. Place names or personal names occurring within titles are, of course, capi-
talized: (( .
:
- , ! ?
- , .
>>.
- . ?
- . -
.
- , , ?
- ? .
-.
- .
182
- , ?
-.
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- .
- , ?
- , .
- ?
- , , , .
- , .
- .
- , .
- , ?
- ,
- , .
- ?
- .
- , ! .
- , ?
- .
um
10.10 - ?
- , .
( , , -,
)
10.11 - .
- ?
- . .
(, , , , )
10.12- , - ?
- ', }'.
( , , , , , )
10.14 . , , , , .
- , ?
. , , ,
.
- , ?
10.15. , .
, .
10.16. , N!! 7. .
:
- , ! ... ()
10.17 . -, ?
-, ....
- ?
-, . .
( , ; ;
, )
. - , i ?
- .
- . , ?
(; ?; !)
10.18 1. ? ?
? ?
( , )?
2. ? ? (
)? () () ?
3. ?
i +
-- ( )
1
: -
:
-- --
+ ,
: (), ? : ..., ...
, kr + : ?
: 1
?
? () 1
()
: ?
(; )
()( 6---10)
NOUDS
ou now know the accusative case of animate nouns in the singular:
r. il k. - (spelled -/...)
Mawa . Mawy Biluo. - (spelled -/-)
1\mong the new nouns you know, the following are indeclinale: ICIIII6, , di. The fol-
lowing nouns are used only in the plural: tr, , ww. The noun is neuter. The
noun 8 is an adjective in form.
You know the familiar forms of many names: 8-8, -.
Surnames change form to agree with the person(s) referred to: , ,
.
ou know that the titles of newspapers. ooks, films, etc., are declined unless preceded the
word irra, JJ,
etc.: Pocciu>. )).
ou have encountered the use of emotive-expressive ("diminutive") suffixes: ,
, .
ru
You know the accusative case of personal and interrogative proilouns and the forms of pronouns
used with the preposition :
Nominative Accusative With (Genitive)
Jl
, ero r
I r r
ou are acquainted with the use of the genitive forms with in conversational speech as replace-
ments for the possessive modifiers: oil . i . =
... )
You know various equivalents of the English 'it':
The unchanging pronoun :- ?- .- ?- .
The replacer pronouns , , 6, ii:- ?- .
The "empty it" has no equivalent in the Russian sentence: l 8 68.
Modifiers
You know the nominative case endings, singular and plural, for adjectives. including the soft-stem
adjective .i. Rememer the importance of the spelling rules, particularly when adding adjective
endings.
186
(-I, -) 8 (-) (-) i (-)
(spelled -i, -i, -oi) (spelled -u, -) (spelled -, -) (spelled -, -)
i () HOBU
l n
ni nr n n
i i
ill opilu 11
Vers
h past tense of vers agrees not with person but with gender and numer:
r-8-.: , , oopiuul
uai + : , , enaJIII
-: , ,
~:,,l
You know that some intransitive vers have the particle -: 8i+, ii+, -
ii +.Distinguish carefully etween transitive and intransitive vers:
{: i J 9 .
a'llllliecll 9 6.
187
2. 'there is/there are':-B ?-, .
?
ou know when is not us~:
In referring to the quality of something already known to exist:- ?- ,
.
ln referring to the location of something already known to exist:- ?-
8 .
In sentences whose English equivalents egin with the "empty" construction 'there is 1there are'
used with verb form in '-ing': . 'Today there's
young girl working at the newsstand.'
ime Expressiom
You know the time expressions: telling time and telling at what time something happens/hap-
pened: . . Days of the
week and telling on what day something happens 1happened: cyf!irra.
.
ou know that the names of days and months are not capitalized.
ou know the expressions , .
Word Order
In neutral statements, particularly in written form, the new information is put at the end of the
sentence:
- ?- .
- ?- .
- ?- .
In questions without an interrogative word the location of the intonation shift (JC-3) will indicate
the answer required:
3
- ?- , . (- , .)
3
- ?-, . (- , .)
When the whole sentence consists of new information, the subject wi\1 normally at the end:
.
188
ou know how to express the definite 1indefinite contrast means of word order:
- ?- .
- ?- .
Prepositios
Complex Sentences
ou know the complex sentence structures:
, .
, N.! 8.
Conversational Expressions
1. : . , , .
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. .
5. . 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. . 10. .
4. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of words gi'ven in parentheses.
1. ... (). 2. ...
(). 3. ... (). 4.
... ( ) . 5. ... ()
. 6. (). 7. ... ()
, . 8. (). 9.
() (). 10. (
).
7. Give long answers to the questions, using the numerals given in parentheses.
1. ? (2) 2. ? (10) 3.
? (1) 4. ? (8) 5.
? (9) 6. ? (3) 7. ?
(4) 8. ? (6) 9.
? (7)
190
9. lnsert the proper forms of -- or --.
1. ... . 2. ~ .. .
... . 3. . ...?
4. ... , ... . 5. ... ,
?
:..
-:.
- ?-
.
- ?- , ,
.
- :?-,
.
.
.
!
... ... ... ... _ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
:
-:
{iUI:
Read . 50-51 concerning the variant of IC-2 used in salutations and when addressing person
name.
!
2 2 2 2 2
! ! ! ! !
2 2 2 2
1
, ! 1
, !
. , ., .
, :
, :
r , :
r , :
192
. ,
. ~ ,
ChiHa ,
. 1 ,
. ,
.
~
w
. .
? .
-
? lmperfective Perfective
- , ,
Aspect Aspect
.
-
?
- ,
.
? 1 () ,
( ?) 1 ()
2 (), 3, 4 ,
2 (), 3, 4
5, 6... , ,
, , ,
, , 6, / two
., , ,
:6 (for) how long 1
6-- - to build
u + 1 + i+ /-
ir/ (for) long time ii + 1:\-
1
+ in. (, , it)
r (S ) year
193
13-1022
.
. .
. ,
.
. .
.
.
- .
194
Note that has -- in endings where other special modifiers you know
have --.
. . - .
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
195
13
You a1ready know the p1ura1 form = 'everybody', 'all' (the noun is
understood) and the neuter form = 'everything', 'all'.
Note the proper word order of when used with nouns and pronouns:
.
.
Where English uses an indefinite 'they' or 'one', Russian simply uses the third-
person plural verb form without suject pronoun. Use / if you can ident-
ify the persons referred to! (Rememer that the rep1acer pronouns are used on1y in
reterence to specific noun.)
This construction is often the equiva1ent of English passive constructions.
In such constructions the main attention is not on the actor, but on the action
itse1f.
196
11.5 1
, etc.
1
For use with numerals 5 and above the word takes its form from another
root entirely (meaning "summer").
11.4-5. Supp/y the appropriate forms of / .
1. ... , .... 2.
7 ... , - 5 .... 3.
3 ... , 11 .... 4. 4 ... . 5.
7 . 6. 9 .... 7.
4 . 8. 8 .
What case is used to express the length of time an action or state lasts? (Note
that if numeral is involved, it is the numeral which is in the accusative case, while
it in turn requires special form of the noun.)
Note the Russian equivalent for 'How long does it take to ... ' in the last two
examples.
11.6. Complete the sentences or answer the questions with the appro-
priate forms of words in parentheses.
1.- ?-(2 , 5 , ,
, ). 2.- ?-(2
, 10 , , 3 , ). 3.-
?-(5 , 10 , , 4 , ,
). 4. (, 6 , , , , ).
5. (1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 ,
, , ). 6.- ?-(2
, 7 , 11 , , 2 , ). 7.
(4 , 8 , 10 ). 8.- ?-(5
, 9 , 10 , ).
197
- ?-, .
- ?- .
__
, Both of these adverbs are equivalents of '(for) log time', but they express
~ differet cocepts ~d aswer different questios.
o(t-implies measure of time completely contained in any time
period-past, preset, future. l the preset tese refers to generalized,
recurrig action, t to specific single occurrece of an actio.n:
.
-is used with actios which g i the past d continue in the present
(it really means "sice log time ago"). It also is used to refer to whe (...?)
actio took place.
As we saw in Lesso 8, action which g i the past d cotiues ito
the preset is expressed meas of the preset tese i Russian. lf the actio or
state is egated, however, the past tense is used (which is logical: sice the action
ever began, it t cotiue into the preset):
- We have never been in Akademgoro-
poe. dok.
The past tese is also used with :- i ?-
. 1 have always worked...
11.7. Supp/y or
as needed.
1. ... , . 2. ... . 3.
... , . 4.-
?-, . 5. .
6.- :?-, .
7. ... . 8. ... , . 9.
, ... . 10.
, .
( )1
1. ... , ...
, . 2. , .
3. ... , r .
... , . 4. .
5. .
( )1
1. ~ ... , , ,
. 2. , : -
i + 1- to make
200
. 3. , , ... , . 4. -
.
1
( ) Read the aswer i each item before decidig theform to use
i the questio.
1.- ... ?-
. 2.- ... ,
?- . 3.----:- ... ,
?- .
. : .-
.
1. . .... 2.
. ... 3.
. ... 4. .
... 5. .
.... 6.- .- ? 7.
. ...
. 8. .
.
201
Russian is more specific than English in indicating location, and frequently
where we use just 'to ' ('located') Russian uses 'to stand' ('sit', 'lie', etc.):
.
---- ou can immediately determine from the particle - that this
verb is intransitive. While -- + means 'to study something' (and must al-
ways have direct object), --- means 'to study' in the sense of to stu-
dent: . . 'Nina's good
student'.
. ..
. : N2 3.
. ,
.
- ?- .
- . .
. . , , ,
, 1 - . )', ,
: , , ...
, .
- , .
. - ,
. - , .
.
- . .
, 1 ...
, .
:
- , !
-!
- , ?
- . , , ...
... ?
- , . , , ?
.
- . , , ...
.
202
- , ?
- . , .
- , ?
- . , .
- , .
- ?
- .
- ! ?
- .
- .
- , . ?
- , . ?
- . . . ?
- . .
, .
- ! ?
- , .
- , ! ?
!
- , . .
- , . -
?
- 1 , , .
- .
11.12 - , , ?
- . 10 ..
( -11, -5, -8, -5)
11.13- , , ?
- 5 ..
(-10, -4, -2, -5, -
11)
11.14 , ?
( , , , , )
11.15 - , Tim.
- ! , , !
(- , - , - )
203
11.16 . , , ,
.
Words to use: , , , , , ,
, , , .
11.17 .
: ... ()
11.18- , .
- , ?
.
(- , - , - )
11.19 - , ! ?
- , . ?
- . . . -
?
-. .
(, , , ; ,
, , )
11.20 .
:
... ()
11.21 1. (, ,
)?
2. ? ? ( ,
)? ?
? ?
3. ( ,
, )?
? ?
? ( , )?
J.
204
--. (Russian developedfrom long vowel [ii).
--
-
- marine
= -- (the last portion is related to fl:)
-, contemporary (= Latin con = together, with; look up the derivation
of the English word in ig dictionary.)
-stnd
, ---- -- +, ,
-i-
+ ! -_- /
: .
()? JJ --- ,
:
() - i ? ()
-. R
+ /- li/-
/- ,
+: . -- .
: i ?
+ .
1
( )
()
-- .
i ()
-- .
.
:
()
()
YPOKN! 12 -I
, .
.
1 ,
.
,
.
.
Read . 37-39 and 46 concerning palatalized consonants. In this drill remember to strive for very
soft consonants particularly efore and unaccented .
!
... ... ... ... :-.;- ... ~
...
... ... ... ...
.. .
,
. ? ?
.
.
1 ~
, , 1
, , ~ ~ +
, ,
, , , i must, to have to
206
1 (imp.) , (imp.) -
.
(.}, (.) .
, , .
, , .
(---)
(--+)
(--)
(---)
()
, . . .
8 . 5 .
.
207
.
)' . 1. ,
.
- , -?--, .
One ofthe main uses ofthe dative case is to express the indirect object ofa verb:
the person(s) in whose interest or for whose benefit sornething is done. The
exarnples v have both direct objects and indirect objects.
Almost all verbs of communication require the dative case ofthe person(s) corn-
rnunicated to 1with. Note that the terrn "communication" is used in broad sense
and includes actions such as srniling.
/ ?
/ -,
-.
1
.
fish 1
-- - (, ) to pre-
R meat pare, cook
tj fruit
~ vegetaies . DOOI'8i+ to help
Rcnm.fno- (i, i) to clean -6 = , in my opinion
208
-f . .
.
209
14-1022
12.4 Simu1taneous vs. Consecutive Actions
, .
Whi1e the wife was cooking dinner, the husband watched V.
, .
After/When the wife had cooked dinner, they had dinner.
Since an imperfective verb describe an action in progress it is used to
express actions which occur at the same time. On the other hand, the perfective is
used for comp1ete actions which follow one another, one being complete before the
next.action occurs. Note that the word has different English equivalents in
these two types of context.
12.5 The Past Tense of the Verbs , ,
- ?- .
?
- ?- , .
In the past tense verbs built on the verb have the root , with fi
vowel in the masculine form.
12.4-5
. 1. - , , ?
- , . ... .
2. - , ?
- , .
3.- , ?
- , ... .
4. - , ?
- , .
5. - , , ,
?
- ,
6. - , , .
- ,
. Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses in the correct form.
1. () 9 () 4. 2.
() 7 . (n) 8 .
3. () 8 () 5 .
4.- :?- () . 5.-
?- () . 6. ()
. 7. () , .
. : . .- ~ana.
, . ( Indicate in each case whether actions
are simultaneous or consecutive.)
1. . . 2. 1
. . 3. . -
210
,. 4. 1. .
5. . . 6.
. ). 7. .
. 8. . . 9. .
. 10. . :
.
. Comp/ete the sentences with the verbs of the required aspect in the correct form.
1. - ?- , ( 1) .
2. - , ?- (/ )
. 3. ( 1) , ( 1)
. 4. (/) 1, .
5. ( 1) , ( 1
) , . 6. , (
/) . 7. (/),
. 8. ( 1) ,
( 1), ? 9. ( 1)
. 10. ( 1)
, (/) . 11.
( 1) , . 12.
( 1) -, . 13.
(/) , (/) ?
1
14. ( ) ? 15.
(/), (/) . 16.
1
( ) , .
17. (/) , (/
) . 18. (f) ?
19. , (f) , .
12.6 Relationships Between lmperfective and Perfective Verb Stems
pair of corresponding imperfective and perfective verbs may related to
each other in various ways. In some cases perfective is formed from an imper-
fective stem means of prefix. (In the future in discussing word formation
and in word lists we wi separate both prefixes and suffixes with hyphens to
make the stem more obvious.)
-+ ---+ -+ ~-+
------ -+ ~- + (note, vowel
-+ --+ change to keep the prefix hard)
---- ------
In the great majority of cases, adding prefix to an imperfective verb makes it
perfective. In the case of the verbs above this is all that occurs. In other cases the
verb is not only made perfective; new lexical meaning may emerge in the prefixed
verb:
-i--t say, tell (some single specific thing)
-----t narrate, relate, tell
----t show
211
14
These verbs are all based the simple root . Removig the prefix would
also remove the w lexical meaig, so differet type of formatio must used
to derive imperfective verb. The most commoly used suffix for this purpose is
- +: ---+,--+. --+ 1--- isalso
of this type, but there is chage i the st at the d of the root d
chage i the root vowel.
I the case of very few verbs the perfective d imperfective stems come from
etirely differet roots: --/---, --- 1.
imperfective 1perfective pair is uusual i that the imperfective is formed
-addig both suffix d prefix, although the perfective takes no prefix:
1
--+ --.
Ifiitives ofthe prefixed forms f show alteratios i spellig, but in the
spoken laguage the root is still obvious: 1 (), (
).
The prefix - occurs in Russia with various meanigs i perfective
verbs:
(1) "true", resultative perfective: -,--, --+, ---.
(2) special variety of perfective verb idicatig limited amount of the action
('for little while': ---). (Note that the verb -- also has "regu-
lar" resultative perfective, ---). perfective verb idicatig limited
amout of actio might diagrammed thus: 1----i. The limited action
viewed as total event: ! 'Let's chat 1talk for it!'
(3) On goig verbs this prefix indicates the beginning of the actio, the settig
out stage: . I the st we kow for certai that
he has left, that he is loger here. Unless the cotext idicates otherwise, we
generally assume that the goal was reached, but this is t implicit i the verb
itself. This type of actio could represented thus: t--+ While the trip itself
tnay t complete, the beginning stage, the settig out, is complete.
I the future whe perfective verb is formed simply addig prefix, this
will idicated in abbreviated form i word lists: -- 1-.
12.7 The Future s of Perfective Verbs
. ,.
. , .
Perfective verbs have preset tese, sice actio canot viewed as in
process d at the same time as complete. Perfective verbs do have forms which
have edigs like the preset tese, but these forms havefuture meaig. (Remem-
ber that perfective verbs idicate complete actios, not comp/eted actions. Future
perfective forms refer to actios which it is implied will complete, total events in
the future.)
Look agai at the second example above. The Eglish equivalet would
'Whe we've finished dier .. .' or 'Whe we fiish diner' I English we use
simple preset tese or present perfect form i 'whe'-clause referring to fu-
ture actio. The act is t yet complete, so Russia uses the future tense.
Note the perfective future of verbs based . The root clearly re-
cogized, though some changes have occured i the spelling (particularly i the in-
fiitive).
212
, , ()
, , ()
, , ()
12.7
. : .-
.
1. 1 . 2. .
3. . 4. 1 . 5. 1
. 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9. 1
. 10. . 11.
1 . 12. . 13.
I . 14. .
. :- ?- , .
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ?
5. ? 6. ? 7. :t~?
12.8 New Types of Consonant Mutation in Second-Conjugation Verbs
----, , c-w
---, , -
---, , -()
---, , -()
The first new mutation presented resemies the one you a1ready know (
, )-- consonant made with the front part of the tongue becomes
.. hushing" sound. In the second examp1e two consonants made with the front
part of the tongue change together to become ..hushing" sound.
The other two mutations presented are new type: verb stems whose root ends
in lip-consonant (, , , , ) keep the lip-consonant in the first-person singular
form, but add after it soft .
12.8
: - ?- .
1. ? 2. , <><;
? 3. ? 4.
? 5. , ? 6. , I
? 7. , ? 8.
? 9. , ? 10.
? 11. ? 12. ,
?
12.9 First-Conjugation Verbs with Consonant Mutation
----, ,
----, , -
-----, ,
213
There are predictale consot mutations also in the first conjugation, but
here the mutation occurs in all forms of the present / future tense, not just in the
first-person singular form.
The orthography of Russian masks the difference between first-conjugation
verbs such as and , since it appears that they should conjugated
in the same way. Knowing the basic form clears up the confusion: -+ (
; , with the final consonant of the stem, -, lost before the consonant
ending of the past tense); --- (; , with the vowel of the basic
form, --, lost before the vocalic endings of the future tense). (It is only when
vowel has been dropped in this way that the final consonant of the root under-
goes mutation.)
12.9
: - ?- , .
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ,
? 5. ? 6.
-? 7. , , ? 8.
? 9.
?
ln the future tense we see reappear the -- which is present in the imperfective,
-- +, but the vowel of the root is absent in the perfective stem.
12.10
: - ?- . .
?"2. ?
1.
3. ? 4.
? 5. ? 6.
? 7. ? 8.
?
The verb used not only of motion specifically on foot, but also as
generalized verb of motion when the emphasis is on de-stination rather than mode
oftravel-but only within the limits ofa particular city, never oftravel to other ci-
ties. We really do not know whether Vera and Anton go to work on foot or ve-
hicle in the example above. (Of course if vehicle is mentioned, one has to use
)._ See also the first dialog on page 148.
214
12.12 Notes on Individual Words
{t-Nt the unchanging form of the first component of this word,
which is the form usually associated with use wi feminine nouiJ.s.
>- popular Russian weekly magazine with articles on wide range of
topics, short stories, poetry, and many illustrations.
N212. , .
. -
, .
:
- , , .
1. . ?
- , .
- .
'- ?
- , , }', ...
-.
.
. ; : ,
, , .
-, :?-: .- !
. .
, ,
.
, :
- , ?
- . ,- .
:
- , ? ?
- . .
- ?
- , .
- !
-? . ?
-, .
- , . ?
- .
215
-!
- , ?
- , . .
- , .
- , ?
- , .
- ! }'.
- , . ?
- .
- ?
, .
, , . ?
, .
, ?
- , ?
-.
- ?
-.
- !
- ?
- , ... .
- ?
- , ... !
- .
- , 1.
- ?
- , }' ?
-.
- , .
- , , ,
.
-.
, = , i, ... .
(note accent) recently iiJJ ?
j ()
(8, )? then (in that case, at that time)
, ...? 1 wonder, ... ? ( = then, afterwards)
aii tea right away, immediately
iuo some tea
216
- , ?
- , .
- ?
-.
- !
12.13 - , ?
- , .
-.
.
(, , , , ,
)
12.14- ?
- , .
- ?
- , ?
- , ?
12.15 ()- ?- , , .
()- ... 1 ?-1, .
()- ... ?- , .
()- ... ?-, .
()
- ... '? , .
-
. ~
()- ... ?- , .
12.16 - , ?
- t .
!
( , 1 )', , )
12.18 1. ? ?
, ? ,
? ?
i (, )?
() ()?
2. ?
?
217
12.19 Word Study
i =+ +
, --
---ssrl
+ -- ()
- (/iteral/y 'with all')
r--, , , , the, this, that, then, etc.; a/so , r
--lf
a--China
BKYCIIJoi /
() r
1
--
i, 6 i .
i ----
: / . --- . --
i -r- +
j, -
--+ .
--- .
. (-j') ?
,? --/ -
(,
r )?
. --- .
D
-- . , ?
r)
6
. (j') --- .
YPOK.Ni! 13 ()
-
j (i) j.
. , .
.
- .- .
, , .
Review . 37-39 concerning the palatalized dental consonants. Remember to strive for soft
consonants particularly r and unaccented .
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.,. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
_ ... ... ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.
(i) .
(i) .
.
., 1i + u it's necessary (1
need to ...)
--i+ /--j- (, )
219
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
v
7
, . .
~
!
: , , .
, , ,
. .
. .
. .
. .
- .- .
, , .
.
thing razor
suitcase toothbrush
(/. /) trousers, pants one's own
: suit Let/Have...
shoe
220
. - .
, . .
.
80 _ , .
?
.
.
Although expressions of necessity are used with the infinitive of both aspects
depending on whether or not reference is to single complete act (cf. examples),
when the meaning is 'it's time to ... ', the imperfective is generally used.
13.1
. :--:- ?-, u .
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ? 5. ? 6.
?
. to give 1
--ii + - (, w; -
just now (.ith past tense) !) to forget
1
--ii + --il- to receive --- to remember
--iii +1--- (, ) - - (; !) . to take
.&& to answer question
221
. Complete the senteces usig the proouns i the correct form.
1. ? () . 2.
, () . 3. ,
. () . 4.
, () . 5.
, () . 6.
, () . 7. () , . 8.
. () . 9.-,
.- () ? 10. ,
() . 11.
-, () .-.
13.2. ( - ).
,
1. .
2. , ... . 3. , ...
. 4. , ... . 5.
, ... . 6. , ...
.
. : : .- u .
1. .2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10. . 11. " .
. .
1. , , . ... .
2. , . 3.
... . 4. . 5. -
... . 6. ... ? 7. -
, ... . 8. ... . , ? 9.
, ... . lO. , ... .
11. , ... .
12. ... 1 . 13.
, ... . 14.
... . 15. , ... .
16. , ... . . 17. ,
... . 18. ,
... . 19. , ... . ,
... . 20. ? ,
... . 21. . -
.
13.4 Verbs with the Consonant Mutation > and the Use fi+/
- ?- .
As with most verbs of communication, this verb takes the dative case of the
person answered. That to which answer is made is in the accusative case with the
preposition . As direct object this verb can have only the actual words answered,
in the form of quotation or clause:
: , , .
13.5 Two First-Conjugation Verbs with Different Stems in Present 1Future &
Past
- 3 ?- 3l .
- 803 ?- B3UB .
--; ; :, (note accent!), :; !
!
-; ; , (note accent!), ; ! !
These verbs have regular first-conjugation endings. Note that in 3 the ac-
cent differs from that of the unprefixed .
13.5
. . ( Use the verb :.)
1. ... , ? 2.- ?- , ...
. 3.- ?- , .
4. , ... , . 5.... , n, !
6.-, ....-, .... 7. ...
? 8. ... , ~I ?
. ()
1.- ... ?- ... . 2.
, ... . 3. , , n
! 4. ... . 5.
... . 6.- ?- .. .
7. ? , 8. . .. .
, . 9.- ... ?-
.
There are in Russian only two completely irregular verbs, all of the present or
future tense forms of which must simply rnemorized the student. The perfec-
tive equivalent of 'to give' is one of these.
13.~. . (Use the verb .)
1. ... . 2. ... ? 3.
, ... . 4. .... , ,
224
. 5. ... . 6. ...
. 7. ? ... ?
8. ... ? 9. ... . >.
... . 11. ...
. 12. .
The particle can used with verb fonns of either aspect to fonn sort
ofindirect imperative (command) directed toward third party (normally impera-
tives are thought of as being only direct commads, i the secod perso). 1t is im-
portant to remember that imperatives have tese---the fonns bear l their as-
pect meaigs i this costructio.
13.7. ..
1.- .- ....
2.- .-
3.- .-
4.- .-
5.- .- ....
6.- .- ?
7.- .-,
8.- .-: ... ,
.
9.- .-
10.- .- ?
The perfective aspect stresses the reslt of actio, d the result is usually
still i effect at the time of speech. for certai types of actios there exists op-
posite actio which reverses or auls the result of the actio ('to come', 'to go '). If
the result of the actio has auled, the imperfective is nn used. I the
first example it is clear that L is still here. I the secod example, L came
but the left, so the imperfective is used.
.
it , .
i !
:
- , .
n .
.
- ,- .
, ,
:
- ?
- ,- ,-
.
- ,-~ ,- ,
. , .
:
- ?
- ,- .
- ?
- .
.
.
. : , , .
.
, .
? .
227
15*
- ?
- , , .
- ?
- , , , .
- ?
- , .
- 1?
-, 1!
- ?
- , .
- ?
- . , , .
- , .
-.
- ?
- , .
- ?
- . ? , .
- , .
- . , ?
- .
- ?
-, .
- ? .
, . , .
-, .
- ! !
- ! .
- , , . . -
. .
- . .
? .
?
.
- ?
- . , .
-, , .
- , , .
-? ?
- . .
- , I. ?
- .
- .
- n. !
- . .
- 1 , ?
- ,
. . ,
.
- ? - .
- , . .
- , .
!
13.10 - .
- . !
- . .
(, , , )
13.11 . . :
i? : u ... (
)
13.12 ? u !
'
?.....'
? .. .!
? .. .!
13.13 . 1 .
, .
: ! ?
. .
: !
?
13.14 . . (
....? ; ',
~ ' ~
, ... ;
' ~
, .;
'
''? '
.
.)
. .
. .
13.15 - .- ! (
, ,
, ,
)
13.16 1. r ?
2. , ? 1
? , ?
3. , ?
?
! (aii!) .
--+ /--r ()
--+ 6rn.
- () . ---: JJ
JCOte. :
230
--- .
,
-- () . () i
!
--+ 1--- 6 . ()
---
i,
.N'! 14 ()
-
. .
- ?- .
.
.
.
.
.
.
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ! ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
.
.
- ? -.
- ? -.
- ? -.
- ? -.
1 = 7
. ( ?) 1 = 30 ()
31
, month
8l each, every 30
week
232
2 . 4 .
2 . , 2 ,
- ?
5 6.
.
- . ?-
.
.
.
-ftr tense: , ,
.
. .
.
lmperfective Perfective
Present , ... -
Tense
Future , ...
Tense
.
, .
, .
, .
-.
-.
. (Let's not ... )
233
+
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
--- 1
-+ () - ()
7 .
6 .
Similarly: --+ 1--
- , , !
- , .
:.
! ()
1
-- - to want -:-i + 1
() --
, , , to tire, get tired
, xoirre, i --- () . to retum, to come
--- () 1 back
1
-+ () -
to get up, stand up, rise
234
. .
. .
.
Everything about this verb is regular except that it changes from first conjuga-
tion to second conjugation between singular and plural. Note also that the accent
pattern changes at the same time.
lack -+ to bathe
:i () floor (story)
n beach : elevator/lift
Ja-rop-a + /--- () to sunbathe without the elevator/lift
(. to get suntan) --+ to go up, rise
235
As in English, this verb is used with the infinitives of verbs it governs.
The perfective, , indicates the begiig of desire. (Since the verb re-
fers to state of mind, it eannot have resultative perfective.)
In Russian verbs expressing mental states are used with adverbs expressing t
quantity, but intensity: : :. '1 very much want to .. .'
14.2
. (--).
1. ... , . 2. ... n
:? 3. ... . 4. ... .
. 5. .
6. .
? 7. ...
. 8. , : .
9. ... ? 10. ? 11.
: . 12. :
.
. (--/-).
1. , , , :
. 2. , , , ... . 3.
, r .
4. , , ,
!. 5. . . 6.
, . 7. , ,
... . 8. , ,
... .
14.3 Accusative Adjective Endings
: :, ,
.
?
The only new ending for you here is that of the feminine singular, -
(spelled -/-: , ).
14.3
. : !- u
?
1. : ! 2. ! 3.
:! 4. ! 5.
! 6. : ! 7. :!
As you see, the future tense f has regular, unaccented endings ofthe
first conjugation, but the root (which you have seen in ) must learned
separately. (Cf. in Lesson 13).
14.5. . (Use the verb
in the future tense.)
1. ... . 2. , ...
? 3. ... , . 4. ,
, ... . 5. ... ? 6.
? 7. , . 8.
.
The imperfective future is the only Russian tense form made up means of
helping verb. (The helping verb is never used with perfective infinitives!)
Congratulations! ou now know the formation of // of the Russian tenses.
With the exception of few more types of consonant mutatio, you know 99% of
all there is to learn about a:dding endings to Russian verbs. (Cf. the chart on
. 263).
Warning: the verb has no imperfective future, only perfective future
(see in section 14.2).
237
14.6
. : .- .
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4.
. 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8 ..
: 9. .
. :- . . ?- " .
1. . ? 2. . ? 3.
. ? 4.
. , ? 5. . ? 6.
. ? 7. .
? 8. . ?
14.7 Verb Teses i ldirect Speech
: .
, .
: .
, .
Victor said that he was readig this book.
: .
, .
Victor said that he would fiish readig this book tomorrow.
I Eglish we ofte chage verb teses whe we trasfer direct (quoted speech)
ito idirect speech. I Russia the tese of the actual statemet made must
kept unchanged. (Note that the Eglish form 'would' ofte serves to idicate fu-
ture tese from past-tese poit of view i idirect speech.)
14.7. Turn the following quotes into indirect speech.
1. : 1 . 2. :
-. 3. : . 4.
: >. 5. :
. 6. : . 7.
: . 8. :
. 9. : .
10. : .
14.8 The Preset s of Verbs with the Suffix --
. .
.
! Let's d it!
Verbs with the suffix -- (spelled -- 1--) replace this suffix with -- i
forms of the preset 1future. Such verbs take regular first-cojugatio endigs:
+ = , , . lf the t is the suffix -- in
the ifiitive, it will -- i present 1future forms.
238
14.8. (---).
1.- ... ? - .... 2.
, . 3. ... ! 4. ..
. 5. 1 , 6.
? .
14.9 Verbs with the Imperfectivizing Suffix --
.
.
, , .
.
Like the suffix --, -- is used to make imperfective verbs from per-
fective roots. In verbs in which this suffix follows the vowel , the suffix is lost in
preset tesej'orms /. Such verbs take regular first-conjugation endings: ,
, ; , , .
14.9
. (-+).
1. , 8 . 2. ... 8 .
3. , ... 6 .
7 . 4. , 7 . 5.-
:1 ... ?- 1 6 , 7
.
. (--+).
1. . 2. -
, .... 3. ... , ? 4.
, ... 5. ,
Verbs with the root -- are accented on the root and take regu1ar first-
conjugation endings. The final consoant of the stem is, of course, lost before the
consonantal endings of the infinitive and past tense: , , ;
; ; , ; ; ; .
The past tense f is the equiva1ent of'to tired'-the resu1t ofthe past
action is still re1evant in the present: . 'I'm very tired'. Note, that in
the English equivalent we see an adjective with the verb 'to '.
14.10
. (- + 1-).
1. i 7 , 10 . 2.
4 . 3. 6 , ,
239
8 . 4. ... ? 5.
9 . 7 30 }'.
. (-- + 1--):
1. ! 2.
. 3. 6 . ,
.... 4. , ....
~ . 5.
... 6. 6 , . 7. , ... ?
8 . 8. .
,
14.12
3
. : - ?- , .
3
- -?- , -
1. ~? 2. J -?
3. ~ ? 4. J ? 5.
3
?
. : : 6?- ,
.
3
: l.?-
, .
: ?- , .
3
1. : ? 2. -
: ? 3. : ~
? 4. : r -? 5.
: ? 6. :
J ? 7. :
.
3 ? s.
:
-
3
?>> 9. : -
3
?
241
1'-1022
14.13 The Form of Nous Used with Compoud Numerals
= 30 31
1, 21, 31
2, 3, 4, 32, 33, 34
5, 6, 11, 12, 17, 35, 36
242
(/). 12. , (:/)
. . 13. (
1J. . 14. , ! ( 1
) . 15. (/
) . (/) .
. . .
. , .
- ,- .- , ,
.
. .
I .
, , .
, : , .
.
. .
. .
, ,
. , ,
, , .
:
- ?
- .
- ?
- , , , .
-- ?
- ,
, . , .
. , .
- ?
- .
- ?
- . ?
- .
- . .
in the summer(time) ii :F i!
?
243
16*
?
.
?
, .
: ,
... ?
,
.
. .
, .
?
.
, ?
.
, , , .
. ? .
. ?
. , , .
?
.
, . .
.
, ? ,
.
, .
.
.
. ?
, t< .
, . .
?
. , .
, . . ,
, , .
--~ . to invite i
(j, it) it seems
it. A\Jow me to invite
you. <<it >> film
based the play t
- , uo ue Pavlovich Chekhov ( 1860-1904).
! , 11 .
244
14.16 - ?
- . .., .
- ?
- ... .
- -?
- ... .
- , . ?
- .. . .
- ?
.
14.17 - , ?
- .
- , . ,
?
-.
-, ?
- .
- ... .
- , .
- ?
- .
.
14.18 _ ?
- n, , .
( , ,
)
14.19- -:?-il, .
- ?- .. .
- ?- .. .
- ?- .. .
- ?- .. .
- ?- ...
14.20- ?
- . .
- . .
- . .
- . .
245
( , ,
)
14.21 1. 1 ? ? ?
, ?
? ?
? ? ? :?
2. ? 1
? ,
? ,
?
: - --+ 1-i-
--- . i -- - 1
- + 1- -- +: !
, i II i
... -- + , -
a-op-iii + /--- ---: !
--- . : ?
i !
-+ CR .= , .
6
-+ .
1
--- -
..
,
: ...
N!! 15 ()
- I
, .
- ?- {)m.
. .
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
~ .
,
.
?
- ?
- {)m.
, . ~. .
. .
. .
. . .
248
1 , - 20
2, 3, 4 (32) ( ) .
(), 5, 6 .
(35 ) - 10
.
- - .
, . (), .
. . -
.
, .
, .
?- .
- , ?
- 1 .
The basic ending for masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case is -
(spelled - 1-): , , . Feminine nouns (and
: 1
-- - to write
(, niuew)
(20) --+ et11 to correspond
degree [ssa] U.S.A.
() (/. ) . zero
quite, rather 1
--- - + u (
yJJRe outside (/.) ) to advise
(dir.) :~~~ really?!
j ( :t) from where, how
249
1
masculines in - -) have the same forms as in the prepositional case: ,
, , ; .
ou have probaly already noticed that many adverbs are formed from adjec-
tives expressing quality means of the ending -. These adverbs resemle neuter
short-form adjectives (which is logical, since adverbs do not agree with other
words in the sentence). Normally only adjectives of quality form adverbs in the
manner. (Remember that adjectives of nationality have adverbs of the type
- 'in the Russian manner'). In the future adverbs in - will not listed
separately from the related adjectives unless there is difference in the place
of accent.
Just as in English, Russian adverbs modify verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
15.2. .
1
1. ( ) ... .
... . 2. ( ;) ... . ...
. 3. ( /) ... . ... -
. 4. (/) ... !
... . 5. (/) ... ! ... .
... , !
1
-
250
15.3 , - ,
-!
-!
? !
!
With nouns and full-form adjectives one must use the appropriate forms f
j ('such '). With adverbs and short-form adjectives use /.
15.3 .
1
. ( )
1.... ! 2.... ! 3....
-! 4 .... ! 5. ...
' 16. ,
. ' ... ' '17 . ...
, . '
' .18 . ... '
! 9. !
. (/)
1. ! 2. ... ! 3.
... -! 4. ... !
5. ... .! 6. ... ! 7.
! 8. ... ! 9. ... -
. 10. !
15.4
. :- !-, .
251
1. ! 2. ! 3. ! 4.
!
. :- !- , !
1. ! 2. ! 3.
! 4. !
. : .- 1 . ,
.
1. . 2. . 3. .
. : , .
1. , . 2. ,
. 3. , ... :
? 4. , ... )' . 5. )'
, . 6. . ,
... . 7. , ...
! 8. , ... : .
. Coplete the seteces with the apprppriate fors of words give i pare(heses.
1. ( ) : , . 2. (
) . 3. , ( )
. 4. ( )
, . 5. () .
252
? . 13. ?
. 14. _ ?
. 15. ? ~
.
coditioal clase sets forth codition upon which the contents ofthe main
clause depend. Russian conditional clauses are formed similarly to those in
English, but note that the tenses may differ. ln English in such clauses we often
use present tense or present perfect tense when future time is clearly meant. ln
such situations Russian uses the ftre tense (cf. the similar situation with
clauses, section 12. 7).
Note that when used with negation = unless.
, . 1 don't know if Larisa's at home.
, . Ask Vadim if Larisa's at home.
The major difficulty you will have is avoidig the use of in indirect speech,
since English uses 'if interchangealy with 'whether' in such cases.
15.6
. : '--- ?- , .
- , . .
1.- ?-, . 2.-
?- , . 3.-
?- , . 4.-
?-, , . 5.-
?- , .
. (/).
1. , ... ? ...
, , , . 2.- , ...
?- ... , . 3.
, ... ? ,
. 4. , ... ? 5....
, . 6. , .
7. , . 8....
, ' . 9. , ...
1. 10.... -
... . unless
253
, . 11. , ... ,
. 12. , ,
- .
254
This use of verbs of the imperfective aspect may occur with many other verbs,
but it is not firm rule, and aspect use is closely tied to the meaning of the indi-
vidual verb.
.
but:
, .
, .
The use of the imperfective in the last example would inappro-
priate, since the imperfective of this verb has the nuance 'to shop for', and here
would imply that Vera didn't even go shopping, didn't even try to buy anything.
15.9. Comp/ete the sentences with the appropriate jQrms of verbs
chosen from those given in parentheses.
1. (i /) . 2. s
(/ ) . 3. (
/ -) . . 4.
( 1) . 5.
( 1) . 6.
( 1) . 7. ,
(/-). 8. (/-) ,
. 9. ,
( 1-). 10.
, (-
1).
Certain verbs with the particle - indicate mutual action, with two or more
subjects doing the same thing to each other.
.
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
.
- , , .
. .
- .
- , . ,
?
- ?
- , ,
. , , ,
.
- , .
- ?
- -, . ,
1 1
. - = - () , different from, not like
just (now)
i = irr
!
256
. ,
, .
- ?
- .
- , . : ?
- : 3-5 .
- , :
25 .
- , , , 10
. ,
.
- ? .
:
?
- , , ?
- . : 22 .
- ?
- , .
- , ?,
, ?
- ?
- , . 'F -
. .
- . .
- .
-. , .
- , 10---12 .
- 1 , , .
- , ?
- , .
- ? ?
-, , .
- , . ,
.
257
17-1022
- ! .
- , ?
- , .
- , , .
- , .
- !
- , . -
? - .
- , , .
- , , ?
- , .
- , ? . -, .
- , .
- , , .
- , .
15.14 - , ?-
.
... ?- .
- ... ? - .
... ?- .
15.15 - ? .
? .
? - .
? - .
? .
? - .
15.16 , 23 .
, 25 .
... , 30 .
, 21 .
, 12 .
, 22 .
... , 10 .
, 3 .
258
15.17- !-.
.
~ !- ...
- !- ...
- !- ...
( , , )
15.18. Coplete each st with the appropriate phrase fro the right'-had
/.
, .
, .
.
,
, .
15.19 - , ?
-, .
( -, i
, -,
- )
15.20 - .
- ?
( , , , , )
15.21 - .- ?
- .- ... ?
- .- ... ?
- .- ... ?
- .- ... ?
15.22 . .-
, .
. .
. .
. .
. .
15.23 - .- ,
.
- !- ...
- .- ...
259
17
.- ...
-.- ...
15.24- !-, ? -,
.
!- ...
- , !- .. .
- !- .. .
15.25 ? n ? ?
?
? 1 ?
? ? ?
? ,
? ? : ?
CJJoa
n~--/ + U/1-
/ - () uumu
:sp6cJJe JJ
r8 BOJI (/. OJJH) 6i /-
:s : ,
( ) 61: 61 ,
( :s)? JJ
! ( !, -- +
!) 1
-- - (nwil!) ( , etc.)
BJJIOC : JJ, JJ
() m. :
:
eCJJ, ~
1
irr :
:s6 i, :
i: i
,?! pi:se 1011116
260
111 ( 11-15)
ou know the dative case of nolins in the singular and of the personal and interrogative pronouns:
, , - -
, , , - -
- -
- -
You know the use of the dative case for indirect object, for object with certain verbs (i,
), and to express the person ~ffected in impersonal eonstructions (including expressions of
necessity):
itry, .
.
.
{:.
You know the forms of certain nouns for use with numerals (including compound numerals and
that is not numeral but modifier):
You know that few nouns have special form for location: , (but: , ;i).
ou know that points of the compass are used with : 1r, 1.
You know the indeclinaie nouns , (the latter masculine!). You know the special form
= 'some tea'
You know that some nouns are used only (or predominantly) in the singular (i:, &, ,
t, i, ) and that some are used only (or predominantly) in the plural (, )', ,
, :, ).
ou know additional adjectives used as nouns: 1
, i:JI, r .
261
Modifiers
You know the new special modifiers , . , (and the latter's forms used as pronouns
, ):
_ - - -
_ _ - - -
_ - - -
You know the reflexive possessive modifier used with all persons, singular and plural:
, , .
, , .
You know the accusative singular (all forms) and inanimate plural endings of adjectives and spe-
cial modifiers (including the relative adjective ):
, ,
?
r ?
, .
Advers
You know the formation of adverbs from qualitative adjectives (-) and the use
of adverbs. You know, that mental states are used with words expressing intensity, not quantity:
.
Impersonal Constructions
You know how to use impersonal (subjectless) constructions to describe an existing state or situa-
tion: ~ . . , .
. .
Numerals
You know the numerals 11-15, 20, 30 and know that in compound numeral the last component
determines the form ofthe noun used (cf. above in connection with noun forms). You know that
has special form for use with feminine nouns: j.
Vers
You have been introduced to the Russian system of verb aspects, and know that the perfective is
used for single complete act which results in an accomplishment, change of situation, and whose re-
sult is generally valid at the moment of speech (Q ). You know of the use of
this aspect for consecutive complete actions ( Jt ,
).
262
ou know that the imperfective is used f other situations: general factual (
?), progressive (li u , ..& ), habltual (
8 ). You know that after vs ofeginning, ending, conti-
nuing, / imperfective infinitives may used: r
.
ou know that the perfective going vers i, indicate the eginning of the action, set-
ting out f some destination. You also know that on some verbs the pefix - forms special type of
perfective which indicates short duration of the action: noroopirr, DOID'Ita, ooryirr.
You know that the imperfective aspect is normally used in certain negated contexts: 8
{ . & .
ou also know that the imperfective aspect is used if the esult of the action has n annulled
( , ) and with expressions of necessity when the im-
plication is one of "it's time to ... ": 11 , !
You know that perfective verbs are sometimes formed from imperfectives prefixation (
--/---); sometimes imperfectives are formed from perfectives suffixation (
---, ---wi + ); and that in v few cases the two aspects come fom different oots
(-- 1--8-, --- 1-:).
You know the complete conjugation of Russian verbs in oth aspects:
Past Tense
Future Tense
lnfinitive
asic Form -+
You know how to make necessary.forms of ve.rb fom the asic form, removing stem-final con-
sonant efore endings beginning with consonant, emoving stem-final vowel f endings egin
ning with vowel:
--, ; ,
- + -, ; ,
--- , ; , ,
---, ; , ,
---, ; , ,
---, ; t, ,
---, ; , ,
ou know the convention of indicating shifting accent pattem means of the grave accent
mark (' ): ---, , .
ou know the following consonant mutations, and know that in second-conjugation vebs they
occur only in the first-person singular form, while in fist-conjugation verbs they u in all pesent/fu
ture-tense forms:
263
/ ---, ,
f r---i:, ,
3/ ----, ,
/ ----, , , ---, ,
/ ---. ,
/ --- , , :
/ ---, ,
You know the conjugation of verbs with the suffix --: i:----, -
----
You know the conjugation of verbs with the suffix -- following the vowel :
-+ -; ; !;
--+- ; ; !;
264
Tinie Expressions
ouknow the new time expressions and constructions:
Duration of time ( ?):
( , ).
.
(R ) .
? 6 ...?
Repeated occasions: .
Period of time after which something happens (in): :. .
Season in which something happens: 6i, JJ, , 311M6i~
h expressions (, 8) j/ /l:.
<;omplex Sentences
ou know complex sentences:
(\) in which appears in the accusative case: ,
.
(2) with the relative pronoun (referring back to pronoun): , .
(3) containing conditional clause: , i.
(4) containing indirect speech:
, .
, . 3
, or , ?
Conversational Expressions
You know the following conversational expressions:
Greeting people upon meeting: . . l:.
Russians inquire about people's health and well-being: ?
neutral, not overly enthusiastic response to such question: .
Russians express polite request for information or directions: , ...
Russians extend an invitation: ri.
Russians express intensified gratitude: .6 ; gratitude which is at the same time
refusal of something offered or an invitation:-B n ?
, er6 .
Russians express curiosity: , ( )? ? 'Why do you ask?'
Russians express surprise, disagreement, uncertainty: ! , ?
? (Not to confused with .) .
Russians express opinions: -6, -.
265
t
1. . Use the rs 1 i reqired for.
1. . 2. . 3. , -
, ... ? 4 .... , ... . 5.
, ... ? 6 .. , ... .
. 7. , ? 8 ....
. 9 .... -. 10.
, , ... , . ...
.
4. (/ ).
1. ... , , , . 2. , ...
. 3. , ...
. 4. , -?
5. ... , . 6.
, . 7. , ...
. 8. , ,
, , . 9. ,
.
266
5. Complete the seteces with appropriate forms of verbs chose from those i par-
etheses.
1. (/-) , ()
. 2.- (/) 5 .- (
1 1 1
-) ( ) 5 . ( ) 5
, (/ ). 3.
1
( -) " , (
/-). 4.- (/-) 5 (/-) -:.
?-, (/-). 5.- ?- (/)
1
. ( ) . 6. (
/) , (/-) ,
(/-) (/)
. 7. () , , ,
. 8. () , (/-) .
1
9. () , ( ) .
1
10. () , (: ) ? 11.
1
, ( ) . (
/), (f) . 12.- 12
1
? ( ) .- ( ), 1
.: (()j() 2 ? 13.- (
/-) ?- , , (/)
. 14. (/-) (/-) .
, . 15.-, .
1
7 ( ) .- , ( ). 1
16. , (/-) , (/ -)
. (/-) , (()f
() . 17. () .
, (/-). 18. ,
. (/-)? 19. (/-)
. (/-) ? 20. (/
-) , (/-) .
6. (ff - ).
1. , , . ... .
2. . ... , ?
3. }' ? ... ? 4. -
... 5 . 5. , ...
. 6. , ... .
7. , . 8. ,
... , . 9.
.
7. : : .- , .
1. : : . 2.
: . 3. :
. 4. : f
. 5. : , , .
267
N! 16 ()
-
.
.
.
.
- :?-
.
- ?-
.
- ?- .
- .-'- ,
.
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
- : -: -
- : ?
- ( , , , , , ).
- .
.
.
.
.
:?
.
- ?
- . .
mit, whole
ago
268
- ?- .
- ?- i .= .
. .
.
, , , .
.
.
.
- ? -
. . .
- --:- -
0~6} -
-
Rememer that when the third-person forms ofthe personal pronoun are gov-
erned preposition, they are prefixed with -.
Note that when used with , the preposition has special variant form .
to (toward) r = { I'
-- to walk, go (multidirectional) i too (excessively)
ii canoe i tent
-- (, W) to love, like to sing
hike, walking tour
1
:i, acquaintance
ski :
song
269
16.1. "f! .
1. r, ... () ? 2. .
. 3. ?
. 4.- ... ?-
. 5. , ... () .
6.-0 ?-0 (). 7. , ()
. 8. , .
The clues for the endings of the special modifiers are found in the forms of the
third-person pronouns for the same case (minus the prefixed -):
0 ~~ } ( ) - (spelled -f-f-) , ,
( ) - (spelled -/ -) , ,
Note that one uses with the prepositional case forms of : ,
, etc.
16.2
. - . (Use the pronoun .)
1. , . 2.
... ? 3. ... .
4. ... . 5. ,
... . 6. . 7. -
, .
270
16.3 The Use of and the Specific Possessive Modifiers
& .
This sentence from the text of the lesson seems to violate the use of as we
have become accustomed to using it. We would expect , since the possessive
modifier refers back to the subject. In the first and second persons one may use the
specific modifiers (, , , ) as well as the reflexive possessive modi-
fier . (Using the specific modifiers is simply slightly more emphatic). h
above sentence could as well have been: t
.
In the third person, however, the reflexive modifier ust used if refer-
ence is back to the subject: . use here
would indicate that they were talking about somebody else's hike rather than their
own.
Note, however, the use of in such sentences as the following:
. This is an impersonal (subjectless) sentence. Nevertheless an
infinitive can have an implied subject (here ), and therefore this sort of sentence is
not an exception to the rule that refers back to the subject of the verb. 1t is the
iediately re/evant verb, the infinitive, which concerns us in this sentence.
16.3. .. Give variants when possi/e (- spe-
cific modifiers).
1. . ... . 2. , ,
. 3. , . 4.
... . 5. .
... . 6. }' ... ,
. 7. , ? .
8. , .
16.5 = ago
. .
.
.
What case is used in this new time expression?
271
16.5
. : .- .
1. . 2. 5 .
3. 3 2 . 4.
5 . 5. 2 .
6. 10 . 7. 30 .
8. . 9. . 10. 22 .
. : 5 . 4 .-u
.
1. . 10 . 2. 12 .
7 . 3. . . 4.
. . 5. .
. 6. 5 . 3 . 7.
9 . 8 .
272
Uprefixed goig verbs have what are really two sub-aspects i the imperfec-
tive. The idirectioal verb refers to motio toward specific goal, i spe-
cific directio. The ltidirectioal verb -- refer to completed round
trip-to some goal d back (therefore ivolvig two directios). Such costruc
tio the equivalet of costructions using + locatio. This construc-
tio used / in the past tense.
The perfective.ofthe unidirectional verb, refers only to the settig out for
particular goal and does not include the retum trip.
Note that in Russian one must keep in mind the present location of the person ~ (1.
involved, something which we do not normally take into consideration in English .. ~
16.7
. : i.-u u
.
1. J>I . 2. .
3. . 4.
. 5. , ,
. 6. . 7.
1 .
. ( "' --).
1.- ?- ...
. 2.- ?- . 3.-
?- ... . 4.- , ?-
... . 5. .
! 6.- ?- ... .
7.- ?- ... . 8.- ?- ... .
6 . 9.- ?-
. 10.- ?- .
273
18-1022
When numeral is subject, the verb is normally neuter and singular. But re-
member that is not numeral in form, but modifier which simply agrees
with itsnoun.
Rememer that nouns are governed the last component of compound nu-
meral.
16.9
. : - 2 .- 2 .
1. 5 . 2. 1 . 3.
10 . 4. 3 . 5. 15 .
. : - 25 .- , 25
.
1. 21 . 2. 15 . 3. 30
. 4. 2 . 5. .
16.10 Notes on Individual Words
(, )-nthr adjective used as noun.
-rmmr that feminine nouns in - take the prepositional case end-
ing -: .
: -' (certain) acquaintance of mine'. The word
is often an equivalent of 'a/an', ' certain'.
: 6 -mr with the accusative use for many time
expressions.
= sport(s)-Remember that in Russian this noun is singular /.
= ' whole'; = 'the whole'; is somewhat emotionally col-
ored, while is neutral word.
.
! ?
N!! 16 .
:
- - , : .
: , .
, .
? .
.
. : ,
() (Love) 1
- (; , , n) 1
i () --Ri- to surprised
274
.
, .
.
: , , , .
, ,
.
. ,
. !
, , . ,
, . .
. ,
, n, ,
. , ,
.
- _?
- .
- ?
- .
- ?!
-. ?
- , ...
- , . -
.
- , ?
- . - , , ,
- .
.
- , ?
- , . , . -
: , ,
.
- ?
- , . . , , ,
.
- ?
-, , ,
.
1
-- (, ; (/. ecrit) place
) 1
3--l +
- + 1- to decide , ... What, ...
trifles, the little things
275
18*
- ?
--,-. . !
, ?
. , ,
. .
? !
.
.
?
- , ; .
- , ?
- , .
- ?
- .
- , , ?
- , .
- ?
- , .
- , ?
- , . .
- ?
- , . .
- ? .
- . 1.
- , ?
- , 1.
- ?
- , .
- , ?
- . . -
!
- .
, ?
, ?
16.11. - ?
- i .
(, , , , , , , ,
, )
16.12 - ?
- , .
(, . , . ,
. , . , . ,
.)
16.13 . .
, , ?- .
. . , ,
?- ...
. . ,
, ?- ...
. . , ,
?- ...
16.14- .
, .
- ! ?
- .
( , , ; ,
, )
16.15 - .
- , .
- .
( , , , )
16.16- .
- , ?
( . .
.)
16.17 - !
- , ? . .
(, , , ,
)
277
16.18 - .
? , .
(- 7, - 23, - 31, - 27, - 24,
-35, :~21, -16, -13)
16.19 1. ? ?
? ?
:1? :1?
? ? ,
? ()?
?
2. (, )?
? ?
? ?
? ( !)
:
- () --ii + CR
--i + : --
.-
,
+ (, ; ; )
()
J1 J1 1101"6:
/
()
: , ... 1
-- .
(i)
(, ; )
-- JI
pe-iii + /--
.N!! 17 ()
- I
,
.
.
- ?-
.
, .
. .
nomopftme!
.... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
... ... ... - ... ... ... ... .. .
... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... .. .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
}
J: .
? ?
.
2-3
.
5... , 1
,
.
.
u
.
.
.
- ?- .
, , ?
, .
-.
.
-.
}'.
.
. -+ ()
, ,
Q .
. .
.
. .
.
.
UJ
. .
(, )
-- to go (ride, drive) (multidirectional) t:
1
a-ilii + (, , ; ) ---- to (situated, located)
(pl. ) (close) friend ~i
1
--+ - (like -+ ; 1 second-hand bookstore
past accent ), , 6)
foreign
280
The endings for adjectives in the prepositional singular are the same as those
used for the special modifiers (cf. Lesson 16). Remember that the clues for them
found in the prepositional case forms of the third-person pronouns.
17.1
. : . ...- .
. ...- .
1. . 2. .
3. . .... 4. .
. 5. . .... 6. .
.... 7. . .... 8.
. .... 9. . -
10. . ...
11. . : 12. .
13. 1 . 14.
. : .... 15.
. 16. .
. : ( )- ?-
.
1. ( ) ? 2. (
) ? 3. ( ) ~
? 4. ( ) ? 5. (
) ? 6. ( )
? 7. ( ) ? 8. (
) ? 9. ( )
? 10. ( ) ? 11. (
) , ? 12. ( )
? 13. ( ) ?
14. ( ) ? 15. (
) ? 16. (
) ? 17. ( )
? 18. ( ) ?
281
17.2. ().
1. ... . 2. ... . 3.
... . 4. ... . 5.
... ? . 6. ... . 7.
... . 8. ... . 9. ...
, . 10. ,
.
17.3. (l: - ).
1.- :?- .
2.- ?- ... . 3.-
?- . 4. .
... . 5.- ?-,
. 6.-)' ?- ..
. 7.- ?- . 8.-
?- ... . 9.- ?- ...
. 10.- m , -
.- ?
17.4 B=per/a ( ?)
. .
.
followed the preposition and an expression of time in the accusative
case expresses frequency of occurrence ( ?) within the indicated span
of time.
17.4
: (1, )- ?-
.
1. (1, ) ? 2. (2, )
? 3. (2, ). . ?
4. (3, ) ? 5. (2, )
?
282
h infinitive is frequently used with the dative case to indicate appropriateness
of an action for that individual, as an equivalent of should', ought to', etc. (h
words , i etc. are understood.)
17.5
: , .-,
.
l. , . 2. ue ,
. 3. , . 4.
, . 5. ,
. 6. ,
. 7. , .
17.6
. (-- -). f
1. ... . 2.
. 3. , ... ,
, . 4.
. 5. , .... ,
, . 6. ... ,
. 7. ... .
. (-- + 1--- - 1
n-- -).
1. ... , .
2. ... . 3. ...
. 4. ... , , . 5. -
, . 6.
>>. 7. ... ,
. 8. ... . 9. ... ::~
283
, . 10. ... . 11.
, -r. 12. -
, .
17.7
. (- + ).
1.- .-
. 2. ... . 3.
, ... . 4. ,
... . 5. ...
.
. (-+ "').
1. ... . ... . 2.
, ... . 3.
. 4. , ... ? 5.
, : ... . 6. , ... , , ,
. 7. , ,
.
17.8 - = a/so
-.
-:. 1 -.
-.
.
You know both and as equivalents of 'also', but they ~ not inter-
changeaie. Of the two, is the more restricted. 1t can used only when some
statement is eing made about more than one topic of conversation. ln the first
example v the same statement is eing made about Vasily Nikolaevich and
Nina. Here is the equivalent of an English 'also 1too' which ears strog
st stress.
In the second example more than one statement is eing made about one topic
of conversation (Vasily Nikolaevich). In this situation may not used. Here
the English equivalent is weakly stressed 'also 1too' or 'in addition'
Note that may used in either situation (but precedes the topic rather than
following it).
17.8. .( - ).
1. . ...
. 2. .
284
... . ... . 3.
. -. 4. ,
!- . ... . 5.
. ... . 6. .
... . 7.
. . 8.
. ... . 9.
. . 10. .
.
17.ll . - .
ouknow that when forms of the third-person pronouns , , , oii are
governed prepositions they are prefixed with an -. Tfiis does not occur when
, , = 'his' 'her', 'their'. (ln thiscase the preposition really does not govern
the possessive, which means 'of him', 'of her', 'of them'.)
285
i (1799-1837)-great Russian poet and the
father of modem Russian literature and the Russian literary language.
.. (1860-1900), .. (1844-1930)-Russian painters.
-th largest museum of Russian art, 1ocated in St. Petersburg.
:- ?- i
. -.
.
Note the way of expressing the language in which book is written, and also
the fact that this construction is used in the questio!J when an adverb oflanguage is
expected in the answer.
:::::>
,N'g 3 -
. -
. , .
.
. -
m
-,!f-..&........_
,...,..,IIf---t
.
.
, , .
, .
, ,- 6 .
,
. : . . :
. ,
~ ,
.
. .
.
.
.N'!! 3 .
. .
, ,
.
hobby (; )
1
--+ -- (i; )
to collect, gather from here
i real, genuine particularly, especially
j' fiction and poetry
art
286
:
.
.
... ?.
- , , ?
- ? -
.
-.
- , , , -
..
.?
- , .
- .
.
- ?
- . ! ,
, .
.
- i ?
-, .
- ?
- , , ...
- , , .
- , .
- , .
- ? ?
- , , .
- ?
- .
-?
- .
- . .
- , .
= .That's , don't metion it. (when dis-
. Pardon me for comfort or inconvenience is caused)
bothering you. museum
287
- . . - .
- , i ,
.
- , .
- , .
- , - . ?
- , . , , -
, ... .
~ . , .
, ...
- , .
.
?
- . . .
- , ? ,
. -,
.
- -, -. ,
.
- , ~ ,
.
- , . .
- .
17.13 - , , u ?
, .
.
.
( , ,
, , ,
)
, () (pl. ) word
DJJacima (phonograph) record . dictionary
dt
-jm- +. () -ii (/ the second stem
() neither ... nor ... declines)
288
17.14 u. -.
.
.
.
.
.
17.15 - ?
- , , .
(, , , , , )
17.16 , , , ,
. .
: ... ? , , ...
, . ... ... ?
17.17 . . r .
.
. ,
.
: ? ?
?
17.18 .
: u , u
, ,
, u , u ,
, , u ().
17.19 ?
? ?
?
? ?
, ?
?
? ? ?
?
?
? , ,
? ?
289
19-1022
CJJoa
- (i) JJ,
k: i Ja -iti
i. i: 6w irr i, :lii
ilii ri i JJ .
-+ i 1
-- -: CJJo-
(/. il) ---- ape
-- () CJIOO
i r: --81 + 1--j (-
6 1.- i 6ii- i., , i;
DIIIIil! .- 6. )
IIOC'I'plillllbl 2. r6 . i
: , () JJ
6 611 j
ili l: 11
: u
n
R 3 O-CJJYwai + .
piula (; )
i DO tuce. D0 -- + 1-i.
: yiiiiCIIIICICa JJ
-- 1- ,
ill +
N! 18 -
()
I
, , .
, .
?
.
i:
J 1 ~ 1 ~.
J 1 ~ 1
1
.
~ 1 1
1
.
~, 1 , 1
i.
~, 1 ~, /
1
.
i, 8w
291
19*
Basic Form
-+ - 1 1
-
--+
-- - 1 1
-
---
-
--
-- - 1 1
-
-
--
-+
---~ - 1
.
, .
:: .
, .
1 .
, .
?
.
.
, .
, . :1 .
.
n- () [pe-te-u]
() [em-ge-u]
, .
, .
. .
=
cf section 18.4 technical secondary school
() 1 feel Iike ... state (adj.)
no longer / more (
1
- difficult, hard )
r/- (r) (l'xk'iy, l'ixko] #
class, grade (grades 1-10) () department (o.f' col/ege or univer-
1
-+ -- () to graduate from, sity)
finish (school) () year of study (higher education)
(!- ) () evening division
vocational school
292
.
. , 38 ,
- . ,
.
18.1
: .- .
1. . 2. .
3. . 4. .
5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9.
. 10. . 11.
.
18.16 If, however, the stem ends in consonant cluster, the ending - is added:
, , , .
293
18.16
: .-u z!
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. .
5. .
18.1 verbs with the suffix -- following - keep this suffix in the imperative
(although they lose it in the present tense): , , , ,
.
18.1
: ~ .-
.
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
.
18.1 If the accent is on the eding of the first-person singular form, the impera-
tive ending is -: -(), -(), :-(),
-(), -(), -(), -,
- , - .
However if the root of the verb ends in -, the imperative normally has zero
ending, even if the accent of the first-singular form is on the ending:
(), ().
18.1
: , .-u, !
1. , . 2. 1
. 3. 1
. 4. , . 5. 1
. 6. , . 7. :1
-. 8. . 9. .
10. 1 .
18.1 The following imperatives must simply learned: - (
, ); -&.
: .-u, u; ,
.
294
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
. 5.
, . 6.
. 7. :
. 8. , . 9.
. 10.
. 11. . 12.
. 13.
.
18.3 . = i .
Sometimes suggestions for joint action involving going verbs have the particle
-. (This particle is not used in familiar address-it is related to the -. in the end-
ing of second-person plural verbs.)
295
18.4 Indirect Commands
: .
, .
.
, .
An indirect command is the expressing of desire for someone to perform
some action without using quoted speech (imperative forms). Indirect commands
are formed very simply introducing the clause containing the desired action
with the conjunction . The verb in this clause will identical in form to
the past tense. But it is important to remember that indirect commands, just like
imperatives, have tese ig. The verb of the main clause will indicate the
relevant time perspective:
~
, .
wanted me to answer Grandpa's letter.
, .
wants me to answer Grandpa's letter.
, .
will want me to answer Grandpa's letter.
18.4
. : : .-
, u .
: . 2.
1.
: . 3. :
. 4. :
. 5. : . 6.
. . 7. :
.
. (/ ).
1. , . 2.
, ... . 3. , ...
. 4. , ... u
. 5. ,
, .
6. , .
7. , ... ,
. 8. ,
. 9. , .
18.5 ?
, .
In earlier lessons we saw examples of infinitives used to express 'ought to',
'should' in complex sentences. Infinitives used in this meaning also when
not part of complex sentence and without the person involved being expressed
296
explicitly. Such sentences are often used to express uncertainty about what to do
or to ask for advice.
18.6 Doule Expressions of Direction
.
i .
i .
ou are already well acquainted with situations in which Russians use two di-
rectional constructions (in the accusative) where English uses one directional
construction and one locational construction: 'Zina's hurrying to work at the insti-
tute'. The same principle prevails when one of the directional constructions is re-
placed an infinitive. 'Sasha wants to go to work at the plant'.
.
When such doule-directional constructions are present, there is tendency in
Russian to place the larger of the two units first.
18.6
: . .-u
.
1. . . 2.
. n . 3. .
. 4. . . 5.
. . 6. . .
7. . . 8. .
.
; 18.7
. (-- - 1 - 1
--- -).
1. . 2. ...
. 3. , ... ! 4.
. 5. , ,
. 6.
. 7. 1 . ... .
8. , ... .
9. : , ... . 10. ...
, . 11.
... . , .
12. } .
. ( 1 1zero).
l. ... , ... . 2.
. 3. :~~ -
, ... . 4. .. .
, . 5. .. .
. 6. ? .
7. ... , .
8. , . 9.
, !
:
, , .
. ,
- .
,
. (
- ).
, :
?
( ).
.
.
.
, ,
.
, ~, . ,
. 1 ,
, . ,
.
.
, . , .
: , . ,
, >.
, N2 3,
, - : m
1 .
(, ) ()
soon
school year n
---- () to worried, con- most of all
cerned ti philological (of /anguages and /i-
() teratures)
= early
300
:
?
- ?
- . .
? . ?
- .
- , !
- .? .
- . , , .
- . .
- , .
- !
- ?
- , .
- ?
- , . .
- , _ !
- , , ! ? -
.
- .
- . ?
- .
- , .
, .
- , -!J.
- , . , .
- . .
- , ?
-.
- , ? , ?
- , . !
- ! .
- , ?
- ?
- , .
- , . , : . -
, .
301
18.12- ?- ..
( 1- ;
; :J>- )
- ?- .
( - ;
; - )
18.13 - ?~
, .
(6-, ; ,
-, :J>;
, - ,
)
18.14 - : , .
- , , .
.
- ... , .
.
- ... , .
, .
- ... , .
.
- ... , .
18.15 ~ ? ()-Ji, ,
. .
? ( )
? ()
? ()
( )
18.16. . :
) : ;
) ;
) .
( , ,
)
18.17- ?
-, . .
- ?
, .
302
- tt 11 '?
- .... . tt .
- -rfr?
- u 'ioii .
....
. oiiir r?
11 .
- oiiir '?
r iJ .
18.19 1. ?
'? . tt .
? U? '? i
J 11? . t
j "'? . '>'?
ir tt 6J1 11'? J.- <.:eiiitc
'?
2. (. . '? 11 tt ilt '? it t
~J ifi JIJ'?
3. 11 11'? tt 'Jtu itJ JJ
'?
.. ., .... ...,...-u
Uwtle lt.18CC 110i:ti!:ue
66.1WIIe lle "'OIICePUitplla 1lil 66r... )"irn.c:a
lltwue t ..-....\1 + /"iNIII-"1.. ..
..-. 110-:)ii+ /llo-c'I')"IH'I'It 1(1'
o-iiTIIt-Ctl (6oii'IC8) (HIICIIY'I' )"HUaepc:'I'i:. tu.1 llci
lle'lipllee :.-.. () () 11L11t-r6
80.1-oa-i'l'lrC8 .1fJ"III/ - (........,,-) )''IL'IIIIe ()
i;. ocei.'.-rwl
cf.T8h'8
I"Oit: 8 (noM) I"OitY
e:li!l"t..'lli (.:~~w)
r:.111:
()
:.1i ,...
c-:aa-ail+'Jie
1-.cy.upmaewl 6111 .;. '1i
...10: 81 .teni? C!.oQpo
-aril'leCICIIii
303
(, )
( -
/- )
(; )
/ .J? ()
()
()
Nt 19 {)
-
~
i .
it .
: .
.
.
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... - ....-
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
:
. - ?- .
- ?- .
-.
...?
.
..
.
... ?
.
.
- ?
- , .
,
.
,
.
.
. ?
- !
. .
.
306
- , - ?
. -
- . . ,
- . .
- . (/.)-
- . (sing.)
.
307
20
_&_ This verb literally means 'to pleasing to', so it is used in construction
~ which is the reverse of that used with 'to like'. The perfective refers to the egin-
ning of the feeling, 'we liked' ('it made good impression on us').
.
.
While i is an equivalent of 'to like', may equivalent of
either 'to love' or 'to like'. Note also the use of in general contexts, refer-
ring to classes ofthings, while is used ofspecific objects or persons, parti-
cularly on first acquaintance.
With an infinitive the student should use if reference is to habltual,
established attitudes: ?
Rememer that perfective verb normally indicates that the result of the ac-
tion is still in effect, while the imperfective makes no commitment about this.
. .
1 liked this song very much. 1 used to like such songs.
19.2
. : .- .
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
. 5.
. 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. pa;J
.
. (----).
1. . .. .
, ... . ... , ... , ... ,
. 2. . .
, 1, i . .
. (--- - ---- i the past tese).
1. . 2. ... -
. 3.
. .... 4.
, . 5. ... ,
? 6.
.... 7. ... , .
8. . 9. ...
.
. (--- - --).
1. ... . ... . 2.- ... -
, '
'
.-? ,... '
' ... ' ~ . 3. ...
. ....
308
. 4. ... ? 5. ... ? 6.
... ? 7. ... ? 8. ... -
? 9. ? 10. .
. .
1. Did you like the new modem buildings we saw in Moscow? 2. Her little
sons were here today. 1 liked them very much. 1 have always loved children very
much. 3. Do you like to sing Russian songs? 4. 1 have always lived in the north and
don't like hot weather. 5. 1 wonder whether she liked the new movie yesterday. 6.
1 used to like such children's books. 7. "Do you like these Russian songs?" "1 like
all Russian music very much".
19.3 .
Past and future tense equivalents of 'there is 1are' are formed simply with the
appropriate forms of .
19.3. .
1.- ?- , ... . 2.
... . 3. ,
, ... . 4. ,
, . 5. .
19.4. .
1. ... . 2.
... . 3.
... j . 4.
... . 5.
.
1. , ... .
2. ... , . 3.
... . 4. , , ...
. 5. ... . 6.
... ? 7. ...
. 8. . ,
... . 9. , .
10. , , ... . 11. .
.
19.6- QCynir .- .
Remember that , , , must refer to some specific noun. Where re-
ference is to whole clause or whole idea must used.
Q. 19.7 .
~ Note the Russian equivalent of 'This's 1That's 1Here's what ... '.
19.8 h Verb - ()
- ?
This verb has non-syllaic (vowel-less) root, with fill vowel in the present
tense:
1
; !; , ,
Remember that this construction is used only of people. For inanimates one
must use different verb (from the same root): ?
The perfective verb means 'to n'. I
. , .
ou have had now number of verbs which shift the accent to the ending in
the feminine form. In the future the grave accent mark ( ') will used to indicate
past tense with this type of shifting accent: = , , ;
= , , .
19.8
. :- .- ?
1. . 2. . 3. .
4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. .
...
310
6. . , ( )? 7.
, , (), .N2 2?
. (- / --; ).
l. , , ... ? 2.-
?- , . 3.-
... ?~-, ... . 4.
. , ... . 5.
... . ... ,
.
, (fj)
,
t
. , , OTEI\EIII
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
- . .
,- .
6 fashion
6 fashionale, in style
311
- -, . ,
,- ,-, }', .
- ,- .
- , ,-
.
.
-. . ,
, .
. , .
, , 8., , , , , ,
, .
- , ?
- , .
-, , , .
- ?
- ?
- , , .
- r .
- , .
... ?
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- , , , -
?
- , .
- ?
- .
- ?
- , .
- , r, ?
-, . , .
i (8 /; i) : 10
-i--JI (ti) lfust conjugation.f) to u-il---. (:si) .j to envy
laugh ? How much do we owe?
a-repoilu .
312
- , .
- , . , -
. .
- . .
- , , .
- , , . .
- , . ?
-, .
- ?
- .
- . . ,
. :m.
- ! !
- ! ?
- . , , , .
- ! ?
-.
- ! - !
19.11 - ! !
-! ?
-.
- ! !
- ... ! ?
- ! !
- .. .! ?
19.12 - !
-, .
- !
- !
313
- !
19.13 - ?
-.
- ?
- i i.
(, ; , ;
, ; , J(;
, )
19.14 - u.
, , .
( , ; , ; , ;
, ; , ; , ; ,
)
19.15 1. , ?
? ? ?
?
? ? ?
?
?
2. 1? , ?
3. ? ?
? ?
: -/ -- (:J; 1) -11-- ()
. tn
, i ?
: 10 1
--- -
1-it--- 1
( ;
1/-- 1
no-:Jp-ili + -:Ji-- )
... 10? n ()
--- (i) .
- Ceplii ()
6 Ceptie
? ()
314
.N'!! 20 ()
- I
.
.
D.
.
.
- ?- .
!
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... -
...
-
. ?
. ?
?
? :
.
.
.
.
- ? .
- . .
, (= + )
315
.
1 () 2 () 1 () 3
1 (, )
2, 3, 4
. 5, 6...
. ,
- ?
- .
. .
.
.
316
- ?- ~,
.
} -
,
~, ,
~
- ,
-
-,
-
ou are already acquainted with these forms from their use with the _preposi-
tion , which always requires the genitive case. (Rememer that the - is prefixed
to the third-person pronoun forms only when they are actually govemed the
preposition: . It is not prefixed to , , in their possessive
meaning 'his', 'her', 'their': .)
20.1-2
. : .- .
.- .
l. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10. .
. : .- 1 u.
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
317
. 5.
. 6. .
7. .
20.3 The Use of the Genitive Case of Modification 1Limitation 1Possession
'
, ,
.
The genitive case is l of making noun act like an adjectivt}-it can be-
come an attribute, modifying or limiting in some way another noun. Often it is the
equivalent of 'of or an English possessive construction ('of Galina Vasilyevna' or
'Galina Vasilyevna's'). In other cases English can make noun serve as an attrib-
ute simply placing it before anoth~r noun ('rest home').
20.3. Coplete the sentences with appropriate forms of words given in
parentheses.
1. , ()? 2. ,
( )? 3. ().
4. (). 5. ,
( ). 6.
(). 7. ().
8. ; (). 9. ()
. lO. (). 11. n
, ().
.
20 4 "' + Genitive
.
.
(+ )
The negative of is , which is always used with the genitive case of that
which does not exist or is not possessed. The result is an impersonal expression in
Russian, there being no subject (nominative case). This is really quite logical, since
non-existent thing can scarcely an active agent.
20.4
. : - ?-,
.
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ?
5. ? 6. ? 7.
? 8. ?
9. ? 10. ?
11. ? 12. ? 13.
?
318
. :- ?-, .
1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4.
? 5. ? 6. ? 7.
? 8. ? 9. ? 10.
? 11. ? 12. ?
20.5
. : - .- .
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
. 5.
. 6. .
. : - ?- , , .
1. ? 2. ? 3. .
? 4. ? 5. ?
. : - , ?-, ,
.
1. , ? 2. , ? 3.
, ? 4. , ? 5.
, ?
319
1
(2) , , require the genitive singular of the noun governed:
, , .
(3) and higher require genitive plural of the noun govemed:
, , .
The following are the only genitive plural forms you are expected to know for
the present: , , , , , , , ,
, , .
(4) In compound numeral the last cipher governs the noun:
, , .
Numerals from 11 to 19 require the genitive plural, since in the Russian word
the last part of the word refers to 10, = 'two on ten'.
Remember that when numeral or an expression of quantity is subject, the
verb is normally neuter singular:
3 . (But: 21 .)
28 .
10 .
1 . = , . =
320
? (50 .) 8. ? (50 .) 9.
- ? (23 . 21 .) 10.
? (70.)
321
21-1022
-The prefix -
is always accented if on perfective verb.
-d- (; }-This is one of very few Russian verbs in
which the basic form and infinitive stem are so different. Note particularly the dif-
ferent voweJs in the two stems. Also note that the imperfective,
-+ , has the particle -, while the perfective does not.
--- p.-Seeing is continuous type of action and not normally perfec-
tivizale. The perfective form means 'to catch sight of, 'to notice', i. . it stresses
the beginning of the action. lt is particularly used of sudden or unexpected sighting
of something. In the past tense it is also used in sequence of actions:
, . Only in the future tense is this verb used to refer
to single occasion which is not necessarily sudden or in sequence of actions:
.
The verbs --+ /--- are the first words with the hard sign
which you have Jearned. Check on page 73 to see how this letter is written. Note
that this letter is no taller than lower-case vowel letters.
: .
. ,
.
, . :1
, .
, , .
.
- , ?- .
- .
-.
- , , ?
- . , ? ?
?
- , . .
- ?
- , .
- . :1 -
.. ? ?
- , , .
- ?
- . . . , -
.
1
ep-ilii + - () to lose (get lost)
--R + 1ofu.-1111-lli- to announce --, . (ii!)
322
- .
- . , .
- . . . .
, , ,
.
- ?
- , , .
- ?
- .
- ?
- .
- , , .
- .
, ...
- , , ?
- , . .
-.
: - , ?
: - ? .
: - , !
: - ? .?
: - , .
: - , .
-, , ?
- .
- ?
- .
-.
- .
: - ... , .
: - . , -
?
: - .
: - ?
: - , . 1 .
.
: - Q .
- , , ?
- . .
- ?
- .
.
- .
- , ?
- .
- . .
?
- , , .
- , ?
- ?
- ~.
- ?
- .
- .
- , , .
- I , , -
. .
- , . 1?
- . .
- ?
- . .
- .
- , . : .
- , . ?
- . , .
- , .
(small) change 1
-n3-i + -3- +
following, next or (else) (referring to undesira/e conse-
ul quences)
1
:& foreigner --- 1i- (, ir) 1
3 to find
'#
324
20.11 - , , u ?
-, u .
- ?
- .
- , , .
- , .
(- , - ,
-)
20.12 - u ?
, .
(, , , )
20.13- ?
- , . .
( , , , , )
20.14- , ?- 5-
() .
- ... ? 5- () .
- ...? 14- () -
.
- ... ? 23- ( ) .
20.15 . , .
,
. .
:
, ?
... ... ? ...
20.16 , , , ,
.
20.17- , , ?
- .
( , , ,
, )
20.18 - ?
- , .
( , ~ ,
)
325
20.19 - ?
, . 9 5 .
(2, 10, 15, 23, 31, 3, 4, 5)
20.20- ?
!
( !, !, !,
.)
20.21 , .
(, ; , ; ,
)
20.22 - .
- . .
- ?
.
- .
.
- ?
.
20.23 1. (, , , , , )?
2. ? , ( )?
( , ) (,
, , )?
( ) (
, , )?
3. ( , ,
)?
CJioa
1
--- - (uu; - () .
6Jifi: R Jifi ) ?
, : (.)
()
I: 3 JJfi IIIICJC'I'pie /IIIICJC'I'pia
: :
326
& + (11) 1
: () ... -/ -8- (; - :
) . --- .
n-- () . ( )
:
--- 1- (, i
)
---- .
-II-il + 1--- ll
. 1
-:- +
-- + 11 1-
i- (; )
IV(YPOK 16-20)
Nouns
Accusative ,
Genitive ,
Prepositional ,
Dative ,
You know the following new nouns which are used in the plural only: r, (in the singu-
lar the latter has different meaning). You know the following new adjectives which can used as
nouns: :~6, . ou know that the singular of is .
You know two neuter nouns ending in -: , (plural , &; gonitive singular
, ).
Pronouns
Nominative
Accusative i i
Genitive i i
Prepositiona/
Dative
ou know that when govemed preposition, the third-person pronouns are prefixed -:
6, , , etc. This does not occur when , , occur as possessives: ,
.
328
Modifiers
ou know four cases of adjectives and special modifiers: (Rememer spelling rules!)
Masc. Anim. Masc. Inanim. Neut.
, , , , - , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
Prepositional - - -
, , , , , , , , ,
Dative - - -
, , , , , , ,
, ,
Feminine
Nominative -
, , , , ., , , , ,
Accusative -
, , , , , , , , ,
Prepositionalf -
Dative , , , , , , , , ,
You know the declension f (similar to that ofe)-the stem is -, to which are ad-
ded regular soft endings: i: , i: , , etc.
You know that in compound hyphenated adjectives only the last stem declines:
.
You know how to form the superlative degree of adjectives: n ,
, , .
ou know that in the first and second persons and the specific possessive modifiers (, ,
, ) are interehangeaie when reference is to the subject of the relevant verb, while in the third
person must used always in this situation. You know that is used in possessive construc-
tions: . "You also know that it is the immediately relevant verb which must
kept in mind, and that infinitives have implicit subjects: .
329
You know how to fonn the pastand future of : 1, li 1,
1 .
ou
know the use of : (' certain acquaintance of mine', 'one of ac-
quaintances'). You also know the difference etween ('another' = 'one more') and r
('another' = ' different').
Case Usage
ou know the fo\lowing new case uses:
Accusative:
(1) Expressions of cost: .
(2) Doule accusative of direction (even when one is expressed an infinitive):
.
Dative:
(1) Indirect object: r .
(2) Age: 7 .
(3) The person influenced or affected an impersonal verb or other impersonal expression:
. . .
(4) With certain verbs: , II 1_-, 1 -, i.
(5) With the preposition 1: . (=
).
(6) With the preposition : , , etc.
Genitive:
(1) Modification 1limitation 1possession: , , ,
, .
(2) Lack of existence or absence: ir. .
.
(3) Quantity: ... , .
With numerals (not including : 2, 3, 4 + genitive singular: , ,
.
5 & above + genitive plural: 5 , 10 6, 20 .
But the last component governs: 21 i, 22 , 27 .
Verbs are neuter and singular: 3 . 10
.
Vers
You know the following ver~ whose conjugation requires special attention: (),
(, ), (, ), , , , , .
You know the convention of using the grave accent mark to indicate shifting past tense accent. pat-
tern: = , , .
You know the multidirectional verbs , : 1 ( =
).
You know the use of the infinitive to express suitabllity of action: () ?
330
You know the formation of the iperative (command form):
(1) accent on the stem of first-person singular-zero ending (, ,
uii}, but if there is consonant cluster at the end of the stem-- (, ,
), verbs in -+ keep this suffix in the imperative (&, ,
).
(2) accent on ending of first-person singula~:-- (, ), but if root ends in
--zero ending (i, ).
(3) irregular: , .
(4) no imperatives: , :.miu, ri /-.
ou know the use of the aspects in the imperative-normally based on the fundamental concept
underlying the aspects: . -. .
But in invitations one normally uses the imperfective: i .
Negative commands are normally imperfective: .
You know that with quantity expressions one uses neuter singular verbs (cf. . 320).
You know the constructions in which the following verbs are used:
(1) /-: ?
.
(2) f -: li ? ?
(3) :iuu f ::: , .
podrr f - l:! + :- ?-
.
:il 1- : .
You know how to form indirect command using : , i
.
Time Expressioos
ou know the fo\lowing new time expressions: 8.
3 m; i/i/.i , 01W1ff.
, etc.
Conversatioal Expressioll$
Russians express regret for physical discomfort or inconvenience caused:- i n :
.- . (8i:.)
Russians inquire about the names of people: (:) 30tr? ?
? 8 () :?
Russians express regret: :,
Russians inquire about the affairs of others: (w) ?
Russians ask to speak to someone on the phone: , 8:,
ln cafe or restaurant Russians ask how much is owed: : :?
Russians ask the cost of an item: 6 ?
Russians ask how to reach destination: () ?
331
Ji ( ) .
- .
. .
.
Read . 60 concerning the hard "hushing sounds" and and review the reading rules on
. 69-70.
!
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... I ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
- \ .
.
.
.
- ? .
- .
.
. .
. .
9 .
21 .
.
. #
with (together with) almost
(aarn:il, -- Note accent!)
334
. .
.
. . .
. . .
.
. . .
f
--+ () -+ ()
"' ()() to open
n design, plan (indecl.)
author, originator snack bar
auditorium
335
+ () + () - ()
, ,
; ; !
; ! ,
COIC .
.
, 16 () .
- ! .
- .
21.1 , ,
.
.
.
( ).
. : - -, .-,
.
1. -, . 2. -,
. 3. -, . 4. -, . 5. -
1
- () - (; !) to drink - (, ; , ; ) to
juice l to (can)
66 (open-faced) sandwich
(, , , , , eirr; ( 16 ) 1011
1
; !) : to eat are not admitted
6 ice-cream 6 ( + inf) would like to
3
336
, . 6. -, m . 7.
, . 8. -, .
. : - ?-, ,
.
l. ? 2. ?
3. ? 4. ?
5. ? 6. ,? 7.
? 8. ?
. : - ?-, .
? 2. ? 3.
l.
? 4. ? 5. ? 6.
? 7. ? 8. ? 9.
? 10. ?
21.2 Genitive Forms of Adjectives and Special Modifiers
?
.
.
ii oeii .
ou already know the genitive modifier endings for masculine and neuter from
several set expressions and as the endings for use with aniate masculine accusa-
tive. For feminine the endings are the same as in the prepositional and dative
cases.
JJ 21.2
: . .-
.
1. . . 2. .
. 3. . . 4. t
. . 5. . . 6.
, . . 7. .
. 8. . . 9.
. .
The sixth and last case to studied is the instrumental, which you will using
for the present with the preposition cfco = 'with' ('together with', 'accompanied
').
337
22-1022
21.3. . (Use appropriate proous.)
1. . ... .. 2.
. ... . 3. . ...
. 4. . .... 5. ?
... 6. m. ... ?
7. , ... ? 8. ? ... ,
. 9. . ?
10. , ... ? 11.
, ... 12. ,
. 13. -
. .
When divisions of the day are used without specific time, one uses the forms
, , , . If time is mentioned one must use the genitive
case of the division of the day: (Note accent!), , , . Russians
break the day down into parts as follows:
-4 or 5 a.m. to noon
- noon to 5 or 6 . m.
-5 or 6 p.m. to midnight
- midnight to 4 or 5 . m.
Since the calendar changes at midnight, 'last ight' (if after midnight) will
. (What wou1d the meaning of ?)
2.1 . ( = 9 )
20.30 ( ).
In officia1 uses, such as rail and air timetales, on the radio, for film showing
times, etc., Russians often use the twenty-four hour clock. Note that Russians use
period instead of colon in expressing the time of day.
21.4
. . Isert the ecessary divisio ofthe day: , , ,
.
1. 7 .... 2. -
6 ... (1) .... 3. -
9 ... 2 .... 4.
8 .... 5. 9
.... 6. 7 .... 7.
10 .... 8.
2 9. , 4
, 6 night, at night
338
. Comp/ete the sentences with words in parentheses choosing between ytpofy:rpa,
etc.
1. ! ()? 2.
, (). 3. 3.30
(). 4. 10.30 (). 5.
, 11 (). 6. () ,
() . 7. ()
. 8. ,
().
. : 10 6 .- 22 .
8 . 2.
1.
9 . 3. 2 .
4. 6 . 5.
4 . 6. ,
11 . 7. 10
. 8. 9 .
. : + (-, ).
1. , ... ? 2. . 3.
... . 4. ... . 5. -
, ... , ? 6.- ... ?- , ,
. 7. ... -
339
, . 8. ... .
9. , !
. (fI-).
1. ... , . 2. ... ,
. 3. . 4. , ... !
1 , . 5. ... -
. 6. , .
. (/).
1. ... , . 2.
, ... . 3. ...
, . 4. 1 ... ,
. 5. , ... 1.
6. 1 , . 7. , .
8. 1 ... , . 9. -
,
21.8 The Verb - ()
)' , ; ;
This is new type of verb for you, verbs whose root ends in f. In these verbs
the mutation of the consonant takes place in al/ fors of the present tense except
before -. Note that the masculine past tense form is missing the usual . As with
many verbs, the infinitive is the most irregular form, the resulting from
complex palatalization ofthe velar consonant with the - normally found in infini-
tives.
This verb has iperfective ftre!
340
careful not to overuse this verb. Note that the Russian equivalent of '1 can't _ ~
hear', ('see, remember') is u (, ). Do not use the verb - ~}
in sent!Plces of this type.
21.8. n (-).
l. , ... . 2.
, ... . 3. , ...
. 4. ,
... . 5. , ... ?
6. 1 . 7.
, . 8. -
. 9.
, .
21.13 .
Note that some impersonal expressions followed infinitives.
341
must bought well in advance). Late-comers are allowed to enter the auditorium
only betwee:q the short subject or newsreel () and the feature film.
There will generally in the lobby, and in some larger theaters there may
an art exhiit or some sort of entertainment in the lobby for those waiting for
the next showing to begin.
On page 344 you see drawing of typical movie ticket, with the coupon (
()) which is torn off the ticket taker.
1
. , 21- (
) .
. ,
, . -
1 Did you notice that many accent marks have been omitted in this \esson? Accent marks are not
printed in materials provided for Russians, and the foreign student should become accustomed as early
as possile to reading unaccented material. Therefore we have begun, on selective basis, to omit ac-
cent marks on words which you expected to know very actively now.
n , ... The reason (fact, r-
-i+ /--- \em) is that ...
342
.
:. ,
:.
.
. , :
, . ,
:. .
, .
, : .
:. :. 1
, , : 16 .
, .
, .
: , : , , :
: : .
, : .
, :, .
, , .
20 . .n ,
. ,
, .
:
- ?
- . ?
- . , ?
- , . -
.
:
, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 21 .- ,
. , , ?
- , .
(plta, ) glad showing (of lilm)
co-&lp-u + 1--- j onc can, may
(copa.IICII; i) cup
6 = glass
at \ast, finally
6 1 except for 1
- (performing) artist
1
o-ca-iii + ct1 --- 6 , after
to remain, stay --{11- to phonc. call
that doesn't matter, answering devicc
never mind ----
eforc. up to 88 it turns out
beginning
343
- .
- .
- , - - ~ -
1.
- , , .
- ?
-.
- 20.30 ( ).
-.
: - ? IJM"OTIATit (()):
: - , .
~ & 16:~
:
:
:
-
-
-
?
.
?
~:
PIIA
:~
MIE.CTO_ : ~
..................:-:-::...: -- : .
: - . ?
: - .
: - , , , ,
.
: - , ,
.
: - r , , .
: - . .
: - , .
: - r, .
- , , .
r ? \!
- .
.
}:
- ?
- .
- ! ?
- , .
- ?
- .
-.
- , ?
- , . .
- ?
- . .
- ?
- .
- , ? . ,
!
- . ,,
.
-
, , ,
.
- , .
?
- .
, . .
, .
, . .
- , . , .
- . -
? .
- . .
- : .
21.16 - ! ?
-, .
- ?
- .
-.
( , , , ,
:I)>, )
21.17 - 5 ?
- , 19-, 20- 21- .
345
- , , 3 , 19- .
- , 20 .
( 8 -11-, 12- 13- ; 6 -1-, 2-, 3- 5-
r; 5 -8-, 9- 10- 1)
21.18- , , ?
- ? . ?
- 6 , , 11- .
- 9- .
- , 9- , .
( - 9 ; - 8 )
21.19 - .
- , ?
- .
- ' . 3, .
- .
. .
- ?
, .
21.20 : .
.
?
?
... ,
, .
21.21 - , .
- , .
... , .
... , .
... , .
.. ., .
... , .
... , .
21.22 1. ? ?
? ,
?
6
--+
! 6
/- : (( >> - (n)/
- ()
:
6 6 --+
( )
: (( 6: 6
, !
: , . 11 ()
---- f
--+ --)'-
: , ()
-- + ,
+ ()/ 11
1
-- + ---11 )': 6
: J1
--+ f --- --+ () /
38JI 6+() (() :
-- f - -- /-
JI
347
.N2 22 ( )
-
- ?- , .
() .
- ?- .
, ,
.
.
.
!
... ... -
iI iI ... ... .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... -
... ... ... ... - -
Read . 63-65 concerning the use of IC-4 in questions having an implication of request (ques-
tionnaire questions).
!
? ?
4
- -?
- . - -.
- ? -?
4
-?
- . - . -.
? !
r
? !
348
?
!
-
-
1 ?
~ .
:1, ..
:-~
r
- ? - , . .
- , . .
. . -. ,
.
? .
.
? .
-
.
.
, , .
J. .
, , 38,3 (
36,6 ( ). ).
349
- ?
-
. .
.
.
.
.
.
( ) . .
. .
. . i.
.
? ? ?
1. / / . 3/3
2. . ./
3. /
CJCJ +
Note that all prepositions denoting direction away from are used with the geni-
tive case.
22.1
. : .-
. .
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7. . 8.
.
. : .---t- .
.
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6. . 7. .
8. . 9. .
. : - . - ?
1. . 2. . 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6. . 7. .
8. . 9. . 10. . 11.
.
351
22.2 "' ()
- ?
- , . .
Possiility 1permission is expressed in Russian means of an impersonal
construction.
When :J expresses prohiition, it should used with the imperfective.
When it expresse~ impossiility 1inaility, it should used with perfective verbs.
, - You ustn't soke ...
.
, One 't enter the auditorium ...
.
. lt is ipossile to call from our phone.
.
Although Russians are themselves often not precise in their usage, it is always
est to use for permission or external possiility, and to use the verb 6-
for one's aility ~ possiility for which the person himself takes responsibllity:
?
, .
, .
22.2
. : . ( )-
.
1. . () 2. . (
) 3. . ( ) 4.
. () 5. . ( ) 6.
. ( ) 7. 6 . (
)
22.3. (.;- - 1
).
1. i, .... 2. .
... ! 3. ... ,
. 4.- ?- ... .
5. r 11 s. .... 6.-
?- ... . 7.-
...?- . 8. , ... ?
9. . .... 10. . 10
11.- .. :?- , -
... .
22.4 + lfiitive = (i order) to
, 31Ui, .
I additio to its use i idirect commads, is used to itroduce purpose
c1auses. ln this case the subject ofoth actions is the same d the injmitive is used
with .
O(tl ith goig erhs the omitted i such purpose costructions:
(, ) i i
.
22.4
. Comp/ete tlre .fenteces ll'itlr 11/rere ecessary. ltr 11hkh cases tlrere
variants?
1. , ... ,
. 2. ... , -
. 3. ... l
. 4. ... ,
. 5. ...
.
353
23-1022
ou a1ready know how to express the actua1 duration of time means of the
accusative case with prepositios. ln such cases the time span covered the
verb is the same as the time period mentioned.
For intended or resu1tant time one uses the accusative case with the preposition
. In such cases the time span invo1ved begins after, as resu1t of, the action
rather than covering the same period as the action expressed the verb.
354
22.7. .
1. ... . 2. !
? 3. ... . 4.
... . 5.
,
. 6.- ?- ...
. 7. , , .
8. .... 9.
... , .
22.8 - - --
. , , ;
. . , ; ; !
Russian is much more precise than contemporary English in distingushing be-
tween verbs of getting into body position and being in particular body position.
The verb - is like -- () in having different vowel in
the infinitive and past tense than in the future tense.
what conjugation does belong?
. .
.
, . .
Note that these verbs, as well as the related verb of putting, ---, are
also used of hospital stays.
22.8. (- - -- - ---).
l. . .... 2. ...
. 3. , ... ? 4.
, . ,
. 5. ... . 6.
.. ;, . 7. ! ...
. 8. , .
9. , . ...
?
355
Note that is not used in expressions of illness. fever. etc.
Normal body temperature in Russia is considered to 36.6. This is
not an exact equivalent of98.6 Fahrenheit ecause temperature there is taken un-
der the arm, which gives slightly lower reading.
Note the special construction for expressing aches. Also note that the posses-
siye modifiers are not used in these constructions referring to parts of the body:.
12.11 Notes on Individual Words
11 = to take along
. .
-8th and = 'doctor (physician)'. but should
used only as torm of address or as title ( may not used in these
ways).
180-- 1- -1 n Lesson 21 you used this verb in directional constructions
( ). The directional equivalent when used with
persons is, of course, the dative case: 180i .
1101'8, pyai-Note that refers to oth teg" and foot", and refers to
both arm' and and".
. . ,
. .
. . . . il.
. .
. .
. ,
. .
.
. . .
. , .
. .
. .
. ero .
. ,
. i.
!>>
'I!. ?. .
: ?)) .
356
:
?
- . . ,
.
- . ..
.
- ?
- , i .
- ?
- 37,5 ( ).
- , . -
.
.
- , . . -
.
- , ? }'!
- }' , .
- ?
- .
- ?
- , , . .
.
- ?
- , 37,3 ( ).
- ?
- . , .
- .
- , , ?
-, .
- ?
- .
- . , - .
. !'
.
- ?
-, .
- !
357
- ?
- , . . .
- , .
- , . ?
- , . , .
- .
- . , , -
.
- ,
.
- ! !
- !
?
- .
- , -
. ?
-. -?
- ,. , - .
.
22.12 - ?
. .
?
, 37,3 (~ ).
(, ; 37,6, 38,4)
22.13 - ?
- , , .
... ?
n, , .
... ?
, .
22.14 - ?
- , , , 37,5.
- , .
( , . , )
22.15 - ? ! ?
- , , .
# ---- () to hope ?
6! = !
358
- .
- . !
, ?
, .
, ?
, .
22.16 - ?
-.
?
- 38,3.
- .
(, , )
22.17 1. ? ? :?
, ?
2. ,
? , :
? , .?
3. ? , ?
--
, -- -- +
+
: ..i
imli : ?
--/ R
1
cooil : () () 1
--+ ---
--- !
6,6
ii - 1 1
--ii + -
: Cno6ioi 6! xop6mii: 8c:erO xop6wero!
1
-- - i
1
- i +
1
)'--- - i
-- -- () . 1
)'--- -,
359
.Ni 23 ( )
-
~
- . -
.
.
, .
!
... ... ... ... ... ~ ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... ... ... : .. ... ... ... ... -
- -
-. - .
? ?
?
- --
-
-
-
-
-
- --
-
360
- ?
- .
?
. .
.
I!1JJ ,
.
,
)> -.
,
.
- ,
, ,
.
.
.
j.
-.
.
)
}'
)
~
)
. ~, } ,
.
361
sig. /.
The Russian suffix - denotes an individua1 member of some group. Since its
meaning is singular, it is logica1 that it does not appear in plural forms.
If this suffix follows -/ -, the nominative plural ending is -.
23.2 Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs of Nationality and Language
23.2
. : .- i?-
.
1. -. 2. . 3. . 4.
i. 5. . 6. . (Tatarj.) 7.
-. 8. . 9. (/.) . 10.
. 11. . 12. . 13. .
(Ukrainian) 14. . 15. . (Tatar) 16.
. (Ukrainian) 17. .
. :- '!- .
1. ? 2. ? 3. ?
4. ? 5. ? 6. ?
7. ? 8. ?
. : .- -.
1. . 2. -. 3. -. 4.
. 5. -. 6. -. 7. -.
8. -. 9. -.
r. : - ?-
..
1. ? 2. ?
3. ? 4. ?
5. ? 6. ?
7. ? 8. ?
9. ?
. : -.- -.
1. -. 2. -. 3. -t~. 4.
. 5. -. 6. -. 7. -.
8. -. 9. -.
362
23.3 -
ou already know that most truly Russian surnames are adjectives in form or
in origin, and they agree with the person involved: ,
, . This is also true of sumames in -:
, , . Surnames such
as l, are adjectives in form and decline as adjectives.
Non-Russian sumames do not change for feminine or plural. In the text ofthis
lesson you meet , who is Armenian.
23.4 The Instrumental Endings of Nouns
, , , , ~
, , ;
-- (spelled--olt/-/-elt)
0~~} - (spelled - 1- 1-) feminine in ---
23.4
. :- .- .
. .
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8. . 9. . 10.
.
? ?
?
J1 ?
, .
With verbs other than or when indicates location, verb agreement is
with the subject (masculine with , neuter with ). However when , ,
363
are used with this verb in equational sentences (with predicate nominative), the
agreement is with the predicate nominative.
23.6. Coplete the seteces with appropriate past tese fors of
verbs give in pareeses.
1. () ? 2. ()
? 3. () ? 4.
() .
Note that only the second element declines, and that if there is preposition it
comes betwee the two elements.
23.7 ( }'r, etc.).
1. .... 2. ,
3. , . ...
4. ,
... 5. 6.
.... 7. ... .... 8.
, .... 9.
, 1.
11. -
12.
.
364
. 3.
? 4. . ... . 5.
, ! 6. : r :
. -. 7.
... , . 8. :
. ~ ... . 9.- .
?- . : ... .
10. . ...? 11. ...
. ero . ...
. 12. -r?
m
. , ,
.
-, - -.
. , ,
. ,
. , ,
, - , .
. ,
, . -.
, , ,
. - , ,
: - ..
.. :J>.
, -,
-. ,
)'.
: . ,
1 .
:
- ?
- .
- ?
- . ?
- .
- -!
- .
- ?
- .
- , ?
- , .
- -?
- - .
, ,
.
- ?
- ?
- .
- (50) . .
- , . ?
- , .
- .
- . , ,
.
- . , .
- Teriep . , .
- , . .
- , , ?
- . , .
-.
- ?
- , , .
- I . .
- .
-.
- , ? ...........
t.
- ?
- , .
- ?
- . , .
.
-.
- . .
- ?
- , .
- , , ?
() post office 40
(postage) stamp mail
for (use of, purpose ot). money order
air mail letter i to cash
1
--il. + --- to send money order
50 post card
envelope air mail
ii international 1
--+ ----
ri to sign (one's name)
(pl. -8) JJ
everything's , in order
367
- i. , .
.
- , , .
- .
-.
23.11 - ?
-.
-?
-. -
-? -
- .
- - -
?
-.
- .
-.
23.12 - ?
- ? . , .
- .
~ .
(, )
23.13- l .-12 .
(2 - 12 , 5 - 20 , 5 - 15
, -50 , 5 - 30 ).
23.14 - ?
- .
( - ,
- )
23.15 ) , .
- , , ?
, .- ...?
, .- ... ?
, .- ... ?
, .- ... ?
) , 50 ,
.- 50 ,
u.
, .- ...
368
,
.- ...
23.16 1. ? ?
() (, , ,
/)?
( ,
J>r)?
2. ,
?
, (,
)?
3. ? ?
?
4. ~ (, , , ,
, , )?
?
: }'?
CJJOa IUI
-- + 1----
i
fr
ii / /
apiiiiCICIIi 6i IIi
/ -+
j
8?
1
--- -
--il + / -8-- 1
11 6i
r pj'ra :
3--- 1 : il.
1
369
24-1022
.N! 24 ( )
-
- ?- .
~ ?-
.
.
.
.
.
!
... ... -
... ... ... .... ... ... ... ...
:
?
( ?)
. . .
i . . .
: date
. . 6 ? \?
i ilm. wi
370
.
.
.
. . . j.
() ()
. .
.
- ?- .
. !
. .=
.
371
24*
. ".
.
, .
, . ,
.
24.1 Months
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
h names of all months are masculine. Except for March through August, the
accent is on the endings.
24.2 Time Expressions-Point of Time when with Months
.
.
If only month is given, without date, use the prepositional case with .
electrician
Jllolie amateur
-- (il) to sitting --+ .
6 - .
amateur concert ---+ 1-6---
8 to remember, recall
372
. 8.
(), ~ -. 9. (
) . 10.
(). 11. () . 12. (
) . 13. ()
.
373
24.4. Coplete the sentences with appropriatefors ofwords given in
parentheses.
1. ( ).
2. ( ). 3.
( )? 4. (
). 5.
, ( ). 6. (
). 7. ( )
. 8. ( )? 9.
( ). 10.
( ), ()
. 11.
( ) . 12. ( )
. 13. (
).
24.5
. : - , - .
- , .
1. , -. 2. , -.
3. , -. 4. ,
- . ,5. , - . 6. ,
JS-. 7. , -.
8. , -.
. : - q?-
.
1. ? 2. ? 3.
? 4. ?
. : - , ?-
.
1. , ? 2. ,
? 3. , ? 4. ,
? 5. , ?
374
. : - .-
.
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
.
1. . .... 2.
. .... 3. . -
4. .
5. - .-, .. :
6. - - .-
375
24.9 Notes on Individual Words
---i +1
-----Sin memory is continuing process, the
verb does not h.ave perfective in the resultative sense. The perfective
and its imperfective refer to recalling, bringing back into
memory something. (Rememb~r that as rule is not used with !)
__
_ .
~ ,
. ( doesn't think about her every minute, only from time to time.)
Jl- term of praise used of either sex and in the plural, for which the
English equivalent will vary from one context to another.
-! Vadim's quite guy!
-! Larisa's great!
! Well done! That's how to do it!
is only the girl friend of girl, not of fellow. For the girl friend of
fellow the most common expression is (w) (Note that the plural
is regular-nopfr.)
-- + . Thinking is usually continuing process, but the perfective can
used of single thought or of small amount of the activity.
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
i ,
.
,
r .
. ,
: .
.
- , . , ?
.
- , .
: ,
.
- , ?
- ,- .- .
-
IICOIIep concerto
-=F
311, 3116
--i+1 --
ono3irrop composer
in the same house as they
376
, :
. -
.
:
- , ?
-
-
.
~ -
2([])
.
! IIC0001IEIJD'D' ..
. . J10
? D
-
?
- , , -
~- .
- .
- ! .
... ?
- , ! ?
- , .
-, ?
- , . , , . -
.
- , .
- , , .
- ? ?
- , ? , -
.
- , . . .
- , ~!
- ?
- -, .
- , ! , , . , .
- . ?
- , , . .
- .
377
- , , ?
- . , . ,
.
- , , .
- .
- .?
- , . :!
- !
- , , .
- ?
- 0-! ! ,
.
- ? !
-, ! !
- .
, ,
- , ?
- . -, -
.
- , ? .
-. .
?
- , .
i extra i amazing
1
-- () 1 conductor (music)
() i,
il:! sit down agree, in agreement
() I.. . () was lucky.
1
-:-i- -113-- ili
npo:nsecil 'I 3I
to make an impression (on ... )
378
- , .
- , .
- ?
- .
- ?
- :. !
, .
-, !
24.10 - ?
- .
- ? , -
.
(1 , ; , ;
, ; , )
24.11 - ?
- .
- ? ,
?
- , , .
( , ; , ;
, ; ,
)
24.12 - . /?
- , 6..
(, , , )
24.13 - ?
- .
- ?
- .
- - ?
- ?
- ?
- ?
379
14.14 - , .
- .
(, , , , )
24.15 - !
- .
( t ; ;
, ;
)
24.16- .
- .
(, ; , ; ,
; , )
24.17- !
!
( , , ,
-)
24.18 1. ?
?
?
2. ? . ?
?
3. ? ?
4. (, , ,
, )? ()
()?
CJJoa
: 6.
1
----
:s--: (:s)
i!
nii : .
: . _---u + 1-6--- 1
-- -
380
-- + : --
: -- ()
nepe-a-iii + 1-
.
--- 1- 1 --()- . :
j
--+ . irr
---- 1---
() .
w
6i i 'IIICJI6
cairrec ?
:: ...?
- ! 1
: .R
Nt 25 ( )
-
.
- - , ?- ,
- .
, .
!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... -
.
.
- , .
- .
- - , ?-, - -
.
- ?- - .
, .
~ , .
. 1. .
. .
.
383
, 13.- -
?- . .
. (/--).
1. ... . 2. ...
? 3.- ?- .
, ? 4.- ?-
. . 5. - ?- ...
. 6. , , . 7.
. 8.- ?-
. 9.- ,
... .- , ,
... . . 10. ,
.... ...
. 11. , 20 . ,
... 12. ,
... . 13.
. ,
.
25.2 ...
( = ) .
?
ln conversational Russian it is common practice to combine two subjects (
, ) into special construction using plural pronoun (, ,
) with the second subject in the instrumental case after the preposition . Note
that the use of the plural pronoun does not necessarily mean that more than two
persons are involved (although this may sometimes the case}-the pronoun
sums up the totality of subjects, the noun in the instrumental case indicates who
the other member(s) of the party is 1are. similar construction occurs with nouns:
.-
.
25.2
: .-
.
1. ? 2.
. 3. 't . 4.
li . 5.
. 6.
. 7. ?
385
25- 1022
25.3. (-- -).
1. - ... , ? 2. - ...
. 3. - ... ? 4.
- ... ? 5. . - ... . 6.- -
?- - ... . 7. - ... -
, , . 8.- , - ... .
.-, , - ... . 9.
- ... ? 10. - ... .
11. - ... ? 12. , ,
- ... . 13. , - ... ,
. 14. - ... . 15.
- ... }' . ? 16. - ...
?
25.4
. 1nsert the particle in those sentences where it is necessary.
1. ... , . 2.
, . 3. ...
, ... .
4. ! ... . 5.
, ... .
. 6. , . ... ,
! , . 7.
, , ,
. 8. ,
. 9. ... ,
... . 10. ... ,
. 11. ... - , ,
. 12. ... , .
13. . 14. ! ...
. 15. , , ...
. 16. , ! ,
. 17. , ,
, . 18. ...
, .
. .
1. lfyou had arrived earlier, you could have bought ticket to the ballet. 2. If
you come to see us t week, we'll show you. the w pictures we made whe
we were i the North. 3. Joh wrote Nina d told her he wou1d arrive i Moscow
the 23rd of September. 4. 1 did't kow you would i the South. If l they
had give me leave (or week! But 1'11 here l two days. 5. 1 would very
much like to hear Dmitry Shostakovich's cocerto. 6. Are't you cold here?
lt would good to go ito the house. 7. If you have free miute after dier,
38(
25*
p1ease come to see me. 8. If you had studied more, you wou1d have passed the
test. 9. Anna Petrovna called Nina and said she wou1d arrive home 1ate today
and that Nina wou1d have to prepare dinner. 10. If on1y 1 had known Zina's
address!
25.5 Telling Time on the Half Hour
(1.30).
~ , (2.30).
This is the most common way of expressing time on the half hour in conversa-
tional Russian. Note that Russians are forward-Zookig when they tell time-once
an hour has passed, they no longer mention that hour, but are 1ooking forward to
the next hour: = 1.30, i. . the first hour has passed and ha1f of
the second.
25.5. Read /d!
1. 6.30 . 2.
7.30. 3. 9.30. 4.- ? -
10.30. 5. . 8.30 . 6.
1.30. 7. 12.30. 8.- ,
?- 11.30. 9. 4.30.
10.- ?- 2.30. 11. 3.30. 12.
5.30, .
1. ... , . ? 2....
. 3. ...
. 4. , ... .
5. ... , . .
6. , r , ...
. 7....
, , . 8.
, ,
. 9. , . 10.
... ? 11. ...
.
~?
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
. .
, ,
.
. ,
. . r,
...
, , ,
. , .
..
: , , .
- .
:r .
389
.
, .
I. . . -
- . :
- }'.
-?
?! , ?
-
,
. ,
.
- ? ! ! ,
r !
- , !
- , !
- .
- .
- . , , -
. , , .
- , .
- !
- , , .
-!
- ? , .
-, .
- r, ~Wr ?
- . ?
- . .
- . .
- , . ! ?
- . - . -
, .
- .
- ?
- , .
- ?
- , . .
- , , ,
?
-.
- , , .
-.
- ?
- . .
- .
- , .
- , .
?
- .
Q .
- , .
, , ' ,
. ,
.
- !
- . .
-- +1 -- ()
i soup with beets. cabbage. etc.
= n perhaps (you're right)
sugar pastry
1
to hungry, thirsty
391
- , , ?
- , , .
-.
- !
25.9 - .
- .
- .
- , .
(, ; , ; , ; ,
)
25.10 - , ?
- , ?
- .
- .
(, , , )
25.11 - ?
- aifJ. , .
- ?
- ... , .
- ?
- ... , .
- ?
- ... , .
25.12 - ?
- 1, .
- ?
- , .
( ; )
25.13- , ?
- z, . ?
, .
- ?
- ... , , .
- ?
- ... , .
392
, ?
... , , .
.
25.14 - ?
- ~ . .
, . , , .
?
.
, .
?
, .
, ?
25.15 - , .
? .
, .
, .
25.16 1. ?
? ?
2. , , ?
? ?
3. ? ?
?
6 .
ir ! 6 r / i 6
rocilx
-+ ! ( )
r :
- +/ ---
393
--- -6- _() . --
- 1
: ! i.!
--+ 1--()- : ,
--il + 1--- : -
IIII:
i.i J118
1
+ - ii,
--i.+ +
v ( 21-25)
ou now know the complete singu\ar declension of nouns, pronouns, and modifiers:
Nouns
N. , i
. ,
Gen. ,
Prep. ,
Dat. ,
lnstr. ,
Notes:
(\) Feminine nouns in -have the same forms for genitive, prepositional and dative.
(2) Feminine nouns have the same forms in prepositional and dative.
(3) Nouns with stem ending in -ii [] following -- (i. ., nouns in -i, -, -) have the prepositional
ending spelled -: , , .
(4) few short masculine nouns have speciallocational forms: , , , .
You know the indeclinale nouns ., , and the noun , wblch has no singular form.
You know the adjectives used as nouns ,, 6, wu:.
You know the plurals of nouns which have the suffix -: ---,
--, ---.
You know that non-Russian sumames do not change for feminine or plural: -
u, i i.
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronoun
N.
.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Jnstr. () () ( ) ( ) () () ( ) ()
?
.
.
.
, .
395
You know the emphatic pronoun :
.
, .
, .
pjra.
pjra..
pjre.
pjry.
jr.
, , , , , , 6, , ,
, , , , , , , , , ,
,
, , , , , , , , ,
,
Prep. - - -
, , , , , , , , , ,
Dat. - - -
, , , , , , , ,
, ,
lnstr. - - -
, , , , , ~, , , , ,
Fem.
Nom. -
, , , , , :, , , , ,
. -
, , , , , , , , , ,
// -
other
cases , , , , , , , , , ,
396
You know the new short-form adjectives , , , , , , ,
() .
You know that in compound ordinal (adjective) numerals only the last component is an adjective
in form and declines: , .
Language and Nationality
You know the use of the nouns, adjectives and adverbs of nationality and language, and the ex-
pression ... 8111? pyccaii 1 . ii .
i . -. r .
Case Usage
You know the following new uses of cases:
Accusative:
With the preposition ( = 'in exchange for'): ii. .
With the preposition : .
Genitive:
With additional prepositions: , , , , , , , , .
lostrumeotal:
express instrument of action: f .
With the preposition ( = 'with, accompanied '): . With this preposition in
the formation of compound subjects: i .
With the preposition ( = 'for, to get'): i.
With certain vers: . ;i.
i .
Vers
You know how to express "unreal conditions" with the conditional mood: li
, .
You now know three uses of multidirectional verbs (, ):
(1) general motion with reference to direction or time: .
.
(2) single round trip (in the past tense only): JI .
(3) multiple round trips: plia . .
You know the set of verbs dealing with d location: i:/ - JleiiCa .
You know the vers of leaming / studying:
J
.
r . .
il -?
iUI .
You know two verbs which lose the suffix -- in the past tense: - ( );
11J111l-l ( .)
You know the vers -6 +() (:l(11), -- (), r- ()/-, --
(), - (), + (, f
, , , , il:) - and .
You know the special constructions used with the verbs -- , , ,
i/{uu , /n- f , iw: + J.
397
You know the agreement of the verb in equational sentences such as:
? , .
ou know the use of the suffixed particles - to express indefiniteness and - to express
something definite but undefined:
- - , ?- , - .
- - - .- - .
- - .-, - .
Impersonal Expressions
ou know the additional impersonal predicate adverbs and the use of such predicate adverbs with
infinitives: , :Ji, , ( ).
You know the impersonal verb () n.
You know how to express non-existence or absence in the past.and future:
. .
Nwnerals
You know how to express decimal numbers: n, 38,3 ( ).
ime Expressiw
ouknow the names of the months and the manner of expressing dates:
- ?- n . (5.05)
- ?- . (23.09)
You know how to express duration of time and intended or resultant time:
. n .
. 21 .
You know the divisions ofthe day: , , , (but 5 6 , etc.) You
also know the twenty-four hour clock: 20 .
You know how to express time on the halfhour: (12.30).
(13.30).
ou know thc; additional time-related expressions: , , i , ,
, .
Convenational Expressions
You know numer of expressions connected with illness (cf. Lesson 22) and with the post office
(cf. Lesson 23). You know additional expressions oftaking leave: !, i !,
. ou know additional ways of answering the phone: !, ! ou know how to express
holiday greetings: !, ! When Russians join persons already eating or
when they begin to eat they say: !
398
Review of Declensions
1. Complete the senteces with appropriate forms of words give i paretheses.
1. () (
), () ( 8.-it:
). 2. ( )
(22 . 31 .) ( ) ( ). 3. m (
) -,
( ) . 4. (
). 5. ( ), ()
( ) ( ). 6. ( )
( ), ()? 7. ( ) (
), () ( ). 8.
( ), ( ) (
). 9. ( ), ()
( ), ( ). 10. (
) , () () ()
() (). 11.- ?- (3 .).-
( ) () ?- ,
(12 ). 12. ( ) ( ), (
) ( ) ( ). 13.
( ) (), () ,
(2 ). 14.- , () ( )?- (
) (), ()
( ). 15.-, ?-
( ), (:1).- 8 ().-
( )?- (8.30). 16.- (
). 17. ( ),
(>). 18. () (
) (). 19. ( ).
( )- ( ). 20. (
). () ( )? 21. ,
() (). 22.- ()
( ).- (), ,
, () I ( ). , ,
(). ( ) , ()
.- (), : (8.30).
23.- () ?- (
). , (). 24.- ()
()?-, , 5 () (). 25.
( ).
2. ( ....:. ).
1. ... . 2....
. 3. , ...
. 4.
399
. 5. ... . 6....
! 7. , .
? 8.- ?- .
3. ( ).
1. ...? 2.
, . 3.
. 4. ... ,
.
4. (- ..... -).
1.- ?- - ... . 2. - ...
? 3.-- ... , ?
, - ... .- , , - ... .
4.- , , -... ?- , .
5. - ... . , ? 6.
- ... ? 7.- ?- - ...
. 8.- ?- - ... .-
- ... . . 9.
, - ... . 10.
, - ... .
5. ( ..... 1).
. 1.- ?-, .
2.- ... it.- ... ? ,
. 3. .
. 4.- ... ?- ...
. 5.- ?- ... . 6.
, .... 7. ,
... . ... . 8.
, ... . 9.
.
. ( ..... /-)
1. ... . 2.- ?- ...
. 3.- ?- ...
. 4. , ,
. 5. .
6. (/ ..... ).
1. , ! 2. ...
. 3.- , ...
:?-, . ... ? 4. >
... . 5. ...
. 6. ?
.N"!! 26 ( )
-
- ?- i
.
.
,
.
,
.
!
... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ...
r:
! !
3 3 3 3
! ... ! !
! , ! !
- ? -
-. ?
- , ? - ,
- -. .
? .
? .
? .
1111t\- 1 1
--- :- () to be-
come
401
26-1022
j
().
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
, i -
.
, .
- ?- -.
.
.
.
. .
. -
. -
~- .
402
Qll 11 11 16).
.
.
. .
- , ?- -
-.
- ?- .
, .
, ?
In Russian equational sentences one frequently uses the instrumental case in-
stead of the nominative case for the complement of the verb in the past and
future tenses. With verbs meaning 'to become' (which include the verb
when change of status is implied) the instrumental should a/ways used in all
tenses.
Although the student may sometimes see other usage in his reading, the fol-
lowing guidelines should used in one's own speaking and writing:
(1) Remember that in the present tense of the nominative must used:
-.
(2) With the infinitive the instrumental must used: ,
.
(3) In the future tense use the instrumental:
.
(4) In the past tense the instrumental is most frequently used, but the nomina-
tive may used of permanent status. But of nationality one must use the
nominative: . JI .
Remember that in Russian one must always use of animates, even though
we use 'what' when speaking of occupations in English: , _. &
? 'What will you when you graduate from the ~
university?'
403
26*
26.1
. : - .- ?
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5.
.
. : -.- .
, . (Or use where appro-
priate.)
1. -. 2. -. 3.
. 4. -. 5. -. 6.
-. 7. -. 8. -.
9. -. 10. -.
. : -.- ,
. (Or s where appropriate.)
1. -. 2. -. 3.
- . 4. - . 5.
-. 6. --. 7.
-. 8. -. 9.
.
. .
1. ... , .
. 2. .. .,
. . 3. ... ,
. . 4.
... , .
-. 5. ... , -
. .
26.2 h Prepositional Plural Declension
i .
.
404
, ,
18.
26.3 , .
Remember that mu1tidirectiona1 verbs indicate motion in more than one direc-
tion. Therefore they indicate round trips in such sentences as:
( = ).
( =
).
In these sentences both parts of the trip, there and back, are covered the one
verb. If the various parts of trip are described separate1y, using different verbs, as
in the heading of this section, then of course nidirectional verbs must used.
Each verb now refers on1y to specific portion of comp1ex trip.
26.3. ( = "' J
, 0 =
"' 1-).
1. 0 , 0 .
2. , , ,
0 . 3.- ?-
. 4. 0
405
. 5. 1,
, . 6.-
?- , 7 . 7. ,
, 0 . 8. 0
, . 9.-
?-
. 10.- ?- 0
, .
, .
, . -0
.
1 . .t
- .
- n .
- .
. . .
:
-- ! - . .
.
- . . --
.
- . u '?
- Q.-- i.
- . ~1 ?-
.- .t
. . ,
.
- ,-
.- .
. .
.
1 ln Lcsson 21 \\" hcg:tn 10 0111il :II:CC11111rks r \\"Ods \\"hich )"OU should cxpcctcd \ kllO\\"
acti\cly. Bcginning \Vith Lcsson 26 we egin to oit thc t\vo dots ovcr in such words. (Thcy will rc-
t:tincd in to avoid conl'usion \\'ith . 1
i;w, .1, ;~ 8110'1 h\\"\", btll thcn, i:idcnt:tlly
;t~ dcputy (rcprcscntati\cl wirr - rcsolutc. dccisi~c. dctcrmin1.-d
.~~ the RUSiian Parllament
i ( ~u - c-aCIJaiu u~-) .; cts soon :ts
t: u! Just think it! -r country (nation)
-r () construction sitc. construction pro-
jcct
.7
- . . .- .
!
- , . .
.
, .
:
'!
- ?
- , . . -
.
- ?
- . .
- , , .
- ? ? ! ,
! , ?
- ' .
- '!
- . , .
- ? i
n.1 '!
-.
-- . ?
- . .
- . . .
.
- . . .
, .
- ... . .
- . .
- , . ?
- . . .
- ! . 6?
- . .
-- . 011 -
. .
- . !
- . .
:
801-?
~08
- .
- ?
- : , .
- .
- ?
- , , , .
- ! ? -
?
-.
- , .
- , .
?
- . .
- . ... ...
, , ?
- .
- .
- , ?
- . , . , , -
.
- ! , , .
- :1. .
- ! .
- . . , , .
- , , , .
- , , .
- , .
- ?
-, .
- , ... ?
- , .
- , .
409
, , .
?
. .
, , .
- .
- , , , ...
- . .
- , . , , , , .
?
- ...
- , , .
- ?
- ... .
-?
- .
- , , .
- .
- . .
26.7 - ?
, .
?
.
( -, -,
)
26.8 ) - , ?
- . , ,
.
(- , - , - )
) - , ?
- . , ,
.
(- , - , - )
26.9 -.
- onpocitme, , .
- .
410
-!.
- ... .
- .
-!
- ... .
- .
26.10 - - .
.r .r! !
- .
- . :\!~.
... !
- .
- .
... !
16.11 - .?
- . ...
')
- 11. !
')
- . !
')
26.11 .
.
- , .1111(! n..
- JI yir.t.
( : , :
)
26.13 - .r .
- . '!
- .
- ?
- . .
( . . )
411
26.15 - .llti."o 1101dt1'!
- . .1 ! !
')
- . . .
- ...?
. . .
')
. . .
; (18.:18)
aro-;aap-ti-ra./l- Kp8110&-1118/-llaiiU
ara u8.1..
il11 \J ( 1101.1) ... IIO CIICIIIIIi.IIIUC'I'II?
BOIC1U :\1. ,
11: 11.1 /18.1. - \SiWIHi --.-/ -,.. r
ii: J-? w
: li.i )' COJIHII
10 OJIMH
li.i lloc'ro nepe-;~a-aii + 1-.., epOih.-a
.o1enyar ... r ( = HO:\ICp - 1
1--ii +1 s- 11 11r.: ~'!\lr r1.~.-!
1n II0e1Jl xapirep
:s ~1-ii + R
-1-.'1. il.
: ...- 1111 0.6.
i.ii - 1
412
Ne 27 ( )
-
.
.
?
i.
Read . 24 conceming efore 1r. Rememer that the Rusian must always pronounced on
the teeth.
111111:
Exclamations are normally pronounced with raiSed pitch level on the accented syllable of the
stressed word, followed lowering of tone toward the end of the exclamation (the fall in tone is
sharper than in IC-2).
?
il
413
40--, 100--
50-- , 200--
60-- , 300--
70 --, 400--
80-- , 500--
90-- , 600--
700--
800 --
900--
1000--
1957 ( ) .
4 () 1957 (1 )
.
?
?
?
?
?
f . !
.
. .
. : --!
414
, ,
.
, , --.
.
.
- ---
~
! !
. 1. .
~
1, - .
1.
415
ii.
.
?
The instrumental plural ending for nouns of /1 genders is - (spelled
- /-).(Remember to form instrumental plurals from the nominative plra/,
not the nominative singular!) Note the irregular forms , ,
. For modifiers the ending is - (spelled - /-; cf. ). As in
other forms, has where one would expect 1.
27.1
. : - .- ?
1. . 2. . 3.
. 4. . 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10. . 11.
. 12. .
1991 (1 )
.
15 () 1979 (i
) . .
416
When only the year of an occurrence is indicated, use the prepositional case
with the preposition . If the month is given, then the genitivecase of the year must
used.
When the century is clear from context, particularly in speaking of the current
century, Russians often omit the first two elements ofthe year (l ,
etc.). (But they never do as we do in English when we say 'nineteen fifty-seven').
Remember the manner in which Russians express dates entirely in numerals:
4.10.1957 or 4.10.57 = ( )
.
?
?
?
?
?
418
27.6. (-).
, ... ? 2. ,
l.
l? 3. ... . 4.
, ... ? 5. ... i
. . 6.
, ... . 7. ,
. 8.-, ?-,
27.7. (---).
1.-, ?- ... -. 2.
...
. 3. , ... . . 4. ,
... , , , r . 5.
! ... . 6.
. ... . 7. ...
. 8; ?
.
,
1- .
.
:
- . . 1957
?
- . . ? .
.
. : ?.
: . .
.
..: . ,
. .
n.II .
, ur n .
, :
- , n.
- ?-n .- ~?
:
- n , n. n-
. .
- n?
- ,- .
- ?
- . n.
- , ?
- , , .
.
- n ?
- , .
.
- i ?
- . ?
- , i ?
- , . -
,U-o-an.-et~/ ol-
(811r0)y...-..l
yCIRx sua:ess
to rejoice
(much) csteemed ...............
'11 U? What"s the matter?
421
u . 8,
.
- ?
- . . . -
tr , )', i.
.
- , .
.
- . '!
-.
- . ?
- .
- ?
-.
- r}' . -
. . . , .
tl.
- .
- 81>1 it ..1 '!
- , ftu.
- nollp3Bit.1oc 6..1w r6?
- fl:t it ~ , ~ - Ma-
pltithl .
- . . .
?
- .
- , . - -
.
- .
- . .
! 21
ctr i .
. . .
. . .
.
.
.
IIO.Jnal useful
'nWn. (.Ying. (\') industry . . . . ]8 11111 JCORie
..1w: xoJiicno agriculture ya.etnte... Respectfully youn...
422
! 15
. ,
- . - , ,
. . ! ,
. . ?
? . .
. .
, , -
, N.! 1, .N2 7.
-
., . 10, . 7
27.12- .
- ?
-.
- .
(- 5, -:- 50)
27.13 - ?
- . , .
- ' ?
... .
- , .
- ... , ?
- , .
27.14 - ?
- . .
- ?
- .
- .
-.
(, , )
27.15- ?
- u.
( , , , )
423
27~16 . !
! , ,
- , .
.
.
(-; -)
. !
!
.
. .
( - . - )
27.17 , ,
, N2 14, N2 57. .
, ,
, ; N2 5, N2 82.
.
, , ,
, N2 44, N2 193. .
27.18 1. ? () ?
() ()?
, (, )?
2. ? ? ?
:? ? ?
? ?
3. , ?
- ?
4. ?
?
, ?
?
- thonsand
n---
424
....88 ..........
D: Auin uj
.........
. . .: ...... J8 n. .... ..-..
,.........
Wcun
---.t:
....-oyul8irewl -.&.-n .
(:i:
cr&IIO'IIIWA elnp)
rpp-i-n.-a
..S.
........
ycatx
ycohoa
118 IWIflwx
....,.........:
.............
.:
i
-.
i
...............
AIIWil! )'
&.nw1
xolikno
ciaacoe xo:Je:no
rtell-oa-8-n.
....... 'llllio?
4UC1Will
UUIIIIIIit
...... 011 ....... .........
...........
6,
an.eeirr,
copcncoaOi
8IIIIC'8'Itedr.
llll'hl4tCinwi
QICC'I'I8JieCiml
-....-n: .111 8UCI"' u.. nu8wl ctLJ~eC~~. c:ell.lleCiwl
-i+ ~ . I\i', IIUCioIIJUICirl
Jtnllll6co, eallllilewl
88 C'lic:n... IWI.,_ lro-cwJ~-81 + 1uo-cn-a-n
.....
...U. l.
IYJIIWiilc:
upeJa.'lll'il + 1upe-nnc-i-n
...........
npor:uw.c.om.
Jll6ml
11
:sa: 311 wecn. p!IJIIIOJIIOlrJIL .....W
...,junc. p8J18011. . . . . . ..-.
311cnu.aii p-oa-a-....a.Ja6- 111&!'116
ICOII'I'pCNiip c.llloCICOe XOJilkno L6
1Copi1a nr.: oci'leCICIII n- CI8I'8U 8010
pi&a
i
atr
cyllellilp
....
...
eaem.clrr
,..:..:.
cicn.e: XCenie 88 C'lic:n.8.
yauc8ewi
N!! 28 -. ( ) ~
.
1.
Practice the fol\owing words which contain soft consonant before hard consonant.
!
... ...
... ... ... ...
Read . 51 conceming the intonation of utterances in which speaker asks to have something
repeated ecause he did not hear or understand what was said.
!
2 2 3
- ? ? ?
- . . .
3 3 3
-? ? ?
1 3
- .- , ?
' 1 3?
- .- , .
' 1 3 ?
.- , .
1 ' 3
- .-, ?
- ?- .
- 1?- -
.
- .
- ?
- , .
- .
oiut
426
. .
, .
, ?
5, 12... 20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, . . .
~
.
. .
427
. . .
. . .
At first glance the endings of the genitive plural may seem more confusing than
they actually are. In fact, you have already been using all of the endings of these
forms the above words. Much ofthe confusion is caused the writing system,
which makes it appear that there are more endings than there actually are. Also, in
the genitive plural you will find neuter nouns taking the same endings as feminine
nouns, while you are used to th~ir taking endings like masculine nouns.
It is handy to remember the following rule which holds true for most nouns: lf
the nominative singular has an exp/icit ending, the genitive plural will usually have
zero ending (r-.; -.). If the nominative singular has zero
ending, the genitive plural will usually have an explicit ending (.
-; :.-:; .-).
There are only three basic endings for the genitive plural: -, -, and zero
ending. But sometimes it is necessary to add - or - to restore the root of the word
to its full form wben other endings are removed (though and are not endings).
Also, it is sometimes necessary to break up fill vowels consonant clusters which
result when endings are removed. This makes things appear more complicated
than they are.
--/- to put (standing) - () 1
6 shelf
428
28.1 The basic ending - is taken both masculine andfeminine nouns whose
nominative singular ends in soft consonant (spelled. with -) and masculine
nouns ending in "hushing sound" (spelled , m, , ; note that is not included
here!).
- , - , - , -
- , - , - ,
- , - , - ,
Many nouns in - shift the accent to the genitive plural and all other plural
endings except nominative: , , , , ,
. (ln the case of , , , , , ,
, the accent shift is to explained the fact that these
nouns have the accent on // explicit endings.)
28.1. Complete the sentences with appropriateform~ ofwords given in
parentheses.
1. 1.500 (). 2. ()
? 4, () -? 4.
, , (). 5. 17
(). 6. () ? 7.
(). 8. 5 (). 9.
325 (). 10. (). 11.
(). 12. ().
13. 48 () . 14.
- (). 15.
()? 16. ().
17. , ().
28.16 The basic ending - (spelled - /-) appears on masculine nouns with
hard stems (except for those ending in "hushing sounds"): -6,
, - .
Following - observe Spelling Rule No. 4: -, -
, - . .
The soft variant is taken nouns in -: - ,
,.
If the accent is on the stem, .nouns like , with an extended stem in the
plural, also take the soft variant: -. -.
28.16. Complete the sentences with appropriateforms ofwords given in
parentheses.
l. 12 () , 3 :
15 (). 2. , , , 8 () . 3.
10 (~) . 4. :
(). 5. (). 6.
()? 7. , () ?
429
8. 9 (). 9. 14 ().
10. (). 11.
() ? 12. ().
13. 6 () . 14.
(). 15. (),
.
28.3. .
1. ,
. 2.
. 3. . 380' ...
4.- 1.500 ...?-
, 5. ,
... 6. , m
7.-. ?-325 8.
?
28.4 The Genitive Forms of Nouns Used Only (or Mainly) in the Plural
The following genitive plural forms present new types, but will need to
learned since you do not know singular forms of these nouns or they present other
.irregularities.
- - -
- - -
- - -
- -
-
28.9. ( - ).
1. .
. 2.
. 3. , ... ,
. 4. m ... ....
. 5. , ,
. 6. , ... ,
, . 7.
... .... .
8. , ... ~ .
9. . 10.
, .
: .- ,
.
1. m . 2.
, , -
434
. 3. . 4.
. 5.
, .
28.11 r JI .
additiorial use of multidirectioal goig verbs is for movemet i differet
directios, or random motio with destiatio.
But if the motio is performed different people, each going differet direc-
tion at the same time, the the unidirectiona/ verb must used, sice each idivi
dual go i l direction at give momet:
. , .
, .
lt is only the prefixed goig verbs - , ""' (d the
related perfectives JI, ) which are involved i the uidirectioal
- multidirectioal contrast. Verbs with directional prefixes, such as -, -, -,
-, - have l sigle imperfective d perfective-the directioality is
take care of i the prefix (-= arrival, -= departure).
?
Does your buildig have elevator?
?
How r:nay departmets does your uiversity have'l
With iaimate us must use the prepositios 1 with the preposi-
tional case.
Remember that with ianimate us the prepositio meas 'at 1':
.
435
28*
28.13 Verbs of Puttig
. JI .
. JJ .
As i m other cases, Russia is more precise tha Eglish i its use of verbs
of puttig. must distiguish betwee puttig thigs i stadig positio or
i lying positio. The forms of these w verbs will cause prolems (but t
the ifiitive of the imperfective cquterpart of - [-,
]).
.
. ,
, .
.
.
. }' : ,
, , .
,
. : ,
, .
436
- . . , _ ?
- 1755
.
- . ?
- 30 . 7 .
- ?
- . . .
. '-> i
1953 .
- . . ? ?
- . . . 10
'--. r . .
? r.
. . , .
n. .
- . n. .
.
- , , . ,
.
- '!
- . . .
.
- . n n. ?
?
- . are . n .
- . . . ?
- - .
.
- !
- , r .
I\1:
- . . .
.
- , ?
-- . .
-.
- .
-- ?
-- . .
-- rir. 11 ?
-.
- . . . .r . .
.:t -'?
- .
- . -
? .
.
. . ?
r.
. . . ?
. .
- ,
.
- . .
;i.-
, _ . .
i ... ?
- . , ?
- ?
- .
- ? , .
- ? . ; .
-- , . ?
- . !
-! , ! -
!
-'- .
438
-- l. :It. l ii i II,
'!
- <~ ft .. tt~t", H<t is ~~
poCX<ITh &\ .1~i.
. .
?
.1 .
. :\r. r -
.
33 ( ) .
.1. .
- ?
- , , -
?
- .
, .
. .
. , . .
. v. ?
ir <;. 1.
:\r .
. . -. ...
. .
- . .
?
- .
- . .
.
. .
- .
- .
.
-.
ro-1in11J111Wi ~ .
-i--~~ . to stay. put up lct.t ut" lte/) n-
r......_ hotel Rilrp lp/. -ai) = u ti
U..... ltiiiO"I ''"' ,r~ key
Poccinl
439
28.16 - .
- ! , .
.
- , .
(- , - , -
~ , - )
28.17- , , , -
?
-, .
- :1, .
- .
- .
(~ , ,
; , ,
; ,
, )
28.18 , .-,
?
, .- ...?
, .- ... ?
, .- ...?
, .- ... ?
28.19 - , ?
-.
- ,
-?
- .
- ,
;>.
,
?
- .
(-, ; -, )
28.20 . , ,
, , .
.
. , ,
,
.
28.21 . , , ,
, .
440
. . . 'ITO
. .
28.11 - . . '?
-- '!
- .
- ui)).
-- . '?
- . . .;.
(. , .
. . u.)
28.13 - I, '?
- JI Yuuep('t11Jlt!l1l)),
28.14 1. ? . '?
'? ? '?
. ?
2. '? t
? }''? . , ?
3. ?
? ?
? -?
'? ?
?
. . , ?
'? .
'? ?
4. '? '?
'? ?
llowe .1 w
ICJiio neep6ypreaii ?
ICOJIJika 110 :J ?
ri n-:Jt6-- . IOI"O-:J8n8.11i
i! ICOrpiee n
6Ji Aep{aJIIUI
611 i . A:JII
.IIi ?
: IUiei!? --- .
ili 1
{Jt - ealllleiCIIe
( ) -
&irr nepe-m
.Ni 29 ( )
-
eayllle 1.
XOJIOUIIIX .
.. .
.m..
, -r.
1181:
Practicc thc following words containing final soft consonants.
.1 nomopJlme!
... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .
... ...
Rcad . 63 conccming the repctition of question efore answering it. lf the question does not
have an interrogative word. thc repctition of it the pcrson addressed must formed with the
particlc .
.1 !
- ..
'.
2 )
- , w 3
.
?
:J :J
- ? . - ? , .
2 2
- ? - ?
:J 3
- ? - ? .
, .
naro.apirr
l
?
, J .W
443
. ?
- ?-
i.
. . .
.
.
. .
-} - ~-} - -- -
- -
-
} - ?-} - - } -
- - -
-} - } -
-
- } -
- -
-} - -} - ---
- -
. . ;1 1
.
. ~ .
.
. .
444
!~~
.
-
.
.
.
~~
.
.
- ?
- , . ?
- Ji .
446
29.4 h comparative degree ('more .. .', '-er') of both adjectives and adverbs is
most commonly formed means of the suffix - (sometimes - in conversa-
tional style).
1
-
1
-
1-
-
1
-
1
-
/-
/-
The accent tends to shift to the suffix in the case of adjectives of two syllaes,
but remains on the stem in the case of longer adjectives (but note
).
29.4. .
1. , .... 2.
, , ... () . 3.
, .... 4. , ... ()
. 5. ... () , . 6.- ...
() .- , ... 7.
, .... 8. ... (), -
. 9. () .
29.4 The same types of consonant mutations occur in the formation of compa-
rative forms as in verbs, and in these cases the suffix is only - (always unaccented)
instead of :
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
1
- iu
1
-
Sometimes the suffix -- 1-- is lost efore the comparative is formed, and
mutation will take place if the stem then ends in consonant which undergoes
mutation: 1-
447
29.4 Some comparative forms must simply memorized:
/ -
1
-
/ -
/-
-
-
1
-
-
29.4 The comparative forms never change for gender, numer or case. They may
used only as predicate adjectives in equational sentences. There are, however,
few attributive adjectives formed from comparative roots, for use as direct modi-
fiers of nouns:
- the better - the older
- the worse - the younger
29.4 As you have seen, the second of two persons or things being compared is
normally in the genitive case. If, however, the first item eing compared is not in
the nominative case, the conjunction must used (this is form f and it
must preceded comma):
, .
, .
, .
1
i
448
The amount which two persons or things differ is expressed with and the
accusative case: .
Note the equiva1ents of 'even' and 'much' which are used with comparatives:
, (even prettier).
1 (mch o/der)
.
29.4. .
1. In our times young 1 like contemporary music more than c1assica1.
2. Victor is studying much better this year than last. 3. This te1evision set is more
expensive than ours, and it's much better. 4. They say the book is much more inte-
resting than the movie. 5. 1 run faster than my brother, but he swims better than 1.
6. We go to the movies more frequent1y than to the theater. 7. Everybody con-
siders that Tanya's more eautifu1 than her sister, but her sister is more l.
8. They say it will even hotter next week than this week. 9. "Here are some
good seats." "No, 1et's sit litt1e farther." 10. Nina came 1ater than she wanted.
11. lt's more difficu1t for me to go up to the third floor without the e1evator than
former1y. 12. Anna Petrovna's 8 years o1der than her younger sister C1audia
Petrovna.
29.5 Verbs Reguiring the lnstrumenta1 Case
- n ?
- , .
- .
Since means 'to occupy onese1f and means 'to get
carried away ', it is 1ogica1 that the comp1ement shou1d in the instrumenta1
case.
.
.
Except when used to refer to someone's , 1 require the
instrumenta1 case of the second comp1ement (that word which indicates how
something is being viewed). Compare with the use of the instrumenta1 case as
comp1ement with and 1-.
29.6 Notes on Individua1 Words
- + () (cf. text)-Do not confuse this first-conjugation verb,
meaning 'to ill', with the second-conjugation verb --, 'to ache 1hurt'.
. .
-Nt that this word is sing/ar /.
- + -This verb is similar to in that it refers to action under-
taken for p1easure on1y. lt can used of any type of vehic1e, or with skis and
skates. (With skis one can a1so use , a1though puts more stress on
the pure1y recreationa1 aspect of the sport.)
i- + - This is going verb, referring to propelling onese1f through the
water; means 'to bathe', but is often used to refer to all that one does at
the beach or swimming 1; is not going verb.
449
29-1022
cnop-Remember that this noun is singular only. refer to an individual
specific sport one must use .
-This word is still felt to foreign borrowing and is usually pro-
nounced with hard [t].
- . , .
- - .
,
.
, ,
-. ,
: , , 15,
...
.
, , . :
, .
.
,- .
1 . .
. .
, .
. ,
, , . ,
- .
.
, ,
. :1 .
, ,
.
- ?
- , .
?
- .
450
- , .., . ?
- , . .
- .
- . , .
- !
- , . ,
, . ,
. : ,
.
.
! ?
.
- , .
-- , .
- 1!
-- , , , -
. , , ,
1, .
.
- ?
- -. .
- ?
- , .
- ? , - 15 ...
- , ! , -,
- 15! ,
.
- ? , .
, ?
.
! ?
... .
, ! , .
.
, .
451
29
- ! !
N!! 28
.
.
- , ,
?
- , N.! 28.
- ?
- , .
-.
- , . , ,
?
? N!! 32, 19.30.
?
.
.
- ?
-.
- . -
.
- . , , .
- , , .
.
- , . !
, ! !
, -?
, .
-.
- .
452
29.7 ?
... ...
...
...
... ...
29.8 - ?
-.
( ?, , ?,
, , ?)
29.9 - .
- .
( - ; -
;
; , )
29.10 - 1!
- ? .
( . .
. .)
453
29.11 - .
- .
( , - i
.- - .
- )
29.12 , 70 .
. ... ().
29.13 ,
) ; )
29.14 . ,
, . .
. Make up dia/og.
!
,
!
!
?
?
29.16 1. ? ?
, ,
, .
2. ? ?
?
454
-- , nopile
!- ; ,
-- + --
1
: ... ----r- .
-+
-+
J
:
: r lrregular comparatives d
-- + those with consonant muta-
- ! tion:
i -+
h-- . ( )
--- 11
: ..
(l') 1
() - .
?
11 1
n
1n 6
-+
: - + :
--
!
-
: - +
1
: -- +
Nt 30 ()
-
(, ) .
.
Read . 48 concerning the quality of the unaccented vowels written as and when they occur
first in word.
!
... ... ... > ...
... ... ... ... ...
:
Remember that in many situations commas are purely formal written device in Russian and do
not always indicate pause in pronunciation. Read the following utterantes without pauses.
!
, ! ... , ? ... ,
. , ? ,
. , ?
? ? ? ?
. .
-I- -- --
-1- -- --
-1-- --- ---
-1-- --- ---
--- --- ---
456
.
.
.
. .
, .- , , .
, , ?- ,
.
. .
. .
. .
. . . .
.
.
. . . .
Verbal adjectives are adjectives which are formed from verb stems. You have
already learned two adjectives which were originally verbal adjectives:
, .
Past passive verbal adjectives are formed from the per.f'ective aspect of tran-
sitive verbs, and therefore they express qualities 1hich are the result o.f comp/ete
actions.
The short form of past passive verbal adjectives, which you see in the examples
here, is used to form passive constructions involving per.fective verbs. passive
construction is one in which the subject is the recipient of the action.
Compare:
- The young architect designed the plan.
.
30.la
. : .- .
\. . 2. .
3. . 4. .
5. . 6. .
7. . 8.
. 9. . 10.
. 11. .
. Complete the sentences with short forms / past passive verbal adjectives.
() ? 2.
1.
(). 3. () ? 4. ,
() , . 5.
, ()
. 6. , () ? 7. ,
() . 8. ,
, - () . 9.
, ()
. 10. , ().
.l Most stems in -- form the past passive verbal adjectives means of the
suffix -- (- if accented). Consonant mutations which occur in second-
conjugation verbs occur also in the past passive verbal adjectives. If the accent
shifts in the present 1future tense, it wil1 also shift onto the stem in the verbal adjec-
tive. If the accent is on the ending throughout, it will on the gender or plural
ending (except, of course, in the masculine, which has zero ending).
---- ---
-- - ----
---- ----
----
----
---- , , 1
---- .
459
.l
: .-
.
1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
. 5. . 6.
~ 7.
.
.l Verbs with infinitives in -, the verb , and those based on the root
(--) take the suffix --. Accent will generally as in the past tense.
-1--, , 1, (past )
---, , , (past )
---, , , (past , , )
--, , , (past , , )
---, , , (past , ,
)
---, , , (past , , )
.l. Coplete the sentences with short forms of past passive verbal
adjectives.
1. (), . 2.- , ,
, .- (). 3.- , ()
?-, . , .
4. : , ()
. 5. - .
- (). 6. ?-, ().
7.- , i?-
, (). 8.-,
.- , , ().
. Coplete the sentences with short j'ors of past passive verbal adjectives.
13. () ? 14. ,
() ? 15. () ?
16. , (). 17. -
460
, , (). 18. (
) ? 19. , ()
. 20. . (
)? 21. () ? 22. (
) ? 23. ()?
30.3 .
, . .
- , , ?- , .
Note that in this type ofsentences (all frorn academic life) one does not include
in the present tense.
30.4. .
1. You're opening the wrong door. 2. At first Anton didn't notice that he had
bought the wrong kind ofshirt. 3. You're going the wrong way. ln order to get to
Red Square you need to go to the left. 4. I'm afraid I've taken somebody else's
book. ou don't happen to know whose k this is? 5. ou're waiting at the wrong
bus stop-there isn't stop here of bus number three. 6. This is the wrong trolley-
bus. 1 advise you to transfer to trolleybus No. 19 at the next stop. 7. 1'11 have to re-
turn to the library. 1 checked out the wrong book. 8. You've bought the wrong
kind of stamps. For an overseas airmail letter you need 45 kopeck stamps.
9. You've given me the wrong key, this isn't the key to my room. 10. lt seems I've
taken somebody else's briefcase-these aren't my books.
.
.
.
.
23- .
.
, , .
, .
Unless date is involved when is generally expressed in the accsative case with
units day or shorter in length, in the prepositional case with longer units of time
(remember that is used with ). date when something occurs is ex-
pressed in the genitive case. In any event, when more than one measure of time is
involved, each one requires the genitive case of the following unit (unless, as in
the last two examples, the shorter unit occurs second, somewhat as an after-
thought).
30.5. ua .
1. Vadim was late and arrived only at 12:30. 2. Larisa called us from Paris on
Thursday at 8 . m. 3. On March 27 1 have to go to St. Petersburg. 4. Next time let's
go to the south not in July but in Septemer. 5. 1 sent John letter last week, but he'll
probaiy get it only in another week. 6. "Let's go to Suzdal next week." ", let's,
ifthe weather's good." 7. "C1audia Petrovna went to work in the Far East in 1978,
in the summer 1 think." "No, you're wrong, she went there in the winter of 1979."
8. The first sputnik was in outer space on October 4, 1957. 9. wen do you have
the coldest weather?" "ln December and January." 10. MGU was founded in
1755.
462
30.6 Culture throu![h Language: Examinations
University students normally take examinations only at the end of course
(while in general secondary schools examinations are held following the 9th and
11th grades). ln most cases examinations are oral. with the student appearing be-
fore the professor or efore committee and answering questions on
which he picks t'rom among several lying face-down on t.
30.7 Notes lndividual Words
--- - The English \'erb 'to enter take direct object. The
Russian equivalent is going verb and must used in directional construction:
tl w.1 . Anton enteretl tl1e :
111- 111 ,
.
. . .
, . , .
.
. .1. .
: . - . ,
. . : .
: '?- 1147 .-
'?- \905 .
, . . . , .
:. {- .
. . .
.
, . , u. ,
,- it .- ,
.
. , .
.
. - .
- .. ". .
, .
,
.1: .
463
:
- , .
?
.
- .
- ?
- : . -
.
- ?
--.
- ?
- .
- ?
- , -.
- ?
- --.
- , ?
- , --.
- , ! ?
- , .
, . .
!
- ! .
- - . .
1 .
- , , , .
- .
?
- 1147 ( ) -
.
-. ?
- 1755 (1 ) .
- ?
464
- .
- . . : -
.
, ! ?
, ,
, .
- , ?
, . .
- , , .
- , .
. ?
, . ?
. ?
- .
, , ,
. ,
, , ...
-, ?
.
.
, . ?
- , .
.
.
.
? . , ,
.
. ,
. . , , .
- , 847 60 .
465
30-1022
30.8 - , .
? ( )
- , .
- , .
... ?( )
- , , .... ?
()
- , ... ? (
)
30.9 - , ?
- . .
(, , , ,
)
30.10- , z.
- , 35 .
(-42 . 85 ., -225 . 40 .,
-938 . 50 ., -75 . 95 .)
30.11 - !
- .
(-, -, - ,
- )
30.12 l. ?
? (
)?
2. ?
? ()?
, ()?
?
?
3. ?
4. ? (
, , )?
5. ?
? ,
?
466
30.13 Word Study
3 - 3
- . )
-
IIOMHTb
-- +
-
- : ,
: ,
1
---1 --il + 1--- Past Passive Verbal Adjectives:
-- + 1--- 110--- .
+: -
1
-- -
-- + 1--il +
-- + 1- (
..-) :
3
: -
:
-:
: i - i: i
1
: 11 :
:
1wi!
)
--il + 100..---
OJIH ...
n
()
- VI ( 2~30)
Declension
You now know the complete declension, singular and plural, of nouns, modifiers (adjectives and
special modifiers), pronouns, and surnames in - and -. (Cf. taies . 494-500.)
Nouns
You know which fill vowels to add in forming the genitive plural of nouns: normally insert :
- . But: - , - , - , - .
ou know that in the plual the accusative fom f animate nouns of all genders is the same as the
genitive plual fom: .
You know the indeclinaie neuter noun . You know the noun (gen. ),
which has no singular. You know the noun , which has the nominative plural fom .
Case Usage
You know the use of the instumental case as complement of the v in cquational sen-
tences (except in the present tense and in cases efering to nationality). You also know the use of this
case in complement with verbs meaning 'to become':
, , , .
, .
, ?
, ?
You know the use of the instrumental case to express the agent in passive construction:
.
You know the use of the instumental case with , and and as
"second complement" with the v 1-:
?
. .
.
You know the formation of the comparative degee of adjectives and adverbs:
1-- , 1
---
1 1
- , - , - , - .
1
-
1-
and the irregulars:
1
- --
1
- -
1
- 1
--
1
- -
468
You also know four forms with full endings for use as attributive adjectives: , ,
, .
ou know the use of the comparatives of adjectives and adverbs, with the second item of the
comparison in the genitive case: . But if the first of the compared items is not in
thc nominative case, must used: , . ,
.
You know how to express 'even' and 'much' with comparatives and to express the amount
which the compared items differ:
, .
1
ropi:o .
6 .
Modifien
You know that predicate adjective will in the short form if the subject is or :
. .
You know that is modifier and does not require genitive case, while 'one of must
expressed with the genitive plural: , .
01~ .
You know how to use the modifier (which may also used without noun) and the quan-
t!fier MHOI'O:
n.
.
, .
You know the use of the past passive verbal adjectives with the verb in passive constructions:
. . .
Vers
You know the verb which requires the genitive case ofwhat is wished someone:
.
469
You know the vers of putting: - ()/, if-.
You kow the verbs (, w; ) and --- ().
You kow that / - used i two types of costructio: \.
. 2. , .
You kow the related questio form: ?
You kow the construction used with verbs of perception: ,
.
You kow that whe the subject is expressio of quatity (except for ) the verb should
neuter d sigular: 7 .
You kow that is ormally t used i such setences as .
. .
You know that the constructio with is not normally used as an equivalent of 'have' when the
subject is iaimate: .
Numerals
You know the cardinal numerals 40-1,000 and the ordinal (adjective numerals) 40-90:
,
,
,
.
6,
,
ou kowthat with 2-3-4 d compoud umerals containing as their last element 2-3-4 u is
i the geitive singular but adjective is in the nomiative plural (fem:) or genitive plural (masc.,
neut.) . . With other umbers (other
than ) both adjective d u are in the geitive p\ural: .
You know that special genitive plural form is used with definite numers and
. With indefiite quatities one uses (). (With one may use or
.)
:- 1
ii ?
- r . -, .
Time Expressions
ou kow how to express the time of day the half hour: .
You have reviewed tke meas of expressig the time when somethig occurred (cf. . 462).
'h wroog'
You kow how to express the equivalets of 'the wrog .. .' d 'somebody else's.. .' comblig
the egative particle with demostrative proous, adjectives, adverbs d with :
. . . .
n.
470
Writing Letters
ou know that the address is written in reverse order from that used in America, and that the ad-
dressee's name is in the dative case.
Conversational Expressions
You know the additional expressions for use when speaking on the telephone:
. , , n, , ...
... , , ...
471
) ( ). 30. (
)? 31. ( ).
2. Review of Genitive P1ural and Animate Accusative Plural. Comp/ete the sen-
tences with appropriate forms of words given in parentheses.
1. ( ) ! 2. (1).
, ? 3. ( )
. 4. ()
. 5. () . (),
(). 6. (),
. 7. .
() . 8. ,
( ). 9. 27 () 75 (). 10.
()? ? 11. ()
. 12. (
). 13.- () 1?-,
1 (). ()
. 14. ()
. 15. ( )? 16. ( ).
17. ~ (), ( ). 18.
( ). 19. , ,
() (). ( )?
? 20. . ,
(). 21. ()
() . 22.
( ). 23. ()
(~ ). 24. ()? 25.
() (). 26.
() (). 27. ()?
28. ()? 29.
439 () 45 ().
3. Complete the sentences with forms of comparative degree of adjectives and ad-
verbs.
1. , . 2. -
() , . 3. ,
- () . 4. ,
5. ,
. 6. () , ,
. 7.
, ... 8. (),
. 9. ()
. 10. (),
. 11. (),
. 12. ()
, . 13. ()
. 14. , () . 15.
() . 16. ()
472
. 17. (:1) , ()
. 18. (), .
4. (- /, "' /-).
1. . , .
2. 0 . 3.- 0
.-, 0! 4.- ,
?- .
. 5.- ?- . 6.
,
. 7. ... , ,
, ... . 8. ,
. 9. ,
. 1. . 11.
, 0 .
12.- ?- 0 .
13. , . 14.-
?-, 0 .
5. Comp/ete the senteces with short forms of past passive verbal adjectives.
1. . ,
() .. 2.
, NQ 315 - (JJ).
3. () , .
4. . , , ,
() . 5. , (
) -? 6. ,
() . 7.- ()
.- ! 8. ,
. (). 9. ,
(:). 10. .
(). 11. ()
i ? 12. (
) . 13. ().
14. , ()
. 15. , ().
16. , (:) ? 17.
, ()?
Supplementary Lessons
LESSONS 31-34
The following lessons contain no new grammar structures which are vital for
use in the spoken 'language. The new points covered in these lessons are generally
used only in bookish style. In schools which have time it is suggested that these
lessons covered, but without the stress on active oral use which has been applied
in the main portion of the textbook. Also, students who are learning Russian
mainly for use in reading in other subject matters, will find it useful to work
through these lessons independently.
Even if Lessons 31-32 are not covered, the readings of Lessons 33 and 34 pro-
vide very suitable culmination for the course and read without difficulty.
.N2 31 ( )
-
, .
, .
. , .
, , .
.
Verbal Adverbs
lmperfective Perfective
-+ -
-- -
-+ -
- -
--+ -
-- -
- -
- -
--- -
. .
475
- . .
stage, scene
476
31.1
: , .-
, .
1. ,
. 2. , . 3.
, . 4. ,
. 5. , . 6. ,
. 7. ,
. 8. , . 9. ,
1. 10. , . 11. ,
. 12. , ,
.
For the great majority of verbs the perfective verba1 adverb is formed ad-
ding to the stem the suffix - (or you may occasionally see -): ,
, . For verbs with the suffix - one must add - to form the verbal
adverb: .
very few verbs form the perfective verbal adverb in the same manner as they
do the imperfective verba1 adverbs, with the suffix -: , , ,
. There will no confusion, however, since such verbal adverbs are based
on perfective stems.
Perfective verbal adverbs describe coplete actions, usually occurring before
the action of the main verb takes place (whatever the tense of the latter may ):
, . 'Havingfiishedwork .. .' ,
, . 'Havig learned that Vasily Ni-
kolaevich is ill, .. .'
31.2
: , .-
, .
1. , . 2. ,
. 3. ,
n -, . 4. ,
. 5. ,
. 6. , . 7. ,
. 8. ,
, . 9. ,
. 10. ,
. 11. ,
. 12. ,
.
477
31.3 The Preposition Used with Nouns Referring to an Activity
, ,
.
.
ou are accustomed to using with nouns referring to events or activities (
, ). Note, however, that with such nouns one uses when re-
ferring not to the spectators but to the performers.
. , , ,
- .
- .
.
, . -
, .
- . ,
. . i
,
.
-
, : .
,
. , .
, . ,
, -
.
.
.
. .
.
- ,- ,- ?
- .
... , ,
.
famous 6 =
incident
rehearsal director (theatrical)
simp\y -+ to move (intransitive)
--+ () to continue :
478
. ,
.
, .
: ,
( -- ).
. , .
, .
, .
- ?- , .
, , ,
. ,
.
- ,-- ,- ,
. , !
- ! !-
, .
. ,
, , , -
!
, ,
: .
.
! , . ,
, , :
- , , .
- ,- ,- , .
1 , , 1, .
: , ? ,
, ? ?
, , ,
?
, , .
, .
:
- , , .
,- ,- , .
, !
-- () to cry immoblle
-- to teach face
-i+ . = ---- . to stop
sailor ~
--i+ /n-il (noiy; ) -- to amuse
joyfully f
happiness
479
N! 32 ( )
-
, ,
.
, .
, .
, .
- - --
-- -- ---
-- -
--- --
, , .
, , .
- - - -
-- -- -- --
-- -
--- -- --
artist
480
shifting accent have the accent on the same syllale as the infinitive
(--- ).
Such verbal adjectives from verbs with the suffix - always have - (never
-), no matter what the preceding sound may : iulR, iulR,
.
Like the verbl adverbs, the active verbal adjectives are generally not used in
the spoken language.
Active verbal adjective constructions can used to replace adjective clauses in-
troduced . Like the equivalent clauses, they are always separated from
the rest of the sentence commas.
Active verbal adjectives always agree with the noun modified in gender, num-
er and case. ou will rememer that agrees in gender and number with
the noun to which it refers, but has its own function and therefore its own case in
its clause. (See the examples at the beginning of this section.)
few present active verbal adjectives have come to used as regular adjec-
tives: , , ii.
32.1
: , , .- ,
, .
1. , ni , . 2. ,
, -
. 3. r , : .
4. , , . 5.
, , . 6. ,
, . 7. ,
? 8. , ,
. 9. , , .
1. I jr-it,
. . 11. ,
. 12. ,
, . 13. ,
? 14. ,
.
.
.
:
- ,
? .
-
.
- , . -
?
-- , , .
- ? ?
- , .
.
- .
, tr ?-
-
.
482
- , , .
- , . -
.
- -, , ?
- . .
- , .
- , .
1 ,
. . ,
, ,
, . . n
, ,
. .
:: . ,
, ,
.
-, , :;?
-, 6. ,
.
- , , .
- , .
483
31*
N2 33 ( )
-
, (
.
- - - -
-- -- --- --
- - -
-- :-- --
, .
, .
.....-:f-
;!~(: .
-=~
. .
. .
r~~ () playground
(/. ) flower
484
m . .
.
1. ,
. 2. , . 3.
, . 4.
, . 5. ,
, . 6.
, . 7. ,
, . 8. ,
, . 9.
, . 10.
, . 11. ,
.
, i .
; , .
.
, , .
. , , 1 -
.
, , .
.
r. ,
.
: , , .
- , ,
.
, .
, - ,
. ii .
, ,
.
, ,
, .
. I
. , ,
. , .
.
.
, . :
,
- .
.
.
. : .
.
, , ? , , , .
.
- , !
-? . ?
- . .
- , !
- ! , ?
- , . , ! .
- ?
- . . . ~
. .
- .
-.
- , .
- , . ?
- , .
- , ? , ?
- , ? .
. , .
. , .
33.2- , !
- ? ?
- -, .
- , .
-.
( -, - , - ,
-u)
33.3- , ?
- , .
- . ?
- . , ! , .
(- , - , - , - )
33.4 - , !
- .
- ? ?
- , , .
1111 r .= Jl &.
487
- ?
- /.
(- , - , - ,
)
33.5 - , .
- ?
- ? . .
(- , - , - ,
-)
.N! 34 ( )
-
, .
.
.
.
:
J, J... , ,
t,-, .
(. . )
. :
? , ?
- . -
. 800 () .
. ,
.
- . .
, .
, , .
- . , ,
. , .
. .
. ,
.
, .
-i .
. ,
, , , , ...
, .
.
:.:~ ray
& +
co-eIIII-8ii to join, connect
aill n&rn. = , .ru JJi, i
DJJieo ardently JI ring
tenderly -
6 = 6 --- to draw
heart air
8i
- . .
. 11 . .
.
. .
. . :
~ .
: . . .
- !
. . ...
.
-. .
. .
: - . .
? '18' (' t~
: - . !
: -!
: -- . 8 8aeiuunl &-..
. - r Cathedral of
- St. Basil the Blessed
68ni col6p Cat-
. i .
bedral of the lntcr-
. c:ession of the Vir-
gin
aoepOI
:
- Czar ell
-. , apljwu Czar Can-
non
- .
'?
..._n.
to weigh
: - , . .
. ICO.IIOICOa ell tower
: - .
.
.
: - , ,
?
: - . , - ilwe =
, . co6p8lule meeting
:- Uwi m11in
- .
: - .
.
-r .
. r .
r
r .
: -
.
1.
: - ?
: - !
, , --- to bring
.
.
: - . -
. , )
.
:-
, .
- =
.
: - , ?
.
: , .
-
- :
.
: -
,
.
: - ?
. . light, bright
? bridge
(/ pl.) gate(s)
: - ,
?
: - , .
: - ... .
, , :Jacross
. under
:teni earth, ground
. , , 6,
492
. ,
.
: - .
11 . ?
: - .
. ?
: - (( )).
.
. '" .
; - . !
: - r:\1 !
?
: - t .
. n
. . , sport competi-.
.
tion
: - . .
1953 .
. ,
v. .
.
Word Study
--.
- name
n--il +-
-hn. cardias. core
60. 6---6-ii +
CO-elUIIIR +~
y-paw-aii + -tii
493
Grammatical Taies
NOUNS
MASCULINE Singular
(Remember the spelling rules!)
Nom. zero
.
Gen. -
Prep. -
Dat. -
Instr. -
Plural
Stem s. Hard Hard Soft Vowel+l
Case End. Anim. Inanim. .
Nom. -
.
Gen. 1 _
Prep. - I
Dat. -
Instr. -
NEUTER Singular
Case End.
Nom. -0
. -0
Gen. -
Prep. -
Dat. -
Instr. -
1 See lesson 28~ sections 28, \-4, conceming the genitive plural.
494
Plural
Stem ~s.
End.
Hard Soft. Cons. + i Vowel+i .....
Case
Nom. - :1
. - : ;i
Gen. zero Q:
Prep. - :.
Dat. - ii
Instr. - :
FEMININE Singular
Nom. -
. -
Gen. -
Prep. -
Dat. -
Instr. -
Nom. -
. -
Gen. -
Prep.
Dat. } -
lnstr. -
49S
Plural
Stem asic
Ending
ard Soft ...
()
Case
Nom. - .
.
Gen. 1 zero
Prep. -
Dat. - .
Instr. -
(:)
PRONOUNS
Stem asic Cons. +i +l
Ending Case lnterrogative
Case
Nom. - Nom.
. . r
Case Personal
Nom. .
.
Gen. ( r) ( ) ( r)
Prep. ~ ~
Dat. ( ) ( ) ( )
Instr. ( ) ( ) ( )
1 See Lesson 28, sections 28. 1-4, conceming the genitive plural.
496
Case Personal Reflexive
Note: An - is prefixed to the forms of the third-person pronouns whenever they are govemed any
preposition (but not to er6, ei!, in their possessive function ('his, her, its, their').
ADJECTIVES
asic
Ending
Ending Ending
Case Accented Unaccented
Nom. -
(-)
. - () I
In- (-)
anim.
. - :r
Anim.
Gen. - : 6
Prep. - : 6
Dat. - :
lnstr. - i
497
32-1022
NEUER
asic
Ending
Ending Ending
Case Accented Unaccented
Nom. - pyCCI(oe
. -
Gen. - I(
Prep. -
Dat. - I(
Instr. -
FEMININE
Dasic
Ending
Ending Ending
Case Aented Unaccented
Nom. - R
. - PYCCI(YIO
~}
Prep.
Dat. -
Instr.
PLURAL
Nom. - I(
. -
Inanim.
. -
Anim.
Gen. - I(
Prep. - I(
Dat. - I(
Instr. - I(
498
SPECIAL MODIFIERS
(Nominative and accusative cases have noun-type endings, other cases have adjec-
tive-type endings.)
MASCULINE
Nom. 1 2 .
.
Inanim.
.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat. .
lnstr. h
NEUTER
.
Nom 1 2
.
lnanim
.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
FEMININE
Nom. oil 1 2
.
Gen.
Prep. }
Dat.
lnstr. .
1 h special modifiers i and i decline like i.
2 h special modifier declines like .
499
32
PLURAL
Nom. 1 {uu2
.
Inanim.
.
Anim.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
Instr.
SURNAMES IN -, -
(h horizontallines within the chart indicate the division etween noun-type and
adjective-type endings.)
Nom.
.
Gen.
Prep.
Dat.
lnstr.
6
}
.
6
500
VERBS
-- 1 -- . 1 "
Fonn -+ -- -- --
.~t.
~~ :... .. -
Present
'.)
' , ~
. ~
Past
Masc. ci!J.I
Fem.
Pl.
lmper. () () ( ) () ~() ()
lnfin.
Fonn
Future Present
.-
xoirr
Past.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Pl.
.
Imper. () -- ( ) ()
Infin.
501
NUMERALS
Cardinal Ordinal (Adjeetive) Cardinal
1 100
2 (fem. ) 200
3 300
4 r 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1.000
11
12
13
14 r r
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 ,
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Vocabularies
INTRODUCION VOCABULARIES
The vocabularies include all words and set expressions included in the textook except for per-
sonal names, most patronymics and some non-Russian place and personal names.
\esson numer is given for the first occuence of each word. If some special explanation or com-
ment is given concerning that word, this will indicated together with the lesson numer: 3.2 means
that an explanation is given in section 2 ofLesson 3; 3-12 indicates reference to this word onpage 12
of Lesson 3. Review Iessons are preceded R and are expressed in Roman numerals (e.g. R IV).
Whenever the stress falls on capitalized \etter, the accent is not marked.
Nouns: Nouns are given in the nominative singular form (nominative plural if the noun has no
singular or ifthe singular is not used in the textbook). Gender is indicated only when it is not clear from
the endings of the nominative singu]ar form; nouns ending in - are feminine unless the name of
month, unless the noun has the suffix -, or un\ess the noun is specifically marked as eing mascu-
line (.).
Forms which the student cannot readily predict are given, as are shifting accent pattems. If
masculine noun with zero ending in the nominative singular has the accent always on the ending
whenever there is an explicit ending, this is indicated: (gen. :).
Masculine nouns with the accented ending - for location normally have the accent on \1 plural
edings: ( )-W, , , etc.
Masculine nouns with shift of accent to the ending in the masculine plural normally have the
accent on \1 plural endings: 8-0, 8, etc.
fill vowel in the nominative singular form wi\1 indicated as follows: -8-, crrW, etc.
When noun is used with the preposition but does not refer to vehicle or an activity, this will
indicated: ().
The student should rememer that some words used as nouns are adjectives in form and decline as
adjectives: >ll, 8.
In the case of nouns of profession which have feminine equivalent, this will indicated:
yieJu./-tiiII.
ProiiOUII!I: Pronouns are, as rule, given only in the nominative case. Refer to the grammatical tab-
les, . 496-497, for the full declension.
Adjeetives and Speeial Modifiers: Normally only the masculinenominative singular form is given.
Accent in long form adjectives is always constant. In short form adjectives the accent often shifts. If
the accent is on the stem except for the feminine form, this will indicated with the grave accent mark
( ): i-, pUw. Other accent pattems will explicitly indicated: 6, , OJDICIIW.
Comparative forms which are used in the text are given in parentheses with the asic adjective
form: r ().
indicate that an English equivalent is an adjective, hyphen is sometimes used following the
word: 11118nd 'university-'.
Adverlls formed from adjectives of quality and ending in - are given separately from the adjective
only if there is shift of accent: wx6ii (unoxo).
VeriJs are given in an exploded form (--81 +) in order to impress upon the student the com-
ponent parts of the word, and are presented in the basic form in keeping with the presentation in the
textbook. Infinitives are, however, given ifthe formation is not obvious from the basic form. Such in-
finitives are listed separately and are cross-referenced. to th~ asic form: -f. 6r-.
50~
Unless specifically marked . (perfective), single verb listed is to understood as imperfective. If
both memers of an imperfective 1perfective pair are given, they not marked with respect to aspect,
but the imperfective is always placed to the left of the slash (/), the perfective to the right. When per-
fective is formed means of prefixation, only the prefix may given to the right of the slash: ro-
0-8-11-n. / n-.
ln very few cases verbs are not presented in an exploded form. This happens when the prefix has
fused with the stem, such as in Wi-.
Students are expected to understand the one-stem verb system sufficiently to i to form pre-
sent 1future forms, past tense, imperative and infinitive from the asic form. The acute accent mark
( ) on basic form indicates afixed accent, either on the stem or on the endings of the present 1future;
grave accent mark ( ' ) indicates an accent which shifts one syllaie toward the front of the word in the
present 1future except in the first-person singular form:
r-(1- -rJ, roaoplo., ri
--11-- , cnp6cuu., eop6arr
If the past tense accent is on the stem except in the feminine form, the grave accent .mark will
used: ..-1ICIIJI, ...,.,, .U. Other accent patterns will specifically indicated.
similar use will made ofthe accent marks to indicate the stress in short form past passive par-
ticiples:
l-l, u, luleo, 1u
:liii'J'- :Ji, :1i, :Jilurro, :liii
If verb occurs in the textook with or without the particle -, this will indicated as follows:
ICOII'I-il + (cw).
Vers which lose the suffix -- in the past tense are indicated as follows: oo-ric-(y)-n.-aoric.
Where the case govemed verb is not easily predictale, this is indicated using an appropri-
ate form of or t: n--+ .
Prepositlons are entered with the case governed indicated in the same manner as verb govemment:
le:l . .
r ~
RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCAULARY
506
-+ to (repeated/y), to visit, frequent - (i, 118, il; ) . (i.
8.19, 11.11 -j) to take 13.5; 13.17
() quick, fast 20, 29.4 - (w, , w; ) . (i.
-f - 1 1
---) to enter go in 18, 30.7
IV, 25; 6 ycjr
6 indec/. office : War and 21
bureau of good services, domestic services () (train) station, terminal 26
bureau 25 JI---- to concemed, worried 18
(way) over there 16
6 question 13.17; -- + 6
to answer questions 13
eighteenth 18
into, to 11, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1; in, at 3.6, eighteen 18
3.17, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3; () per, eight 8.19
17.4 R eighty 27.2
(train) car 26 eight hundred 27.2
vase 11, 30 Sunday 8
adj. used as noun bathroom 9.9 () the east 26.17; + the
(, uwe, w) pol. or /. your 1yours V, Far East 26 \
4 i eightieth 27.2
r suddenly 20 eighth 8.19
partic/e you know, after all 7.10, 7.17 1
here there is 1are 11, 2; ! Fine!
century 34 That's great! 6; ... This is
great 28 what... 16, 19.7
n icycle 29. J7. impression 24
-j-() . [imp. -- + (11)] to re- 6 however, but then, incidentally 26
turn, to come back 14 (gen. ) physician, doctor 12, 22.11.
-- to amuse 31 neut. time 7, 10, 19.10, 20.2; (-
. () merry, cheerful 30; ) ? What time is it? 7, 11;
it's jolly; to have good time, to enjoy oneself . ()? How long does it take to ...?
21 11.6; all the time, constantly 11,
in the spring(time) 15 11.11: r seasons of the year 16;
all, all of, the whole 11.2, 11.22; lkero xop6- at this 1that time 20; w
wero! Good-bye! V-65, 22 in our days 24; during 23
(/. ) evening 11, 21.4 everybody, all 7.10, 7.17, 10, 11.2
evening- 10.6, 18 everything, all 9.19, 11.2, 27.5; all
in the evening 4, 21.4; cerou ~ the same, nevertheless 9, 18.11
tonight 10; yesterday eveng, r always 7.17, 11.7
last night 10 r in all, only 16-276; xop(lmel:o! Good-
(gen. /. ) thing V, 13 bye! V-65, 22
6 grown up, adult 15.12, 15.26; 6 - neverthe1ess, in spite of that, all the
adults 15.12 same 18.11
- cf - ---i + 1---- to recall 24.9
sort, kind 29; : sport 29 -i + 1n- () to get up, stand
(U, l) visiie 34 up, rise 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
-- (iiII) to see 9.19, 10.4, 21.8, 26.4 -+ J-- to meet (encounter)
wine 25 25.29; i r to see in the Ne:w
delicious, tasty 12 Year 25
1
together 6, 27 - + / --- to meet
instead of 25.18 (encounter, gather) 25
attention 29.17 Tuesday 8. 19
grandson 23 second 2.12
granddaughter 23 entrance of 11, 28;
ll on time 21 admission is free 24
during 23 1
--- - (w, w, ; i-
(. ) water 9.19 ) 3.17, 30.7
-- +
() (. -j--) to retum i, come in, please 3
16.20 yesterday 10.19
air 34 /. you III, IV, 3.3
6 age 29.17; - 6! At ...-11-- (rII) to look (appear) 29
my age! 29 - (, W. blml; li) -
501
to go out. exit. get off (transportation) 20:
IIWin Ji)'8 J8 l to get married (/
ll'omun) (imp. aw-xo.Li-n.) 33 118 yes. 111. 2: ! ( phone) Hello! 25: (ht.)
............... + ia.:.e-an.: ..........,.. ra:.e- 8? ? 10
w to suscrie to newspapers 10.19: .....r.a..- ...-. + /.iii.II-Yr (~1; .1111.11-Yr> to give 17.7: -.
un.loWIIi._... .1111 to give sick-leave cer- () (110n180pi)l Let's (talk)! 1. 7. 8. 14.11
tificate 22 JI88IIO (for) long time. since lon" timc ago 8.5.
W- (..._,.: ........_) . to drink 21.6 11.7
..,..._ expression 17 ..u-Yr (({ /3.6 . 50/: :WJ. J18JI8. .; ifm)
iWn exhibition. display 27: . fimp. a-UI +) to givc 13.6. 13. 17. 18.1:
(:: ~:rw ) - i11 u 3118n.. Let us know ... 24
AIIRussla Exhlbllion Cenler ..u.eeven 10
BW<yn-il + to perfonn, appear 8.19 i.olee: U ( . .) ctc. R Vl
w8n. e.ileaiaopy to tppevr on V 8 JIL'IIICO (...,...._) far 7. 29.4
aw-f'aai + 1.W.r-n. to leam, memorizc .............. funher 27: JIILIIWIi-
IV, 30 -x . We wish you funher success. 27
omvtl exit 11 Uwae farther. further 29.4
lblXOJI-tin j abllyr (aWwe.ll, ablwJia. ..:am.; ....,....n./110- _o.~t.i to give as gift 30
,. . m.. nt!lll., ./. IWO 2.12, 11.11, 20.6
bltn) OI'N(.VtNl to exit, go out, get 120; - :i
. Ju 016 to get married (/ woman) .II88JIIIiwl twentieth 20
33 . . . .n. twenty 15
~.f. two 11.11. 20.6
'11 6 11118l twelfth 12
509
:Ji tomorrow 12.20; :Ji j () :16wi, :IR an acquaintance IV, 16.10,
tomorrow moming (evening) 12 16.20
:Ji breakfast 12.20, 21.7; :1 for :IRaeirri famous 31
breakfast 12 , ... So, ... 8
:1-d + /- to have f eat breakfast 4.2, :I (gen. :~) souvenir pin, badge 30.14
4.16, 21.7 :108- cf :111-
:1a-rop-ii + / :l-r.- (:1aopirr) to sunathe, :~ toothbrush 13
get suntan 14.15, 14.24
:~--i + 1:1--tr (cf -tr; :1i (:1-
8, :Ji): - to ask questions 26.6
:J6 assignment 1 and, too, a1so 11, 1.4, 7.10, 17.8; [ephatic par-
:li proem (math., chess) 30 ticle] 12; both ... and ... 9; f
:~-:~wd + 1:~-:~-8- (:~, :~- neither, not ... either 9
u., :1i) to order 21 - + 1crp-ai + to 1 ( game) 6,
:~-61 +- cf :~-- + 8.12
:18-pw-ii +f:~-i +
(:1l) to c1ose 30 toy 27
:IJI auditorium 21.23 - (w, ; ) to walk, go unidir. 11, 111,
:~--i +1:1-n-- to notice 28 6.1, 7.10, 12.5, 12.11, 16.7; . Let's go. 8;
:~~i remarkae, wonderfu1 28 Here comes 1There goes... 6.1; i
:li: w--i- (, w611111) 1 (, , :~i) to going on, in
bli-yr to get married (/ progress 21.15, 28, 34
woman) 33 B:l from (inside 22.1
:~--ii + es . to study (do one's 1essons :lllkrwi well-known 27.19
13.17, 18.20, 23.8; :181111s to en- :~()! pardon, forgive me IV, 17
gage in, go out for sports 29.5 H:l-eR-Ii-Y-CJI (H:IMCRIOc, RMeaWctl) .
:lliiUI (:1, :liw) busy 26.17, 30.1 intrans. to change ( altered) 33
:~i neut. pl. c1asses, "schoo1" 7 :1--8 + to study, leam (subject atter, in
:1-i (:1d; :~liu, :1u, :18) . to oc- depth) V, 5.20, 11.11, 23.8
cupy 30.1 or V, 2, 14.12; ... either... or ... 16
:liQa () west 26 -f
:Jiawi westem 28 (/. ) (cf . 495) (first) name V, 19.10
:18-D.IIa-li- (381111j, :laiiJiiw) . to i: (.) Lenin
for 21 Library, Library named for Lenin 20,30; o:~
:~-6Jl.. . to fil1 in, comp1ete 2 pe(ero)ooeriile.Congratulate(him)
:~i pl. calisthenics 29.6, 29.17; e for me. 33; w are named
JI-IIi + :~i to do calisthenics 29 for 34
:~--- . (cf . 501) (to egin) to want IIIDICeaep engineer V, 6, 12; -
:~---- .j . impers. ( cf . 501) to e construction engineer, civil engineer 26
gin to fee1 like 18.7 ~ornetirnes 15. 26
:~ why (what for) 10.9, 10.19 (gen. i) 1- foreigner 20
-- (:10j; Dli, u)f- to III, 20; ii foreign 17.21
() :10tr? What's (your) name? III, institute V, 3
8-161, 10.9, 11.4; :10tr name is... interest 26; k with interest 26;
19.8 1. , .... ? 1 wonder, ... 12; 2. u
-8-f- .j, to phone, 21, .j iCs interesting to 15
22.11; . im. ? 1 use k interesting 8
your phone? 22 181--i- to interest 28.15
sound (language, etc.) 11 art 17
:J. bui1ding 28 IICIIie 1- Spaniard 23
:. here IV-53, 1 IICIIaci Spanish 5; -i in Spanish 5
:16wi (:.6) w (healthy) 22.18, RV -- + to perforrn ( musical composi-
:.ii() h IV-50, 6 tion) 24
:Ii winter 15 IICOpileci historica1 18, 24
:IROi in the winter (time) 15.26 history, story 30
:IRd + (:1) to know 4 il f - an Italian 24
:1R6 (:16, :16w) . acquainted RIIJItici Italian 5; IIO-II8JIIoic in Ita-
(with) 24 lian 5
:1R6-- /- . to introduce 28 their, theirs 2
:1R6--- /- . to meet, get ac- .. July 24
quainted (with) 1, 23 111 June 24
:16wi fami1iar, one (1) know 17.12, 24.9
510
."r amateur con-
cert 24 .
, to, toward 16.6, 22.1 - + ()/--(.) to end, finish 8.2,
. each, every 14.4 11; 011'111 (IIIICII)') to graduate
U it seems 14 from school (institute) 11, 18; 0
1
:t-8-- (, &.) - to seem, 'IIIJIC8 . We've run out of coffee. 13.9
appear 24.5 ice skates; -i + to
how, as Il, IV, 4.3, 15.3; - (no- skate 29.6
aiD"idk:)? How do you say in Russian ... (in (: kopeck (100 to roule) 20
English)? 1; ima *? How's your . m. ship 27
family? 1i; . (.)? What do you mean spaee-, cosmic 27
("co1d")?15; ?! What?! 16:, cosmonaut (Soviet astronaut) 27.11
? How /What about ...? 28; . as cosmos, outer space 27.11
soon as 26 suit 13
what kind of, What ... ! ll, 4.16, 7, 15.3 oOpwii rel. adj. which, who 7.17, 10.3, 13.2,
JJ / pl. (gen. {u) school vaca- 15.5; di ? What time is it? 7.17;
tion 30 )'? At what time? 8
il (gen. i) penci1 23 6 m. indecl. coffee 12
8 office, ticket office, ticket window 1110-1i1 (gen. ICpaiiOIIIICM) / -il crane
21, 26; DJI8ie dccy at the cash desk operator 2~
30 :i1 eautiful; handsome 7
181.1U1 pot, (sauce)pan 12.20 81i red
-81 + . to ride (for pleasure) 29.6; JJh Kremlin- 26, 34
- + 8 1 to ski 1skate (gen. KpeJJil) m. the Kremlin 28
29 f
bed 25
(gen. ) (ice) rink 33 6 except for 21 .
indecl. caf(: 11 who II-23, 1, 2.3, 10.1,10.3; ? What IS
apartment, flat 1.2 he? (ofoccupation) IV, 3.1; j
ilii of iev 28 u /? Just who is that? 2-90; rel. pron.:
6 indecl. the movies IV, 10.12 34
i newsreel 21.14 where dir. 11, 6
movie theater 11 t culture 27; c1ub.
: 6 newsstand 1 sect10n of MGU 28
- (u; u) (. ---; DOJJoar)', -i + to bathe 14, 29.6
6) to Jay, rut in 1ying position 28.13 -- (JJ, )'i). (imp. no-yo-ii +)
uil c1assica 17 to buy 12.6, 12.8
u- cf - () 1eve1 of study (in higher education)
climate V, 15 18.10; jm to take course 30;
u club 24 to teach 1give course 30
JI (gen. JI) key 28 -- (, j) to .smoke IV, 22
r book III, 1; n (r )' kitchen 9.19
) :. books in Russian (English) 17 .12;
r ()':) (art) ooks 17.12
1111i: Dwi ara:JU ookstore. 17.12
ri when, whi1e, after 4.16, 9.2, 12.4 n 1aoratpry 28
ICOJIJRn m. colleague 28 JJnci (JJei"'CC; {:r) easy, 18.20, 29.4
~ 8 stamps for collectors 23 r-i- (r) to lying j to stay in d 22.8,
OJJJJ&c. collection 23 22.18; r i to in the hospital
ICOJIQO: - Garden Ring 34 (as patient) 22
room 9 medicine 22
3i composer (music) 24 MICIUI 1ecture 7.2, 7.10
envclope 23 eiiiiiiCi of Lenin, named for Lenin 20
I" congress, conference IV, 28; - ( )'; pl. ) forest, woods 9, 11
congress is in session 28 -f
(gen. ICOIIidca) cf --i. (R) to fly unidir. 29
of course 9.19 summer 15
conservatory 18 in the summer (time) 14
~ ticket-taker 27 -cf 8-
6u test, quiz [interr.particle] 5.10, 14.12, 15.6;
concert, concerto 21, 24; 6-
? Wouldn't you like to ... ? 28.15
511
..-j literature 17; 6 mrre- 1111j (j) minute 6, 11; i
patpa fiction and poetry 17 lllljoy. Wait just minute 6.26
-t elevator/lift 14; .-... the 1ift/e1ev- 11 1 : llp Chi/dren's Wor/d 20
ator; 1 i ,without the lift f e1evator 14 2 : i War and 21
JIIIQ6 {/. i) face 31 nimd younger 26.17
imundi: Jlimondi extra ticket 24 many, many of 15, 28.9
Ofll...iJ-~1 i- (r, erni; ilrre!; t.) to 6r () 12, 13.9, 28.9
lie down 25.10; Ofll.irrcx . to go to ruii much esteemed (letter sa/uta-
the hospital (as patient) 22; Ofll.irrcx n tion) 27
to go to d 25 - (r, ; ) -f to l to (can)
(gen. ) ray 34 21.8, 21.23, 22.2, 24.8
nj'IUie etter 9, 20, 29.4; l let's rather fashion 1, 19; fashiona\e 19
14 m. mode1 27
j'i etter, est 29.4 m, perhaps 9.19;
Jlbla ski 16, 29.6; -ii +/-- W- ! It can't bel 11
to ski 29.5 6:11110 .j one can, may 21.23, 22.2
mi favorite, e1oved 23 i (, , i) my, mine 11, 4
mil amateur, 1over of 24.19, 33 (gen. ) [ter of praise] 24.9
-11- (m, ) to 1ove, like 16.20, 6i () young 10.9, 29.4; i -
17.12, 19.2; irr to 1ike etter 17.12 - young n 10.9
(JDOei, ) 1 6.6; mi1k 25
young men 10.9 e1ectrician 24.19
i- (nr, ri; ilrre!; ) (imp. JIOfll.-il- {/. i, gen. i) sea 11.22;
~) to lie down 22.8, 22.18, 25.10; to f at the seashore 11
i to go to the hospita1 (as patient) ice cream 21.1 5
22; to go to d 25 i (gen. MOpiiiCa) sailor 31
i-i Moskva River 28
/ - (gen. i) Muscovite 8.12
ocoiiCIOII Muscovite, of Moscow 10
ara:Jiul store 7 cf. 6r-
i 11, 24 {/. il) husand 2
aneiiICII (&.) little, small 9.17, 29.4 6i masculine Rl
i () little (not enough) 13.9, 13.17, 29.4 . man 10.9
ii. (little) V, 19 :l museum 17
i mama J, 11-34, 2.6 J music III, 2
i (postage) stamp 23; ]8 6 six- Ji.i musica1 24
kopeck stamp 27 Ji musician III, 24
r March 24 m.i animated cartoon film 21
I mathematician 11 we 11, 3
iIII mathematics 30 i meat 12
f nested wooden doll 30
{/. ) (cf. . 496) mother 2.12, 5.5
wi car V, 6
-ui idi )'llllllep-
ch Moscow State University 18.11 onto, to 7.2, 22.1; (.Ji) for week
iui medical 28 () (1 ) 2 years older 29;
22.5;
s1ow1y 20 . on, at 111, 3.6, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3
6ii international 23.17 probaly 7.17
ateO'III trifles, 1itt1e things 16 u-+ ('r) to hope 22
( pl.) smal1 change (money) 20 i one must, needs to 13.1, 13.8, 18.7
less 29.4 J8 ago 16.5; J ui week ago 16
{/. ) 1, seat, erth v,
16.20, 26; -D-i- (cf. :J--) to name 19.8; J -
(8) if 1 were (you) 29 . to call somebody... 29.5
month 14. 111.8 -J-ii + to called, named (of thing)
indec/. subway, metro, underground 6 10.9, 10.19, 19.8; 1i11? What's
-ii + to dream (hope, aspire) 2 called? 10
IIJI.Jiloo.di millionth 27 1 heart TV
il past, 1 - (, 118111J1a,
iiiWiil; aiiil) .
i elow zero 15; i ZO 20 e (i. ---, axOfll.y, 11111) to find
low zero 20.17
512
..- at last. li1lly ~ 1.:.' _ . ....... aot nice (/ t~~~) 7
.1 lM 1>n thc lcl"t :!'.1 ........,_ several, few 28
IIIIMHOI"O tich \'fllit/1 C"lllllpurlffii"C'.~I ~9.4 wl old-fashioaed 12
H8-IIIICal (H881IIy, 118HIIwyr) . ( illlfl. IIIIC-AI.I ~ not calm. aot peac:eful 4, IS
IO v.rilc 15. no 111. 2
to 1on thc right :!9 wr (lli &.uo. ) 11ez6 [u.red 10 express non-
111111i l"or cxamplc 11 possession and a.rence) there isn't/areo't 17,
llllpO,I pcoplc 1na\i( 1 _: 1: ~IOI IIDpO.IY 1111 20.4, 20.5, 21.1
pcoplc .: I.:!J. :!!<. :\ 6wl d 27
llllpOAIIii fo1k 30 llt'lico infrequently 11
apiiAifOe ~ folk an 30 . _ n... neither... nor... 17
ac:oiluii rea1. genuine 17.21 -~ (ptlrlicl~ which ~xprus itu/eflniless)
'I')Ii mood 30.14 25.3
'I: II8C"Ii wzo? How/What aout ... ? ~~~rJii () nowhere loc. 7
28 .U () in no way 25
science, 1eaming 27.19 IIIIOI':i () never 7
a-y'\-itCII (<~j.. ay..u.u.c.) + inf. . ....mt () noody 7
(imp.y'\-lrcll) to leam to 23.8 :i () nowhere dir. 7
--8-n. (.,.. 6.1111W) /ai.II-Y ( .... () 1 nothing, not ... anything 10; Uw /
U.. ..... II8IWiil; ..,.....) to find 20 ....-6 nothing more 10; llll'ler6 ll68aro lle't"
a-~0.11-i-n.-ctl (., ~) to there's nothing new 17
(satuated, located) 17.12 .....J. , so-so 11; hat's , don't men-
H81111011UIIOC:it nationality V. 23.9; () tion it. Never mind. hat d6esn't matter. 17, 20
a-ildiOCII? What's his nationality? 23 but 5.3. 9.6
i eginnins 21 . 6i1~1 of Novosiirsk 25
a-:i-n.(e~~)-cj: --:ii +
(CII) IJ6awi new 111, 7.17; H68Wi r Ncw Year 25;
a-'11111-:ii + () /a-'li-n.(CII) (r; d'IU. 6w r6! New Year! 25: HO-
i; a'l:iitCII) ~z to egin, start 8.2, OIIIY r6 for the New Year's 29; 6r?
11, 12.10. 21 What's new? 26; .... 6r thcre's
8UI (. 8u, dUi) our/ours 4 nothing new 17
not IV, 2, 3.7. 7.8 or:i (6; 6n, orix) foot, 1eg 22.11
ui sma\1 R IV. 22 (g~n. IIOJiiJ) m. zero 15
t~C~Wao not very well, so-so 29 6 (/. i) (identifying) numcr 1: room
jwi not tasty R Vl (in tJ hot~l} 28
:i recently. 12 :iwl normal 22
.~~&~~ el{J near, close to 7.21 night 21.4, 21.23; Cno6ill0i ! Good
i week 14.24 nightl 22
6 (6) dissatisfied 28 at night 21.4
6r not (for) long 11 i (g~n. 110116~) Novemer 24
.-... tenderly 34 ~ ICOMY (8,- . .) imp. (1, they,
:~~~6wl unfamiliar 25 etc.) 1ike 19.2
~~~~fwl uninteresting 8 Well.... 9; , '10 ! Well, what ofit? 17
w somc (l 1101 al() 19 jwlu.ll necessary 28
eac:ii8WI unattractive 7 j-. ()'811:i. )'8) ~j necessary (1 need ... )
(n6) difficult 18 26
e.lllt3i ~eo:wj one mustn't, may not 22.2 )' (llio) ~j one aeeds to. it's necessary
i cu/ German 28 13.1. 13.8, 15.4, 18.7; Htao in.
nt Gennan 5; n-n in Gennan 5 81. You need to look this way. 13
1116n few, not many (people) 15
elllaro little V, 5, 13.9"
iIIII abnormal 22
eo&ano.e.wl unusual 27 ()
111111061 (ea.IIOxo) not bad 11, 1S
ilwl immoile, motion1ess 31 CJ/00/1100 ti'.ll otbOUI. 1:\.'11CCfl1i_! 5.6. 16.1
n88.118 lie 14 IKtC.I Ui1111C 1~: 118 ;"! \Vh;tt'!> t"tlf dil\11cr"!
i..,.... incorrect(ly) 28 1~
eapuil'lllwl indecent 29 OO.a-aii /- ''' c:ttfhot\'C dinncr. dinc 4.:!. 4.9.
enpirrwil unpleasant R 11, 1S 1::!.6. :!1.7
..........,.... indecisive 26 l-:i.---~ 1' limp. pi..a-oa-a-t-n) t~
eceploiuwl lacking seriousness 7 juicc 27
33-1022
(gen. opa:)Qi) model, sample 1 w division (section) 18;
-- IIIIie . to note, til at- () the evening division 18
tention to 32 --- . cf --81 +
o&e.irre donnitory 28.25 rest 4; rest home, resort vaca-
o61.-a.-ii + (ew) 161.--i-(w) to announce tion center 4.9
20.24, 29 --81 + 1--- to rest, vacation 4.2,
h.-!:-81 + 1oCh.-tic-i- to explain 30 13
&.uwi usual, ordinary 27 father (gen. O'I'Q8) 2
usually 8 -w-81+()/-0i+(w) () to
tl. for sure, for certain, without fail, open 21.5
oigatily 15 post card 23.17
OIIOIQII pl. (gen. ) vegetaies 12 -- cf --81 +
6l huge 31 j from where, how 15.12, 22;
i (i, , oJUii) one, ; alone 1, 6.6, 11.2, 8? How do you know? 15
14.13, 20.6, 28.1; 8r 1 iJ1 fiiend of o-npu-ii + 1-U-- to send 23
mine, one of my friends 16.10, 26.6; i 1eave (vacation) 18.20
one of 28; i another (one more) 17.12; from here 17
in the same bouse 24 j' from there 26, 34
oJUii... some... otbers 30 patronymic V-5, 19.17
ii e1eventh 11 11Q118 1- waiter 1waitress 26
i eleven 11.22 very, very much 4, 7.10, 13.9, 14.2
U once (upon : time) 29 (gen. ) (eye)glasses 30; wear-
318tl it tums out 21.23 ing glasses 30
(pl. ) window, windowsiiiiii, 5.20;
to look out of the window 6;
on. the windowsill 13
near 28 IUIIU..O pavilion 27
i (gen. i) Octoe.r 10, 24 tent 16
, it 1, 1.2, 9.3 . 118J10 indecl. (over)coat 4
she, it, 1, 1.2, 9.3 81111 monument 24, 34
tbey III, 1.2, 9.3 . memory; i as memento
it neut. , 1.2, 9.3 of 30.14
--l + 1--i + to 1ate 4.2, . 1, 11-34, 2.6
4.9, 7.2, 14.20 apila Pans 5
opera IV, 34 park IV, 1
8 operation (surgical) 22; 1- oue- i (pl. ) passport IV, 23.9
p8auoo to operate on 22 1
naceailp - passenger 5
-n-81 + cf -&-l + rrl ped!igogica1 18
i again 12, 21.15 pension 3; n: retired 3
opr88m.wi original 30 wi first 1; he was the first to ...
orchestra 25 27.11
autumn, fall 28; 6 in the autumn, in -- (f, &; ) . to
the fall 15 trans1ate; l ::.. Trans-
:8-l + 1-rr+ (tn, - late into Russian.
) to examine ( patient) 22 : i money order 23.17
---8- . to found 30 --+ f-8 (cf , . 501) to
oeO&uo especial1y, particularly 17 transmit, broadcast, tell, infonn that 24, 26;
--8i + wf-i-: () to re- 81 . Give... my regards.
main, stay 21.23 28
~ + / -U-- , trans. to broadcast, program 8
leave 25.18 -ni-l + ew to correspond (ex-
.l the rest, remaining 34.7 change letters) 15.27
--i- (u, t~) -8-l + 1
-i- (;
. intrans. to stop to stay, put up (find accom- ) to transfer (to another vehicle)
modations) 28.25, 31.4 20.10
stop (bus, etc.) 6 - cf -i
-&-w-- cf --i + ew -i- (; nepeekr) to transfer
(away) from 21.23, 22.1 (to another vehicle) 20.10
--81 + 1--- to answer . (gen. pl. ) song 16, 28.2
5, 13.4; --81 + to recite 30 - t;{. noi +
514
on foot 6.1 noiyi perhaps 25 .
...., pastry 25 oo8JJyica 1. pleaseV, 3; Don't mention it. 1.
writer, author 17, 30 You're welcome. 3,.10; 3. Here (you are). 5; 4.
-8- (lllllllj, u.un.)ja- to write 15.8 That's , don't mention it." 7
ceiiiiii written 1 ~Oii elderly 10.9, 10.19
IIIICMO (pl. D) letter 1 --- (:j; 3118, 0388Jia, DO:J88JJR)
-f. - . (imp. --) to call (summon) 20
OJJU-ai + to swim ultidir. 29.6 -:J80-il- . (imp. :J80--) to
JJu swimming 34 phone, call 21.11
.W-- () to cry 31 (j) late 21, 29.4
JJ8 ardently 34 congratulatory
plan 30; map (of city) 33 telegram 29
6 plan, layout (/ city) 33 oo-p88JI-ii + 1-u-- to
IIJUICJIa (phonograph) record 17 congratulate 19, 25.7; u ... (
-- (JJa,.Y, m)/- to ..0) ile1111. Congratulate... for (me). 33
21 -36-- . (imp. 386--) ,
i (JJ6xo; ) d, poor (quality) 5, 7 to introduce (make acquainted) 28
: JJ8 playground 33 -36--- : 36. Meet.
11.11618 (gen.pl. 11.11018) (city) square 20 (Get acquainted.) V, 1-79
OJUOC above zero 15 oo-coaiiCICII in Spanish 5
IIJUI h 14 -i in ltalian 5
along, around (over the surface 28; noi +() to sing 11, 16.10
r () (music) books, books on - (, , OWJJBj oiiil) . to go,
(music) 17 set out for 12.5, 12.7, 16.7; oiil /
- in English v. 1, 5 i 1 to go to (start) school, to
ir--- . (imp. ---) start studying, working 15, 18
to thank 26 until 28
i-81 +, . to visit, spend short --i + j--8- (, i
time 11 w) to show 9.19, ll
0011e3JJO ipers. was lucky 24 --8--il (:., m) 1
review 30 . (i. ---) to seem 24.5
--8 + 1--11- to repeat, review 1
--i + -- (, lww) to buy,
30.14 shop for 10, 12.6
-r-()- . to go out, extinguished 24.7 w311Wi useful 27
--- . to talk it, chat 1 oJIIIICJIIIa clinic 22
weather 15; in good 6Ji shelf 28
weather 16.10 half 25; JJ (it's) 5:30
-.-- + . to out walking/playing (for 25.5; at 5:30 25.5
it), to take walk --- (JJ) . (imp. -j)
--- (, 811111) p.-cf. i to put, lay 12, 22.18; i
gift, present 30 to send to the hospital (as patient) 22; JJ
--i + to go up, rise 14.24 i to put to d 25
--8- () . (i. --) - --81 +1 --- (,., JJ) to
1
to wait (for) 6, 24 receive 13, 27.6; ii
i- (noOUii!JI, noOWJJ8, noOWJJii; to cash money order 23
ii) . (i. ---) to go up to, --- to remember 13.17, 21.8, 24.9
approach 32 -r-81 +/-- (, ri; -
fr girl friend (of girl) 24.9 ) to help 12.2, 12.20, 25
--i + . (i:1;p. j-i +) to think 18, 24.9; -6 in my opinion, 1 think 12
! Just think of it! 26 -- cf. --
-.- (, )ji- IU( Monday 8.19
(w, ooWJJa, ooWJJir; nooiiil) - in German 5
to approach, go up to 32 1
--81 + -i- (; JJ, JJ,
- (n) (81!) . to go, set out 6JJ) to uderstand 5, 31; r6
for 7, 13, 14.11, 17.3 1 don't know the first thing about ...
oo-e-irr (cf. , . 501) . (i/ there is direct 30
object it will in partitive genitive) to eat 22.6 ---- . (imp. iu--) to like
6: (pl. i) train 26 ( pleasing to) (the eginning of the ipression)
-- cf. o-e-irr 19.2
n-- cf. -- -il-- cf. -i + 31
515
516
-- (, .) 1- 1. + 3-I'-i +to converse, talk 21
inf./ to ask, request (soeone to do r conversation 3.17; pii]I'OIIOp
something) 17.6, 28.10; 2.. phone conversation(s) 3
ooopociwl ? What did you ask pu-e-uai + 1pa:re-idi + to change (break
Maxim to do? 28.10; 3. to ask down into saller denominations) 30
(soeone for something) 17 .6, 28.10 pli:JRii various, different (not the same) 23.10
: avenue 11 -w-i- . + inf. to permit, allow 14;
()! pardonjforgive me IV-51, 7 Pa1pewie oprJiaeim.. Allow me to invite
simply 31 you. 14
(gen. pl. ) request 26.6; i i6 district 28
.1 have request to make of plio (pliue) early 18, 29.4
you. 26.6 pliwe earlier, former1y, previously 10, 29.4
8-il y'liuoue () pae-nilc-ai + f pae-ne-8-loCJI (ll)
vocational school 18.10, 18.11 to sign (one's in receipt of something) 23
ii professional 24 --1-i +1 ---i-. (paeetcaj,
(pl. ) professor V-66, 3 w) to tell, narrate 5.20, 11
opo-'IIIiii + . (imp. - +) to read 11 6ii upset 29.17
opiwu.di last, past 16.20 - (, ; ) to grow intrans. 33
opilo straight (ahead) 29 6 (/. m) , chi1d 19
ird 31 JI revo1ution V, 28, 30
- cf. U.-i - i (, r) rare, infrequent 11, 17,29.4
(theatrica1 director) (film, stage) 31
let ... , have ... 13.7 peie (schedu1ed) flight 29
vacation pass 13-7 (/. , ) river 9
- cf. ilr oyil! peneiliUI rehearsa1 31
u.- (OJI; )/- to drink 21.6; restaurant IV, 12
to thirsty 25 pew-lii + /-- to decide 16
oiiIIecirri fiftieth 27.2 pewirreJIii decisive, determined, resolute,
niili fifteenth 15 strong-willed 26
IIii. fifteen 15 w-- . (i. pe111-ii +) to decide 16
oi'nula Friday 8.19 --- to draw (art) 34
i fifth 5 )' drawing, design 32
nii five 5.20 gender R1
fifty 27.2 poirreJi (gen. poirreJieii) parents 2
11111'10 five hundred 27.2 -11-- . to orn 19.7
i: i 1 native language 23.10;
i home town 34; c1ose re1a-
tives 30; () brother (related
work, job; paper, composition 3; h/ood) 23
0l18 test, quiz 2; at .: n irthday 30;
work 3 for irthday 30
- + 1. to work (as) 3, 24.5; 1. to poJI f. ro1e 31
work at, in 3 Russia 28
: all the same 9, 18.11 shirt 4
(, ) glad 21 . (gen. pyJii) roule 19
U. Ji0 radial layout 34 (. ,/. )', ) arm, hand 22.11
indecl. radio 2.6, 27.11; on the ra- ii: i 1 the Russian language V,
dio RII, 27.11 5; i, u Russian V, 5; -
paoJi6irreJI . radio amateur, ham radio in Russian V, 2, 5
operator 27 -rJIi Russian-English 17
11011 radio receiver 27.11, 27.19 )' (for writing) 23.17
li---- /- to rejoice 27 frsh 12
joyfully, glad1y 31 11 ( ) row 21
1 time (occasion) 16; 1 once 16; 1 i alongside, close at hand, nearby,
() (week) 17.4; n 81/ next to 20, 23
i 1 (for) the first time 19.2, 20, 31;
1 again, once more 21.15; {l 1
each 1every time 25; iIi 1 the next
time 25 f
from (down from, off of) 22.1, 22.18;
1 really?! 15.12 . ? How much do we owe? 19
517
1\e.ll
v.itlt (together withl 21. :!3.5: ? ? ( ?) What time is it'! (lor how
What"s the matter with you'! 22-357; long'!) 7. 11; ()? How
my wifc and 1 25.2 long does it take to .. .'! 11.6: ?
( ) garden. orchard 11. 7. 10. 9.9; How much do we owe? 19
kindergarten 7 () soon 18
i! sit down! 24 )' ta.i it's boring 21
- + o-ca;t-li- (11:, :u.) to :w follov.ing. ncxt 20
plant 33 :..1iu too (excessively) 16
v. :!5 ,1 . (l(en. c:.~toapill dictionary 17
, . ~ -sclf (empllUticJ 25.6 word list 1
~amovar IV. 30 (/. ) word 17
it:-r: u VJI .1 incidcnt 31.4
~I: am:.ltcur COCCft 24 c-y'l-li-1'-ca . to happc:n 20
airplane 5 C:..'lyw-aii + mu to listcn to 1. :!. :!6.4: .1w!
1/JI!J tojimn .pl'l'/atil'l' t/l!,lf/!1! u/udje('(ii'I!S Hello! ( phonel S
the most 19.5 W-- (:.1w) to hear 10.4. 10.19. 21.8.
sugar :!5 26.4
on~1 .~i. light(s) 24 --- () to laugh 19
iii t'rcc. unoccupicd. vacunt 10: ;~ -- (:r, :I"; ) . (imp. i'-)
25 to to 24.8
onc's own 13.3. 16.3, 17.9; some- -- (, w> 1110- 1. to
body clsc's 30.4 look, watch 6.3. 7. 10.4: 12: 2. "" to look
-- + 1 to take an exam 18.11 at. glance at (turn attention to) 25.10: 3.
-- . : . . 501): J8 to , to look up (U.f in dictionary) 17
pass an exam 1&.11 : - 1:( -..-
;t change (j'rom tl rransLtill) 26.17 first. at first 8.19
c-:te.'l-a + . (imp. :te-ai + ) to do. muke 11 :r ( r) ~now 15: 31. IIJU!T r it's
showing (/' /) 21.14 snowing 15
cc:ti t'e/lexil'l' prmr. ocself :!:!. 7. 22.18. :!5.6 :--(i,L1,:i;).
() north 13 (imp. -- +) 10 collect. gather 17
CC:I'OJlHR toduy 7.17: Cei'OiiR tonight. this --r:. (copiJtca. :.1. :i:)
c\eninl! 10 to mc:et. gather. asseme 21
:II ~~venth 7 --i + (): --(:) (:i
w: just nov.: right away. immcdiately 2. ) to gathcr. collcct 17. 21: -- +
10.9 + il!f: to l. intcnd to 25
secret V. 12. :!1 -6() ..ct: co-eP.-yr-tca\
: xoiliic1o zricult urc 27 c:olh~-a-n.Jo- .w + inf. to ad\'ise 15.7.
:,1::i1 SC\'Cticth 27 15.26
:ttii seventeenth 17 i:i Sovict 1 .
; scvcnteen 17 contemporary, modern 11.22
sc\cn 7 quite. completely 12: not at all
CC:\Iilet'RT ~\'!V 27.:! 15
6'1' sc,cn hundrcd :!7.2 cor.18CCJJ .w in agreement, agree 24
il familv 3 co-e.!l-ili + to connect, join 34-7
il (.~;. wil) Seplcmber 24 n regret; unfortunately
: hcrt 34 16.20
1 scrious 7 juice 21
lp/. , -r, :r) sistcr V. :!.12 to.uir soldier 34
r - /: i- LoOpoiC forty 27.2
ctapera cigarctic IV. 1; , noiyiica. :i fortieth 27.2
Would you likc cigurettcs'? 5 c:od.a (pl. :i, c:oc:ieii) 1c:oc:iJIICa neighbur 3
,1 signal v. 27 --- .: it. JlllanOr. Make up
.'l-r (il) to sitting 24 dialog. 13
on~1 ~!' lil'iiiK hei11g.~ nicc 7 caacilo thank you; no, thank you 1V. 3. 14;
t.11 ue-eved 30 liom.wOe c:nac:ilo. hank you very much. 13
---r () . (imp. --r) to tell. tt-- (cmrr; c:ni, c:nai, i) to slecp 25.11!;
say V. 5. 12: .? Plcase tell mc. to sleepy 25; irr:/
12: , tii ... Tell me. please ... c:nan. to go to d 25; - JIIOJIOIICiin.
5-1:!4 caan. to put to d 25
how .much 1how many 7: - ni . perf~rmance (theatrieal) 31
511!
-n.- ]: c-noi + --8i1'+ ... to consider (that... ); z
:ni: occupation 26; ... :n- to consider somebody 8.19, 24.5
IIi:? What's ... occupation? 26 U.S.A. 15
c-new-il- /(.v to hurry 7.1 "--i (n; cf , . SOJ) . to eat 21.7,
c:nila match 13 22.6
c-noi () . (imp. +) to sing 32 C:W'JJI congress, convention 34
n (CIIOKOHO) calm. peaceful4, 15; - .:- cf. .--li
! Good night! 22 c-wrp-ii + . (imp. rp-ai +) to play 8, 14.11
:n / sing. spon(s) IV, 10, 16.10; (/. ..8) son 2.12
sport 29 i here dir. 10
n: r 24 i- (; ) . to sit down; to get on
n information office. ooth 26 (vehicle) 28, 30
-n- + 1-n-- (cpowj, :n:~)
to ask ifor information) 5. 12.2. 12.8. 17.6
:nj sputnik. satellite 27
cpaJy at uncc, immc:diatcly 22
( ) Wednesday 8
1 ncutcr gcnder Rl
--~ ,1 110- to put (in stumli: po.ti-
rion) 28.13. 28.25 thu~. ~u !!.19. 15.3; thc wrong \\' 13.
() stadium 33
30.4; 1, not the same way as 15. :!5
(drinking) glass 21 ~uch. ~1rch u 15.3; i1o ? Just
--- (, rw~- \Vhilt is th;lt'! 1-79. !!.19; Kro iro
) 1- (:-r) /(f!.ll to hi..'Comc :!6.1 ? Ju~t who is thut'? :!-90. 8.19;
u11 () station 20 -. diiT.:r.:rtt lrom. 1101 lik.: 15; IIC r
- + to grow old(er) 33 the \\g kind 30.4
acicnt 11 . ileti taxi 111. 1'1
w:- ,.,: c::ipii 1:11 talc11t .~ 1
oldcr, uldest 26 ra:\1 thcrc /,. 1. 11-.~0. 1. 1
ii (1:) old 7, 10.9. 29.4 1'81111-eRU'Ib 110 IO tlallCC 1~.~~
1- ( I-l'-1:11 111 \fJ/. 1:mip1 1i atar 23.9
i article (piec(' oj' ~triting) 111 J"arapc11ii Tatar :!J
. stvlc 32 1oii (, 1. l your yours /imr. 11. 3. ~
r11li st<tte grant 28 r thcatcr 1\'. 11
(/. 11) vcrscs. poctry IV, 2 J'C8Tpli,lloHhi tl1ca 1rici\1 1
cro hudrcd :!7.2. 27.19 1.1i tclc\isiot1 (~~~~ !1; corper~o rc.1etip
t:-- (11) to cost 20.7 to w;ltch TV ; 110 I'CJIC:itpy 011 TV
(.' (gl!/1. ) t\ 9; ..1 in the taJc 'IC:Ielpa~l!\18 tclcgr;n \i. :!3
drawcr 9 1:!0 t.:lcphone V. 3; paJJoac)p 110 r.l,
.1 capil (city) 26 phonc COI1\'CfSiltiO(S/ ); -rr fliiY
,lii: (!) Stolichniyc phone 29; r.1:0 = HOI'IIC:p r.10 h
(/ir...Capita cigarettes 1 r1umhcr :!6
--~ (coirr) to standing 11.11. 11.22 r11 tcmpcraturc V. 2:!.1
(/. ) country (nation) 26.17 ri: tcnis :!9. 6
it.11 construction worker 3 r11~ 11<1\\' 10.9 .
it.'l~ construction- 18 rn.'lhi ('l'eDO, CIL.lee) WUrm 14.24. l-'
-- 111- to build, construct 11 rep-liii + (cw) 1to- to losc lg.:t lostl 20
() construction sitc 26 r-r11 aut 1\'. 1. 23.10
cyJltlr, ~ ~tudent lunif'r.ritl' le'C/) 111. V-66. 1v1'11 tcchnical ~ondary school 18.1
, -r..ii: t1.1-1'lfl:
; (/. 11) chair 10 \'H.'Illle ,oc;ltioal school 18
stewardess IV. 5.11 : ro ur telscl 2U
- [tlt:nire pal'ticlt] 25.3; [t>mplril' pticlt) 29
( Saturday 8.19
rw comrade 26
souvenir IV. 27
cyn soup . 12
ro.-.'18 then (ul that timc. i thut casc) 12-:!16.
12.:!0
. stage. sccne 31
r iilso. too 2. 17.8
cacilwii happy, fortunate 29; Cacnil801-o
r.11 only. just S: ... not only ...
nyil! Bon ,voyage! 29.17 but also 1; )~ us soon "~ 26; .1
: happiness, luck, good fortune 27,31;
just (OWI 15
fonunate1y 24
519
r cake 25 + 1
y-w-ii Cll -w---II to smile 7, 12
, , , (cf. . 499) that (one) 30.4; yuepciln.l r:. department store 30
the wrong (one) 30.4 ~ university V, 7; ~ 11
1"(t888i streetcar 6 ~exercise 1
ir transport R IV 1esson 1, 1, 7.10
phd (., h) (cf. . 499) third 3, 17.2 ycn)'ra: 6 ycn)'r domestic services
three 3, 20.6 bureau 25
!i thirtieth 24 y-cnblw-a- (yc:nWma) . to hear (suddenly,
thirty 14 unexpectedly) 27.11
'I'11118i thirteenth 13 success 27 .19; i iw
thirteen 13 n. We wish you further success. 27
three hundred 27.2 --ii + / -i- () to m tired,
.i trolleybus 6 tire, get tired 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
ii () difficult, hard 18, 29.4 moming 21.4; 6 6 i 6:00a.m. 21.4;
u toilet 9 ! Good moming! IV, 15
there dir. 13; the wrong way (direc- in the-moming 4.16, 21.4
tion) 30.4 --i- (yxoaj', yxoIIUII.) 1i- (m,
i tourist IV, 30 ywni, yui; yiit) to go away, depart 8.6,
here 1, 11-30 8.19
shoe 13 & textbook 30
(cf. . 496) (/am. you) V, 3.3 i schoo1 year 18
blCtia thousand 27.2, 27.19, 28.7 (gen. 1111) 1 pupil (grades
1-11) V-66
520
date? 24; Kailrn 'IIICJii? On what date ...? 24
1
"--1"1> ( 8, "1i1u.) - to clean 12.8
8 character (personality) 26 -ii + f - to read 1, 2
xilll chemist IV 1" what 1, 4.3, 4.16, 10.1; r 1"6? Just
xlitl chemistry 11 what is this? 1-79; 1" what else 1; 1"0?
bread 12.20 Why do you ask? 14; 1" ( yII.IIieecl.)?
-- (, ) to go, walk multidir. Why (are you surprised)? 18; r ! What do
16.6, 17.3, 22.3, 25.1 you mean! 24; 3&? What kind of...?
xo3ilik:o economy 27; . 1ii agri-
28
culture 27 1"0 conj. that 4.3
xodl hockey IV, 15
1"0 rel. pron. that, which 13.2
i () cold 9.19, 15
1"66 [conditional conj.] 18.4, 22.4, 28.10
xoplwndl (, JJ)rwe) good; well 5, 7, 29.4; )r"r---1"~> /- ce6il to feel (/ one's hea/th)
. Well, . 8; ! Wonder-
22.7
ful! 6; 8cel"6 6w! Good-bye! V-65, 22 i (gen. ) an eccentric (person) 29
+ ( + inf) (cf. . 501) to want IV, 8, 14.2,
almost 21.15
28.10; 6 would like to 21
+1"-t~ impers. x6e"ral. 1 feellike.
18.7
m
xcni although 22 1118118 champagne 25
i of Khokhloma 30 wix81"I (gen. wi) chess, chess set 8.11,
xyOecneloo.ll: & ll"l"epllj'pa 8.1~; .-pin wixa11o1 to play chess 8.12
fiction and poetry 17 wii sixtieth 27.2
xyundi worse, worst 29 wii sixteenth 16
worse 29.4 wi sixteen 16
wecol sixth 6
w~ six 6
w~ sixty 27.2
(/. 1"W, ) flower 33 wl> six hundred 27.2
1
--8- - to kiss 27; . Love. (letter w1" decorative 30
closing) 21 school (grades 1-11) V, 3, 7.2
whole 16. 1 w driver (professional) V, 3
center, downtown (area) 7.17 )ri noisy 30
circus 33
: brush 13
tea 12.20; some tea 12. 22.6
( ) hour 7.17; 1"6 ? What
time is it? 7; 1"6 ? At what 33 examination V, 18.11; 1i en-
time ...? 8 trance exam 18.11
icro () frequently, often 11, 29.4 - /- an Estonian 23
(/ pl.. gen. 6) watch, clock 25 Estonia 23
iw cup 21 xOIICICIIii Estonian 23
i (-. , ) (cf. . 499) interr. whose V, :rri (gen. :rrai) floor (story) 14
4.1, 4.16, 11.1, 17.2 pron. this/that/these/those, it 1, 1.1, 9.3,
'leJIOIIi (pl. cf. IOJUI) person 10.9; 6i - 11.1, 19.6, 27.5
young man 10.9 , , , 8 (cf. . 499) this/that 11.1
than 29.4
i suitcase 13
3 across; in (after) 14.1, 20, 34; n
in week 14.1; orepe3 Z r6 at the r () south 13
third stop 20 -3ini south-west 28
black 14; Black Sea 14
n (gen. ) Thursday 8.19
1"i fourth 4
e-rblpe four 4, 20.6 (cf. . 496) 11, III-45, 3.9, 9.8
-rl four hundred 27.2 i.r (pl. i6) apple 26.17
-rl"I"ii fourteenth 14 8WIC (gen. 83) Janguage, tongue V, 5.11;
-rl fourteen 14 I" anoce books in ... 17.12
'IIICJIO date (when) 24; 'IIICJio? What's the i~ (gen. i) January 24
521
ENGLISH-RUSSIAN VOCABULARY
airplane 5
airport ( ) 29
1 an (g. ) (cf . 499) 1, 11.2, (the whole) (cf . 499) 10, 11.2, 11.22,
word orderJ
16.10; (expressed 9.1"; (per) 16.1.0, 28.8; (everyody) 7.10, 7.17, 11.2;
17.4 (everything) 9.19, 11.2, 27.5; thesame
dm (g. ) 22.18 9, 18.11; not at 15
i, to - (, ; imper. aDow, to --- . 14
imp.fut.)/C!-fOy 21.8, 21.33.'22.2, 24.8 almost (t quite) 15, 21.15: (something
abnormal 22 averted or avoided) 21.15
aout (eonceming) / / 5.6, 16.1; How alone (cf . 499)
aout? 28 along (over the surface 28
v 34 alongside 20
academic year 18 already 3.9, 8.5, 11.7
academy JJ 27 aJso:(too)oe2, 17.8;(inaddition)ll, 1, 17.18;
accept, to -- + 1-i (; 34; not only... ut also... ...
u) 22.18, 27.6; 30
... 10
aeross 34 although 22
aeeustomed, to get -JI:- +/n-- always 7
()- 25
, to -- (h") 22.10
amateur 24.19; amateur eoncert
24;
aehievement 27
aequaiat, to --/ - , amateur radio operator, radio amateur
27
28; to get aequainted --- 1
1.4, 16, 23 amazing 24
aequaintance u 1 IV, 16.1 , Ameriean, an 1- 5
16.20 Amer:can adj. 15
aequainted 24 an-cf
addition, in- cf also anclent 11
address 1 (pl. ) 23 and 11-30, 1.3, 7.10, 17.8; (cotrastive) 1,
admission is free 24.20 11-30, IV-55, 1.3, 2-90, 5.3, 9.6
aditted, to -- + 21.23 announce, to --il() 1---()
ad81t adj. 15.12, 15.26; adalts 6- 20.24, 29
15.12, 15.27 announcer 8
advise, to --- 1- + inf 15. 7 another (dierent one) r6 8, 17.12, 23.10
15.24 ' (one more) 11.8, 17.12; one anothe;
aJYair n (pl. ) 18.20 23.7
afraid, to --- (i) J8 answe'r, to -- + 1--- JUJ
after 21; (when) 12.4; after 5, 13.4
particle 7.10, 7.17 answering device 21
aftemoon, in t 4 any-cf 25.3
afterwards 5 anything: not ... anything 6 () 10
again n 12; 21.15 anyway, the same 6 9, 18.11
age 29; At my age! - apartment (Oat) 1.4
! 29
appear, to (perform) --+ 8.19; (seem)
ago ( ) 16.6 --- () 1- 24.5
acree (ln agreenaent widl) 24 appendidtis V, 22
agree, to (make date) ---- . appetite 25; appecit! il
! 25
+ i/'1{. 32
agrieulture d i 27 apple il (pl. il) 26.17
aid, to --li + 1n-6- ( - app~ach, to ~?--- 1- (n-
&; ) 12.2, 12.20 ' , , ; ) 32
air 6 34 April 24
air maU, 23; air maU enve1ope an:hitect 21
23; air maU letter 23 architecture 34
arm (p}'lcy; , ) 22.11
522
Armenian, an (/. ) 1 17, 20.4, 20.5, 21.1; to situated, lo-
23.1 cated ---- 17.12; -i- ()
Armenian adj. 23; in Armenian 11.11, 11.22; -- () 22.8, 22.24; if
23 1 were (you)... () Jl . 29 00
m, to ---. 19.17
- cf cldld orsl:b (gen. 8) V, 25
back (again) 12, 21.15; to go back-cf re- t and ... ... 9
tum ottle 25
bad, badly (, ) 5, 7, 29.4; not (decorative) 30
d, not dl 6 () 11, 15; (not oflice 21
very weU, so-so) 29; tllat's too d (little) 19
10.19 read 12.20
badge (souvenir pin) (gen. ) 30 break: Wat break! ! 6
ballerina V, 24 breakfast 12; for breakfast
ballet 24 12
ballet- 31 breakfast, to eat 1bave - + 1- 4.2,
t, to intrans. -+ 14 4.16, 21.7
athroom adj. used as noun 9.9 briefcase . 4.16
, to ( pres.; cf . 501) 10, 14; to re- roadcast (program) 8
peatedly -+ 8.19, 11.11; How are you? roadc8st, to --+ /- (cf
? 9; there is/are V, 9.1, , . 501) 24
9.19, 10.7, 19.3, 22.10, 30.3; there il/are not broter (/. ) V, 2.12
523
uild, to 6--f- 11; 28, 30.1 daeap (, ) 29.4
uilding (/. -) 1, 1; 28 check out k&, to -)' / -: -
ureau (office) 6 ilidec/. 25; ureau of do- (cf. -) 13.9
mestie semces 25 ceerful () 30
llus 6 chemist IV
usy i 26.17; I'm Yery usy. : chemistry 11
. 33 chess (game, set) (pl. /; g. -
ut (cotrast) 1, 11, 1.3,. 5.3, 9.6; (restrict, ) 8.11, 8.19; 12.12
cotradictio) 5.3, 9.6; not only ut -also chikl (pl. , , ) 2, 19
. ... ... 10; ut ten (hower)
26
children's 7
cigarette IV, 1
u, to -- + /n-- 10, 12.6, 12.8;
circus 33
30; (to buy ticket /i transport)
- 1- (cf. -) 20.12
city (/. ) 9, 9.19
(p8St) 10; (at) V, 2, 9.1, 20.8, 22.1
ciYil egiDeer -i 26
class (grades /-10) J: 18.10; (higher educ.)
() 18.10; classes ("schoo\") R:
(neut. pl.; g. R:) () 7
ciUIII'OOIII 28
cafe idecl. 11 classical 17
cake 25 cleu, to --/- 12.8
calistllenics R: / sing. 29 dimate 15
caU, to (s) -- (; li) 1- 20; diic- cf. polycliic
(phone) --/n- , 21, 22.11; clock (/. /; ~. ) 25
Wllat is this e811ed? li? 10.9, dose (near) 1; (aloogside)
m1~1~8 il 20, 23; close to 28
caUig ('fisiting), to go - 1- d-, 1
to -- + -:6 + ()
(cf. ) 25; to out calling () 30; 11: 30.1
R: 25 club J: 24
calm 4, 15 coat (o'fercoat) indecl. 4
( i) - (; , ; 1 cofl"ee . indecl. 12
-) imp. fut. 21.8, 21.23, 22.2, 24.8; lt cu't
cold (, ) 9.19, 15,
! ! 11;
29.4
21.23, 22.2; c8DDOt : 22.2 colleagoe . 28
canoe u 16 collect, to -- + 1-- (;
) 17
i 6 24
collection 23; stamps for coUectious
capital (city) 26
23
car 6; train car 26
carried away, to ( crazy aout) COI8e, to:
--+ 29.5, 29.17 1
--- - (n, ,
Celsius (... ) 15 ; ) 8.6, 8.19;
center 7.17 1
0 --+ -- (; -
central 28 !) 20, 26.5
century 34 Here comes. / ... 6.1; to come in
certain, -cf. ---/ - (, , ;
certificate (diploma) 32; (medical) - ) 3.17; 30.7; to come back-cf. return; to
22 come up to (approach) ---/
chair (pl. )') 10 - (, , ;
champage m! adj. in for 25 ) 32
chaoge (smaU) pl. 20; ifro transac- comfortaie 33
tio) 26.17 composer 24
to chaoge: comnle 26
1.( altered) ---- . 33; concered, to (worried) ---- 18
2.( ito sa/ler deoinations) conceming // 5.6, 16;1
1
- + --R: + 30; C:Oncert ~ 21
3. (transfer to differet vehicle) concerto 24
- + / -- (; conductor (Si) 24
) 20.13 conferenee : 28; 34
character (personality) sing. / 26 congratulate, to -- + 1---
chat, to --- . 1 19, 25.7; Congratulate... for me.
chaufl"eur 3 ... . 33
524
congress J 28; 34 degree (of teperature) 15.13
connect, to -- + , 34 delicious () 12, 29.4
conservatory 18 depart, to- cf to go away
consider, to --+ 1. ; 2. -, ... department (higher education) ()
8.19, 24.5 18.10
constant1y 11. 7, 11.17 department store 30
construct, to 6-- 1- 11; 6 28, depend on, to --- () 28
30.1 deputy (representative) 26
construction- 18 deslgn (p1an) poeitr 21; (picture) 32
construction worker 3 determined (strong-willed) 26
construction engineer - 26 dictionary . (gen. ) 17
construction site () 26 different (not tis one) 8, 17.12, 23.10;
contemporary 11.22 (various) 23.10; (not t same as)
continue -- + 31 , 15
convenient 33 difficult () 18, 29.4
convention (conference) 28 dine, to - + 1- 4.2, 4.9, 21.7
conversation 3 dinner 12, 21.7; for dinner 12; to
converse, to -- + 21 eat/bave dinner -+ /- 4.2, 4.9, 21.7
cook, to -- 1- 12.8; dip1oma 32
30.1 director (of organization) n (/. -
correct 28 ) 23; (theatrical) 31
comspood, to (exchonge /etters) -- disheS (sing. /) 32
+ 15.27 display () 27
cosmic 27 dissatisfied () 28
cosmonaut 27.11 district 28
COSIIIOS 27.11 divan 24
cost, to -- () 20.6 diversion 17
coucb 24 division (section) 18; evening division
country ( i' city), in t 9.9; (nation) () 18
(/. ) 26.17 do, to - + 1- 2, 11
course (higher educ.) 18.10; to take course doctor (gen. ) 12, 22.1 1; n (/.
- + 30; to give course - + ) 22.1 1
30; of course 9.19 doll, nested wooden 30
crane operator 1 26 don't 13.8
crazy aout, to (passionately interested in) door f 30
--+ 25.9, 25.17 dormitory 28.25
cry, to -- () 31 downtown (area) 7.17
cu1ture 27 draw, to --- 34
cup 21 drawer: in t taie drawer 9
drawing 32
D dream, to (aspire) - + 23
drink, to - (; !; )l- 21.6
dance, to -- (-. blt) 14.24 drive, to intrans .. unidir. - (; -
date (of onth) (/. ) 24; Wbat's t !) 11-30, 6.1, 17.3; ultidir. i:-- 17 .3,
date? 6 ? On wbat date.? 25.1
...? 24 drlver (professional) 3
date: to make date to... ---- during 23
. + i'!f. 32
daughter (/. , cf . 495) 2.12, 5.5
day . (gen. ) 8.19, 21.4; Good day!
! IV, 15; in our days 14.4; oter 23.7
24 early (3) 18, 10, 29.4
daytime, in t 4 east () 26.17
dear (, ) 27, 29.4; (in of- easy (, ) 18.20, 29.4
ficia/letter) () 27 eat, to - (, cf . 501) / - (to eat up), o
Decemer (gen. ) 24 (without dir. obj. or with partitive genitive) 21.7,
decent 29 21.23, 22.6
~ve 26 eccentric, an (person) (gen. ) 29
dedde, to - + 1-- 16 economy 27
decorative 30 eight 8
525
eighteen <:,: 18 Exeuse me! ! IV-51. 7: ! 17
eighteenth 18 exercise 1
eighth 8 exhihit, exhihition () 27
eight hundred 27.2 exit. to / W- (. BW.'Ia.
eightieth 27.2 ; ) u:J z 20
eighty 6:11 27.2 expensive (r, ) 29.4
either: not either ... IV. 9; elther or ir.1 ... explaia, to '-IIR + / 'R " ltO
.l ... 16 . .11v 30
elderly 10.9. 10.19 extiiaguished, to --()- . 24
electri!=ian 24.19 extra .111 24
elevator .1 14
eleven 11
eleventh 11 11
else: Who else? '! 6; What else? '?
1; or else 20; someody else's 30.4 F
(t-mplrutic purti(/es): 2; .111 26; - 29
encounter, to- ('(. meet face .1 (pl . 1) 31
+
end. to - () 1---() 8.2. 11 factory () 7.2
engage in sports, to --i + Cll 29.5 fact 11; h faet is that .1 . ...
englneer 11 12 21
Englis 5; in Englis -.1 Fahrenheit: ( ... ) 15.13
V. 1; English-Russian .1- 30 fail: widut fail 8.1 15
Englishman .1 (/. .1) 23.1 fall (autumn) 6 28; in the fall (autumn)
Entllshwoman 23 6.15
enjoy OIK.'self, to /.IIj' impers. 21 famlly i 3 .
enroll in, to -<." + i >- 1(1'00 f81110U 31
18.11. 18.20 far: Far East li..1 () 26: far (from)
enter, to / (..1. . ..:.:r (U.11 cmr ,i 7. 29.4
.1: ) 1\\'t>U 3.17. 30.7; ('/: also to enmll fare-ox 20.12. 20.27
in fasllion 19
entire: an entire :.1 16.11: the entire L' (t:t: . fashionaie. in fashion 19
499) 11.2. 11.22. 16.10. 28.1! father \:n. (g(n. 1 2
entirely <.-i: 12 favor (request) 6 (ll('/1. 111. ) 26.6:
entrance, entry ~ 1(\'t'ci 11. 24 1 have request to make of you. 1 have favor to
en\-elope 23 ask of you. i . 26.6
envy, to 1---- tm.11_i 19 favorite .1 23
especially 17 fear, to -i-- toicll) 18
~eemed 27: muc:h esteemed - Feruary li.1 (Jll!~. .1i) 24
27 feel. to (t,(tme's 111.'(//tlr) --- i -
Estoaia 23 22.7
Estonian, an ~"U 1- 23 few, 8 ,1 28
Estonian uq;. 23; ln Estonian - faction and poetry .1
23 17
Europe 28 flfteen 15
even 10: (ll'itlr ct,mpurutil'es) 29.4 flfteenth 15
evening (/. ) 11, 21.4; thiseveningce- fiftla i S
o,'la 10: ln the evening 4: fiftleth i 27.2
Good eveniq! ! 1!. 15 fifty i 27.2
evening 10 film (movie) .1 9: lm is showlng; playlng
every ,1 14.4 .1 .21.1 5
everyody 7.10. 7.17. 11.2 finally 21.23
C\'erything '-" 9.19. 11.2. 27.5: everything that . fiDII, to --- - (\:.1. ~.1.
n 13.2 .1: ) 20
examination (in) ') "" .11i 18.11: entrance fincl out, to - + . 7.17
exam ) u 18 fine! 11! 13
examine, to ( patient) -- + nish, to - + () /---( ) 8.2. 11
1--- IUNo 22 flrst 1; (at) tirst 8.19; was the
example: for example 8 nt to ... 27.11
excellent r 13 sh 12.12
except for j 21 flve 5.20
526
five hundred 27.2 G
Oat (apartment) 1
Oight (schedulecl) 29 garage (gen. ) 7
Ooor (story) (gen. ) 14 garden ( ) 11, 7.10, 9.9
Oower 6 (gen. ; /. 1, ) garden- 34
33 gas (in gaseous state) 9.9
Ou 22 gate(s) (neut. /.; gen. ) 34
, to unidir. -- () 29 gathe~, to --+ /-- _(i;
folk- 30 ) 17; intrans. --+ /
following 20 -~~ (n~; ) 17, 21;
foot (. ; /. , ). 22.11; - + /-- 25
foot 6.1 gay, it's i: ipers. 21
football- cf soceer genuine 17.21
for-cf dative case (in exchangefor) 17, geologist 11
21; ifor the use of. purpose 23; (to 1
German, 28
get) 24.6; for dinner 12; Con- German 5; in German n- 5
gratulate for me. ... get, to (~ive) --+ /--- 13,
. 33 27.6; 30.1; to get (oard) -
foreign 17.21 (; ) 30; to get off (vehicle)
foreigner 1- 20 --/- (, 1
forest ( ; /. ) 9, 11 1) 20; to get to (reac'b) . :
forget, to --+ /-- () 13.5 1
- + -- () 20; .
13.17 ' 1
28; to get up (rise) - + -
Forglve me! ! IV-51, 7; ! () 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
IV-51, 17 gift n (gen. n) 30
former1y 10, 29.4 gir1 (little) V, 19; 7; girl friend
fortieth 27.2 (/ girl) n 24.9; (/ )
fortune: good fortune 27 17 .12, 24.9
fortunately 24 to give -+ / (cf . 501) 13.6, 13.17,
forty 27.2 17.7, 18.1; , , , 30.1; (to give
. found, to ---- . 30; 28 1
as gift) -- - 30; to give up
four 4 1
(yield) -n- + ---
four hundred 1 27.2 30.14; to give course -+ 30
fourteen 14 glad 21
-fourteenth 14 glance at, to --/ - 25.1
fourth 4 glass (drinking) 21
foyer indec/. 21 glasses (-) (gen. ) 30; wearing
free (IIROCCupled) 10; 25; glasses 30
free (of charge) 24.19 go, to:
French 5; in French - unidir. - (, , ; ) Il, 6.1,
5 7.10, 12.5, 12.11, 16.8; ultidir. -- 16.7,
Frenchman / Frenchwoman 1- 17.3, 22.3, 25.1; (to set outp.) - (,
5..
n, ; n) 12.5, 12.7, 16.8;
frequent, to - + .11 0 unidir. - (; n!) Il, 6.1,
frequently () 11, 29.4 17.3
Friday 8 ultidir. -- 17.3, 25.1; (to set out .)
friend r (pl. ) 17.12 (c.f a/so acquaint- - () ! 7, 13, 14.11,
ance); girl friend (/ girl) nop}'ra 24.9; (/ 17.3
) 17.12, 24.9 here goes... / ... 6.1
friendship 17.12 to go away ---/- (, ,
from: from inside 22.1; from off of ; ) 8.6, 12; 0 --+ /--
22.18; away from 21.23, 22.1; from () 22, 26.5
where 22; from here 17; from to go back- cf retum
there 34 to go in ---/ - (,
front: in front of 34 , ) 3.17, 30.7
fruit (gen. ) 12.12 to go out ---/- (i,
fun: it's fun, to have fun; ipers. 1, ; ) 20
21 to go out ( extinguished) . n-()-
further-cf success 24.7
future adj. 11.22 to go up n-- + 14.24
527
to go up to ---/ - ( eart 34
, , ; ) ! ()! IV, 6; ( phone) ! V,
32 21; ! 5; ! 25
to go to sdtool (&i sdtool) - ( help, to 1
-- + -- (;
, , ; ) J 15 , ) 12.2, 12.20, 25
to go to t hospital (a.s patient) her poss. pron. 2
---/ i- (, r; ) r /. IV, 1; 1; dir. i 10; from
22 r 17; r is/are 11, 2
to go to d ---/ i- (, hero ;34
; ) 25 heroie 19; eroi..-mother
good (, ) 5, 9, 29.4; Good 19. 20.10
IIIOI'IIig! :! IV, 15-258; Good day! ike 16; to go bike -/-
! IV, 15-258; Good lg! 16
! 15-258; Good ightl hiU: t Lein HiUs 28
! 22 Good-ye! li! IV, is poss. pron. IV, 2
7; ! V, 22 historical 24
grade (in sclroo/, 1-JJ) 18.10 bistory 30
graduate ftom, to -+ /-- (, 17
etc.) 11, 18 k 15
graduate studet 1- V oUday 25; boUday! li
graddaughter 23 ! 25
gradfather . 9, 23.10 m (cf ouse): (at) m 1, 2; bome(ward)
gradmother 6.6, 23.10 11, 6
gradso 23 hope, to ---- () 22
grat, 28
state bospital 22; to go to t ospital (as
great (distipislaed) 28 patient) ---/ i- (, ;
greetlgs 28.25; Pass my greetigs to i!; ) d 22; to put 1 the os
li 28 1
pital - (; ) ---
grow, to intrans. - (, ; ) 33 22
grow-up 15.13, 15.27; grow-ups bot (to the touch) i 9, 15.12; (/ weather)
15.13 (i) 15.12, 15.27, 29.4
guest (gen. /. ) 25.18 botel 28
GUM ( our (2-3-4 , ... :f) 7.17
) 30 bouse {/. ) 1, 1
bow 11, 4.16, 15.3; How's your family?
i? 11, How do you kuow?
? 15; How aout? ? 28
balf 25; it's alf past owever 26.
25.5; at balf past buge 31
25.5 bumauities 28
bam radio operator 27 bundred 27.2
band (. ; /. :f, ) 22.11 bungry, to -- (cf . 50/) 25
badsome 7 urry, to -- iJ 7.1
bappen, to . ---- 20 burt, to () -- (i) 22.10
happiness 27 bushand {/. i) 2
(satisfied), that (),
22 1
bard (difficult) () 18, 29.4;
() 18 1 (cf. . 496) 11, 3
, to V, 9.1, 9.19, 10.7, 19.3, 22.10, ice cream 21.1 5
30.3 ice rink (gen. ) 33
[with inanimates-cf 28.12] ice skate ~en. ) 29
Have (im do it). ( ). 13.7 ice skate, to - + 29.6
v to, to need to () + inf 12.3, if (whether) 5JO, 14.12, 15.6; (conditional)
13.1, 19.4 15.26, 25.4; ifl were you
(cf . 496) l, 1 ... 29
head (. ) 22 Ul () 22; to iU - + 29.6; to
ealthy 22.18 m -- + . 31
r, to -- ()/- 10.4, 10.19, immediately 12; i 22
21.8, 26.4, 27.11 immoie 31
528
lmpressioa 24; to make impres- ldss, to --- 27
sion ----/--- klteheD 9.19
(, ; ) w, to + V, 3; yon w [particle]
24.19 7.10, 7.17; 1 do't w the fint thig aout
iD /. 3.6, 3.17, 7.1, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3 30 .
dir. () Il, 3, 7.2, 22.1; i hour (after kopeek 20
an hour has passed) (: 14.1; iD Rllllliaa Kremit, the . 28
- V, 1.5
iDeidet 31-5 L
IDcidetay 6 26
iDeorrect 28 laontory 28
iDdeceDt 29 laDguage l: (gen. :) V, 5
iDdeecl 15-258, 15.27 large () 9.19, 29.4
iDdustry l sing. / 27 last (in series) 30.14; (past)
iDexpeDSiYe (, ) 29.4 16.20; last V, 19; at 18st
iDflueDza 22 21.23
illform tltat, to --& +/-- (cf. 1
late ( ) 21, 29.4; to IJe late
. 501) 26 --+ /--+ 4.2, 4.9,
illformatioa ooth 1oflice 6 26 7.2, 20
iDfreqaelltly (: ((:) 11, 29.4 laugh, to -il-- () 19
illstead: (Let's look) i.tead. (&) lay (put), to - (:; :)/
(). 14.11 -- 12, 22.18, 28.13
istead of 6 25 layout (plaa) 6: 33
istitute V, 3 leam, to:
iDteDd, to --+ + inf 25 (subjeet, matter) --+ V, 5.20,
iDterest (: 26; with (great) iterest ( 11.11, 23.8; -- 12, 23.8;
) (: 26 (memorize) -- + 1--- 30;
iDterest, to --- 6 28.15 (leam to) ---/ - + inf 23.8;
iuterested: to IJe Yery iterested iD --+ (flod oat) -+ . 7.17
29.5, 29.17 leave (vaeatio) 18.20
iDterestig (: 8 leave (go away), to:
iDte1'118tioal 6 23.17 1
. --- - (, , ;
iDYite, to --+ /--- 14, 21; ) 8.6, 12;
r, 30.1 0 --+ f-:- () 22, 26.5;
it /// 1, 1, 1.1, 9.3; 1.1, 9.3, (transitive) --il + 1-&--
19.6; "empty it" 9.3, 15.3 25.18
1ecture : 1.1
lecture U 28
J left: to the left 29
leg (. ; pl. , ) 22.11
Jauary il) 24
(gen. less 29.4
joiD (couect), to --il + 34 lesso (grades 1-JJ) 1, 7.10; (higher
joly (l:) 21, 30 educ.) 7.10; lessos (classes) (neut.pl.)
joDJDa!_ 1 7
joUI'DaiiSt 27 let, to (permit) --- + inf..p. 14;
joytidly 31 Let (him do it). ( l:). 13.7;
juice 21 Let's (talk). & ( 1).
July 24 1, 14.11; Let's t (talk).
June 24 (). 14.11
jast (oaly) 5; jast DOW 15 letter 1. (alphallet) 11; 2. (epistle)
(pl. ) 1
Unry 3.17; to take oat ooks from
the Ubrary - 1-
key (gen. ) 6 28 (cf ) 13.9
hokhloma- 30 Ue dow, to ---/- (r, ;
kiDd (sort) 29; what kid f:: 11, 4.16, 7, !; ) 22.8, 22.18, 25.10
15.3; ...? 28 lie (UDtrut) 14
kiDd (good): so kiDd, , ... 25 lie, to ( in lying position) -- (li) 22.8,
kioderprte l:: ( l: ) 7 22.18
kiosk :: 10 Ufe 27
529
34-1022
Uft 14 24
Ught(s) pl. 24; it's light (right) 34 may: one may 21.23, 22.2; one may
Uke, to ---/- 19.2 (cf a/so to not 22.2
love); l'd Uke to. ... 21 m 9.19; n.r 25
Uke: not Uke :, u: 15 mean, to (signify): 1t means.... , ... ? 8;
Usten, to -+ (. - blt) 11m0 2, 17, 26.4 What do you mean, ("cold'')? , ()!
Uterature 17; artistic 1imagiaadve 15; What do you ?! 1! 24
Uterature (fiction and poetry) meat 12
17 medical cerdficate 22; to fiD
Uttle (small) () 9.19; out medlcal cerdficate --
22 + 1--- ()
Uttle: Uttle V, 5, 13.9; (too) Uttle 22
() 9, 13.9, 13.17, 29.4; t Uttle tings medical 28
(gen. ) 16 medicine 22
Uv, to - (; ) 3 meet, to {get acqualnfed) II 1
lobby indecl. 21 V, 1, 23; (to encounter) - +
loeaW, to ---- 17.12; -- 1'I":--
; - + 1'I":--
() 11.11, 11.22; -- (li) 22.8, 25, 29; (to gather) -- +
22.24 1
--- (n, li;
loag (for along time) r 11.7, 11.22; t (for) ) 21; to meet t New Year
~ 11; lfow long does lt tUe f ? - + 25
( ...)? 11.6; along time memento: u memento of 30
ago, since long time ago 8.5, 11.7 1
memorize, to -- + --- 30
longer: longer 3.9; 18 mention: Don't mention it. (answering thanks) -
look, t-- ()/- 6.3, 7, 8, 10.4, . 3-101; (answering apo/ogy) .
12; to look at (11n attention to) ~ 1 17
- 25.10; to look out t window menu indec/. 26
-- 1- 6; to look up (some- merry (:) 21, 30
thing) --/- ( ) metro indecl. 6
17; to look Uke () 19.10, mllk 25
19.17; (to appear) --- (JIJi) mionth 27
29 mind: Never mind. . 21
lose, to - + / 20 111lnas 15
Jost, to get Tepm + CJI/ 20 minute () 6, 11; Walt minute.
lot: lot 13.9, 28.9 f. 26
love, to -- 16.20, 17.10, 19.2 model 27
lover (of something) i. 33 Monday : 8.19
luck 27 111011 (gen. ) 20
lucky, to : .".was lucky impers. 24 money order 23
530
13.9, 14.2; (with comparatives) nint i 9
1
29.4 114) 111, 2
1
Muscovite, 8 noisy 30
musen 17 nor: oeithernor ... ... () 17
musie 2 normal 22
musical 24 nort () 13
musieian 24 not IV, 2
must () +
inf 12.3, 13.1, 19.4; note, to (tum attentio _to) --
(cf necessary) . 32
my (cf . 499) 11, 4 notllig r () 10
notiee, to -- + 1--- 28
N Novemer il (gen. ) 24
now 2, 10.9; (imp/ying contrast with past)
ume: fint n (cf . 494) V, 19; last n~ 10.9
V, 19; What's (your) 111? () nowhere /. r (~) 7; dir. () 7
? IV, 8, 10.9; What's the of (yoar umer (identifying) (/. ) 1;
street)? ( )? 10.9, (mathematical) (/. ) 24
10.19, 19.8 nursery 20
Danle, to --- (; , ,
) 19.8
narrate, to --- + 1----
() 5.20, 11 obUgatorily 15
national 27.19 oeeasion (time) (gen.pl. ) 16
nationa6ty V, 23; Wbat's (is) oeeupation (profession) 26;
natioaality? () ? 23 What's your oeeupation?
nath'e la111uage 23 ? 26
near 28; (elose to) 1; oeeupied 26, 29.4
(alongside) R 20, 23 Oetoer (gen. ) 10, 24
neeessary (, )', ); of-cfgen. case, 20.3; of eourse 9.19
26, 28; it's neeessary to (d to) offer, to -r- +/--- -
)'/ + inf 13.1, 13.8, 15.3, 18.7 27.19
neektie 4 often () 11, 29.4
need, to- cf neeessary . 8; t's (to apo/ogy).
neigbor (/. , ) 1 3 7; r. 17; ("How'11 your family?")
neither r ... ... () 17 "." r. 11; Everyting's .
nested wooden doll 30 . 23.L7
never () 7 old () 7, 10.9, 29.4; to grow o1dj
nevertheless - 18.11; (all t same) older - + 33
18.11 older 1oldest 26, 29.4
new () III, 7, 29.4; What's new? old-fashioned 12
r? 26; New Year r 25; to see in on /. III, 3.6, 7.2, 22.1, 31.3; dir.
t New Year -+ r 25; for 7.2, 22.1
New Year's 29 onee il 16; 29; onee more
News () <<)) neut. pl. 10.9, 10.19 21.15; at onee 12; 22
news-, ewspaper- 1 one (gen. ) (cfp. 499) 1, 6.6, 11.2,
newspaper r IV, 1 14.13, 20.6, 28.7; ODe of 28.15; ODe
newsreel 21.14 anoter 23.7
newsstad 1 oneself ref/.pron. ceil (cfp. 497) 22.7, 22.18, 25.6
next (foUowing) 20; (t) l 5; (in all) 16-276
11.22 , to -- + () 1--() (-
niee (of /) 7 ) 21.5; 28, 30.1
night 21.4; at nigt 21.4; 1ast night opera 34
(eveing) 10; last ight (12-4/ 5 operate on, to - + 1- 22
a.m.) 21.4 operatio 22
nie 9 opinion: i my opinio - 12
nine bundred 27.2 or V, 2
ninetee li 19 or else 20
nineteet 19 ordJard ( ) 11, 9.9
ninetiet 6 27.2 oreestra 25
ninety 6 27.2 order: Everyting's i order. R. 23.17
531
34
onler, to (soething) -i- + --- physician (gen. ) 12, 22.11; (/.
() 21 ) 22.11
ordinary 27 physicist IV, 3
original adj. 30 physics 11
originator 21.15 physics- 18
orpanage 23 pin (souvenir) (gen. ) 30
other (aother, differeot) 8, 17.12, 23.10; pity: it's pity 10.19
eadl other 23.7 place (/. ) v, 16.20, 26; is takiog
ougt to-cf inf + dat. 17.5 place (, ) 12
our (cfp 499) 4 place, to - (; )/---
out of doors f outside dir. 15; /. - 12, 28.13; 30.1
15 plao (project) 21; (layout) 33;
over there 16 (dty ) 34
owe: How much do we owe? ? 19 plan, to -- + + inf 25
w: ooe's w (cfp. 499) 13.3, 16.3, 17.9 plane (airplane) 5
plant (factory) () 7
plant, to - + 1--- 33
play, to - + f -- + 6, 8, 14.13; to play
Palekh- 30 (dless) -+ ( ) 14.13; to out
(saucepao) 12.20 playing -+ 2.12; film is playiog
pats (gen. ) 13.17 21
1, 2 playgrouod 33
paper 11; (newspaper) IV, 1 pleasaot 4, 15
Pardoo me! ! IV, 17; ! IV, 17 please V, 3; .. 25;
parents (gen. ) 2 Pleased to meet you. . 4
Parls 5 pleasure 9; with (great) pleasure
park 1 () 9, 24
partkularly 17 plus 15
pass-cf vacatioo pass poet 34
pass, to (time) trans. --- 1-- poetry (gen. ) IV, 2
(, ; ) 10, 16; to pass po1ycUDic 22
exam -- (cf , . 50/) . 18.11 poor (not goodfwell) (; ) 5, 7,
passeoger /- 5 29.4
passport n (/. ) 23 post card 23.17
past () 10; (last) 16.20 post office () 23.17
pastry adj. in for 25 pot (saucepan) 12.20
patrooymic (gen.p/. ) v, 19 prepare, to -- 1- 12.8;
n 21 30.1
, to --/- 71 prepared 30
phooe - 29 present (gift) 30
21 previously 10, 29.4
pedagogical 18 probaly 7.17
'( writing instrument) 23.17 proiem (math., chess) 30
pencil (gen. ) 23 problem: h problem is that , ...
pensio 3; peosion 3 21
people (, , , ) proceed, to (for oardiog) - (,
6.6, 10.9; maoy 1few people 1 , ; ) . ( noclixy) 29
28.3 profession- cj. occupation
per () (n) 17.4 professiooal 24
perform, to (appear) -- + 8.19; (usic) professor (pl. n) V-66, 3
--+ 24 program (roadcast) n 8; (sdledu1e) n-
performace (theatrical) . 31 9
perhaps 9.19; 8 25 project 21
penit, to --- + inj.p. 14 prospect (aveoue) 11
person 10.9 proud, to --- 21, 28
philological 18 pupil f
V-66
phone- cf telephone put, to (lying) - (; ) 1
phonograph record 17 -- 12, 22.18, 22.13; (standing)
photograph () 11 --/n- 28.13, 28.35; to put io the hospi-
physical 18 tal - 1--- 22; to
532
put to d - 1--- 25; to request to make of you.
put up (stay) ---- 28.25 . 26.6
request, to: 1. (somehody to...) n--f-
+ if.f 17.6, 28.10; 2. (something
Q fro soebody) -- f no- 6
17.6, 28.10
question 6 13.17; to ask quesdons resemble, to () 19.10;19.17
- + {-- (cj. , . 501; ,
resolute 26
, ) 6 26.6
resort 4.9
quiddy (). 20, 29.4 Respectfully yours... ... 27
quite (rather) 15; (completely) rest 4; rest home (resort) 4.9
12 rest, to -+ 1--- 4.2, 13
restaurant 12
R redred 3, 7.3
retum, to intrans. --+ /
radio indecl. 2; f t radio --- 14, 16.20
15; radio receiver 27.11, 27.19; review R 1
radlo amateur 27 review, to -- + f --- 30.14
rain . (gen. ) 15; it's ralning revolution 30
15 ride, to-cf. to go (for pleasure) -+ 29.6
rapidly () 20, 29.4 right (in opinions) , , 8.7; (cor-
rare () 17, 29.4 rect) 28; to the right 29;
rarely (i:) 11, 29.4 right away 12;
rather: Let's ratller... ... 14.11; rise, to (get up) - +/- ()
(quite) 15 14.9, 14.10, 14.25; (to go up) --+
razor (gen.pl. :r) 13 14.24
reach, to (get to /) -- () river (/. , ) 9
. 20; . 28 role 31
read, to - + f - 1, 2, 11 room 9; (in hotel) (pl. ) 28
ready j. 30 rouble . (gen. ) 19
ready: to get ready -- 1- 12.8; row ( ) 21
30.1 run, to ultidir. - + 29; (We have) run out of
real 17 (coffee). ( ) (). 13.9
really 15-258, 15.27; reaDy?! Russian V, 5; in Russian - V, 5;
15.12 Russian / 5; Russian-Englis
reason: h reason is that... , ... 21 - 17
recaU, to --- + f ---- 24.9
recendy 12
receive, to --+ /n--- 13, 27.6;
30.1; (receive signals)
s
- + 1-- (; , sad. 31
, ) 27.6 salad 25
f
recite, to -- + --- 30.14 same: in t same hoase 24; aU t
record (phonograph) 17 same 9, 18.11
red 20.24 samovar 30
regards 28; Give my regards to... - sandwich 21.23
j 28 satellite 27
region 28 satisfied () 22
rehearsa1 3 1 Saturday 8.19
rejoice,' to ---- 1- 27 saucepan 12.20
relate, to (narrate) ---+ 1 say, to --/--- (&) V,
---- () 5.20, 11 5.20, 12, 23.10
remain, to -- + f --- ( scene 31
) 21.23 scholar 11.22
remarkable 28 scholarship (sdpend) cf. grant 28
rememher, to --- 13.17, 21.8, 24.9; (re- school (grades 1-11) V, 3; (studies, dalles)
call) - + / 24.9 il (neut. pl.; gen. irr) 7; school year
repeat, to -- +/--- 30.14 18
representadve, 26 science 27.19
request 6 (gen. /. ) 26.6; 1 have scieatist 11.22
533
sea (pl. , ) 11.22; at the seashore down - (; ) . 28; sit down!
11 ! 24
seat (place) (pl. ) V, 16 situated, to ---- 17.12
second adj. 2.12 six 6
secondary teehnical school 18.1 six hundred 27.2
second-lulnd llookstore - sixteea 16
17 sixteenth 16
secret 31 sixth 6
see, to -- (iwcr)/y- 9.19, 10.4, 20.11, sixtieth 27.2
21.8, 26.4; to go to see use just going verb + sixty 27.2
16.6; to see in the New Year -+ skate (ice) 29; to skate - +
25 29; ice skating rink () 33
seem, to --- (li) /- 24.5; it ski 16, 29.6; to ski -+ j--
seems 14 29;6
seldom ((:) 11, 29.4 sleep, to -- (; , , ) 25.18
-self reflexive (cf . 497) 22.7, 22.18, 25.6; sleepy, to -- 25
ephatic , , 25.6 slowly () 20, 29.4
1
sell, to -- + - (cf , . 501; small n () 9.19; 29.4
, , ) 17.7; small change f sing. / 20
30.1 smile, to -- + f ---- 7, 12
send, to-- + /--- 23; smoke, to (tobacco) -- IV, 22
-+ /--- () 27.7; snack r 21.14
30.1 snow ( ) 15; it's snowing
Septemer (g. ) 24 15
serious 7; not serious 7 so (thus) 8.1 ~. 15.3; 1 think so. , .
set out for, to: . 5; 1 don't think so. , ./
- (, , ; ) . 5, 11; ls that so? ? 25
12.5, 12.7, 16.8; soccer 12
0 -- () 13, 14.11, 17.3 sofa 24
setting-up exercises sig. / 29 .6, 29.17 soldier (g. pl. ) 34
seven 7 some: 1. ( certain) ; 2. cf. some (people)
seven hundred 27.2 25.3; someothers... ...
seventeen 17 ... 30
seventeenth 17 someody else's 30.4
seventh 7 sometimes r 15
seventieth 27.2 son (pl. ) 2.12
seventy 27.2 song (g. pl. ) 16
several 28 SOOD () 18, 29.4; 85 SOOD as
she (cf . 496) 1, 1 26
shelf 28 sorry, (l'm) 10.19
ship . 27 sort (type) 29; What sort of 11, 4.16,
shirt 4 7, 15.3; ... ? 28
shoe 13 so-so 11; 29
shop for, to --+ 10 sotd, li
should-i'!f.+ dat. 17.5 soup 11, 12
show, t.-- +/--- () south (} 13
9.19, 11; film is showing south-west adj. -i 28
1
21 souvenir 27; as souvenir of
showing (of fil) 21.14
.sick () 22; to sick - + 29.6; Soviet adj. 1
to m sick --+ . 31 26
sign, to (one's to idicate receipt) space 27
- + / ---- ( Spaniard - /- 23
) 23 Spanish 5; in Spanish -il. 5
signal r 27 speak, to -- V, 5; (to appear, perform)
simply 31 --+ 8
sing, to + () 11, 16.10 spend, to (time} ---/-- (
singer / - 21 , ; ) 10, 16
sister (pl. , , ) V, 2.12 spite: in spite of that - 18.11
sit, to ( sitting) -- () 24.19; to sit sport(s) sig. / 10, 16.10; sport
534
29; to engage iD sports U + Suday 8
29 suntan, to get --- (ri) . 14
spring(time): in the spring(time) 15 supper 12; for"supper 12; to eat/
sputnik 27 ha-.e 111pper - + 1- 4
square (dty-) /. (gen. pl. ) 20 Supreme So-.iet 26
stadium () 33 sure: for sure 15
stage (theater) 31- sum8Die V, 19
st8Dip (postage) 27 surprised, to --+ /----
stiUICI (news-) 6 10 16, 29 .
staod, to ( stiUICiing) -- () 11.11, surprising 24
11.22; to stand up - + 1~ swim, to (atlle) -+ 14, 29.6; verb ofmo-
() 14.9, 14.10, 14.24; to stand (put) tion, multidir. - + 29.6
--/n- 28.13, 28.25; swimming pool 28
30.1
st8r (pl. ) 34
start, to -- + () f --() (
(); , ) 8.2, 11, 12.10, table (gen. ) 9.
21; () 30.1 take, to (pick up) - (, , piln;
state- (go-.enmental) 18 1
) - (, , ; )
StatiOD (subway) JI () 20; (traio terminal) 13.5, 16.20; () 30.1; to take out ooks
() 26 - j- milr 13.9;
stay, to -- +/--- () How loog does it take to?
21.23; to put up ----. 28.25 ( ... )? 11.6; to take an ex8DI --+
stewanless 5 18.11; to take medicine
stiU 3.9 - + f -i- (; )
stipead cf. gnt 28 22.18, 27,6; to take course
stomach (adomen) (gen. ) 22 - + 30; to take place (r,
stop (bus-, etc.) 6 ) 28
stop, to ----- . 3 1.4 talent, 3!
store 7 talk, to -- V, 5.20, 23.10; (cen-
story (Roor) (gen. ) 14 Yerse) -- + 21
straight (ahead) i 29 tasty () 12, 29.4; not tuty
street 6 12
streetcar 6 Tatar ; in Tatar - 23
stroU, to - + 2 Tatar, (pl. )/ 23.1,
student f - III, 10; to student 23.9
--- 11.11, 11.22, 23.8 taxi neut. indecl. 6
stutly, to: tea 12.20; some tea 12, 22.6
1. (subject atter) -- + V, 5.20, teach, to --- + , 30; to teach course
11.11, 23.8; -- 12, 23.8; -+ 30
1. ( studellt) --- , 11.11, teacer (grades 1-11) (pl. )/
11.22, 23.8; 3.9; (higher education)
3. (prepare lessons) --+ 13.17, / - V, 2
18.20, 23.8 telegram ;~ 23
style 19; ln style 19 1
telephone 3; on the telephone
suscrie to, to (newspapers, etc.) 3; 1 use yonr te1ephone?
- + f --- () ? 22; telephone
10.19 29; to call to the phone -- (
subway (metro) indecl. 6 1
-; , , 8) -
succes 27.19; We wlsh you
furter succes. 1
20; -- - 26
. 27 1
telephone, to -- - , 21,
such ! u 15.3 22.11 .
suddenly 20 tele-.ision (set) 8; to watch tele-.ision
sugar 25 -- () 8; tele-
suggest, to -- + f ---. Yision 8
21.19 f
teU, to 1. -- --- ()
suit (/ clothes) 13 5.20, 12; Tell me, please ,
saitcase 13 , ... V, 5; , ...? 12; 2.
summer(time) 15; in the summer 14 (narrate) 1
--- + ----
suathe, to --+ 14.15, 14.24 (J:) 5.20, 11; 3. (to con-.ey message)
535
--+ /-- (cf. , . 501) At wat tlme? )' ...? 8; (for)
26 . 1 dme- cf. long; aU the dme
telllperature 22.10 11.11;
tea 8, 10.19 at this 1that dme 20; ln ou tillle
teat 1 24; time 21; to bave
teaderly . 34 8 good tlme 6 /
teDDis 29.6 -- 20
teat i: 16 dme 2 (occasion) 16; every dme
test-cf. examiaadon 1
25; (for) the flrst tlme
textook 30 19 .2, 20, 31; the next tlme
th88 29.4 pu25
thank, to r---/- 26; dre, to (get dred) -- + 1-iL-
1k youl . IV, 3; r . () 14.9, 14.10, 14.24
26; No, thank you. . 14; 1k you to: ("t) () 11, 3, 7.2, 22.1; (onto)
very IIIUdl. . 13 7.2, 22.1; (to.,...., to 808lelly's) l.,
that (that ) 1. (cf. . 499) 11.1; 1. (cf. 22.1; (Up to) 20.27
. 499) 30.4; 3. C(Jnj. 4.3; 4. re/. today 7.17
10.3,13.2,15.5;thatis/toseareol,1.1,9.3, topther
27.5; 'tat's why j ... 29 to11et 9
theater 11 tomorrow 12.20
theater-, theatrieal 18 tonight 1
theJr 2 too (also, iD addiilon) 11-30,1.3, 17.8; (also) -
2, 17.8; (excellllively) l
t (afterwuds) 5, 12.20; (at that dme, in
toothbrus U : 13
that ease) 12-216
there /. 1, 11, 1; dir. 13; there is/are tourist 30
towanl 16., 22.1
(pointing out) 11-30, 2; 1here i 1are (there town (pl. ) 9.19
exists/exist)ec V, 9.1, 9.19, 10.7, 19.3, 22.10,
toy 27
30.3; 'i'ere is 1are not 20.4 tram
therefore 8 train (pl. ) 2
they (cf. . 497) 11, 1 transfer, to (to another vehiche) -Q-
~ (gen. pl. ) V, 13; t Uttle things + f-- (6; )
() 16; How are things? 20.12
? 18 tnsmit, to -- + 1-- (cf.
tldnk. to - + 1- 5, 24.9; W.t tlo 08 . 501) 24, 2
think? ? 5; 1 think so. , triOes (gen. ) l
. 5; 1 don't think so. , . 5; trolleyus 6
. 11; Just think of it! trousers (gen. ) 13.17
! 26
truth 10.9
third adj. 6 (cf. . 499) uesday 8.19
thirsty, to -6- 25 tum out: it tums out that u 21.23
thirteen 13 V -cf. teletision
thirteenth 13 twelfth 12
tblrt1et 24
twelve 12
thirty 14
twendeth iL 20
this (cf. . 499) 11.11; this/that is, these/ twenty 15
those are 1, 1.1, 9.3, 27.5; hls is.
( phone) ... 6; Dis is
two m., neut., f. 2.12, 11.11
wbat ( tells). ( ). two bundred 27.2
19.7
thousand 27.2
tree 3, 20.6
tree lntlred 27.2 u
11aul'lllay (gen. ) 8.19
thus 8.19 Ukrainiaa 23; la Ukrainian -
dcket (to) () 10, 20.10 23
tieket om:e 21.26 Ukrainian, ir-f- 23
ticket-taker 27 uaattraetive ir 7
tie (neck.tie) 4 w:a1m11 4
dme 1 (pl. , cf.p. 494) 1, 10, 19.10, uacle JI IV, 2, 23.10
20.2; Wllat t1me is it? ? 1 uader 34
? 7, 11; lllldertlroand (metro) indecl. 6
536
88dentallll, to --811 + 1 -il- (nollY: Wll'lll (n.10, n) 14.24. 15. 29.4
II, OHimi. nOIIH) 5. 31 wntdt (dock) (gen. 6) 25
..ror...tely 16.20 wnldJ. to "I'))+ ()/n- 1110 . 12;
............. :ll 8 Wntdl out! i()! 20.9
llllhenlty 11811'1 v.
7 . wnter & (U('(', ) 9.19
........,.. u:n:l 11 wny: .-ot the way .... . 25
..._ icllll . 15.6 wny ..., dlere 16
a80CC8pled c:oO.IUIWA; . 10, 2S .. : . 497) 11. 3
IIIIPitnnnllt niw 15 ~ 15: ln ....... wendler )w
uadl1. ,. w 20.27; Uadl....._ i- 16.10
"'lpL 24; 2. COII}. noa ... 28 W.._...y (cu't'. ) 8
........ enpUn 14 week .11 '14.24
., ta w 20.27 welc:ar. Voa're .._.. (do8't _ . . . it).
llllt (...,.W) r6 29.17 &. 3.17. 10
U.S.. IS well (healthy) 3) 22.18: odv. (,,..
... llootare yncil"'eCDil nn:~il 17 we) s. 29.4
_. to. to l8t np-IIWIC-8A + 1n-..-.-()- Well.. .... 9
wj 2s- well-kown 27.19
...ral n 27 west ;i () 26
- W1108w 27 wllato(if.p.496) I,4.10.4.16.10.1;J81wllat
...lW.8 ......, ? (/ t:CuptlliDIIS) (cf.
who): WUt do J811 thlllk? ? 5:
Wllnt's yoar 1118? ? 111. 8-161.
10.9: WUt's J88r lalt 8118? JNiwa
v JII? 19; Wllnt!! ....? 16: WUt niJout...?
e1il 28: Whnt ...! ...! 7. IS.3:
Y8C8IIt : Ll'= 10. 25 Whnt klnd of... ...? 11. 4.6. 7. 15.3:
......... 4; (leate) n 18.20: (ldlool i ...? 28
vaeatlen) r~ (gen. .1) 30: vaca- when or;ui 4.16. 9.2. 12.4
tloll ceater 4.9: vncntloa p8ll where 1. lt. 111. 1. 4.16: 2. dir. y.rui 11. 6: 3.
13.9 from where IS.I3
vacalioa., to -- + 4.2 wllerens 1. 11-30. IV-48. 1.3. S.. 9.6
vnna. 23.10 whether .1 (purtit'le) 5.10. 14.12. IS.6
, ... 30 whlda: whnt kiad of -(:t: whnt klnd: re/. udj.
vegetablen (gen. i 12.12 10.3. 13.2. 15.5: interr. whlda one
,.,.. (gen. ) IV. 2 7.17
very. Yei'Y ...ch 4. 7.10. 13.9. 14.2 _ . 1. (...._) 9.2. 12.4: 2. (('nntriiSI) 1.
'illqe 9.9 11. IV. 1.3. 5.3. 9.6
vfslt, to (to frequeat) - + - i, _,. "~6 whlte .:t 14
11.11 who (((. . 496) 11. 2.3. 10.1. 10.3: J81t who ls
villdaa, to 10 """"'' 25: to vlsit dlll? / n/ ? 2-90: Who
1nt il ,. A.'cl/6 25 elle...? ...? 6: rel. odj. w 10.3.
vllitor irr.1 27 13.2. 15.5 .
vocnllonal nehool ni1.1- whole: the whole ~ (c:.f. . 499) 11.2. 11.22.
() 18.10. 18.11 16.10. 28.8: whole 16.10
volleyllall .r1 29 "'-? ...: (cf. . 499) V, 4.1. 4.16. 11.1, 7.2
why (for what rennoa) 4.16. 10.9: (
w il)? 18: (purpo.,e. gil) 18 10.9.
10.19: nat's why... ... 29
wait, to -- (; .'Ui..1. ita.1il. 8- wife (/. ) 2
1) 1- n~i i 6. 24. Wnlt mlnute! wlndow (pl. ) 5.20: to look out of the
!.' )! 6 wlndow -- ) 1- 6
walk, to unidir. - (wi!.:t. ) d 11. 6.1. wladowlill: on the wlndowsill 111
7.10. 12.5. 12.11. 16.7: multidir. -- 16.7. wie 25
17.3. 22.3. 25.1: to out wnlldat ry- wintel(time): iD the wlnter 'J 15.26
.'1-iiA +/- i 2.12. 6.1 wilh., to .'I + IUI.II_ir t'iO 27.11
wnlklna toar 16 wlth (getlrer ll'itlr) .11 21. 23.5: ( meons
wnat, to -- /- (t'j: . 501: . = heginning of instr. ('ase 23.5
tlesire: imp. fut.) IV. 8. 14.2. 28.10 withoat 'J ~ 14. 20.6: ........ r.u .,...
wnr 21 15: widlaat -lnt-c:.t: /.1
537
woman 10 wro111 way 13, 30.4; the wrog dlrectioo
woader: 1 woader.... , ...? 12 & 30.4; the wroag (cf. . 499)
wooderful (reJDarkable) 28; Wo- 30.4; the WIOIII klod of 30.4
derfull 8! 13
woodea, of wood 32
woods ( ; pl. ) 9, 11
wonl (pl. &) 17 year ( ... ; gen. pl. ) 11.5, 18.8; year
work 3 (leel) of study (higher educ.); () 18.10
work, to -+ 3, 24.5; to go to work yes III, 2
(egiD j); - (, , ; yesterday 10.19
) 18 yet , 3.9; oot yet 1 3.9
world 20 yoofam. (cf.p. 496) V, 3.3;/. (c.f . 497)
worried, to ----. 18 III, IV, 3.3 .
wone , 29.4 you111 () 10.9, 29.4; yoq
worst 29.4 man 1mea 1
would: 1. for repeated action-imp. past tense; :10.9
:Z. in indirect speech-fut. tense 14.7; 3. would yoqer 1yougest 26, 29.4
h"ke to ( + inf.) 21 your fam. (cf. . 499) 11, 3, 4; pol. (cf.
write, to -- () 1- 15.8 . 499) v. 4
writer 30; 21.15
wrog (in opinions) (, ) 8.7;
Wat's wrong with r! 8? 22-357; the
z
zero (gen. il) . 15
INDEX
See pages 504-505 for abbreviations and symbols used. For infonnation on the use ofindividual
words, refer to the vocabularies, where reference is made to lesson numer and section or page.
540
greetings IV:G instr. 21.3
handwriting 11-V, 1 with animates 3.1, 26.1
hard sign III.C, 20.10 verb agreement 10.1
helping verb 14.6 interrogative words II.L, 7.9
hours: cf time telling intonation I.E
hyphenated nouns 20.9 IC-1 I.E, II.K, IV.I
immediate future 15.11 IC-2 II.L, IV.G, IV.I, V.D
imperative 9.4 IC-3 III.A, IV.H, {V.I, V.H
formation 18.1 IC-4 IV.D, V.I
accent 9.4 IC-5 7-1
third pers. imp. 13.7 contrast 1-1
Let's, Let's not ... 14.11 two syntagmas 4-1, 12-1
usage 18.2 intonation and word order, 1ogical stress 4.5,
invitations 18.2 6.4, 17.8
negated 18.2 enumerations 6-1
imperfective aspect 11.8; cf aspects alternative questions V.D
impersonal constructions 13.1, 15.4, 18.7 polite requests V.G
past, future 15.4, 18.7 1ong syntagmas 5-1
word order 18.7 repetition of question person addressed 29-1
20.4 requestioning 28-1
with inf. 21.13 intransitive vers 2.4, 8.2
impossiility, expressions of 22.2 introductory 9.3
inanimate nouns 1.2, 2.4 joint action suggestions 14.11
indeclinae nouns 5.5 \anguage: noWJs, adjectives and adverbs of lan-
indefinite article equivalets 9.1, 25.3 guage 5.2, 23.3
indefinite subject 11.4 \etter writing 27.1
indirect commands 18.4, 28.10 location (vs. direction) 3.6, 6.2, 7.1, 22.1
indirect object 12.2 logical stress 11.5, 4.5
indirect questions 4.3, 5.10, 14.12, 15.5 masculine gender 1.2
indirect speech 4.3, 5.10, 14.12, 15.5 - 2.4
tense of verb 14.7 -. 3.2, 4. 7
infinitive 3.4, 5.1 modifiers: cf adjectives, possessive, reflexive, spe-
as dir. obj. 8.2 cial modifiers
after certain verbs 8.8 agreement with more than one noun 9.5
in impers. constr. 17.5 months 24.1, 24.2
in "doue direction" constr. 18.6 mood 25.4
instrumental case motion, verbs of: cf going verbs
nouns sing. 23.4, pl. 27.1 mu1tidirectional verbs 16.7, 17.3, 25.1, 26.3
pers. pron. 21.3 mutation of consonants: cf consonants
adj. sing. 24.4, pl. 27.1 mutual action 15.10
poss. modifiers sing. 24.4, pl. 27.1 mutual pronoun r j 23.7
spec. modifiers sing. 24.4, pl. 27.1 names 19.9
usage: declension of 6.5
agent in passive constructions 30.1 cf familiar forms, patronymics, sumames
instrument 23.5 nationa1ity, nouns, adjectives and advers of 5.2,
complement with 24.5, 29.5, 23.2, 26.1
24.5, II, u 29.5 necessity, expression of 13.1, 13.3
compound subject .eiiOi 25.2 negation
as complement of "to " (predicate instru- negative partic1e 3.7, 7.8
mental) 26.1 in polite requests 4.4
cf preps. , , , 38 cf also aspect usage
intended time 22.5 neuter gender 1.2
intensity, adverbs of 14.2 nominative case 2.4
interrogative particle 5.10, 14.12, 28.15 subject 2.4
interrogative possessive modifier 4.1 pred. nom. 2.4
interrogative pronouns non-syllaic verb roots 19.8
declension (cf . 496): nouns 1.2
prep. 5.6, 16.1 gender 1.2
gen. 9.1, 20.1 declension:
dat. 12.1 nom. pl. 5.5
541
. sing. inanim. 2.4; 1. 5.5 rep1acer pronouns 1.2, 9.3, 11.4
. sing. anim. 10.2; 1. 29.1 equiva1ents of 'it' 9.3
gen. sing. 20.2; 1. 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 28.4 p1ura1 1.2
prep. sing. 3.6, 5.7, 16.10, 1. 26.2 polite address IV.G, 3.3
dat. sing. 15.1; 1. 29.3 possession 9.1, 20.3, 20.4, 28.12
instr. sing. 23.4, 1. 27.1 negated 20.4
with suffix -1111 23.1 with inanimate subject 28.12
accent patterns 5.5, 28.1 possessive modifiers
indec1inae 5.5 dec1ension:
adjective as noun 5.2 nom. sing., 1. 4.1
compound (hyphenated) 20.9 . sing. inanim. 11.3, 1. 4.1
numers 1numerals . sing. anim. 11.3, 1. 29.1
compound 14.13, 20.6 gen. sing. 21.1, 1. 28.6
with gen. case 20.6 prep. sing. 16.2, pl. 26.2
verb agreement 16.9, 20.6, 28.7 dat. sing. 19.1, 1. 29.3
dec1ension 21.9 instr. sing. 24.5, 1. 27.1
form of modifiers with numers 29.2 third-person 2.3
numeral i117.2 omiss1on of poss. modifier 4.1
numera1s 40-1,000 27.2 reflexive possessive 13.3, 16.3
reading decima1s 22.9 agreement with nouns 4.1
cf also ordina1 numerals with two nouns 9.5
object: cf direct, indirect interrogative possessive 4.1
ordina1 numera1s, compound 21.10 possii1ity expressions: cf
orthography 1, III.C predicate 2.4
palatalization III, IV, V, 8.6 predicate adjective 8. 7
partic1es: cf demonstrative, emphatic, negative, predicate adver 18.7
definite, indefinite predicate nominative 2.4, 3.10
1 7.10 prefixes 7.17
- 7.6, 8,2, 15.10 of verbs 12.6
--7.8 - 12.6
25.4 BOJ- 14.24, 15.27
- 25.3 - 15.27
-d 25.3 - 17.20
JJ 14.12 - 20.10
passive constructions 30.1 prepositional case 3.5, 5.6
past active verba1 adj. 32.2 nouns sing. 3.6, 5.7, 16.10; 1. 26.2
past passive vera1 adj. 30.1, 33.1 prep. case in - 11.9
past tense pers. pron. 16.1
formation 10.1 adj. SIg. 17.1, 1. 26.2
accent 10.1, 19.8 spec. modifiers sing. 16.2, 1. 26.2
agreement 10.1, 16.9 prepositions:
IIOI"ie 24.7 cf individua1 prepositions in vocabu1aries
patronymics V-64, 1.3, 7.7, 10.19 - 7.2, 31.3
perception, expressions of 26.4 1ocation, direction, direction from 22.1
perfect tenses, equiva1ent of 8.5, 11.7 present active veral adj. 32.1
perfective aspect 11.8, 12.6, 12.7 present perfect tense-equiva1ent 11.7
limited action 12.6 present tense:
setting out (verbs of motion) 12.6 formation:
eginning of action 14.2 first conj. 2.3, 3.4
period (use of) second conj. 5.1, 6.3
in time of day 7.4, 21.4 with suffixes:
permission, expression of: cf oiiCIIO -- 14.8, 15.7
person (of verb) 2.3 -aii + 14.9
personal pronouns -oi + f- 21.5
dec1ension (cf . 496-497): cf also mutations
. 8.4 immediate future 15.11
gen. 9.1, 20.1 profession, nouns of 3.1
prep. 16.1 prohibltion expression 22.2
dat. 12.1 pronouns 1.2
instr. 21.3 replacer pronouns 1.2
542
inteogative with animate 3.1, 26.1 moile stress I.D
relative 13.2 subject 2.4
equiva1ents of 'it' 9.3, 11.1 indefinite 11.4
reflexive 22.7 impersonal constr. 15.4
reflexive poss. i 13.3 verb agreement with compound subject 3.5
emphatic 25.6 order of coml?ound subjects 9.8
punctuation: cf comma, dash, period, quotation subjunctive: cf 1nmrect commands
marks suordinate c1auses. punctuation: cf commas
purpc)se clauses 22.4 suffixes 7.17
putting, verbs of 28.13 -. 3.2
quantity expressions - 7.6, 8.2, 15.10
with genitive 20.6 (cf also numera1s) -i- 11.8, 12.6
questions -- 14.8, 15.7
intonation: cf intonation types IC-2, IC-3, IC- -i- 14.9
4, requestioning, altemative questions, repeti- -i 17.20
tion of the question person addressed ---. -- 10.8
answerinJ questions (word order) 6.4 --23.1
cf also ind1rect questions - 27.9
quotation marks 5.9 suggestions for joint action 14.11, 18.3
quoted speech (word order) 5.9 superlative degree 19.5
reading rules V-K sumames
real conditions 25.4 -, - 7.7, 23.3
reflexive possessive modifier 13.3, 16.3 -ti 23.3
dec1ension: cf possessive modifiers declension sing. 27 .4, 1. 30.2
reflexive pronoun 22.7 foreign sumames 23.3
relative adjective 10.3, 13.2, 15.5 Russian sumames 23.3
relative pronoun 13.2 syntagma III.
replacer pronouns 1.1 telling time 7.4, 21.4, 25.5
requestioning IV.H divisions of the day 21.4
requests (intonation) V.G (G) cf imperative twenty-four hour clock 21.4
resultant time 22.5 tense: cf present, past, future
root 7.17, ll.22 equiva1ents of English 8.5, ll.7, ll.S, 12.7
non-syllaic roots 19.8 in time clauses 12.7, 15.6
second conjugation: cf conjugation in condi.tiona1 c1auses 15.6
second person 2.3 in direct speech 14.7
sentence third person 2.3
sentence stress I.D, II.K, II.L, 4.5 time clauses 12.7, 15.6
sentences with 28.10 time expressions
elliptical sentences 27.8 time when 8.1, 18.8, 21.4, 24.2, 27.3, 30.5
short-form adjectives: cf adjectives time on the half hour 25.5
simultaneous actions 12.4 with prep. i:. 14.1
singulative suffix -- 23.1 frequency of occuence 17.4
soft consonants: cf palatalization ticket for time, day 21.11
soft sign III.C, IV. 10, 3.2, 4.7 intended/resultant time 22.5
sound system, introduction I.A cf a1so days, duration of time
special modifiers 11.1, 11.2 tit1es:
declension: capitalization 8.9, 10-182
nom. sing., pl. 11.1 declension 10.5
. sing. inanim. 11.3, pl. 11.1 transcription (phonetic) 1-ll
gen. sing. 21.1, pl. 28.6 transitive vers 2.4, 8.2
prep. sing. 16.2, pl. 26.2 transportation, nouns of use with preps. 7.2
dat. sing. 19.1, 1. 29.3 unidirectional verbs 16.7, 17.3, 26.3, 28.11
instr. sing. 24.4, pl. 27.1 unreal conditions 25.4
with numera1s 29.2 verb 2.3
spelling ru1es V.L conjugation 2.3
double letters 14.24 cf present, past, future
statement vs. topic 17.8 agreement:
stem 7.17 with 2.3, 23.6
hard 1soft 5.4 with 11.10, 23.6
stress: cf accent with compound subject 3.5
543
with numera1s, quantity 16.9, 21.12, 28.7 questions with interr. word 2.5, 6.4
transitive/intransitive 2.4, 8.2 adverb 4.5, 5.8
accent pattems 6.3, 19.8 with quoted speech 5.9
cf. a1so aspect, going verbs answering questions 4.5, 6.4
verbs of 1eaming 23.8 when who1e sentence is new information 8.10
verbs of putting 28.13 equiva1ent of definitejindefinite artic1es 9.1
vers with the suffix -i- 14.9 two interrogative words 7.9
verba1 adjectives: impersonal expressions 18.7
present active 32.1 compound subjects 9.8
past passive 30.1, 33.1 writing system 11
past active 32.2 year when 27.3, 30.5
veral advers 31.1, 31.2 zero ending 1.2
vowe1 1etters, "soft" vowe1s 111. zero form (of the verb &.m.) 10.1
word order 4.5
544