Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 97 (xmin..xmax,ymin..ymax)); Pa endo 81)/Ge3) Pw (6, {x,x0 —0.2,x0 +0.2}] tlt, x -> x0] 0.1; del = 0.0015; Plot ({fyloy2}, {x0 ~ del.x0 + del), PlotRange -> {{x0 —del,x0 + del), {L — eps, + eps)}}] 1.2. RULES FOR FINDING LIMITS - (a) lim. P(x) = + (@) lim. x) = 3 2 (a) ,tim_ g(t) = (©) tim, fa) = -2 ©) tim, = (©) ity M(x) does not exist, because the left- (©) lim, g(t) does not exist, because the left- and right-hand limits are not equal. and right-hand limits are not equal. (@) 1) =1 @ 4) =2 - (a) tim. f(b) 4. (a), lim_ p(s) (b) tim, 0) ©) im, Pt (© fim t(h) = © , lim, Pp) =3 (@ (0) =~4 © v(-2) () Jim GQ) =1 (b) tim, FG) = -3 () lim, G(x) 0 x (©) lim, F(x) = does not exist because the left (©) Jim 6 ‘and right-hand limits are not equal. (a) G2) =3 FO) =4 . (a) quotient rule (b) difference and power rules (©) sum and constant multiple rules . (a) quotient rule (b) power and product rules (6) difference and constant multiple rules98 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity (a (2) Yi x) 60) ={ Yin 0). Jip 860] = (8)(-2) = -10 (©) im, 24(8) w(x) = 2f Jig £08) ][ Jim w()] = 266)(-2) = (©) im f(x) +3g(%)] = Jimy (2) +3 Jim g(x) = 5 +9(—2) = = lim, f(x) ' =a) @ Jim Tea =o} Tin fx) — mee) 5-9-7 ) Him, [s(%) +3] = fim, g(x) + lim 3 =-3+3=0 () im, xf(x) = im, x- im f(x) = (4)(0) = 0 (©) fim (a6)? = {Bay sof = (+3? @ s(x) Eyes) _ as 5 Tg) Fg (a) im, (22 +8) = 2-7) +5= 1445 =-9 (b) fim 8(¢-5)(t-7) = 8(6 -5)(6-7) = -8 y+? 2+2 © fy -ottgne yt yF by +6 (2)? +5(2)+ lim a © is wai JO) FTI = (a) lim, (18-21? + 4r +8) = (~2)°— 2(~2)? 44(-2) +8 = 8-8-8 +8 = -16 4 10+ lim X+3 243 () tim SFO 746 © lim, 6-9"? = 5- ay? = @ = =(@*?)' =2t=16 (@) Jim $=5 = jim 78-5 ieeeen ieee 3 goog = ES Wears) ~ AB THESE IO 6) im, LSI HMDS ay nyse m 2x t! = © tm, SSh=, tm, GES) = im, Beate} a Wa DYTFESA yop © MVTFEYA) 9 (y i (ee = Hy (yad—aersea) A ya ay—a (+2) =Vi+e=4Section 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 99 sin() 0.1050 tin, (VEE- 3) VatHE43)_ 4, __ (x? +8)—9 m1 (ee DV 48 +S. x cave re +a) (e+ 1)x=1 ie encanta nes == Let 2 xt + (Var +848) ot Vetoes TFS ST (@+41)@+1)_ (+1041) ml O41 2 «TFIFT a1 yy, (P+ VO+NE=V _ -4 © Bs 1 FR @eesne-p “3 . 8-vi_ vi-3 a 1 “1 © tig Hc = BB Cease)” OB Yeas asa 8 (@) Let 752 = uso that w+ 0 ass — 1, and then rewrite and evaluate the limit as (x —2u) cos(u) = im (x ~ 2u) + lin c08(u) = + lim, a} 15. (@) Lim, (:-¥) (b) For x #0, y = (x sin x)/(2 ~2 cos x) les between the other two graphs in the figure, and the graphs converge as x =» 0. OL i im RSID Q=1 and lim 1 =1; by the sandwich theorem, lim, 5 sin %— = xb (b) For all x #0, the graph of f(x) = (1 —cos x)/x? _ 1 lies between the line y = } and the parabola 417/24, and the graphs converge as x — 0.100 Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity 20. a1. 2 23. 2 Jim, = lim =24 eS a . (a) domain: 00 2-0" (©) No, lim. g(x) does not exist since /& does not exist, and therefore the function is not defined, for x <0 (©) No, limp g(x) does not exist since lim g(x) does not exist range: 0—2) = lim, (x+3)=(-2)4+351 xonat e+e (x+2] = (x +2) for x <2) = lim _(e+8)(-1) = -(-2+8) =-1 vix(x= (a RGD (x-tl2x-1 forx>1) = in SS wt = lim, Vx = v2 =) ©) i EOD = im en (\x—11= ~(x=1) for x <1) re cease102 Chapter 1 Li and Continuity 88. Jim f(x) exists at those points where Jim x4 = Jim x2. Thus, cf =? => ct(1-2)=0 fim x= fin a > c=0,1,or—1. Moreover, lim f(x) = sb tim, x? =0 and lim, f(x 34, Nothing can be concluded about the values of f, g, and h at x= 2, Yes, {(2) could be 0. Since the conditions of the sandwich theorem are satisfied, lim f(x) = —5 #0. aim) _i, te 36. = lim, fo) = 4. (2) mr 36. (0) 0=3- -0=[ im ols (x-2)]= im (238 5) 9 fim (3) — 8] = Jim f(x) —8 = Jim f() = (b) 0=4-0 [ i, th (-2)] = dim ta) = 5 a in part (2). li (8), then Ji 0) =L If im, (x) # lim. f(x), then Ji (2) does not exist lim, 0. if and only if Tim, f(x) =1 and tim. f(x) = then Jin (3) can be found by calculating 39. 1= (5,546) 3 5 x<5+2, Choose 5= > lim, Yx=5 =0. x8 40. T= (4-64) 3 4-6 4-x< > x>4-C, Choose 6 > lim, Vi-x=0. Pay al. Iffis an odd function of x, then f(—x) =—f(x). Given lim, f(x) = 3, then lim f(x) = x0" x0 4: Iffis an even function of x, then f(—x) = f(x). Given im f(x) =7 then lim , f(x) = 7. However, nothing can be said about _lim_ f(x) because we don’t know lim, f(x). x wt 43. a & i x poe 6 Sesh -h<*0, —x 0. This result follows immediately om Example 1 and the power rule in Theorem 7: _ lim ay’ oma from Example 1 and the power rule in Theorem 7: lisp uy =0. L@r () = 2@d ) 3 3. (@) -3 (b) -§ 4 @ ©} 2x <)> Jip, S028 = 0 by the Sandwich Theorem 6. (tim, 2a ttsint tim + tim, “Tees t= RS