Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
by
R. s. SRIVASTAVA
formerly of the
Defence Science Center
New Delhi, India
with a Foreword
by
Professor Sir James Lighthill, F.R.S.
ISBN 978-94-010-4474-5
FOREWORD ix
PREFACE Xl
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XlI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
INDEX 319
FOREWORD
One of the great twentieth-century achievements in the mechanics of fluids was the full
elucidation of the physics of shock waves and the later comprehensive development of
understanding of how shock waves propagate (i) through otherwise undisturbed fluid and
(ii) in interaction either with solid bodies or with independently generated fluid flows.
The interaction problems (ii) were soon found to raise some very special difficulties
(beginning with the common formation of "Mach stems" in shock-wave reflection) yet
they also turned out to possess enormous scientific interest as well as being highly
important in practical applications.
For all these reasons the appearance of this book on "Interaction of Shock Waves" by one
of the world's major contributors to knowledge in that field is most particularly to be
welcomed. It covers all those approaches to the subject which have been found fruitful,
and most satisfactorily goes into comprehensive detail about each. At last the important
achievements of the leading research workers, experimental as well as theoretical, on
shockwave interaction problems are brought together in a single convenient and well
written volume. I warmly congratulate the author and the publisher on having performed,
for the benefit of everyone interested in the mechanics of fluids, this immensely valuable
service.
James Lighthill
IX
PREFACE
xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Due acknowledgement is made to the authors and the publishers for their
permission to reproduce the figures from their publications. The list of the journals are
as follows:
Author's name and year of publication duly appear after every publication in the
manuscript. The details of the references, however, appear at the end of each chapter.
xii
CHAPTER- I
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
2. Bargman, V.
On nearly glancing reflection of shocks. AMP report 108-2R NDRC. (1945)
4. Chester, W.
The diffraction and reflection of shock wave. Quar. Jour!. Mech App\. Maths, 7, 57-
82. (1954)
5. Chopra, M.G.
Ph.D. Thesis (Some problems on interaction of shock waves) Delhi University, India.
(1970)
6. Chopra, M.G.
4 Interact;on Of Shock Waves
9. Friedlander, F.G.
The diffraction of sound pulses I Diffraction by a semi-infinite plane. Proc. Roy.
Soc. A, 186, 322-343. (1946)
18. Sommerfeld, A.
Math Analysis, 47, 317. (1895)
The study of reflection of shock waves from rigid boundaries has been a subject
of considerable interest. Reflection phenomenon can be divided into three sub-heads.
1. Normal Reflection:
The simplest problem of interaction of shock waves is the reflection of a head on
plane shock of arbitrary strength from a rigid wall. If the strength of a shock wave is
defined in terms of pressure ratios it is interesting to note that, for y = 1.4 as the
strength of the incident shock increases to infinity, the strength of the reflected shock
approaches the limiting value 8. This result has widely been used in the experimental
studies of the properties of gases at high enough temperatures. Bradley (1962) has
stated that shock-tube diaphragm pressure ratio of 95 with helium as the driving gas
produces a reflected shock temperature in argon of 4000 OK whereas a diaphragm
pressure ratio of 1600 would have been needed to produce the same temperature rise in
the incident shock.
2. Regular Reflection:
In general there is always some angle between the shock and the body with
which it interacts. The algebraic treatment of a shock wave impinging obliquely on an
interface of two media is complicated although principles are straight forward. The
problem becomes involved because of the simultaneous occurrence of a retlected shock.
This study which was initiated about a century back was subsequently neglected for a
considerable time and the first thorough discussion of reflection of oblique shock waves
was made by Von Neumann (1943). The more general properties of oblique shock
reflection from a rigid wall were studied carefully both theoretically as well as
experimentally, during and after World War II. The properties are highly significant in
the understanding o( damage due to an explosion and in a number of other military
applications. For instance it was found out that head-on or normal reflection of a shock
wave does not necessarily produce the strongest reflected shock wave. Oblique
reflection results often in a stronger reflected shock wave and hence a higher peak
pressure at the reflecting surface than does normal reflection. This air burst effect was
utilized in an attempt to optimize the blast damage radius due to the atomic bomb
explosion at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The regular reflection theory of Von Neumann (1943) and Polachek and Seeger
(1944,1949,1951), later reviewed by Courant and Fredrichs (1948), and Griffith and
8 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Bleakney (1954) rests on the following assumptions:-
a) The interaction of the incident shock with the wall results in single reflected
shock travelling away from the wall into the medium behind the incident shock.
b) Each of the three angular regions of flow formed by this configuration of
shocks and boundary is uniform; hence the state of the gas changes only across two
shocks.
c) Each shock can be treated as in the standard Rankine- Hugoniot theory to
relate the change in flow velocity to the pressure ratio across it.
d) The net deflection of the gas flow by the two shocks is such that the flow in
the region behind the reflected shock is parallel to the wall.
e) The configuration is stationary when expressed in coordinates Xlt and YIt
(i.e. self similar).
t) No energy is lost to the wall during the process.
Based on these assumptions, theories of regular reflection of shock waves have
been developed. For a plane shock of given strength ( S= ;:) making an angle a o
with the reflecting plane one gets theoretically two reflected shock waves, one with low
angle of reflection and low shock strength and the other with high angle of reflection
and high shock strength. Thus corresponding to each set of values of sand a o two
solutions are obtained. As we go on increasing the angle of incidence, a situation arises
when these two solutions merge into one and the same solution. The corresponding
angle of incidence is called the extreme angle of incidence (ae ).
The most important point to be determined about regular reflection is as to
which of the two solutions for reflected shock should be chosen. This point has been
discussed by Bleakney and Taub (1949) in detail but still remains unsettled for strong
incident shock strength due to the absence of experimental results. For moderate shock
strengths, experimentally one finds that the lower values for the reflected shock strength
and angle apply. It is noted that for a fixed value of S the angle of reflection a z is a
monotonic increasing function of the angle of incidence. There is one critical angle of
incidence corresponding to which the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
given by
2Y(3-y)~-(y-1)
(y + 1)
Let p be the pressure and ~ = Px;'1 ' the shock strength, where the subscripts 0, I
refer to conditions upstream and down stream of incident shock (Figure 2. I).
Suppose that ~ is held fixed while 8w is varied continuously from the initial value 8", =
n12, where incident shock makes a head on collision with the sloping wall, to a final
value 8w = 0, where the incident shock is at a glancing incidence with the wall
( a.)
(b)
!
o o
c.
Figure 2.1 Schematic drawing for regular reflection (a) and Mach reflection (b).
10 Interaction pr Shock Waves
(Figure 2.1). Then as is well the initial reflection is specular like and was called regular
reflection by Von Neumann (1943) (Figure 2.la), but with smaller 8 w it eventually
changes to a three shock system which he called irregular or Mach reflection. In Mach
reflection, part of the gas is swept by the Mach stem shock and consequently there are
entropy differences in the gas which lead to the appearance of contact discontinuity c.d.
(Figure 2.1b). Von Neumann formulated the classical theory and he called the incident
shock to be weak, or strong, by reference to a polynomial equation of eight degree in
which the variable was the Mach number of incidence shock M. The boundary between
weak and strong shocks is at S > 0.433 or M < 1.46 and strong otherwise.
Bleakney and Taub (1949) have proposed theoretical and experimental aspects of
regular reflection and Mach reflection, and we would be discussing some of their
results.
Figure 2.2 shows the situation of regular reflection. This of course is a purely
W-------I'--~-.....L.----W
Figure 2.2 Notation for theory of regular reflection (Bleakney and Taub , 1949)
Reflection Of Shock Waves II
regular reflection situation consisting of incident and reflected shocks from a rigid wall
and is a detailed description of Figure 2.1 a.
It is convenient to work in the coordinate system in which the point 0 is at rest.
Then the assumption of constant conditions in each of the angular domain is equivalent
to assuming that the phenomenon is stationary in the coordinate system.
In Figure 2.2 WW is the rigid wall, OJ is the incident shock, and OR is the
reflected shock. In the region WOJ the fluid is characterized by the constant values of
pressure, density, sound velocity, particle velocity denoted respectively by P, p, c and
Z. In the region lOR we denote the corresponding quantities by a prime and in ROW
by a double prime.
The vectors Z and Z' denote the flow incident and emergent from the incident
shock wave I. As the tangential components of particle velocity are conserved in
crossing a shock wave and the normal components are decreased, the flow vector is
deflected away from the normal to the shock crossing it. We shall denote the angle
between the vector Z and Z' by 8 and call this the angle of deflection of tlow. In
Figure 2.2, N( and NR are the normals to the incident and reflected shock, respectively.
The angle measured from the normal to a shock to the flow vector incident upon it, is
denoted by 't with or without a prime, depending on whether the shock is the incident
or the reflected one.
These angles are positive if they are counter clockwise when measured as stated.
Thus in Figure 2.2 't and 8 are positive and 1:' and 8' are negative. The angle 0' is
defined similarly in terms of the flow vector Z', incident on the reflected shock, and Z"
emergent from it.
The problem of retlection of a plane shock is that given the angle of incidence
a = ~ - 't and the strength of the incident shock, P'/P, to determine the position and
2
strength of the reflected shock, that is a' or 't' and P". The condition that must be
satisfied is that Z" must be parallel to the wall. That is, we must have 8 + 8' = O.
The Rankine-Hugoniot equations enable us to determine the deflections
produced by a shock wave in terms of the strength of the shock and the angle of
incidence of the flow. These relations will now be used to obtain the mathematical
formulation of the condition that the total deflection is zero.
This will be done in terms of angle 't and 1:'. From Figure 2.2 we find that
It
a+'t=- a' - 8' - 't' =~ (2.1)
2' 2
If z denotes the magnitude of the flow vector Z incident upon a shock, then
12 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Z.cos 't is the magnitude of the component of the velocity normal to the shock and
(z/c).cos't is the Mach number of this flow. The relation between pressure ratio and
Mach number for a perfect gas with ratio of specific heats y is
p' -P
(2.2)
P
y-I _
-
2y
l+y
[(Z)2
~
1
l+x 2 -
I] (2.3)
The relation between the pressure ratio and the compression ratio is given by
= p' (y+1)y+y-1
p
= (y-1)y+y+1
~ I (2.4)
or conversely
(y+l)l1-(y-l)
y = (y+l) -(y-l)l1
(2.5)
= tan 0 = (2.8)
I +l1x 2
Equations (2.3) to (2.8) hold across the shock I. The equation holding across
the reflected shock R may be obtained from these by replacing each quantity properly.
In the notation of Bleakney and Taub (1949) this is achieved by replacing an additional
prime on all quantities where
Reflection OJ Shock Waves 13
,
Y -
1 -
-
2 Y [(
1+ Y c'
Z')2 1+1X,2 - 1] (2. 11)
where B2 (2.13)
Hence (2.10) may be written as
We are assuming that the reflected wave is a shock wave, that is, 11' > 1. This
condition gives us a limit for the possible value of x', for it follows from (2.12) that
11' ~ 1 if and only if
< (2.16)
1+.!.(y+l)(l1-l)
2
then the flow behind the reflected wave is subsonic and no reflected wave can exist. If
the inequality is replaced by an equality, the flow behind the reflected shock wave is
sonic. The condition for this is
cota = tan't
(2.17)
The deflection condition is equivalent to the requirement that il + il' 0, that is,
to
a function of ex for the fixed value of ~ given on the curve and y = 1.4.
Thus there are two possible positions for the reflected shock. For each of these
we may compute the pressure behind the reflected wave by computing 11' from (2.12)
OC INCIDENT
lDfGREE5)
Figure 2.3 Angle of incidence versus angle of reflection for shocks of different
strengths undergoing regular reflection (Bleakney & Taub , 1949).
and y' from the analog of (2.5). It is evident that 11' and y' are monotonic increasing
function of B2 for fixed 11 and hence monotonic de:creasing function of x' 2. Therefore
for the root given by the plus sign in equation (2.19) the pressure on the wall is greater
than for that given by the minus sign. Moreover when 11 approaches one, the incident
wave becomes sonic, the root given by the plus sign approaches zero and the pressure
on the wall approaches infinity whereas that given by the minus sign approaches -x and
the pressure on the wall remains infinite. Thus when 11 ~ 1 the root given by the plus
sign must be discarded. The same conclusion could be extended when 11 is different
from one. In several experiments on regular reflection the measurements show that the
position of the reflected wave is always that corresponding to that given by the minus
sign in front of the radical in the equation (2.19).
16 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Extreme Angle
When
x2(1+T\2x2Y < (1 +T\x 2)(y+l)(T\-1)+2)(T\-1)(y-I)(1+T\x 2)+2) (2.20)
the roots given by (2.19) become complex. Hence the assumed configuration is
impossible for such values of x and T\. The experiments show that for most angles of
incidence and shock strengths such that the inequality (2.20) holds, Mach reflection
takes place.
When the inequality sign in (2.20) is replaced by an equality sign we obtain a
condition for the smallest value of 't, and hence the greatest value of a, the angle of
incidence, for which the two shock configuration is possible. The extreme values of 't
and a would be denoted by 'te and a e respectively. Bleakney and Taub (1949) have
shown experimentally the region of regular reflection (Figure 2.4). A theoretical
boundary of this region is given by
Y=
x 2(1+T\ 2x 2 (1 + T\X2)(y+ 1)(T\-1)+2)(T\-1)(y-1)(1+ T\x2)+2) (2.21)
8 /
1.
j
ex MACH
REFLECTION L,"
'"
I
~ ~
~
a,.
.... ....-:::::" ~~
4
-
~::tUf~~~
--I
0
o 2 ~ 4
Figure 2.4 Regions of regular and Mach reflection in the a , S plane . as - sonic angle.
curve, a e - extreme angle curve, a; - Mach reflection curve (Bleakney and Taub,
1949).
Sonic Angle
We may now consider that Mach number of the flow behind the reflected shock,
namely, z"/
Ic" where,
In this expression 11', x' and y' are known function of 11 and x. Hence for each
11 we may determine the value of x such that z%" = I The corresponding value of 1
3. Mach Reflection
In Mach reflection, incident and reflected shock waves leave the wall being
joined to it by a third shock wave referred to as the Mach stem. The gas swept up by
this stem has to follow side by side the gas that has passed through both the incident
and reflected shock waves. It is, therefore, essential that a contact discontinuity passes
through the "Triple Point" of the intersection of shocks. The direction of motion of the
triple point is an additional parameter of this problem. The detailed characteristics of
the Mach reflection has been provided in Figure 2.5.
Angles will be given with respect to the line joining the triple point and the
comer which, in case of regular reflection, is the boundary wall itself. The fOllr
discontinuities I, R, M and S of the Figure 2.5 make angles (0, (0', A and
respectively, at the triple point with the line TC.
Also (0 = a - X , (0' = a' + X (2.23)
18 Interaction Qr Shock Waves
Figure 2.5 Notation of angles used in Mach reflection. (Bleakney and Taub, 1949)
where 00 and 00' reduce to the angles of incidence and reflection for regular reflection
(X= 0)
A comparison between theory and experiment may be made by referring to
Figure 2.6. Data have been plotted for the two shock strengths <;1 = 0.8 and <;2 = 0.2
representing weak and strong shocks. The solid curves were plotted from the values
computed by Polachek and Seeger (1944). The circles and crosses are experimental
observations of regular and Mach reflection, respectively. The details have been
presented in Figure 2.6.
We assume that three plane shocks all meet in a line. The notation will be a
simple extension of that used in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.7 illustrates the shock
configuration assumed in the coordinate system in which the line of intersection of the
three shocks is at rest.
The line TI represents the incident shock, TR the reflected shock, and TM a
third shock which we will call the Mach shock. The line TD represents the direction of
the flow incident on TM and TI (the path of the triple point) and the line TD', the slip
stream represents the flow emergent from T. In the angular regions MTI, TIR, RTD',
DT'M all quantities of interest will be assumed to be constant. The pressure, density,
sound velocity, and particle velocity in the region MTI will be denoted by P, p, c and
Z. In the region ITR they will be denoted by the same letters with a prime, in RTD' by
the same letters with a double prime and in D'TM by the same letters with subscript 1
and a prime. The lines NI ,NR and NM are the normals to the incident, reflected and
Mach
Reflection Of Shock Waves 19
120 I
I
I
110
I
I
100 - Three shock theory --'11--+---+--+--1
S " 0.80 --........ I
90 S:: 0.20 ~~I'-11f-----f-v---t---+-----I
~------~D( ; ~ x IJ
80
~r-. ,. I ~ ""'~
t--~-~I~'~+_~~-+--~\~Or_~~/-~--+_-1
70
Ol
ILl
"'0
~.,
....'-- GO ---- - ---- '\. \lIl
\ i' /
~
SO ,II.
,I
IX
40
30
20
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 90
Gel ( deg)
Figure 2.6 Comparison of theory and experiment in regular and Mach retlection. The
points enclosed in the square boxes represent values of (() and (()' at which total tlow
behind the incident shock is just sonic with respect to an observer moving with the
triple point. There can be no solution for (() greater than this limiting value (Bleakney
20 Interaction Of Shock Waves
ppc
o
--~
Z, ~,
M
shock respectively.
If only three shocks are to be present we must have
pit = p; (2.24)
We shall denote as in the two - shock case the angle between the normal to a shock and
the flow incident upon it by 't with appropriate primes and subscripts to distinguish
between shocks.
In addition we must have
(2.25)
The two conditions (2.24) and (2.25) serve to determine the allowed
configuration of 't and ~ (or 1). The explicit formulas may be obtained from the
formulas given by Taub (1947) in a paper on refraction of shock waves. Solutions of
these equations have been given by Polachek and Seeger (1944). The results of one
family of such solutions are plotted in Figure 2.6 as the curves labeled "three shock".
The experimental results seem to come closest to the solutions plotted and this gives a
justification for discarding the others.
Experiments on Mach reflection, especially those involving weak incident
shocks are in disagreement with the three shock theory. Bendor 1987 has reconsidered
the three shock theory for a psuedo-steady Mach reflection with some interesting
results.
The need for accurate analytical and numerical descriptions of oblique shock
Reflection Of Shock Waves 21
wave reflections and the associated properties of the flow fields cannot be over-
emphasized. Problems such as the transition from regular to Mach reflection and other
related problems, can benefit greatly from an enhanced understanding of the entire tlow
field (Deschambault and Glass 1983).
Reference may also be made to the review article on the subject by Hornung
(1986) and to the recent book entitled 'Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena' by Ben Dor
(1992).
REFERENCES
4. Ben-Dor, G.
Shock wave reflection phenomena. Springer Verlag. (1992)
6. Bradley, J.N.
Shock waves in Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley, New York. (1962)
10. Heilig, W. H.
In shock tube and shock wave research. Proc. Eleventh Int Sym Shock Tubes and
Waves, 288-295 Seattle: University of Washington Press. (1978)
16. Hornung, H.
Regular and Mach reflection of shock waves, Ann. Rev. Fluid. Mech . (1986)
17. Mach, E.
Uberden verlauf von Funkenwelien in der Ebene und im Raume. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien 78,819-838 . (1878)
21. Taub, A. H.
Refraction of plane shock waves. Physical Review 72, 51 . (1947)
Investigations of the flow field produced by the interaction of a plane shock with
an obstacle, stationary or moving, preclude an explicit theory because of the
mathematical complications. The complication is primarily because of the fact that non
uniform shock waves which occur imply variation in the entropy of the fluid and a loss
of irrotational character of the motion. Two possible courses are open for attacking the
problem from a theoretical stand point.
i) The first is to linearize the basic equations of motion on the assumption that
the incident shock is weak.
ii) The second possibility is to consider an incident plane shock of arbitrary
strength and linearize the basic equations on the assumption that the obstacle produces
only small perturbation in the uniform flow field behind the shock.
Lighthill has considered the diffraction of a normal shock wave passing a small
bend (1949) and the diffraction of a normal shock wave striking head on to a wedge
(1950) based on the second possibility. Both these papers will be dealt with in this
chapter as the work in the subsequent chapters are based on the these two papers.
Let there be a plane shock of any strength moving into still air which after
meeting a bend of small angle gets diffracted. The bend of an angle 8 is formed when
two walls join to form an angle 1t - 8 . The configuration is shown in Figure 3. I.
The physical constants defining the problem will be U, the original shock
velocity, Po and Po ,the pressure and density in still air and 8 .Since there is no
fundamental length in the problem, each physical quantity is a function of two space
coordinates (X, Y) (with the corner as origin), and the time t, these variables can only
occur in the problem in the combinations Xlt and YIt. The angle of the bend being
small, it being assumed that the variations in velocity, pressure, and density behind the
diffracted shock are small. In the treatment of the whole problem, viscous stresses anel
conduction of heat has been neglected.
Let the velocity, pressure and density behind the shock before diffraction be ql'
PI and PI . Applying the principle of conservation of mass, momentum and energy
across the shock we obtain
26 Interaction Of Shock Waves
SHoelo(
Figure 3.1 Schematic drawing for a normal shock passing over a small bend.
"65Po (U a~)
-7 (3.2)
2
Diffraction OJ Normal Shock Wave 27
U
Let Mach number of the shock wave be M = - be the
ao
Mach number of the uniform flow behind the shock, so that
= (3.3)
OP2 + P div
Ot 2
q2
= 0
OQ2 1 t7
-+- v P2 = 0 (3.4)
Ot P2
and in the absence of heat transfer between fluid elements by friction, conduction or
iT iT I
~+q~+-Vp = 0
at I ax PI 2
o (3.5)
The entropy and density variations can now be eliminated since by virtue of the
last equation of (3.5) a~2 + ql ~~ of the first equation of (3.5) can be replaced
by
(3.6)
xap+/~p au av
= -+-
ax ay ax ay
au dU dP
x-+y- = (3.8)
dX dy ax
dV dV dp
x-+y- =
dX dy dy
as u, v, p depend only on x and y.
In the x,y system, the origin is at a point on the original wall produced. The
part of the shock which is straight lies on the original wall produced. The part of the
shock which is straight lies along a fixed line.
The conditions at a point immediately behind the diffracted shock will depend
on the local velocity of the shock normal to itself. If h gives the normal velocity of
the shock at a point then th will be the vector perpendicular drawn from the corner to
the tangent to the shock at that point. In terms of h the boundary conditions at the
shock are
(3.10)
Let the equation of the shock in the new coordinates be x = k + f(y) ; then
f(y) will be small if 0 is small, and then
- ( X-Y-
th::= dX - X dX)
- (3.11 )
dY' dY
But X =Ut +a1t f(y) and Y =a l t y; hence h can be taken as
h =
(U +a l f(y) - a l Y f' (y) , - U f' (y) (3.12)
From (3.7), (3. 10) and 3. 12), the approximate shock boundary condi tion on x
= k, is obtained as
30 Interaction Of Shock Waves
p -
P1 [ f']
fey) - y (y) (
2U
2 )
q1P1 U2_~
7
dV B dp
u = Ap y- = (3.14)
dy dy
where
The problem is now reduced to mathematical terms. The equations (3.8) must
be solved under the boundary conditions that on y = 0, v = -0 for x > -M1 and v =
o for x < -M1 ; that on x = k equations (3.14) hold and that on the remaining
boundary between the uniform flow and the disturbed flow u = v = p = 0
Elimination of !! and y
Using equation (3.8) and eliminating u and v a single second order differential
equation in p is obtained as
= (X~+y~+I)(xdP+ydP)
dx dy dX dy
(3.16)
Equation (3.16) is hyperbolic for x 2 +y2 >1 elliptic for x 2 +y2 <1, its
Diffraction Of Normal Shock Wave 31
characteristics are all the tangents to the unit circle x 2 +y2 =1 . It is, therefore
reasonable to assume that the non-uniform region is enclosed by the diffracted shock,
the wall and the unit circle.
(3.17)
Thus the boundary values of p are discontinuous on the circle. In the subsonic
d
f
.M,+C
Lt --. dx (3.18)
y--,O.M -c
, dy
using equation (3.8) and the fact that v increases by -0 at the corner.
From the shock boundary condition (3.14) and equation (3.8) only one condition
on p can be deduced namely
An additional condition is obtained from the fact that v = -0 at (k,O) and hence
that (if the integral be taken along the shock from the wall to where it becomes straight)
dV = fB.::::..c:Ip =0
f ~y (3.20)
dy y
32 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Busemann's Transformation
a 2+
- 1 ap
p - 2
- + 1- a- p= (r-+1
a )( ra-p ) (3.21)
ar2 r ar r2 ae 2 ar ar
p = [1 - (1 - r2 ) 14 ]
and with
r
this becomes Laplace's equation
(3.22)
where dn and ds are elements normal and tangential to the circular arc
2p cos e = k(1 +p2) respectively towards its centre and away from the line a =
o.
The other boundary conditions are unaltered, except for the discontinuity
condition (3.18) at the corner in the subsonic case. Putting ~ = pcos e , 11 =psin e
{1-(1-M/)7q
the corner becomes the point ~ =------- o and the condition
M1
holding there is that
Diffraction Of Normal Shock Wave 33
Lt
11-->0
f (r' dndp) (dpdr ) d~ (3.24)
(3.25)
UNIT
CIRCl~
f:>.'
UNIT
CIRCLE SHOCK
6'
WAll
Z
=
(k
+1
"k')('1 - 1; _(k2k'+ik') ) , I;
= pe
is (3.26)
transforms the figure in the I;-plane to the Z-plane. When I; IS on the arc
2pcosS =k(1 +p2)
Z
(cos 2S - k 2 t2 (3.27)
(k'cos9 - ksin9)
tan1(k/k) = cos- 1 k
Equation (3.27) when solved in terms of S gives
k'(Z2 -1)
tanS (3.28)
k(Z2 + 1)
(3.29)
Zl =~(Z2 + Z2)
(3.30)
Z2 =Zl +( Z1 2 -lt 2
the z, domain corresponding to the triangle A' B' C' in Z-plane is the upper half plane.
The transformed boundaries from 1;-plane to Z-plane and then to z,-plane are shown in
Figure 3.2. The shock boundary condition (3.29) becomes (with Zl =x, +iy,)
Diffraction qr Normal Shock Wave 35
(3.31 )
(3.32)
which is
(3.33)
The condition on the third boundary (i.e. on the circle) can be written dp = 0
dX I
when XI < -1 , YI =0. But in the supersonic case this must be supplemented with
(3.34)
Solution
(3.35)
which is regular throughout the upper half plane since p is harmonic. In terms of w ,
the discontinuity condition (3.32) and (3.34) can be expressed by saying that, near ZI ==
Xo ,
(3.36)
iMIO
w"" ( )1/2 ,M I < 1 (3.37)
1t 1- M/
(3.38)
(3.39)
where
(3.40)
(3.41)
whence (since M k > 1), both a and ~ are positive. A function which satisfies (3.39)
is given by
D{ffraction of Nonnal Shock Wave 37
[ a - I.( ZI - 1)1/2]-1[ ~ - .(
1 ZI - 1)112]-1
Lighthill has worked out a function w (ZI ) which satisfies all the boundary
conditions. This turns out to be
(3.42)
where C and D are constants and are determined from either of equations (3.36) and
(3.37) depending on whether MI < 1 or MI > 1 and on the other condition (3.20)
which in the ZI plane is modified to
(3.43)
C 2M 1k'(M I + k)
(3.44)
(~ +y)(y + a) 1t(M lk + 1)2
and
Table No.1 gives the choice of values for which Lighthill has determined
pressure distribution along the wall
38 Interaction Qf Shock Waves
Table - I
1 2 3 4.82315 10 00
PI/
/Po
o 0.47245 0.72739 1.34463 1.88982
At a point (k, y) of the shock, or in the (XI , YI) plane (XI ' 0) the shock
curvature (taken positive when the shock is convex to the still air) is
K = _ f" (y ) = dv = B dp = B dx I dp
dy y dy y dy dX I
(3.46)
_ BC8(u+P)(x l +It'2[D(XI -xo)-I]
- (l-k 2 )(x l -xo)(u 2 +XI _1)(p 2 +XI -1)
5r-----+-----~----_r----_+--
4~----+-----~----_r----_+--
3
~
~
2
2
3
4.~
0 10
00
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.CO 1.0
!:Ilk'
Figure 3.3 Curvature of the diffracted Shock. The number on the curves are the values
It is observed that , for the larger values of M (or of P(po ), K is negative for
smaller y; so that the shock is concave to the still air ,changing to convex farther out
through a point of inflexion . This is due to the term [D(XI - xo) -1] in (3.46 ) and
(3.47 ) ; the point of inflexion is at Xl = Xo + ..!.. and appears if Xo + D-1 > 1 . The
D
1
transition occurs when Xo + D- l = 1 i.e. when D = - , hence by (3.45) when
y2
1= y2(Mlk+l)2 =Ml+k
2BMI (M l k + 1) BMI
~= C8[D(x l -x o)-I]
(3.48)
oX I t2 (Xl - Xo)[ a + (1- Xl )112][13 + (1- Xl t2 J
(1- X l2
Lighthill has integrated equation (3.48) and has obtained pressure distribution along the
wall for values of M given in the table 1. In the figures (3.4 to 3.8), the relative
deficiency of pressure at the wall, divided by angle 8 in radians, that is
Diffraction Of Normal Shock Wave 41
(3.49)
has been plotted. In the subsonic case the deficiency rises from zero at the boundary of
the disturbed region to a logarithmic infinity at the corner, this falls to a minimum and
rises again to its final value at the shock. In the sonic case the deficiency falls from its
algebraically infinite value at the corner to a minimum and then rises, that in the
supersonic case it has a Prandtl-Meyer discontinuity at the corner from which ,in
-1 < x < k , it falls and then slightly rises again when PI/PO < 7.31 ,but falls
monotonically when PI/PO > 7.31.
,
--
) 1\ ./
'/ """""'- ... ~
-
M. .. DA72/
I
,//
./
",- " "-
" , "-,
/
/
I
I
f , 5-71
"' , -
Figure 3.4 Wall Pressure distribution and shape of disturbed
2
,
)
1
V I"
-- - -
0
~a: - 0-
- /'
l---
--.....,.
r---,
I
I
ct' c:-
M, 0.727
/
/,
/
"
I
I
11'
5.7" j ---
'~
'! .. '(
I
\
\
3
'"
2
........
0.... 0.0
~ -
, ,
0
- ...
!r 0.- J,.- I-- -- '-..
/. ~
Ml::1 .,/
'/
/
I /
/
I
-. 15J~:L
f I I
-r .....--
2 \
1
"'- "'--....
o."/Q;,
, 0
a:-
-
0.-
1.O
0
,,- 1----ro_ .....
- ",'
l
/
M, =1345
//
/ 0
~/5'l-*- T .
r
7" ....,
, " .........
~ ..............
()
'" ~,
t('
v-
0.
I 1"-0- ......
~ 0.-
'-"
1..0
M, i890 ,/
;'
.("'0'
"" "" I
L.- "'5.7 i _
I
T , ...-,- I
-r-
1.6
1/1
f HO' Radifl.'I'I
04
0-2
Figure 3.9 Diffraction of a shock wave at a corner. Reduced pressure defect along the
from by mUltiplying by a factor I:z~ Iwhich varies but remains positive . Thus, when
8 >0,
Op -ldZ I
I CS[ D(x i - xo) - 1)
On - d( -(x~ _1)JJ2(x l -x o )[CX+(I-x l )IJ2)[/3+(1-x l )JJ2] (3.49)
which is negative when Xl < Xo , but is positive when Xo < XI < -1 (provided also
Xl < Xo + D- I ; but actually Xo + D I 2': -1 for all M)
But in the original plane (r , 8) , (op) is infinite, since it is obtained from (3.49 )
or r=l
op
p-(P),=l -(1-p)
on
This behavior is probably not what really occurs but is a singularity which is the only
way the linearized theory knows of describing complicated phenomenon. Lighthill
48 Interaction Of Shock Waves
(1949) has observed that the true phenomenon is a shock when dp > 0 and expansion
an
when dp < 0 . In the latter case the boundary must be circle exactly, since it must be a
an
characteristic : but in the former the shock must be slightly further from the origin than
the circle , in order that its own motion shall be supersonic . On this assumption ,
Lighthill (1949) concluded that when 8 > 0 the whole circle represents an expansion
in the subsonic case; it is accordingly dotted in Figs. 3.4 , 3.5 and 3.6 . But in the
supersonic case Xo < -1 , and the circle is an expansion for XI < Xo , i.e. for points to
the right of the point of contact of the tangent from the corner; and this part , together
with the tangent representing a prandtl-Meyer expansion, is shown dotted in Figures
3.7 and 3.8 ; but the remainder of the circle, shown plane, has ap > 0 and probably
an
corresponds to a weak shock .
(~: =3 and 10) in Figure 3.10 . The type of three shock intersection that occurs is
-
Mj= 0727
]jmiting case as M~ 1
16 (')
C~ "" - M k and D "" -1
1t I 8
(BM )-1 "" -403_? I
-
Hence in (3.48) (XI - xot can be neglected (in the limit in comparison with D) , if
X:F- 0; and
k/)!(BM t
ap_5 O(-~M
1t 8 I I
ax - dx . [(1 + X)]~
8E-(- ) 81- x
8E s[-16~]( E~I )
"" --.". -=-----=-:-r--
(l-X)2 [ (l+X)]g
8E-(- ) 8
1- x
1t
(3.50)
Integrating equation (3.50) we obtain
p=-- - -
o (1+ x)
1t (I-x)
as p is zero at x = -1
So we obtain
(3.51 )
50 Interaction Of Shock Waves
, /
- ~
o
--- - - -- ....... .......
- v/ " .......
/
"
Ml:;O ~" "-
.. I
V/ '\
\
- I
/ \
\
/ \
I
I \
I I
I
I I S.7\:L I
r -r-.
Srivastava (1963) has considered diffraction of normal shock wave past a small
bend for monoatomic gases ( 'Y = 5/3). We have following results corresponding to
equations (3.2), (3.3) and (3.15).
<I =-U
I 4
a _
3 ( 1__
U2
2)
p ~it +3~:l
J(M2 + 3) )1/2
X =k = 1(SM 2 _ 1) <1
A =_1_(5M 2 -1)1/2(M2 + 1)
2M2 M2+3
For determining the pressure distribution along the wall and curvature of the shock , the
same Mach numbers have been chosen as those of Lighthill (1949). This is given in
Table No.2.
52 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Table - 2
As Lighthill (1949) has plotted the curvature in Fig. 3.3 , curvature of the
diffracted shock has been plotted in Fig. 3.12 for y=5/3.
Now we find that when M has the value 1.36627 and 2.75782 the nature of the
curve is similar as for the case when y=7/5 . When M=2.95200 then there arises a
quite good deal of difference. For this Mach number in the case y=7/5. , there is a
point of inflexion, i.e. the shock which is concave to the still air near the wall changes
to convex but for the case when y=5/3, there is no point of inflexion. The case when
M -7 00 , the nature of the curve is similar to that of Lighthill (1949) . Here also
1(
--7
Y
as--71
o
oo
k'
8
i
~
h
926- --I'/
10-64 -
Iff
f--/-..J
~ r;/-
2
201 1---1--~
.-"'" ~
~v ""''\
VV
o -
i.--- i,....--
~ V
~
- I ce
o 0-2 0-8 1- 0
Hgure 3.12 Curvature of the diffracted shock. The numbers on the curves are the
maintaining a constant value from the corner to the point of intersection of the unit
circle and wall the value. of (PI - P2 ) 18 (PI - Po ) decreases, attains a minimum and
then slightly rises. For the case when MI = 1.34164 (M ~ 00 ) there is a monotonic
decrease in the value of (PI - P2 ) 10 (PI Po) from the point of intersection of the wall
and unit circle to the shock wave (Figure 3.16).
/ I,
'"
2
V
./
V ~-
~--
---
o /
, M,==O.405
--- -- --... .....
r
I
cr
0.0
I
0.-
//
/'
"./ " '- ......
"- ,
"
/
r-II
f
". -
, "/I /I
5'7 0 /
" '1lT77Tni
3 \
2 \
"~r---
I~oa..- 1 --"
-'---
....... --- ... ...........
\c>
0 .",.' .........
M,:a 1 /'
//
I
I
I
I
.~~ !Sor- I
/
I A
'I I I" I I
t:: / '/
T
'\
7~~
6 ~ __
5
,-..
0.0 3
I
Q.p
'-'
t.O 2
1
",/
-- --- .................
M,'1.036 '"
/'
~
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
1"'.70
I
77"~""'"
3,
1\
'"
2
o!'~0
I
era;-
I
1 -
~ 10..
0
! 1--- t- ........
Ml =-1.342 i ",;"
V
/
./
7
/
V J
" I
151-
, 1
~
.x
Figure 3.17 Schematic drawing of a normal shock striking a corner of a building. (M.
J. Lighthill, 1950)
A plane shock advancing into still air may encounter a corner of a building
where two faces make angles <\ and 02 with the shock so that the angle of corner is
It - (01 + ( 2 ) = It - (Fig 3.17.) Let (X , Y) be the coordinates with corner as the
origin, and direction of motion of the shock as the negative X- direction. As in
Lighthill's problem dealt earlier the state of affairs defining the problem are U ,the
incident shock velocity, Po and Po the pressure and density in still air respectively.
Hence no fundamental length or time scale exists and measuring the time t from the
initial encounter with the corner, the pressure and velocity fields depend only on Xlt,
YIt.
This problem will be considered in the same manner as has been done in
Lighthill's earlier paper. As shown in the Fig 3.17, the region of disturbance is
enclosed by the diffracted shock, parts of the unit circle with the centre at the corner
and symmetric about it and the faces of the two walls.
The boundary value problem in the region of non-uniform flow is formulated
and solved by use of Busemann transformation and conformal transformation.
may be reserved for the intermediate region and suffix two for the region behind the
reflected shock. Let the velocity and angle of incidence be U ,8 let the velocity and
angle of reflection be V and 8' . Since the shocks always meet at the wall,
Using equations (3.2) on the reflected shock, replacing U therein by the velocity V +
ql cos (0 + 0' ) (relative to the air ahead of it) of the shock normal to itself, ql by
the change ql cos ( 0 + 0' ) + q2 sin 0' in normal velocity at the shock, and PI'
PI , Po , Po , a 0 by P2' P2 ,PI ,PI ,a l and expressing also the condition of
continuous tangential velocity, the equations
(3.54)
(3.55)
V=U(1+2M- 2 )
3
O'=~(1+2M-2)
3
qz = q1o( 1~ + M- 2)
5(7M2 -1)(4M 2 -1) 0
P2 = 21M2(M2 + 5) PoU-
3M 2(7M2 -1)
P2 = (M2 + 5)(M2 + 2) Po
(3.57)
where M = U / ao is the Mach number of the incident shock. It should be noted that
P2' P2 and a z are independent of 0 if 0 2 is neglected.
If q3 ' P3 ,P.l denote velocity, pressure and density in the region of non-
uniform flow, then where this adjoins the regions of uniform flow behind the reflected
shocks, namely on the two circular arcs, P3 = P2 ,P3 = P2 on both and that q3
Diffraction Of Normal Shock Wave 61
~)P3 + P div q =0
at 2 2
=0 (3.58)
Replacing dP3 by _1_ dP3 by virtue of the last equation, and putting
at a 22 at
(3.59)
the first two equations of (3.58) would become the fundamental equation (3.8) in u,v,p
in terms of x,y.
The approximate position of the shock is
(3.60)
Thus the region of non-uniform flow in the x,y plane is approximately 0 < x
< k 0 , ( X 2 + y2 ) < 1 (Fig 3.19). The approximate shock positions x = ]("
,
replaces the relation x=k (equation 3.9)
The boundary condition at the wall is u/v = - 01 2 on the two faces; but v is
small and therefore these may be replaced by u = on x = 0. On the circular arc
62 Interaction Of Shock Waves
and v =- q
I
us:
2
(43 + -23 M -2)
-
where
wall ap = 0 (obtained from the equation (3.8. On the curved positions of the
ax
boundary p=O. At x = ko the equation (3.61) holds which is same as (3.14) except
that the constants A, B,k are replaced by Ao ,Bo ,k 0 .There will also be the
condition that the change in v along the shock from the bottom to the top be
(3.62)
Diffraction Of Nomwl Shock Wave 63
Busemann's Transformation ~
2p cose 2p sine
x y
1 +p2 1 +p2
On the two arcs of the circle p = 1, P = O. On x =, ko which becomes that arc of the
(3.63)
exactly as in (3.23). Here dn is along the outward normal, and as is in the positive
l:angential direction
0
0 C
C C
E B E E B
A A
F A
F F
(X, y) plane ~ plane ZI plane
Figure 3.19 Transformation of boundaries from (x,y) plane to t; plane and then to ZI
plane.
64 Interaction Of Shock Waves
(3.64)
Then the diameter DEF (Figure 3.19) becomes the segment XI = 0 , 0 < YI < 1t
( where ZI = XI +iy, ) and the circular arcs D C and F A becomes parts of YI Te
and Yl = 0 respectively; while on ABC
11
=- o g - -
I+k o + 1_{1t
- + tan
_12 Psi ne}
? = FI.~ + IYl
-
2 1- ko 2 1- p- (3.65)
where A is shown as a constant, and
(3.66)
Thus the Z plane is a rectangle 0 < Xl < A., 0 < Yl < Te. On DC and FA , p=o, on
on ~ =A (3.68)
= 0
Here W(ZI) = ~p
~p in regular function of ZI . which is purely imaginary on
- i
YI
oX I
DEF, DC and FA vanishes at E. On ABC
where = A _ Bo ko
o k,2'
o
(3.71 )
"(a)
f.....E.
O aYI _'
sec YI dy =-~ - +- M- 2 )
Ok'(42
Bo 3 3
(3.72)
XI-A
through numerical integration of the integral on the L.H.S. of (3.72) K is known. Table
2 3 00
PI/
Ipo
(3.73)
where
Diffraction Of Nonnal Shock Wave 67
equation (3.73) Lighthill has plotted the pressure deficiency l( P2 _Po )along
(P2 - P3;)
I.J
the wall and the curves are shown in figures 3.20, 3.21 , 3.22 , 3.23 for values of
given problem, the distribution of (P2 - P%P2 _ Po) after the incident shock has
travelled a given distance beyond the corner is ( to within about 25 %) independent of
shock strength.
68 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Figure 3.20 Shock pattern and wall pressure distribution after reflexion
=
4
8 - ~). Suffixes on the pressure p refer to regions so
Figure 3.21 Shock pattern and wall pressure distribution after retlexion
=
4
o = 1), Suffixes on the pressure p refer to regions so
numbered in the figure . .E!. = 2. (M. J. Lighthill , 1950)
Po
70 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Figure 3.22 Shock pattern and wall pressure distribution after reflexion
= =
1
= "21) . Suffixes .
on the pressure p refer to reglOns so
4
Figure 3.23 Shock pattern and wall pressure distribution after retlexion
REFERENCES
1. Busemann, A.
Infinitesimal Kegelige Uberschallstromung. Luftfahrforschung, 20, 105. (1943)
3. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I. Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198,454-470. (1949)
4. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast II. Proc. Roy. Soc A, 200, 554 - 565. (1950)
5. Srivastava, R.S.
Diffraction of a plane straight shock wave. British Aeronautical Res. Council, c.P. No.
603 . (1963)
CHAPTER - IV
CD @)
Q2,P2 ,P2 ,0 2 0, ~o' Po' <10
Reflec ted sroc k / - - _ ncident shock
Figure 4.1 Schematic drawing for oblique shock configuration passing over a bend.
(R. S. Srivastava & R. Ballabh , 1955).
74 Interaction Of Shock Waves
In Figure 4.1 values of velocity, pressure, density, and sound velocity are
denoted by subscript (0) in front of incident shock wave, with subscript (l) in the
intermediate region and with subscript (2) in the region behind the reflected shock. U
in the figure denotes the velocity of the point of intersection of the incident and
reflected shock, and 8 is the angle of bend.
Since in region (0), air is at rest, continuity of tangential component gives the
velocity of air in region (1) to be normal to the incident shock wave. We would,
therefore, obtain across the incident and reflected shock the following relation:
Across the incident shock
p, = {I + (:.:~,~,)' )
u =U sin a 2 , <II =-qI cos(a o +( 2 ) ,
(4.1)
DO" -
Dt + 0" I div QI = 0
_:..:::.1.
,
(4.2)
values {ql sin a o (= uJ, -ql cos u o (= vJ}, PI' PI the equations (4.2) along with the
entropy equation can be approximated as
The entropy and density vanatIOns can now be eliminated from the entire
problem since by virtue of the last equation.
owing to the thermodynamic principle that the density is a function of pressure and of
entropy alone.
Making use of the transformation
X-ut
_ _I =x Y-vt
_ _I =y,
al t ' al t
<21 ={ul(l + u) , v l(1 +v)} (4.4)
P -p =p
_1_ _1
alP I
dp dp du dv
x-+y-=u -+v -
ax ay I dx I dy
X au + y dU)u = dp
(
ax dy I ax
X av + y dV)v _ op
(
ox oy 1- oy (4.5)
ap dp du dv
x-+y-=-+-
dx ay ax ay
dU du dp
x-+y-=-
dx dy dx
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 77
dv dv dp
x-+y-=- (4.6)
ax
dy dy
(ddX
d
V2 P = x-+y-+1 )( x-+y-
dp
dy
op )
ax ay (4.7)
This is hyperbolic for x 2 +y2 > 1 and elliptic for x2 +i < 1 . its
characteristics are all tangents to the unit circle. As a first approximation the position
of P is given by
U -_U VI
x =Ut, Y =0 i.e. x = _ 1 ,y =--
al al
(4.8)
For this to be true, U 2 must not lie between the roots of the equation
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
where
(4.13)
We shall show that a o is greater than the extreme value of the angle
of incidence
consistent with the regular reflection of shock wave.
In Chapte r II we have discussed the theory of Bleakney & Taub (1949).
In order
to recapitulate the theory we reproduce the figure 2.2 here. Referri
ng to Figure 4.2
and the results obtained in Chapter - II, the equation for the extrem
e angle of incidence
(a e) for which the regular reflection is possible is given by
? ? )2
x-? ( l+rrx- (1 + Ylx 2 )(YI -l}{(y -1)(1 + YlX2)+ 2}{(Y + 1)(YI -1) + 2}
(4.14)
where
x = cot a e
D{f(racrion of Oblique Shock Wave 79
w o
Now
_ (y + 1) + (y - 1)~ _ 6 + ~
11- --- (4.15)
(y - 1) + (y + l)~ 1+ 6~
6+~
From (4.13) and using the fact that 11 = - - we get
1+ 6/;
80 interaction Of Shock Waves
2 6(11-1) 6(t'-1)
cot a =--- =---- (4.17)
o 5 112 5 t,2
t' 29/44
t' = I /6
t' 00
t' =
The first three values are inadmissible as 1 ~ t' ~ 6.
The two curves intersects only at the point given by t' 1. From (4.16) and
(4.17) it is clear that when t' = 1 , t = 0 that is
1t
a e =a 0 =-
2
From the curve (4.16)
( ~)
dt' t'~1
= 48
( ~)
dt' t'~1
= 12
that is
( ~)
dt' t'~1 (for the curve 4,16l
=4.(~)
dt' t'~1 (for the curve 4.17)
It is easy to see that the two curves given by (4.16) and (4.17) represent
continuous function for 1$ t' $ 6. We therefore conclude, the curve given by (cot 2 a e
versus 11) remain always above the curve (cot 2 a o' versus 11) for (1$ t' $ 6) .
Consequently for every admissible value of 11 ( or ~ ) i.e. for all possible shock
strengths
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 81
So analytically the region between the incident and reflected shock will not be
dIsturbed for all possible shock strengths. It may be interesting to find out if the unit
circle intersects the reflected shock. We will see that this is also not the case, that is
reflected shock is not intersected by the unit circle. The equation of the retlected shock
is given by
y + -VI (1t)(
= tan - - u 2 X -U- u
- -l )
al 2 al
Now finding the intersection of the unit circle it is easy to see that the reflected
shock wave will not intersect unit circle if
But
ul = ql sinu o
VI = - ql cosu o
>1
that is >I
al
which is the case in the intermediate region. The unit circle therefore does not intersect
the reflected shock wave. The results discussed in the section have been proved by
Srivastava and Ballabh (1955). This result has received experimental confirmation
(Srivastava & Deschambault (1984), Figure 4.17) .
Let us suppose that at t = 0 the shock line ( line of intersection of the plane
incident shock and plane reflected shock) coincides with the edge of the wedge and
82 Interaction Of Shock Waves
the velocity pressure, density, and entropy of the flow field behind the reflected
diffracted shock after interaction be q; , p; , p; , and S; . Choose X , Y axes with
origin at the corner and X-axis along the original wall produced. Then the laws of
conservation of mass and momentum referred to this coordinate system can be written
as
D'
Dt + p'2 V q-'2 = 0
-.J2 ,
(4.18)
Dq;
- 1p
+-v n ' - 0
- (4.19)
Dt p;
2
DS; =0
Dt '
On the assumption that q;, p; ,p; differ by small quantities which they had
before diffraction, the equations (4.18) and (4.19) along with the entropy equation can
be approximated to
-l(a'
a 2 2 at 2 ax
a')
--.I2+ q ~ +p Vq-'
2 2
o (4.20)
a-' a-' 1
~+q ......5k+-Vp' =0 (4.21)
at 2 ax P2 2
-, (4.22)
~=(l+u, v)
q2
the equations (4.20) and (4.21) yield the following equations
dp ap au dv
x-+y-=-+- (4.23)
dx dy ax dy
du au ap
x-+y-=- (4.24)
dx dy ax
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 83
{)y ov op
x- + y- = - (4.25)
ax oy oy
In the new axes the origin is at a point on the original wall produced. The
straight part of the reflected shock lies along a fixed line
x = k - Y cot (Xz
where
k= (U-qz)
az
The comer is at the point (-Mz' 0) where Mz = qz I ~. Immediately behind the
reflected diffracted shock the condition at a point will be given by the right hand sides
of equation (4.1) if U' is replaced therein by the shock velocity normal to itself and iL
denotes the total velocity in the region between the incident and reflected shock.
Now since the whole field suffers a uniform expansion in time about the comer,
the velocity on each point of the shock is ( Xlt , YIt ) in the ( X , Y ) system of
coordinates. Hence the velocity of the shock normal to itself is h where this the
vector perpendicular drawn from the comer to the tangent to the shock at that point. In
terms of h , the boundary conditions at the shock are
(4.26)
p; ~ p{(jh\-\cl:\Y _a;Z)
= (4.27)
where
q; = ql sin(S' + )sin(Xz + ) , ql sin(S' + )cos(Xz + ) ,
being small.
Let the equation of the shock in the new coordinates be x = k - Y cot (xz + f(y)
where f(y) could be regarded as small as the angle of bend is small. In figure 4.3, ON
is t h and is denoted by
84 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Rerkded shock
Inc i den t shock
o~----------------------~+-------------------
Cor ner
Hence
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 85
As f(y) is small, terms containing f(y) f'(y), y{f'(y)}2 have been neglected.
We have from the first relation across the reflected shock (Ref. equation 4.1)
(4.29)
(4.30)
where
(4.31)
<Jr
86 Interaction Of Shock Waves
(4.32)
II =[{F sin 2<X2 +(U sin 2<X2 -q l sin8' cos <X 2 ) sin 2<x z f'(y)} ,
{F sin <X2 cos <X2 + (U cos 2<X2 + ql sin 8' sin <X 2 ) sin 2<X2 f'(y)}]
where
Now
(Ii --q;) =[Y sin <X2 + {F +(U sin 2<X2 - ql sin 8' cos <x 2)f'(y)}sin z<x 2] ,
[Y cos <X2 + Fsin <X2 cos <X z + (U sin <X2 cos 2<X2 +
2 ql sin 8' sin 3 <x 2 )f'(y)]
These give
~q2U =F sin2<X2(1 + ~:)+ f'(y) sin2<X2{U sin 2<X2 - qjsin 8'cos <Xz(l- ~:)}
(4.33)
(4.34)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 87
Also
(4.35)
Now the equations (4.33), (4.34) and (4.35) can be put in the form
where
5sin
6q22(X 2 { U ( cos 2(X2 + a~22) +q1sin e' sin (X2 ( 1 - ~
a 2)}
Now equations (4.36), (4.37) and (4.38) can be put in the form
dU =(B - AG}fll(y)
dy
dv =(B 1 - A1G )fll(y)
dy
~~ = (B z - AzG)fll(y)
dp = B z -A 2 G ,dU = B z -A 2 G dv
(4.39)
dy B-AG dy Bl -A1G dy
Now equations (4.36), (4.37) and (4.38) have now to be solved under the
following boundary conditions
On y = 0
v =-0 X >-M2
V =0 X <-M2
Elimination of u and v
By eliminating u and v from equations (4.23), (4.24) and (4.25) we get a single
second order partial differential equation in p. The equation is
(4.40)
This equation is hyperbolic for x 2 + yZ >1 and elliptic for X Z+ yZ <1 , its
characteristics are all tangents to the unit circle. There are three important cases that
need to be considered. These are when (U - qz) / a 2 is less than 1, equal to 1 and
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 89
greater than 1. In the cases (U - q2) / a 2 ~1 it is reasonable to assume that the region of
disturbance will be enclosed by the arc of the unit circle, the wall segment and the
reflected diffracted shock. The region of disturbance is shown in the figures 4.4, 4.5,
4.6.
When (U - q2) / a 2 > 1 the region of disturbance is as shown in figures 4.7,
4.8 and 4.9.
Now the boundary condition in terms of p can be given firstly for the case
(U - q2) / a 2 ~1 and then for the case (U - q2) / a 2 > 1.
(a) M2 < 1
d
J .:Ectx
-M 2 iC
Lt =M 0 (4.41)
y->O
-M2-C
dy 2
(b) M2 > 1
i) On the wall dP
dy
= (4.43)
1
x<-- (4.44)
M2
1
P =0, x>-- (4.45)
M2
90 Interaction Of Shock Waves
U~IT CIRCLE
c w'
Figure 4.4 The configuration in (x,y) plane for the case when the corner is included
CD
0
UNIT ClIi(U
0 @
A c /At'
W
Figure 4.5 The configuration in (x,y) plane for the case when the unit circle passes
ffiZ
00 ::
8
--'"0
....
Z::.c:
Wu
3~
Zl fl
(a) M2 < I
d
f-c .::Lix
-M,K
Lt =M?o (4.46)
y-->O -M
, dy -
p=o (4.47)
p (4.48)
P3 is the pressure in the region 3 and is obtained with the help of equations (4.1) by
changing <Xo to <Xo + o.
(b) Mz > I
i) On the wall dp =0
dy
p (4.49)
whereas on the arc CD, p = 0 is true only from the point of intersection of the shock
and the unit circle up to the point of contact of the tangent from the corner to the unit
circle i.e. on CT,
Diffraction Qf Oblique Shock Wave 97
p = 0
The region 5 bounded between the tangent, the wall and the arc of the unit circle
TO is the Prandtl - Meyer expansion zone. The flow in the region is uniform and to a
linear approximation
(4.50)
which leads to
p on TO (4.51)
(4.53)
where [' denotes the diffracted portion of the shock starting from the wall.
Taking this transformation into consideration the equation (4.40) becomes the
Laplace's equation
a2 p 1 Op 1 a2 p 0
-+--+--= (4.54)
ap2 p ap p2 ae 2
in ( p , e ) as polar coordinates.
2psin(S+<x 2) .
----:;2~- = ksm<X 2 (4.55)
1+ P
\ Shock
Unit circle
\
\
\
\
.- 0' C
_- ...... - Wall
(~- <X 2)
;t:'
Figure 4.11 Boundaries in the t; plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopra, 1970)
Let us now rotate the initial line through an angle (~- <xz) . The circle
2psin(S+<x 2) .
-'----::'2--='-=ksm<X 2 is transformed into the circle 2pcosE>=ksin<x?(1+p2).
1+ P
In the cases (U - q2)ja 2 ~ 1 the circle p = cuts the circle
2pcosE> = ksin<x 2(1 + pZ) orthogonally at cosE> = ksin<X 2 . However in the case
2pcosE> .
(U - q2)ja 2 > 1 the circle p = 1 cuts ( 2) = k SIn <X2 orthogonally at
1+ P
[1- 2It - cos- 1 k.sin<x 2 ]
The transformed boundaries in the t; - plane for both the cases (U - Q2)/a Z :S: 1
and (U - q2 )/a z > 1 are shown in Figures 4.10 and 4.11 respectively
~
-:\ ' K
(2 z)~ dp
_ _ tanE>+ 1 - K sec E> -:\
2
_ox_= on (4.56)
~ 1-K2 l-K 2 dP
dy' dS
where x' ,y' refer to new axes, E> is measured from the new initial line, K = k sina2
and dn and ds are elements normal and tangential to the circular arc
2pcose = ksina 2 (1 + pZ) respectively towards its centre and away from the initial line
e = o.
Now
(4.57)
(4.58)
Now putting
y =K[ cosa 2 + sin a 2 tan e] (4.59)
in (4.58) and simplifying we obtain
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 101
dp
:.\ _ _
uX C+Dtane+Etan e+Ftan
_ _ _ _ _ _---::--_
2 e
_---::--
3
(4.60)
dp - C' + D'tan e + E'tan 2 e + F'tan 3 e
dy
where
C' =0
F' = -A'K
2
2 cosa
2
~
dX' _ C\ + D\ tan 8 + E\ tan 2 8 + F\ tan 3 8 (4.61)
::l.,. - C'\ + D'\ tan8+ E'I tan 2 8+ F'tan
_vp_ I
38
dy'
where
C = C' + C tan a 2
D =D' +Dtana 2
E = E' + Etana 2
C; = C' tan a 2 - C
D; = Dtana 2 - D
F( = F' tan a 2 - F =0
dp
~~ = f(tan8) = f{ tan ( 8+ a -~)}
2 (4.62)
dS
where e in the second expression is measured from the original position of the initial
line. The function f is known. Putting ~ = p cos e, 11 = p sin e the corner becomes
the point
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 103
, 11 =0 (4.63)
i.e.
Lt
11->0
f dlldP d~ =[rp- ddrP] r~M2 M ()
1
2
M2() (4.64)
Z = (K + iK'){i _
I ~ _
2K'
(K + iK')
}, ~ =pe iH
(4.65)
transforms the region bounded by ABCD to a quarter space having a semi-circular cut
with centre ( 0 , a + I ) and radius a (Figure 4.l2(a) ) where
104 Interaction qr Shock Waves
K'
a=------- and
K'sina 2 + Kcosa 2
K - sinaz
l-Ksina z +K'cosa z
The circular arc DIAl is the mapping of the wall AIBI of unit circle, BIC I of
the shock front, and CPI of the other parts of the unit circle.
(ii) This quarter space is transformed to the region between two semi-circles
( Figure 4. 12(b with the help of conformal transformation
Z = a (4.66)
Z (a + 1) + iZ I
The radius of inner circle is b = a / {2(a + I)} and of the outer one is unity.
z
J
=sn(Z4
a"
'K) or
(4.68)
K'('K) _ 10gA
K(iC) -lr
and K'('K) = j(-h - i(2) converts the region bounded by the rectangle to a seml-
infinite plane (Figure 4. 12(e. In the transformed Zl plane.
1
+1 to +- corresponds to the other part of the unit circle A4B4
iC
1
+- to +00 corresponds to the parts B4 0 of the shock front, while
i(
Under these transformations the shock boundary condition (4.56) with the help
of the equation (4.61) becomes
106 Interaction Of Shock Waves
C
, VI
(0, tt+V
,
c x,
Figure 4.12 (a) Boundaries in the Zl plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopra, 1970)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 107
~--------+----------r-------------~~~~------~X2
Figure 4.12 (b) Boundaries in the Z2 plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopra, 1970)
108 Interaction Of Shock Waves
~~r-~-----------+---------~~-4--,r------~X~
Figure 4.12 (c) Boundaries in the Z3 plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopra, 1970)
109
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave
G. Chopr a, 1970)
Figure 4.12 (d) Boundaries in the Z4 plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M.
&
Figure 4.12 (e) Boundaries in the Zl plane. (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopr a, 1970)
110 Interaction OJ Shock Waves
dP
C +D tan0+E tan 2 0+F tan 3 0 K2 (I-K 2 sec 2 0)Yz dy
I I I I =-tan0+ I
C'I + D'I tan 0 + E'I tan 2 0 + F'tan
I
3 0 K'2 K'2 -
dP
aX I
(4.69)
giving
(4.70)
l-(I-M 2)14
_ _ _ _2_ _ ( _ sin CX z + i cos( 2 ) in 1;; - plane
M2
and
It
+ in Z4 - plane
2
The coordinates of the corner Xo in the ZI plane are obtained with the help of
transformation (v)
D{ffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave III
= (4.71)
The condition on the parts of the unit circle can be written as ~p = 0 . But
uX I
Lt
y,->O
f~
dX
dX
\
I = (4.72)
l-i(M -l)~
S - plane
2
_ _ _:...2_ _ _ ( _ sin a? + i cos ( 2) in
M2 -
and
IOgJ~(M~2K___+__s_in_a~2~)(~M~2~Z_-~I)_Yz_~~c_o_s2_a~z___K_'_Z)
1
1t i
+ in Z4 - plane
2 K + M z sinaz
The solution is obtained by the introduction of the function
. dP
1--
dX\ dy\
which is regular throughout the upper half Zl plane, since p is harmonic. In terms of
w(z\), the discontinuity condition (4.71) and (4.72) can be expressed by saying that
112 Interaction Of Shock Waves
(4.73)
(4.75)
w(zJ
1og--
G1
I
1 -:r;
+ -
1t _"
f
1
f
+=
+ -
1t j
"
(4.76)
Making use of the substitutions
= - (~ + 4- 1) and t = C' 4-
+ 1)
In the first and second integrals on the left hand side respectively, and merging
constants G j and G2 we get
where
114 Interaction Of Shock Waves
f ( 't ) and f ( 't' ) and are values of ~ and W respectively for different values
of. 't and 't'
1 I
are the values of the argument of W(ZI) on the segments -00 to -- and - to +00
K K
respectively and the integrals have been approximately evaluated by Simpson's rule.
The function W (Zl ) satisfies all the boundary conditions, viz. the function is
real on the wall, imaginary on the segments of the unit circle, and has argument ~ or ~'
on the shock front. On the segments of the real aXIs
-00 to - =, -=
1 1
to +=
1
and =
1
to +00 the value of w( Zl ) is obtained by
and respectively.
KKK K
substituting W = 0, ~ = W= ~ =
DffJracfion Of Oblique Shock Wave lIS
For carrying out computations for different incident shocks strengths we have to
choose the angle of incidence which ensures supersonic relative outflow from the
reflected shock. It is interesting to note that this situation results for nearly the whole
range of the angle of incidence except the range between sonic angle and extreme angle
(Figure 4.13) which is in conformity with the regular reflection theory. We have
reproduced the Figure 2.4 as it is very much relevant here for understanding the proper
choice of angle of incidence.
90 I
80
/
70
MACH
HLECTIO J
60
de
~~-
50 ~I
0-
y---=:; ~ 'P'a( S
40
30
REGULAR.
REHEeTION
20
to
Figure 4.13 Critical angles of incidence in shock reflection : Theoretical limit for
regular reflection ex e ; experimentally observed onset of Mach reflection ex; ; and
conditions for sonic outflow ex, ; versus inverse pressure ration across incident shock.
(W. Bleakney & A. H. Taub , 1949)
116 Interaction Of Shock Waves
ao a2 M2
Po (U-Q2)
PI a2
0.5 20 14.93 3.02595 0.25418
0.2 20 10.84 3.34748 0.43670
~ ~
~
It
\:r 80 EXTREME ANGLE CIJI/VE
.....
Q
...
~ 10
...tI
'-'
60
~
II.!
0 50
tJ
~ 40
"-
I;)
.....
30
.....
<.!I
~
q:,
20
10
0 02 C)4 O'b 08 10
SHOCK STRENGTH (=~/It)
Figure 4.14 Regions of supersonic (~: > 1) and subsonic (~: < 1) in the
At a point (x,O) of the wall (-1 < x < 1 ) the coordinates in the Z4 plane is
given by
(4.79)
Corresponding to points of the Z4 plane the value of Zl can be read with the
help of the elliptic integral transformation given by (4.68) and by the use of Jahnke and
Emde (1960) . As x varies from -1 to + 1 ,Xl also varies from -1 to + 1 . The val ue
of p is obtained at different points of the wall by integration of the pressure derivative
(4.80)
has been plotted for different points of the wall. In both the cases the value of
(P2 - p;)
increases from zero to infinity at the corner, from the corner to the point
<5(P2 - Po)
of intersection of the wall and the unit circle it decreases monotonically and then
maintains a constant value to the point of intersection of the wall and the retlected
shock.
Experiments were conducted by Srivastava & Deschambault (1984) in the
UTIAS 10 X 18 cm Hyperve10city shock tube to test the theoretical results of
Srivastava and Chopra (1970) presented in Figure 4.16. Initially, the incident shock
was allowed to strike a wedge of 700 to produce regular reflection configuration
having angle of incidence equal to 200 . The configuration was then allowed to pass
over a sharp corner angle of <5 = 5.70 at point B in Figure 4. 17. The sharp
expansion angle <5 provided the necessary condition for the diffraction of the regular
reflection pattern. The incident shock was moving at Mach number
118 Interaction Of Shock Waves
)
I"~
I
( '\
~
,/ ' ~
~
F
I
I---- t:::--- /
I
\
I
iJ!"
II
I
(:: = 5, a o = 20 0
,8 = 0.1 radian)' (R. S. Srivastava & M. G. Chopra, 1970)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 119
lr-------.-----~.-----~~----~~----~~----~
o~----+_----~~===t====~=====-~--~
(U sin uoja o) = 1.39 into air initially at a pressure of 750.5 Torr and a temperature
of 298.5 K . The uniform and disturbed region and their constant density lines (
isopycnics ) are clearly shown in the infinite fringe interferogram in Figure 4.17. Four
uniform regions (0 - 3 ) and two non uniform region (4 , 5) are generated. The
mathematical analysis by Srivastava and Chopra (1970) required the consideration of
four uniform region ( 0 - 3 ) and one non- uniform region (4) Region (4) is produced
when the signal from the corner at point B in Figure 4.17 propagates in states (2) and
(3) with a Mach circle bounded by states 4(a) and 4(i)
OLL____~====~=I.~_______ L_ __
o 0.5
Figure 4.18 Comparison of calculated (-) and measured (0) relative pressure deficiency
along the surface of the wedge. Copyright AIAA 1984. Used with permission. (R. S.
Srivastava & R. L. Deschambault , 1984)
122 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Z = (K + iK'){i _ 2K' }
S- (K + iK') (4.81)
where K2 +K,2 =1 and S =pe iH
.../cos 2 e - K2
Z= ~-------=
[K' cose - Ksin e]
to + 00
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 123
Solving the above we get
K /(Z2 -1)
tan0= (?
K Z- + 1
) (4.82)
K + sin a 2
to + 00
K + K sin a 2 - K cos a 2
I
2
X2+ ( Y_ cosa 2 )
K' sin a 2 + K cosa 2 [K' sin a 2 + K cos a 2 12
h
were b ' -_ (KI sin a 2 + K cosa 2 )g
K / sina 2 - Kcosa 2
and
converts the. shaded region in Z- plane into the lower half of the z,-plane. The shock
boundary corresponds to the real z\ -axis with z\ > 1 . The unit circle becomes the part
of the real axis with -I < z, < 1 .The transformed boundaries are shown in Figure
4.19.
124 Interaction Of Shock Waves
UNIT CIRCLE
I
A
WALL
SHOCK
Z - PLANE
-DO
(4.84)
for XI > 1 , YI = 0
K'(Z2 -1)
Here tan 8 = (0 ) where Z is replaced by ZI = XI from (4.83) and C I '
K Z- + 1
D\ etc. are known constants. The wall boundary condition is that dp = 0 when Xl
dYI
< 1 'YI = 0 .The discontinuity condition (4.64) now becomes,
= (4.85)
(4.86)
in the ~ - plane
126 Interaction Of Shock Waves
The condition on the third boundary can be written ~=0 when - 1 < x, <
dx,
1. But in the supersonic case ( M2 > 1 ) this must be supplemented with the condition
Lt
-y,-->O
f axdp dX 1 (4.87)
1
(sin 2 a? - K2)Yz
where A = tan -I - - - - - - -
cosa 2
and
Solution
Now we shall find a solution which satisfies all the boundary conditions. The
solution is effected by the function
(4.89)
which is regular throughout the lower half plane since p is harmonic. In terms of w
the discontinuity condition (4.85) and (4.87) can be expressed.
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 127
(4.90)
(4.91)
(4.92)
where y = K(cosCX 2 + sincx 2 tane) from the section on Busemann's transformation and
tane is replaced by its value in terms of Zl by help of equations (4.82) and (4.83)
We know that log w ( Zl ) is such a function that the value of its imaginary parts
is known on the real axis of the Zl - plane. In such a case an extension of Poisson's
integral formula gives the value of log w ( Zl ) as
(4.93)
[tan- 1 - (dP!dY%P!dxJ] has been replaced by t. Now when the above integral IS
evaluated for points in the real axis, due to the discontinuity condition in the supersonic
case ( M2 > 1 ) or subsonic ( M2 < 1 ) case at the point Zl = Xo we get two other
constants G2 and H. Finally in the expression of W(ZI) we will get two constants G
128 Interaction Of Shock Waves
and H, G being determined either by the conditions(4.90) and (4.91) and H is
determined from the condition (4.92). This completes the theoretical solution.
The calculations have been carried out for two shock strengths. The table given
below gives the choice of the data.
aO a2 M2
ElL U -q2
PI a2
0 39.97 0
32.97 0
0.94699 1.48137
0.5 42.45 0
51.10 0
0.95765 0.67255
Now for determining the function W(ZI) , the integral on the left hand side of
(4.93) could be broken into three integrals ranging from - 00 to - 1 , - 1 to + 1 and
+ 1 to + 00 Then applying the boundary condition W(ZI) and simplifying we would
obtain
(4.94)
Finally after breaking the integral in two parts, integrating the first integral
analytically and the second integral approximately through Simpson s rule, we obtain I
ZI > 1
Diffraction qr Oblique Shock Wave 129
where
and
(4.96)
as p= 0 for ZI < 1.
The function W(ZI) satisfies all the boundary conditions. At a point (x,O)
of the wall (- 1 < x < (U - q2)/ a2) the XI coordinate is
1t (I-x2)
Xl = -cosh [ "i tanh-I (I _ kx) "' 1- k 2
r.--:-;] (4.97)
~= G8[H(x l -x o)-I]
aX I (XI - XO )JX I2 -1 (4.98)
......!l..[{f(X),=u
12n I
I, 4 (flx),=",,1+2{f(x)Fo,,1 + 4 {f(X),=075 l+{f(x),=,
1- 0.25x, 1- 0.50x, 1- 0.75x, I - x,
I]
.e
130 Interaction qr Shock Waves
Discussion of the pressure distribution:
of the wall and have been shown in figures (4.20) and (4.21) . The disturbed region has
also been shown. In the case M2 = 1.48137 the pressure maintains a constant value
from the corner to the point of intersection of unit circle and wall as it is given by
Prandtl-Meyer expansion theory. From the point of intersection of wall and unit circle
to the point of intersection of shock and wall we find that there is a monotonic decrease
. (p; - P2 ) (p' - p )
10 the value of
( ). In the case M2 = 0.67255 the value of 2 2 which
o P2 - PI O(P2 - PI)
is zero at the boundary increases to infinity at the corner.
In this case the boundaries in the Z-plane are different than in the case
( U - Q2 <
a2
1)
< I . Here in the Z -plane the shock boundary runs from 0 to as the
00
point C' of the Z-plane ( Ref. Fig. 4.22) shifts to the origin, the wall becomes the
semi-circle of radius 1/(2 sin (Xz) with center at (0, 1/(2 sin (X2 and the unit
circle runs from 1/(2 sin (Xz) to on the imaginary axis. The boundaries are shown in
00
Zl = COSh(~
Z
_._1_)
SIn (X2
(4.99)
transforms the shaded region in the Z - plane (Fig 4.22) into a lower half plane in the
ZI -plane. The shock boundary condition corresponds to the real ZI - axis with ZI > I .
The wall becomes the part of the real axis with ZI < - 1 . The unit circle becomes the
part of the real axis with - I < ZI < I . The transformed boundaries are shown in
Fig. 4.23 . The shock boundary condition (4.69) is
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 131
3~==~--------------~
2r-----~---------------------J
!E~.o:;
I I
JJ:A..""
~ Ol----------------------------~
~
3~----r-----r---~----~~---;
Or-~--+-----+-----+-----~----~
A'
WALL
SHOCK
C'
Z -PLANE
(4.100)
Here
(Z2 - 1)
tan8 =cot (X2 ( 2 ) (4.101)
Z +1
-~ +1
W~LL UNIT CIRCLE SI-IOCI<
%, - PLANE
= (4.103)
------sin<X 2 + i------cos<X 2
M2 M2
in the ~ plane.
The condition on the third boundary is that ddP =0 when - 1 < XI < I But in
XI
the supersonic case this must be supplemented with
= (4.105)
.
(-smal .
+ lcosa )[ 1
l -
Ml
. J( M; - 1)
-l~---
Ml
1
in the I; plane.
The solution is again obtained by introducing the function
(4.107)
1t(I- M;)!1
w'" (4.108)
(Zl - xo)
1t(I - M;)l-i
w"" (4.109)
(Zl - xo)
(4.110)
(Z2 - 1)
where y = K( cosa 2 + sin 0. 2 tan e), tan e =cot 0. 2 ( 2 ) is replaced by its value in
Z +1
terms of Zl by equation (4.102).
The function w (Zl ) is obtained from the integral formula given in (4.94).
The constant G is determined by the conditions (4.108) and (4.109) and H is
determined by the condition (4.110). This complete the theoretical solution of the
problem.
The numerical calculations has been carried out for the parameters given in the
table below:
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 137
Po U-q2
PI a2
o 39.91 0 31.23 0
1.00009 1.44938
0.5 42.18 0
48.87 0
1.00002 0.64616
As in the case (U - q2)/ ~ < 1 , firstly the function W(ZI) is determined and then the
pressure distribution is obtained by integrating the pressure derivative. The procedure
adopted is the same.
been plotted for different points of the wall. The disturbed region has also been shown.
In the case M2 = 1.44938 the value of (p; - P2)/8(P2 - pJ after maintaining a constant
value from the comer to the point of intersection of unit circle and wall decreases
monotonically to the point of intersection of shock and wall. In the case M2 =
0.64616 the value (P2' - P2) /8( P2 - PI) increases from zero at the boundary to infinity
at the comer. From infinity it again decreases and finally rises.
3r---~----------------------~
2 r-----~~------------------~
o~------------------------~
II
3r----,----.----.----~--~
2r---~~--~----4_----+_--_4
o~--_;-----+----~----~----~
Let us refer to the Figure 4.26. The figure is self explanatory and will not be
explained again particularly in view of what has been said about it in the earlier portion
of this chapter. In Ter- Minassiants case the configuration moves towards left while in
Figure 4.26 case the configuration is moving towards right.
\
\ ,
F ~H
H __ 4,\...
Figure 4:26 Oblique shock configuration after diffraction. (Ter Mmassiants , 1969)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 141
The relations across the incident shock giving pressure, density and normal tlow
velocity are
PI -
_ (Y + /y
1/ - I )Po I( 2 a~)
1+ Y _ I u~
V =--u
2
2
( 1 _a_
0 )
I Y+ 1 0 U~
(4.112)
The velocity of the gas WI in the region relative to the point of reflection (i.e.,
by imposing velocity equal and opposite to the velocity of the point of intersection of
the two shocks) in terms of VI may be obtained by projecting these two velocity on the
normal to the wall, we would have then
(4.113)
The flow rotation angle in the expression ( referred to fixed coordinate system )
is defined by the well known formula
where Mo = Uo
ao
We have also the relation
(4.115)
The flow velocity normal to the reflected shock in terms of the normal velocity
of the reflected shock is given by
142 Interaction Of Shock Waves
V, =--u
2 2
( 1 _a_
0 )
(Moving coordinate system) (4.116)
- Y+ 1 I U;
If W2 is the velocity behind the reflected shock relative to the velocity of the
point of intersection of the two shocks (stationary coordinate system) we would have
W 2 cos(90 -~) = V2 cos(~ + v) (4.117)
W 2
=--u ( a;)cos(13+ V ) (4.118)
2
Y+ 1 I 1-
U'- . R
i SIn I-'
We also introduce
Mw = Uo coseca - W,
- = M 0 (a- oo) cos eca - M (4.119)
a2 a2
sece'G = Mw (4.120)
where e' G is the angle between the radius EG and the portion EG' of the wall.
(4.121)
where (X, Y) are the coordinates connected with the gas ahead of the reflected shock
front. In region 2 we take
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 143
p = P2 + p'
p = P2 + p'
U V2 + U'
,
V = v
and if they are substituted in the system of equations governing the plane non-
stationary motion of an ideal gas we obtain
a- -
a~ +V.(pW)=O,
aw (- )- 1
- + W.V W =--V'p
at p
(:t +W.V}pp-'I)=O
(4.122)
If new non-dimensional unknown function are introduced
(4.123)
and if the last equation of (4.122) is used for eliminating the density the equation of
motion given by (4.122) reduces to a system of three linear equations
144 Interaction Of Shock Waves
dp dP dU dV
x-+y-=-+-
ax ay ax ay
au au ap
x-+y-=- (4.124)
ax ay ax
dV dV dp
x-+y-=-
ax dy dy
x= U1-V?- = W?sinv
- .
=Mslnv=m (4. 125 )
a2 a2
v = -f'(y)
p= :2 22U~
2P2 U ---
-1 [f(y) - yf'(y)]
I 2y
(4.127)
These relations are assumed to be satisfied on the line x = m .
Now we obtain
A= (M; + 1) [2YM; - Y+ 1]
2Mi 2 + (y -l)Mi
where
(y+1) (M:-l)
B = - - ---:---:--..,,-
2 2+(y-1)Mi
E 2tana A.(A(tanv-2tana)+(3-y)tana]-[tanv-(y-l)tana]sm-a J
(4.129)
We also have from the figure
V" = Vi + E (4.130)
(4.131)
The conditions on the wall and the Mach arc FA is obtained easily by rotating
the coordinate axis (x,y) until the axis y coincides with the normal to the right portion
of the wall (see Figure 4.26). Let these coordinates and corresponding velocity
component be denoted by (x,y) and (li,v) and let the equations (4.122) be written in
this system of coordinates. On the portion DH in the subsonic case and on the portion
DF in the supersonic case v = E on the portion HF in the subsonic case v = O.
From the last of equations (4.122 ) it then follows that on the portion DF of the wall we
have
146 Interaction Of Shock Waves
~; = -eMw8(x - x H ) when Mw ~1
(4.132)
ap=O when Mw> 1
ay
The quantity p in the region 4 is defined by the supersonic flow past a small
angle.
(4.133)
Along the Mach arc FA, p =0 in the subsonic case, in the supersonic case p
= 0 on AG and p=- eMXM~ -1)~ on GF. The position of the point G is given by
P = dp = 0 when M ~1
ae' w
(4.134)
~ = _ eMw8(8' - e;;)/ when M >1
ae' /(M~-l)Y; w
where 8( e' - e~ ) is a delta function of e' the polar angle in the coordinate systems
(x,y)
By eliminating u, v from the system of equations (4.124) and using the polar
coordinates:
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 147
x = rcose
(4.135)
y = rsin e
2R
r=-- (4.136)
1 + R2
transformation (4.136) is the chord line ABC, r = %ose which becomes a circle (
Figure 4.27)
D ........---t-~- ......----eH----~F
\
\
\
\
\
"
"" "tII 2
D C
H
B
A
F~----------~~~r
(4.137)
cutting the circle R = r = 1 orthogonal at e = COS~l m as shown by Lighthill
(1949)
As the situation is similar to that of Lighthill (1949) which has been described
in detail in chapter III, we obtain on the diffracted reflected shock
(4.138)
The transformation (4.137) changes the condition (4.132) at the corner in the subsonic
case. Taking Into account the relation 0( r(R)] = i:~l II wdl have theform
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 149
(4.139)
(4.140)
the remaining boundary conditions are not changed by the transformation (4.137) , one
should only note the relation
, 1t
S(', = Sl', - -2 - v (4.141)
Z = (J + i1: = log
s- exp(iSJ- S= Re,a.
S- exp(iS 1) , (4.142)
converts the curvilinear quadrangle in the t; -plane to a rectangle in the z - plane (see
Figure 4.27) .
The right vertical side of this rectangle (J = 1 corresponds to the retlected
shock, the left vertical side (J =0 to the wall, 0 < 1: < 1t ; the arcs CD and FA,
correspond to the horizontal sides 1: = 1t and 1: = 0 ,0 < (J < I respectively.
The positions of the point G on the side FA and of the point H on the portion
EF of the side DEF are determined from (4.119), (4.120 ) , (4.140) and (4.142)
respectively for the supersonic and subsonic cases.
(4.143)
150 Interacrion Of Shock Waves
(4.145)
The condition on the transform of the wall DEF according to (4.139) and
(4.140) may be written in the form
(4.146)
dp = 0
dcr
The condition on the transform of the Mach arc FA, according to (4.134) takes
the form
(4.147)
dp =0
dcr
and finally on the transform of the Mach are CD takes the form
dp =0 (4.148)
dcr
The whole system of boundary conditions for the derivatives in the z- plane may
be written as a single relation
D(ffracrion of Oblique Shock Wave lSI
(4.149)
r(z) = dp _ i dp (4.150)
do d't
The unknown derivatives of the function p must satisfy also two integral conditions.
The first of these, obtained by the second relation (4.128) on the reflected wave front
and indicated by Lighthill (1950) in the investigation of the symmetrical case of the
problem, defines the normalization of the solution for the pressure. the second
condition arises due to the non- symmetrical case. We have the conditions then
(4.151)
In order to obtain the solution for such a boundary value problem it is necessary first to
obtain the solution of the corresponding homogeneous problem
which is obtained by assuming that the right hand side S in the condition (4.149)
vanishes everywhere in the contour.
We may write explicitly the expression for the function lo(z) in terms of a
Cauchy type integral based on the theory developed for boundary value problem.
However, the procedure employed by Lighthill (1950) in the symmetrical case leads to
a simple way to expressions which are more effective in carrying out calculations.
152 Interaction Of Shock Waves
The representation of the argument of the unknown analytic function on the transform
of the reflected wave front in the form of the additive terms of the type tan -I (a tan 't)
permits easy calculation ( by means of residue theory) of the integrals which determine
its Fourier coefficients and extension of every term of the series into the domain, after
multiplying it by the required elliptic function, to find the solution.
It is interesting to find that in the non- symmetrical case inspite of the relative
complexity of the expression (4.145) , the argument of 10 (z) on the transform of the
reflected shock front also admits a simple representation, i. e . on ABC (refer Figure
4.27) we have
(4.153)
where
(4.154)
(4.156)
(4.157)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock Wave 153
where
Conformal mapping has been carried out to convert the rectangle in the z- plane
to lower half in w- plane and is realized by the equation (4.158), v 2 ,v 3 in (4.158)
being elliptic theta function and
In the subsonic case (Mw< 1) the expression for the derivative d%~ along the
transform of the wall (z = i't) is given by Ter- Minassiants (1969)
(4.159)
(4.160)
(4.164)
(4.165)
(4.166)
(4.167)
t t
curves correspond to the pressure ratio of the incident wave .E!. =3.33 and to an
Po
angleE = 6 0 (Fig. 4. 28 ) . The growth of the values of the quantity
I -0 I------,,------j---:--~-___:~ffi__++_\_--~
0-5r---------+-~~--~~-r--------_4--_+--_+~~r_~--~~
for fixed shock strength, Srivastava and Chopra (1970) have shown how the increase in
shock strength, keeping angle of incidence fixed, results in higher pressure deficiencies.
The choice of values by Srivastava and Chopra (1970) is such that one can compare the
curves with at least one of the curves of Ter- Minassiants where in he has taken the
angle of incidence to be 200 . The results of the two different approaches with regard
to the oblique shock diffraction problem conform extremely well.
1. Busemann, A.
Infinitesimal Kegelige Uberschallstromung. Luftfahrforschung, 20, 105. (1943)
2. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I . Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198, 454-470. (1949)
3. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast II. Proc. Roy. Soc A200, 554 - 565. (1950)
5. Srivastava, R.S.
Diffraction of blast wave for the oblique case. British .Aero Res.Counc. Current
paper No . 1008 . (1968)
8. Ter-Minnassiants, S.M ..
The diffraction accompanying the regular reflection of a plane obliquely impinging
shock wave from the walls of an obtuse wedge. J.Fluid Mech. 35, 2, 391-410 .
(1969)
CHAPTER - V
along the leading wedge with velocity ~. If an equal and opposite velocity is
sm~
superimposed on the whole field, the shock becomes stationary and we have the steady
flow behind the shock. The flow in fact in many respects has similarity to Busemann's
cone field problem .
The problem becomes a three dimensional one. In Lighthill's case the flow is
expanding with respect to time while in Chester's case it could be regarded as growing
with the axis of cone of disturbance.
If the component velocity of the fluid normal to the leading wedge is subsonic,
the region of perturbed flow is bounded by the Mach cone with vertex at the point of
intersection of shock and the leading edge and the wedge surface. But if the fluid
velocity normal to the leading edge is supersonic, then the boundary must be augmented
by the tangent plane from the leading edge to the Mach cone.
The simplifying feature of the problem arises from the. lack of fundamental
length in the data defining the problem implying that the flow variables must be
constant along straight lines from the vertex of the Mach cone.
Behind the shock there will be region of uniform flow which is not affected by
the presence of the wedge . In this region the fluid velocity, pressure, density and
sound velocity are denoted by ql' PI' PI anda l respectively; ahead of the shock the
corresponding quantities are qo, Po, Po anda o' U being the velocity of the shock, the
shock transition relations for Y= 1.4 give
158 Interaction Of Shock Waves
q, ~u (l_aVuz)
=
6 Po
PI
(1+5~ )
U
Let M = - be the Mach number of the shock and let M, = .9.L be the Mach
ao al
number of the uniform flow behind the shock. Then from (5.1)
= (5.2)
The equations (5.1) and (5.2) are the same equations as those of Lighthill (equations
3.2 and 3.3). As indicated earlier imposition of a velocity ~ on the whole field in a
sm~
direction opposite to the direction of the motion of the point of intersection of the shock
and the leading wedge , the shock becomes stationary . The resultant velocity behind
the shock for stationary configuration say VI is
? UI u
qi + ~ + 2ql ~cos(~ + 90)
sm I-' sml-'
(5.3)
2 U2
= ql + - ' - 2 - - 2Ql U
sm ~
The velocity is supersonic provided
? U2
ql+~-2qIU >
sm I-'
which is equivalent to
Diffract;on of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 159
(5.4)
The right hand side of (5.4) decreases rapidly to a minimum and then increases
monotonically to the value 6 ( ~ < 67.8) as M ~ 00There is a restriction on ~ for
(U - ql)
tanll =
Ucot~
(M2 + 5)tan~
=
6M 2
sina = = = (
7M2 -1)~
?
M- +5
.
SInIl (5.6)
al
Let x' , y' , z' be the rectangular cartesian coordinates in the field with the origin at the
point 0 and z'- axis in the direction of VI (Fig 5.1). If the flow quantities in the region
of perturbed flow behind the shock are designated by suffix 2, the equations of
conservation of mass, momentum and entropy are then
(5.8)
The left hand side of the first of these equations may be written as V; ~P2
aj az'
since
p, - PI
p = PI = ~(P2 -PI)
alPlql Plql
uz Vz
u = V (5.10)
ql cosa ql cosa
w2
w =
ql sina
(aw
dU ov
x - + yaw)
- == -+-
ax dy ax ay
(5.11)
These equations are formally identical with the equations obtained by Lighthill
(1949) ( equation 3.8 ). We have however additional equation for w. Some remark
about the relation of wand W z in equation (5.10) is given in Chapter VI.
The independent variables defined by (5.9) are already seen to reduce to
equation (3.7) if we take a fixed set of coordinates (X, Y, Z) for which
U
along tht} leading edge with the velocity
sin~
We now have
x' X-q t
_ _l_
x =
~
z' tan a a1 t
(5.13)
y' Y
Y = ~-
z'tana a1 t
DtflraCfion Pl Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 163
x'
= tan Jl
z'
(5.14 )
tan Jl
or x = = k
tan a
The direction cosines of the normal to the shock front are then proportional to
COSIl,f'cota,-(sinll+f-yf') (5.16)
and if n is a unit vector normal to the shock, we have
n = {cosll-sinJlcosll(f-yf'),-f'cota,-sinJl-cos2 Jl(f-yf')} (5.17)
Vz - Vo a~
= 26 V ( V; n
-1)
(5. 18)
pz = ~ Po ( V; _ a; )
164 Interaction Of Shock Waves
U
where Yo is the velocity in front of the shock , in the present case parallel to
sin~
the wedge leading edge, and Yn is the component of this velocity normal to the shock.
Since
Y n = -u{1+cot~cos/-l(f-yf/)}n (5.19)
Equations (5.17) , (5.18) and (5.19) then yield the following relations-
v = - ffs'ina
(5.20)
w = ~ ~cos~ {sin(/3+/-l)-M-2 sin(/3-j.L)}(f-yf / )
6 ql sm/3sma
P = -5 ..!::l!..
P _ U_ cotp cos/.! (f -
2
yf/)
3 al PI ql
u = Ap , w = A'p
Y(jy = B dp (5.21 )
dy dy
where
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 165
B = 3 a l PI ql tan P
5 Po U2 sin a cosfl
M2
= 3 ( ~ sec 2 fl
1) (5.24)
M +5
Equations (5.22) and (5.24) reduce to (3.15) when P = o.
Taking into consideration the basic equations (5.11) , the first and last of
equations (5.21) yield the following condition on p , to be satisfied when x = k
(equation 3.19)
(5.25)
where the integral is taken along the shock on the wall to the Mach cone.
166 Interaction Of Shock Waves
We assume first that the leading edge of the wedge lies outside the Mach cone ,the
condition for which is a < (~-11) or by (5.6) and (5.5)
expect.
s: . dp dv
On y = 0 we have v u sec a . SlOce - = x dx on y = 0, by (5.11)
dy
also .
thIS .
Imphes -dp = 0 on y = 0.
dy
As pointed out by Chester (1954) in the sub-sonic case (MI cos~ < 1)
it is more convenient to separate the symmetrical and anti-symmetrical contributions,
say 8. and 8. (these are the contributions to the effective inclination of the upper
surface relative to the flow behind the shock so that, the semi angle of the wedge would
be 8. sec ~ ). We then have two contributions to pressure, the first is symmetrical about
a a
f ...B:.dx f~
-m+c -m+c
Lt - m dx = - m 0s sec a (5.27)
y-->O -m-cdy dx
ITI--C
tan(~ - /-1)
where m = (5.28)
tan a
and -m is the x coordinate of the leading wedge. The second contribution p. is anti
symmetrical about y = 0, and continuous for -I < x < -m. Hence P. = 0 for
ov
f -'
-111+(,;
0. sec a (5.29)
Lt
y-,O
I
dx dx
Diffraerion Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 167
In the subsonic case the boundary condition on the Mach cone is p = 0 , but in
the supersonic case this is true only from the shock to the point of contact of the tangent
plane from the wedge leading edge. The pressure within the region from the leading
edge to the point of contact of the tangent to the Mach cone from the leading edge is
due to Prandtl-Meyer expansion. This is given by
m
p = ---"-Ioseca (5.30)
(m 2 -1)"2
Thus on the Mach cone p is zero only for -m l < x < k; in the interval
-m < x < m- I it is given by (5.30).
x = ~cose
1+ P
Y = ~sine
1+ p-
the equation (5.31) reduces to Laplace's equation (3.22) with ( p , e ) as polar
coordinates. The Mach cone becomes the circle p = 1. The shock transforms to
2 p cos e = k( I + p2) cutting p = I orthogonally at cos e= k in the ( p , e)
plane. The condition on the shock boundary becomes
8 = 1t, P =
m
and the condition (5.27) and (5.29) become, respectively
L
G~~
fpae
1 dps (5.33)
and
(5.34)
Conformal transformation
z = (k+ik'){i- 2k' }
~ - (k + i k')
(5.36)
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 169
The condition to be satisfied on the real axis for -00 < Xl < - I , which
1; = m
We have thus
> -1 (5.37)
a
f..L
Xo+C
Lt dX I (5.38)
)" ->0 dy
X{I-C 1
(5.39)
= (5.40)
Solution
.Op
+ 1- (S .41)
aX I
w is real for - 0 0 < Xl < - I , and wholly imaginary for -1 < Xl < 1.
On the real axis for Xl > 1
(S.42)
(5.43)
w (5.44)
A function which satisfies all these conditions and in addition integrable at all
points in the upper half plane , except Zl = Xu is ( equation 3.42 with the sign of 8
changed) given by
w = (5.45)
Diffraction Of Nonnal Shock By Yawed Wedges 171
where C and D are constants. The constant C is determined by equations (5.44) and
(5.45).
This is given by
where Y; = 1 - Xo (5.4 7)
Y = k'(~)Y;
x +1
l
(5.48)
we must have
"' B dp
()seca = -f--dX
1 Y aX l 1
(5.49)
With the help of (5.46) and (5.49) , D is given by the relation
In the subsonic symmetrical case w. satisfies the same boundary conditions but the
asymptotic inequality corresponding to ( 5.44) by virtue of (5.38) is
172 Interaction Of Shock Waves
imo,seca
w, (5.51 )
= (5.52)
w. = (5.53)
satisfies all these conditions and is integrable at all points in the upper half plane except
Zl = xo
The relations which determine C and D., namely (5.26) and (5.39) with the
II
(5.54)
and
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 173
=
1 C.k'(1 + xJ[ D.(xl - xo) -1]
-I(I-x l )Yz(x O -XY'2 (l-xJ~-2Yzk Yl+(I-x l )Yz Y2+(I-xJ"'2" dX I
(2-x2)Yz[D
= - 2 C k' f
2H:
(X2 _y2)+I]
3 dx
a y, (X2 -Y;f~(x-2Yzk)(x+yJ(X+Y2)
(5.55)
Ca and Da are known after integrating (5.54) and (5.55) and solving them.
In the Zl - plane the wedge surface is represented by the real aXIs for
Xo < XI < 1 ( corresponding to - m < X < k)
At a point ( Xl , 0 ) on the wedge we thus have, in the supersonic and subsonic
symmetrical case
= (5.56)
1 _ 2(k - X)2
= (I - kx)2
(5.57)
p.(X I) determined from (5.58) at different points of Xl and hence at X as XI and X are
related through the relation (Chester, 1954)
174 Interaction OJ Shock Waves
2~(k-x)
(5.59)
Yl(i-kx)
Discussion of results
Equations (5.13 ) give the limiting form of the independent variables, and all the
parameters occurring tended to finite limiting value as ~ ~ O.
The Mach cone now becomes part of a cylinder of radius a 1 t , and its axis, in
the physical problem, travels downstream with the velocity of the fluid behind the
shock. The supersonic case now arises when fluid velocity behind the shock is itself
supersonic, that is when Ml > 1 or by (5.2) when M > 2.068 .
The present results for the unyawed supersonic case, and for the symmetrical
wedge in the subsonic case, agree with those originally obtained by Lighthill (1949).
(PZ-Pl)
The variation of the quantity
8(Pl - Po)
on the face of the wedge is graphed in Figure 5.2 for ~ = 0 and
Px;'o = 1,2,3,4.823
These values of the pressure ratio correspond respectively to M = 1, 1.36277,
l.64751, 2.06807 and to Ml = 0, 0.47245, 0.72739 , l. A typical distribution
when supersonic flow prevails behind the shock is shown in Figure 5.5 .
The pressure distribution in the symmetrical and supersonic cases are based on
calculations carried out by Lighthill (1949 ).
In the subsonic case the pressure is singular at the leading edge, decreases
rapidly to a minimum, then rises steadily until the shock is reached. The symmetrical
and anti-symmetrical contributions are roughly comparable for given shock strength,
complete agreement being obtained for the case of sonic flow behind the shock .
It is observed that the symmetrical contribution is considerably higher in
absolute value except near the wedge.
Effect of yaw
Iri Figure 5.3 the pressure distribution is shown on the shape of the wedge for
Pl/ 2 , ~ 0 ,40 and 61.9 0 , the latter value of ~ being the maximum
Ipo
angle of yaw permissible for this shock strength. The pressure is plotted along a line
Diffraction Qf Nonnal Shock By Yawed Wedges 175
t
LEADING EDGE SHOCK
Figure 5.2 Pressure distribution on the wedge for ~=O and various values of shock
strength.
----- Symmetrical case
--- .--------- Antisymmetrical case.
(Vv. Chester , 1954)
176 Interaction Of Shock Waves
f1= 61 ..9
IA H - - - - - t - - - - - t - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - l
t
LEADING EDGE
t
SI-DCK
Figure 5.3 Pressure distribution on the symmetrical wedge for .E.L =2 and various
Po
angles of yaw. (W. Chester, 1954)
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 177
It will be observed from Figure 5.3 that there is only slight increase in pressure
distribution between ~ == 0 0 and ~ 40 0 , but marked increase at all points of
the wedge for P == 61.9 0 This is shown clearly in Figure 5.4 where the pressure
at the junction of the wedge and shock is plotted against the angle of yaw. There is a
relatively small increase in pressure up to P 50 0 beyond which the pressure
increases rapidly.
\6
J
1-4
o 20
--- 40
~
60
Figure 5.4 Symmetrical wedge (;: == 2). Effect of yaw on pressure at wedge shock
In Figure 5.5 the pressure distribution on the wedge by a stronger incident shock
4 0 \ "'-..
~ 1/-6"1'3
'3-2
----
\
\
16 \ ........
~ t-----
t
LEADING EDGE SHOCK
Figure 5.5 Pressure distribution on the symmetrical wedge for .L = 10 . (W. Chester,
Po
1954)
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 179
Chopra (1973) has derived an expression for the curvature of the diffracted
shock which is given by
where
These results simplify to (3.46) and (3.47) when the angle of yaw tends to zero
i e. when the shock line is parallel to the leading edge of the wedge.
The diffracted shock corresponds to real axis from + 1 to + and its
00
y =
shock in the physical plane varies from 0 to + 1. The curvature has been plotted
against this normalized variable, so that the results could be compared with those of
Lighthill (1949) .
The numerical work has been carried out for the complete range of the shock
strength and the angle of yaw consistent with equation (5.4). Few sample curves
showing the dependence of curvature on the angle of yaw have been shown in
Figure5.6 , 5.7 , 5.8 ,5.9. Chopra (1973) has given the interpretation of the curves
i) The effect of yaw reduces the curvature of the diffracted shock near the
intersection of the diffracted shock and the cone of disturbance and increases it towards
the intersection of the diffracted shock and the wedge , thereby resulting in a shift of
the point of maximum curvature. This is apparent from the computation for I; = 0.5,
0.33333 and 0.20723.
ii) For high shock strengths the shock is concave to the still air near the wedge
surface changing to convex through the point of inflexion. The point of inflexion is
forced towards the wedge surface with an increase in the angle of yaw as depicted for
shock with infinite strength (I; = 0).
iii) The effect of the angle of yaw is more dominant when we approach the upper
limit of angle of yaw i.e. , the curvature is very sensitive to small change in the angle
of yaw when the upper limit is approached. This is similar to the sensitivity if the
pressure distribution to small changes in the angle of yaw as exhibited in Figure 5.4.
D(ffracfion qr Normal Shock By Yawed Wedges 181
2 J--Ci55~----'\.
5
40
o
M::1.36277
~=05
o
-1~----~------~----~------~----~
o 06 08 10
F'igure 5.6 Curvature of the diffracted shock. Numbers in the curves express the angle
of the yaw in degrees. Copyright ALA A 1973. Used with permission. (M. G. Chopra
, 1973)
182 Interaction Of Shock Waves
M=1.64751
o S=0.33333
Figure 5.7 Curvature of the diffracted shock. Numbers in the curves express the angle
of the yaw in degrees. Copyright AIAA 1973. Used with permission. (M. G. Chopra
, 1973)
Diffraction Of Normal Shock By Yawed Wedxes 183
~ M = 2.06S09
5;:0.20723
2
60
Figure 5.8 Curvature of the diffracted shock. Numbers in the curves express the angle
of the yaw in degrees. Copyright AIAA 1973. Used with permission. (M. G. Chopra
, 1973)
184 Interaction Of Shock Waves
4 QO
t
M:.oo
3 ~ ;,00
"' 2
x:
REFERENCES
1. Busemann, A.
Infinitesimal Kegelige Uberschallstromung. Luftfahrforschung, 20, 105. (1943)
2. Chester, W.
The diffraction and reflection of shock wave. Quar. Jour!. Mech Appl. Maths, 7, 57-
82. (1954)
3. Chopra, M.G.
Diffraction and reflection of shocks from comers. AIAA Journal, 11, 10, 1452-1453.
(1973)
4. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I . Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198, 454-470. (1949)
CHAPTER VI
only occur in the combinations _x_'_ ,-y-'- ( cx being the semi angle of the cone
z' tan ex z' tan ex
of disturbance) and this lack of a fundamental length in the data defining the problem
ensures that the flow variables must be constant along straight lines emanating from the
vertex of the cone of disturbance . The fluid dynamical equations giving the flow
behind the reflected diffracted shock are linearized by small perturbation theory and
the region of perturbed flow is demarcated with the help of theory of characteristics.
Ultimately the problem reduces to the solution of a second order partial differential
equation in the pressure perturbation in a section normal to the axis of the cone of
disturbance. The flow picture obtained in this case is the same as in Srivastava and
Chopra (1970) except that in the problem of interaction of un yawed wedges the tlow
188 Interaction Of Shock Waves
picture grows with time, whereas in the present case it can be regarded to be growing
with the axis of the cone of disturbance. The solution for the consideration of flow
behind the reflected diffracted. shock is build up on the lines of Srivastava and
Chopra.(l970) . Incidentally, it may be mentioned here that Biswas and Srivastava
(1966) have proved that the region between the incident and reflected shock remains
undisturbed after interaction in the case of yawed wedges also.
U - q2 > 1 (equation 6.1). Thus the flow behind the reflected shock is similar to
a2
Busemann's conefield pattern with the additional advantage that the analysis becomes
free from any type of restriction on the angle of yaw which had to be taken into
consideration in Chester's (1954) problem. The perturbations introduced by the wedge
are therefore confined to the region bounded by the Mach cone with vertex at the
junction ofthe shock line and the wedge leading edge. The axis of the Mach cone is in
the direction of V2 and subtends an angle with the shock line (Figure 6.1) such that
Dijfracfhm of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 189
lEADIN G E.DGE
}i'igure 6.1 Configuration in the x' ,z' plane. (M. G. Chopra & R. S. Srivastava,
1972)
190 Interaction Of Shock Waves
(6.3)
Let the disturbed flow variable behind the reflected diffracted referred to
Ox'y'z' be
V; = (u 2, V2' V2 + w 2) , p; ,p; ,S;
where u 2, v 2' W2 are small perturbations In the velocity along Ox', Oy' and Oz'
respectively; p; is the pressure p; is the density and S; is the entropy . We then
obtain frQm the conservation laws
(6.4)
(V;V)V;+:;VP; = 0 (6.5)
V'VS'
2 2 = 0 (6.6)
On the assumption that the flow variable in the perturbed region differ by small
quantities from their values in the uniform region, equations (6.4) to (6.6) can be
written as
v -+p
dP; (dU
-+ 2 -
dV2
+-dW2
-) = 0 (6.7)
2 dZ' 2 dX' dy' dZ'
V dv 2 + ~ dp; 0 (6.9)
2 Clz' P2 Cly'
V dW 2 +~ dp;
= 0 (6.10)
2 dZ' P2 dy'
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 191
oS~
o (6.11)
oz'
Entropy and density variations can now be eliminated from the entire problem
since by virtue of equation (6.11) V2 op; can be written as Vi ()op~. Now making lise
oz a2 z
of the transformations
x'
x=---
z'tan a
y=-y-'-
z'tan a
p = p; - P2
a 2P2q"
P = a 2 (p; - P2)
P2Q2
v= v2
Q2 cosa
(6.12)
au au op
x-+- (6.13)
ax oy ax
ov dv dp
x-+y- (6.14 )
dx dy oy
ow ow ou ov (6.15)
x-+y- = -+-
ox oy ox oy
x ap + y ap au av
-+- (6.16)
ax ay ax ay
192 Interaction OJ Shock Waves
Eliminating u and v from equations (6.13) , (6.14) and (6.16) we get a single
second order differential equation in p , namely
a a
( x-+y-+l ap )
)( x-+y-
ap (6.17)
ax ay ax ay
It may be pointed out here that there was an error of presentation in the
transformation w -
_(v-wJI
/q I sin a used by Chester (1954) and in fact should have
been w = -wjql sin a . This has been observed by Chopra and confirmed by Chester in
a private communication.
The characteristics of (6.17) are tangents to the unit circle X2 + yZ = 1
which shows that the region of disturbance is enclosed by the circle.
This circle in 0 x'y'z' system becomes
(6.18)
The position of the shock line referred to (x, y ) system is (tan 11 ,0) and
tan a
it will lie inside or on the cone of disturbance and outside the cone of disturbance
according as
tanll:s; 1
tan a
(6.19)
tan 11
and--> 1
tan a
Making use of equation (6.2) and (6.3) , the inequality condition (6.19) gives
i.e when the relative outflow from the reflected shock is supersonic the shock line lie
outside the cone of disturbance.
As the reflected shock makes an angle a z with the plane of the wedge and the
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 193
angle between the reflected shock front and z' axis is /l the equation of the undisturbed
part ofthe reflected shock lies in the plane
x = k - ycot<\> (6.20)
In the present case also three configuration can arise depending on whether the
Mach cone crosses the reflected shock front, touches it or does not touch it. We will see
that the Mach cone intersects the shock front.
The points of intersection of the unit circle X2 + y2 = I with the reflected
shock front are (K sin <\> .)1- K2 cos<\> ,K cos<\> ..fl=I(2 sin <\ where K = k sin <l>
which will be real and different if
K<
.f tan/.l .
or1 --sm<\> < (6.23)
tan a
We observe from equation (6.21) that <\> < a2 so that (6.23) will hold if
tan /l .
--sma? < (6.24)
tan a -
(6.25)
(a.)
w o
@
w 0 0
A w'
CORNER
--q2
U
(a) > 1 " ~cosX > 1
a2 a2
Figure 6.2
U -q,
(b) ~> 1 , q2 cosX < 1
a2 a2
(M. G. Chopra & R. S. Sriv asta va,
1972)
D?f1'ract;on of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedxes 195
(U - q2) sin ~ < I which has been established by Srivastava and Chopra (1970) for
angles of incidence consistent with regular reflection. Hence the Mach cone will always
intersect the reflected shock front along two lines and the region of disturbance will be
bounded by the portions of the Mach cone intercepted by the shock and the wedge
surface, the diffracted part of the shock and the wedge segment. If we take a section
of the configuration, normal to the axis of Mach cone (Figure 6.2) the surfaces of the
Mach cone will correspond to AB and CD the arcs of the unit circle; the lines of
intersection of the Mach cone and the shock front to the points Band C and the wedge
surface to WOW'. In fact , for the unyawed case the cone of disturbance will
degenerate into a cylinder of disturbance, the axis of the cone becoming parallel to the
leading wedge and the vertex of the cone approaching infinity.
It is important to note that the cone of disturbance will include, pass through or
exclude the leading edge according as the fluid velocity normal to the leading edge
behind the reflected shock is subsonic, sonic or supersonic i.e. according as
q2 cosX ::; a2
(6.26)
or q2 cosX > az
.Boundary Conditions
x tan <X tan /l - y cot <X2 sec /l tan <X + f(y) sec /l (6.28)
n=cos Il sin 0. 2 + f' cot 0. sin 2 0. 2 cos 0. 2 cos Il - (f - yf') sin Il cos Il sin 3 (X2 ,
cos 0. 2 '- f' cot (X sin 3 (X2 - (f - yf') sin Il cos (X2 sin 3 (X2'
- sin Il sin (X2 - f' sin Il cos (X2 cot (X sin 2(X2 + (y - yf') sin (X2 (sin 2Il sin 2 (X2 - 1)
(6.30)
The shock transltlOn relation will depend on the normal component of the
velocity in front of the reflected shock, in fact, the relations for a stationary shock with
'Y = 1.4 are
(6.31)
= (6.32)
(6.33)
U sin(x -Il) .
= - . + ql S10 (XO cos Il along Ox' (6.34)
s10 X
U cos(X -Il) . .
= . - ql SIn a o SIn Jl along Oz' (6.36)
S10X
Diffraction Of Ohlique Shock By Yawed Wedges 197
With the help of the relations (6.34) to (6.36) Vn =(VI' n}n can also be
written as
Yn = {ll+ml(f-yf')+nlf'}n (6.37)
where
=
ql sm u 2 cosu 2 sm 11 sm U o + u 2 ) + U{sm
( . 2 .
u 2 sm COS(X-Il)}
11- --".:":--'--
smx
and the components of nare given by equation (6.30). By using equations (6.37) and
neglecting second and higher degree terms in fey) and fOl(y)
=
(6.38)
J
Substituting equations (6.38) and (6.37) in equation (6.31) and comparing the
components along Ox I
u,
u = = A + B(f - yf') + Cf' (6.39)
where
A =
C =
(6.40)
w (6.41)
where
V2 VI)' +~IJa~-lnsinllsina2
q2 sin a q2 sin a 6 l;q2 sin a
D(fJi'aCfion qr Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 199
5 II (a~ -Insin /lcota sin 2(X2 cOSU 2 - n l (a; + Insin 11 sin (X2
6 l:q2 sin (X2
Equation (6.32) with the help of equation (6.37) , (6.38) and (6.12 ) yields
where
5 . PI
A3 - {I; -(U' _qJ2} = 0
6 a 2P2 q2
5 PIlI m l
B3 =
3 a z P2 q2
5 PIlI n l
C3 =
3 a 2 pz q2
du C-By dp
= (6.43)
dy C 3 - B3 y dy
-dv C; - Bly dp
(6.44)
dy C3 - B3 y dy
(k - YCot<\{(k _ ycot<\ dP + y dP }
dX dy
(6.45)
-dP - y C - By -dP + (k - y cot "')
'I'
C I. - Bly
.
dp
dx C 3 - B 3 y dy C3 - B 3 y dy
f~
dy Y
= (6.47)
where the integral has been taken from B to C along the diffracted part of the shock.
The conditions on the surface of the Mach cone vary according as the leading
edge lies within , on or outside the cone of disturbance ie according as
M2 cosX < or M2 cosX = or M2 cosX > L
Case (i) Figure 6.2a) Leading edge lies within or on the Mach cone
(M 2 cosX ~ 1)
On the arc CD
p == 0 (6.48)
p (6.49)
Case (ii) ( Figure 6.2b) Leading edge lies outside the cone (M 2 cosX > I)
p=O (6.50)
The region 5 between the tangent plane, wedge portion and part of the surface
of the Mach cone is Prandtl-Meyer zone of uniform flow and the pressure there is p, .
and is given by
2 8secacosx
P2 - P2q2 (M; cos 2 X -I)
Substituting the value of Ps in the non-dimensional relation
p = (6.51 )
m8cosxseca
p = (6.52)
(m 2 -l)g
where
tan(x -11)
m = (6.53)
tan a
-m , is the x coordinate of the leading edge. Thus the boundary values of p on the arc
CD are discontinous at T.
The boundary conditions on the wedge surface also depend on whether the
leading edge lies outside, on or within the region of disturbance.
Case (i) Leading edge lies outside the Mach cone. (M2 cos X > 1)
On the wedge surface v = 0 upto the leading edge and v - 8 cos X sec ex
beyond it . This gives
o (6.54)
202 Interaction Of Shock Waves
which with the help of (6.14) ,keeping in view that y = 0 on the wedge surface,
yields
ap
ay
= 0 (6.55)
Case (ii) Leading edge lies inside the cone of disturbance ( M2 cos X < 1 )
In this case equation (6.55) holds all along the wedge surface except at the
corner (x = -m) where equation (6.55) has to be replaced by.
d a
f ....E f ~ax dx
-m+r -m+E
Lt dx -m
y-->O -m-ay -rn- E
(6.56)
mS cos X sec ex
using equation (6.14) and the fact that v increases by - Scos X sec ex at the leading
edge.
Now that the boundary conditions have been specified on the area of the
curvilinear quadrilateral, the problem reduces to the solution of (6.17) under the
boundary conditions (6.45) , (6.47) , (6.49) alongwith the conditions (6.50), (6.53)
and (6.55) when the leading edge lies outside the region of disturbance and (6.48),
(6.55), (6.56) when the leading edge lies inside the region of disturbance.
Busemann's Transformation
Unit circle r = 1 becomes the circle R = 1 and reflected shock x = k - Y cot e\>
becomes the arc of the circle
Rotating the initial line (Fig 6.3) through (rr/2 - e\ the circle given by (6.58)
transform to the circle
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 203
(6.59)
ap
an (6.60)
ap
as
where x" = R cos 0, y" = R sin 0, K' = (1 - K2)1/2 and dn and ds are elements
normal and tangential to the circular arc 2R cos 0 =: K (1 + R2) towards its centre and
away from the line 0 = O.
Putting the relation y = K { cos <1> + sin <1> tan 0} in equation (6.45) and
simplifying
(6.61)
where
X"
I
,I
I
I
I
I
UNIT CIRCLE
FRONT
e
o WALL A
t PLANE
Figure 6.3 Configuration in the s-plane. (M. G. Chopra & R. S. Srivastava, 1972)
where
D = K2C; (sin 2<\> - cos 2<\ - K2B;sin<\> cos<\> + KC' sin<\> - KB' cos<\>
+KC; cos<\> + KB; sin<\>
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 205
E - K2 C; sin<\> cos<\> + K2B;(cos 2<\> - sin 2 <\ - KB; sin<\> - KB; cos<\>
1+1 ~) tan<\>
I ay
=
op
a" =
r:x GI +DI tane +EI tan e +FI tan e
2 3
ay "
where
206 Interaction Qf Shock Waves
GI G' +G tan<\>
DI = D' + D tan<\>
EI = E' + E tan<\>
FI = F' + F tanG>
G'I = G' tanG> - G
D'I = D' tan<jl- D
E'I E' tan<\> - E
F,'I F' tan<\> - F =0
ap
an
ap
as
(6.64)
11 = 0
m
mo cosx seca
(6.65)
(1- m2)~
Conformal transformation
tanll . <\>
K - - sm
tan a
K' (I-K 2); (6.66)
(X2 replaced by <\>
transform the region bounded by the orthogonal curvilinear quadilateral ABCD to the
upper semi-infinite plane. The segments of the real axis + 1/ K to +00 and -00 to-
1/ K are mappings of the shock front BC , - 1 to + 1 corresponds to the wall segment
CD , + 1 to + 1/ K and - 1/ K to - 1 correspond to AB and CD , the arcs of the unit
circle.
The leading edge in the s-plane is
1-(1-m 2 )J.!i
---'----- {- sin <\> + i cos<\>J
m
in the Z4-plane
The coordinates of the leading edge in the final ZI -plane can, however, be
obtained with the help of elliptic function transformation (4.68) and this may be
denoted by ZI = xo'
In the ZI plane the shock boundary condition (6.64) becomes
(6.67)
where
208 Interaction OJ Shock Waves
K' (Z~ - 1)
tane
K (Z~ + 1)
and ZI is in turn known in terms of XI through the conformal transformations (4.65) to
(4.68).
Noting that the diffracted shock is represented by the segments -00 to
- 1 / K and + 1 / K to +00, the condition in the ZI plane becomes
-Iii(
f = ocosxseca (6.68)
mo cos X sec a
= (6.69)
(l_m 2 )15
When the leading edge is included in the region of disturbance, the boundary
conditions on the portion of the XI axis corresponding to the arcs of the unit circle are
where as for the supersonic case (Figure 6.2) equations (6.49), (6.56) and (6.53) yield
the condition (6.70) except that at the point on x] axis, say Xo corresponding to T
mo cos X sec a
(6.71)
(m 2 _1)15
1t
+ in Z4 plane
2
The coordinates of T in the final z, -plane can, however, be obtained with the
help of elliptic function transformation (4.68).
Now that the region of disturbance is transformed to semi - infinite plane and
the boundary conditions are known on x, -axis, the solution of the boundary value
problem can be obtained by the method of complex variables .
Solution
. ap
1- (6.72)
ay,
which is regular throughout the upper half plane. The discontinuity conditions (6.69)
and (6.71) at z, = Xo can be expressed as
(6.73)
i m 8 cosx sec a/
/1t{m 2 -l)~
(6.74)
(6.75)
2lO Interaction Of Shock Waves
where tan -, { - ("l{~ J"_' denotes known values on the real axis and H, is a
[N(z -x )-1]
w(zJ = H 0 cos Xsec ex (I 0)
Zl - Xo
(6.76)
of ~ on the shock front is substituted from (6.76) and the integrals occuring in
aX 1
that equation are evaluated by Simpson's rule by changing the limits appropriately. This
completes the theoretical solution of the problem because the real part of w ( ZI ) when
integrated between different limits yields the pressure distribution details on the wedge
surface. The numerical discussion and plotting of the pressure distribution curves are
given in the following section.
Numerical Discussion
PO/PI X
The choice of the parameters are such that they give rise to the configurations
6.2a . Numerical computations for the case when the leading edge lies outside the
Diffraction Of Ohlique Shock By Yawed Wedges 211
0.4
0.2
''' - t---.
~1------
----
o
- 0.1f. \.0 +6.13
o A S
Figure 6.4 Pressure ditsribution on the wedge surface along the section perpendicular
to the axis of the cone of disturbance (~ = 0.5 ; aD = 20 ; X = 60 ; (5 = 0.1 radian).
0, Leading Edge; A, Unit circle wall intersection; S, Shock wall junction. (M. G.
Chopra & R. S. Srivastava, 1972)
212 Interaction Of Shock Waves
0.6
0.4
~I----
0.2
o
"'" ----- -- ......
Figure 6.5 Pressure ditsribution on the wedge surface along the section perpendicular
to the axis of the cone of disturbance (/; = 0.2 ; a o = 20 ; X = 60 ; 8 = 0.1 radian).
0, Leading Edge; A, Unit circle wall intersection ; S, Shock wall junction. (M. G.
Chopra & R. S. Srivastava, 1972)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 213
region of disturbance are not taken up as this situation arises only in very extreme case
i.e. when the angle of incidence is near the sonic angle(Bleakney and Taub 1949) and
the incident shock strength is very high.
In figure(6.4) and (6.5) , the value of
(P2 - P3.J
=
O(P2 - Po)
has been plotted for different points of the wedge surface between the shock line and
the leading edge. It is observed that the values of (P2 - P3,4) {( _ ) remains constant
/o(pz Po
from the point of intersection of the' wedge and reflected shock to the point of
intersection of the wedge and the unit circle and finally increases from this constsnt
value to infinity at the leading edge. Here by keeping the angle of incidence and angle
of yaw fixed we have tried to bring out how the increase in the incident shock strength
affects the pressure deficiency. A comparison between the two curves obtained shows
that the pressure deficiency grows with the shock strength.
It is important to note that a comparison with the unyawed case discussed by
Srivastava and Chopra (1970) cannot be made , as here the pressure deficiency is
depicted at the points of the wedge surface lying on the perpendicular to the axis of the
cone of disturbance, whereas in the unyawed case the pressure deficiency curve were
plotted for the points lying on the line perpendicular to the leading wedge. However, a
comparison can be made for points lying very close to leading wedge and it is observed
that the yaw results in lowering of the pressure deficiency as expected.
Mathematical formulation
When the oblique shock configuration has interacted with the yawed wedge, the
region of constant flow behind the reflected diffracted shock is governed by equations
(4.1) .
When the whole configuration has been brought to rest by superimposing a
214 Inreraction Of Shock Waves
velocity U cosecx along the leading edge in a direction opposite to the direction of
motion of the point of intersection of the shock line and leading edge , the resultant
velocity V2 behind the reflected shock given by equation (6.1) will be supersonic if
(U-q2)2+U2cot2X > a;
(6.77)
for ensuring conical flow field behind the shock which makes the problem amenable to
solutions as it helps in defining the boundary value problem . In fact the limit on X , the
angle of yaw , depends both on the incident shock strength and the angle of incidence.
For a particular shock strength as the angle of incidence increases from the sonic angle
to the extreme angle the limiting value of X decreases and the least value is attained
corresponding to the extreme angle. This result has been shown in Figure 6.6 . It is
observed' that the limit on X decreases slowly as ~ varies from 0 to 0.6 , increases
from 0.6 to 0.9 and finally shows steep rise as ~ varies from 0.9 to 1.0.
Referring the flow equations to the cartesian frame of reference Ox'y'z' with 0
as the vertex of the cone of disturbance, z' -axis along the direction of V2 and Ox' lying
in the plane of the wedge (Fig 6.1) , the region of disturbed flow will be enclosed by
the Mach cone
(6.78)
(6.80)
' tanll
accord mg as - - 1.
tana
Making use of the equations (6.2) and (6.3) this condition becomes
(6.81)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 215
t/)
UJ
UJ
~ 80
UJ
o
~
10
k
u.
o
!::
~ 60
5oL---~-----L-----L----~----~
0.0 0.2 O.G O.S 1.0
Figure 6.6 Limit on the angle of yaw for different shock strengths. Copyright AIAA
1972. Used with permission. (M. G. Chopra, 1972)
216 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Now the first factor is always positive, therefore for the above condition to be
satisfied we would always have
U-q,
.~
Thus the shock line whose coordinates in (x , y) plane are given by (tan /l ,0)
tan a
will always lie within or on the cone of disturbance according as relative outflow from
the reflected shock is subsonic or sonic and therefore the region of disturbance will be
bounded by the Mach cone , reflected-diffracted shock and the wedge surface . If we
take a section of the configuration normal to the axis of the Mach cone , the surface of
the cone will be represented by the arc AB ; the line of intersection of the Mach cone
and the shock front by the point B ; the wedge portion by straight segment AC and the
shock front by the arc CB . The flow picture in this (x , y) plane is the same as for
Srivastava's (1968) unyawed case, except that here the flow picture grows with space
variable z'. It is important to note that the curvilinear triangle enclosing the region of
disturbance will include, pass through or exclude the leading edge according as the fluid
velocity normal to the leading edge behind the reflected shock is subsonic, sonic or
supersonic i.e.
The different configurations are depicted in Figures 6.7 , 6.8 and 6.9
The constant flow in region 2 is governed by equations (4.1) as mentioned in the
introductory part of this section whereas for obtaining the flow in region 3 equation
(6.17) has to be solved within the curvilinear triangle ABC . This is a boundary value
problem and before attempting the solution of equation (6.17) we formulate the
conditions that must hold on the sides of the curvilinear triangular contour.
The equation (6.45) holds on the shock front i.e. we have here also
IWCIDEIH
SHOCK
U -q2
Figure 6.7 ~
a2
218 Interaction Of Shock Waves
CD
0
UNIT CIRCLE
Q) @
A c w'
U -q2
:s;
Figure 6.8 q2 cosX
a2 a2
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 219
220 Interaction Of Shock Waves
C - By dP}
Y{ (k - Ycot q, ) + d + (k - Ycot q, ) C1 - By1
C3- B1y Y C3 - B 3 y
ordP/dp =
dX dy
(6.82)
As the surface of the wedge is inclined at an angle equal to <5 cos X to the plane
y = 0 , at the wall shock junction,
v = - <5cosxseca (6.83)
v 0
and therefore
f~
dy Y
= 8cosxseca (6.84)
The condition on the part of the surface of the Mach cone in (x , y) plane is
represented by AB depend on whether
P 0 on DB (6.86)
and
m8cosxseca
P = {m 2 _ 1)1/2
(6.87)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 221
Case(i) M2 cos X 2
The boundary condition in y = 0 with the help of equations (6.83) and (6.14)
comes out to be
dp
o (6.88)
dy
a
f .::L!x f .dx
-mHa -mH
Lt = -m ~x = m8cosxseca (6.89)
dy
y\ -->0 -m-
-m-I::
In the present problem equation (6. 17) has to be solved under the above
mentioned boundary conditions.
a 2p 1 ap
-+--+--
1 2p a = 0 (6.90)
aR 2 R aR R2 as 2
2 R cos e = K (1 + R 2 ) (6.92)
where e is measured from the initial line.
The corners of the curvilinear triangle referred to ( R , e) system are
A(l,1tj2 + <1, B(l,cos- I K) and C(K,-1tj2 + <1.
B
SHOCK
/ II
/ i-
/
I
I
I
/
I
1(9
WALL
A c
The shock boundary condition under this transformation becomes (refer 6.64)
where dn and ds are elements normal and tangential to the circular arc
2Rcos8 = K(I + R2) respectively towards its centre and away from the initial line
<::> = 0.
The discontinuity condition (6.89) here also transforms and we obtain the
transformed condition as we have obtained (6.65).
Conformal Transformation
z = (K + iK'){i _ 2K' }
s-(K+iK')
(6.94)
K = ksinC\>
converts the region bounded by the curvilinear triangle to quarter plane with circular
K'
cut (Figure 6.11) having centre (0, . cosC\> ) and radius
K' sm C\> + K coslj> K'sinC\> + Kcos<jl
In the Z plane B transforms to and is denoted by B The wall gets tranformed
00 I.
B'
Slioe/(
~
"
Thus in Z - plane shock runs from (sin 2 <1> - K2)V2 j(K' sin <1> + K cos <1 to
the arc of the unit circle becomes B A and the wall segment transforms to a part of
I I
[cos 2 e - K2]V2
Z =
(K' cose - K sin e)
K'(Z2 -1)
tane = (6.96)
K (Z2 + 1)
Now we introduce the transformation
].J(bZ+
21 bZ -1
1)% +(~)-X)
bZ-l
(6.97)
where
= (6.99)
convert the shaded region in Z-plane to lower half zl-plane (Figure 6.12) .
The three portions of the real axis is defined by - - 0 0 < XI < - I,
-1 < XI < +1, and +1 < XI < +00 correspond to the wall
segment, the part of the unit circle and the diffracted shock front.
The boundary condition (6.93) transforms to
226 Interaction 9r Shock Waves
-I + ....
%,. PLANE
ap
aYI _ K,20 l + (K,2 0l - K 20;) tan e + (K,2E I - K 20;) tan 2 e + (K,2 Fl - K2E; }tan 3 e
ap - (I-K 2 sec 2 e)""[O;+ O;tane+E;tan 2 e]
aX I
Xl> I ,y, = 0
(6.100)
K'(Z2 - 1)
where tane (6.101)
K (Z2 + I)
and Z in turn is written in terms of XI with the help of equation (6.97) . Also condition
(6.47) in the final plane becomes
(6.102)
Diffraction Qr Oblique Shock By Yawed WedRes 227
-00 < Xl < -I except at the leading edge whose correspondence in zl-plane say
Xo is given by
=
_ COSh[;tanh-lj(l- m2)~(sin2 <\> - K2)~ 1] < -1 (6.103)
" mK + sin<\> r
and the discontinuity condition (6.69) at this point becomes
mocosxseca
= (l_m 2 )Yz
(6.104)
The corresponding condition for the case when the fluid velocity normal to the
leading edge is supersonic (M 2 cosx > 1) arises from the fact that p changes
discontinuously by the amount given by equation (6.52), at the point
= - m- {I- ~2 )J.:; of the Mach cone. This point is represented in the zl-plane
by
21tII)
cos (- -
'A
where
[I + m(K
tan -l---,=-=-_ _ _sin
_<\>_
-_K' _
cos<\]
_~,.,
b[(mSin<\>+K)-K'(m _1)Yz]
2
and its value lies between -1 and + 1 . Thus by equation (6.71) we have
mocosx seca
(6.105)
(m -1)~
2
228 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Solution
Now we shall find out a function which satisfies all the boundary conditions on
the xI-axis. The solution is effected by the introduction of a complex function
As the value of the imaginary part of log W(ZI) is known on the real axis, an
extension of the Poisson's integral formula gives
= (6.109)
r
where H, is a real consrnnt and rnn+ f~:l} t, means that x, in
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 229
Corresponding to the equation (6.76) we obtain here
(6.110)
where
<b = <1> + il3
N is determined with the help of (6.102) wherein the value of ~p on the shock front is
uX I
subsituted from (6.110). This completes the theoretical solution as W(ZI) is now
completely determined.
The transformation (6.94) converts the disturbed region to a quarter plane, with
(Figure6.13).
230 Interaction Of Shock Waves
s'
: - UNIT CIRCLE
- -- WALt...
II
C' B'
The unit circle and shock front run from to 100 and +00 to 0
sin <1>
respecti vel y .
The transformation
~OSh(-1t
Zsin
) <1>
transforms the shaded region in the Z-plane to the lower half of the z1-plane (Figure
6.14 )
D(ffraction of Ohlique Shock By Yawed WedKes 231
-00 -f +1
Z,-PLANE
The three portions of the real axis defined by -00 < Xl < - 1
-I < Xl < +1, and +1 < Xl < +00 correspond to the wall
segment, the part of the unit circle and the diffracted shock respectively. The boundary
condition transforms to ( refer 6.100)
Clp
~ _ K,20 1 +(K,2 DI -K20;)tane+(K,2EI-K2D;}tan2e+(K,2FI-K2E;)tanle
dp - (I-K2sec2efJ2[O;+D;tane+E;tan2e]
dX I
Xl> 1 'Yl =0
(6.112)
where
(Z2 -1)
tane cot <\> (2 (6.113)
Z +1 )
232 Interaction Of Shock Waves
except at the leading edge whose correspondence in the z.- plane say Xo is given by
mocosxseca
= (6.116)
(l_m 2 )l'5
The corresponding condition for the case when fluid velocity normal to the
leading edge is supersonic (M 2 cos X > 1) arises from the fact that p changes
discontinuously by the amount given by equation (6.52) at the point
= = (6.117)
mocosx seca
(6.118)
(m 2 _I);.f
Diffraction Of Ohlique Shock By Yawed Wedges 233
m8cosxseca
n:(I-m2)Yz
(M2 cosX < 1) (6.120)
(Zt-xo)
m8cosxseca
n:(m 2 -1)g
-1 (6.121 )
(Zt-xo)
Further for determining the pressure distribution the analysis proceeds on the
same lines as for the case of yawed wedges when ..!!..- q2 <
a2
4.0
~
~
-
o
o A
t
LEADING
,
c
SHOCK WALL
EDGE JUNCTION
Figure 6.15 Pressure distribution on the wedge surface along section perpendicular to
the cone of disturbance (~ = 0 ; CXo = 39.97 ; X = 40 ; 8 = 0.1 radian). Copyright
AIAA, 1972. Used with permission. (M. G. Chopra, 1972)
Diffraction Of Oblique Shock By Yawed Wedges 235
REFERENCES
2. Busemann, A.
lnfinitesimal Kegelige Uberschallstromung. Luftfahrforschung, 20, 105. (1943)
3. Chopra, M.G.
Pressure distribution on a yawed wedge interacted by an oblique shock. AIAA
Journal, 10, 7. (1972)
5. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I. Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198,454-470. (1949)
6. Srivastava, R.S.
Diffraction of blast wave for the oblique case. British .Aero Res.Counc. Current
paper No . 1008 . (1968)
Lighthill (1949) investigated the diffraction of a normal shock wave past a small
hend. Chester(1954) extended the work of Lighthill to include infinte wedges at yaw.
The work presented in this chapter is that of Smyrl(1963) and is concerned with a plane
~hock wave meeting a thin two dimensional aerofoil moving in the opposite direction at
~upersonic speed. The effect of yaw has also been included in the analysis.
Mathematical Formulation
(v. n) 2 -1
2
Pb = tip
5 [- c ]
6P.
Pb = (7.1)
[ 1+
. (v. of
5c; 1
where n is the unit normal to the shock front, suffices a,b refer to values ahead of and
behind the shock, respectively, and y has been taken to be 1.4.
Numerical suffices are used with any variable to denote its constant value in the
uniform region of the same number. Thus if E (supposed small) is the angle between
the wedge face and the (X, Z) plane, we have ( Courant and Friedrichs, 1948)
P2 Po + EP o W2 tan <\>0
Po [ 1+E ( r
~ mn~" 1
= {-E Wtan <\>0' EW} (7.2)
= .c o [ 1 + E( ~; )tan <\>0 1
<\>0 = . -I( -CO )
SIn
W
The mach number M( ~) of the shock and the Mach number M'( ~) of the
wedg~ are the fundamental data defining the problem. Writing MI (~II) for the Mach
number of the uniform plane behind the shock, we find from equation (7.1) that
Shock interaction With Moving Aerofoil 239
.C I
[(7M2 -1)(M +5))2
2
=
c~) 6M
The main flow regions for t > 0 are indicated in Figure 7.1.
The leading edge is represented by the point L. I is the intersection of the
shock and bow-wave and the axes are moving with the velocity VI of the tlow in
region (1). The presence of the wedge in region (1) causes a small disturbance; the
limit of spread of the disturbance is a circle, centre 0, radius at t together with the
targent LC and the shock front.
All regions of uniform flow are denoted by numbers (Figure 7.1). Smyrl (1963)
points out that the region (6) exists only when tangents LC, LD intersect and is then a
straight forward superposition in the disturbances in regions (3) and (5) since the
intersection shocks are both weak (Von Mises 1958). In terms of the shock strength A,
'Where
.L
Po
M' >
-/5 (A - 1)
The tangent ID vanishes completely if the point I falls within the sonic circle. This
cannot happen for shock strenghts up to A ~6 and thereafter only if
Figure 7.1 The main flow regions after the moving wedge has penetrated the shock
front. L is the leading edge, I is the intersection of the shock and the original bow
plane, ID is the bridging shock, LC the new bow wave. U is the speed of the
oncoming shock, V, is the speed of flow behind the shock and W is the speed of the
wedge. B, C, D, E all lie on the sonic circle with centre 0 and radius c, t . OX and OY
are the axes of the coordinates. (J. L. Smyrl , 1963)
Slwck Interaction With Movin!!, Aer%il 241
Since 1 < A. < 6 for all real shocks, Figure 7.2 illustrates the range of M' and A.
corresponding to the three cases.
I ,
I
20 I
I
I
I
I
I
16
I
I
I SINGLE
I I
TANGENT
I
I
\
12
I
I
\
M' I
NON-IN
:
TERS~CTING
6
I
TANGENTS
I
I \ I\.
'"
I
r---- I"'-h
I
4 I
I
INTERSECTING .---~~
I i
I I
TANGENTS
o I ! 5 6
f 2 3 4
Figure 7.2 The dependence of M' and A. of the proposed flow pattern in Figure 7.1
242 Interaction qr Shock Waves
The non-uniform region
Since air enters this region across a curved shock we expect rotational motion.
The equation of two-discussions rotational motion are
ap + V.(pV)
at
= 0
(~t + v.v)ppr) 0
p = PI +pO\X,Y,t)+lp(l)(X,Y,t)+---
where is small.
E
Substituting from equations (7.5) into equations (7.4) and equating coefficients
of now gives
a '
-...+c V.V' = 0
dt I
av'
-+cIVp' = 0 (7.6)
dt
ap' dp'
=
at at
where the results have been expressed in terms of the non-dimensional variables
p'
Shock Interaction With Movinx Aerofoil 243
p' L
PI
(7.7)
VIII
\,:' , = = {u' , v'}
ci
x y
V'
independent variables to two by setting x = , y
ci t
. Since p' ,p',
cit
are functions of x and y only, equations (7.6) may be written as
(7.8)
Elimination of u' and v' from the first three of equations (7.8) gives an equation
for p' only viz.
= ad
( x-+y-+l - + ydP-')
)( xdp' (7.9)
dX dy dX dy
In the (x,y) plane the flow pattern appears 'steady' and Fig 7.3, indicates its
main features.
The points B(xo , Yo) ,C(x i 'YI)' D(x 2 ' Y2) and E lie on the circumference
of the unit circle, centre 0 , and the coordinate of B, C, D and I(xo ' Yl) are given by
244 Interaction Of Shock Waves
= [6M(M + M')]
[(7M2 -1)(M 2 + S)(M,2 -1)]%
Shock Interaction With Movinx Aerqfoil 245
Yl = (1- xn~
Y2 = (1- x;)K
Y3 = (1 - x;)Yz (7.10)
On the circular are BCDE p' takes constant values with discontinuities at C and
D. We den.ote p~ the value of p' appropriate to the uniform region (i) and, where
required, a similar suffix notation is used with p' , u' , v'. We must have p; = P:
and (see Courant and Friedrichs 1948).
= (7.11)
u' = "65[( 1 + M2
1){ f ()
Y-
'()} (
Yf Y + M -1
,2 Co ( M'
)-g- S 1 , 2 M'll]
M2 - '5 M - '5 M)
p'
(7.13)
where
Finally from the first two of equations (7.8) and from equations (7.14) we
deduce that
at x = Xo (7.15)
This is a differential condition for p' and may be supplemented by the equation
I dp' 1 Yo dV'
Yo
f--dy = -f-dY = -1 ( v, 4 -M 1 --M
Co ')
(7.16)
o y dy B 0 CJy B c1
The results (7.13) may be used on the portion BI of the shock front by setting
2
= -5 y 3 [( 1+ - 1) -0 + -
5M'
- -- 0 - ---2M'2M]
M'M ---
6 M2 f 5M2(M+ M')
v'4 M 1 ~+~M'
f c1
= p~ = 5PoCOY3[M~+ 1 (MM'+..!.M2M'2_~Md)l
3P 1C1 (M + M') 2 10
(7.17)
In the case of weak shock ID, the shok equation (7.1) reduce to
(7.18)
and the condition for no flow across the contact discontinuity between regions (3) and
(4) is that
(7.19)
Conditions in regions (3) and (4) are completely determined by the linear
equations (7.17), (7.18) and (7.19). In particular p~ is determined, and we may also
(7.20)
op'
o when y = 0 (7.21)
oy
The boundary-value problem in the Busemann Plan~
We shall consier the situation now for the contact discontinuity in the non-
uniform region as it has not been discussed earlier. Let ( r , 8 ) be polar coordinates in
the (x,y) plane of Figure 7.3 so that the approximate position of the contact
248 Interaction Qr Shock Waves
discontinuity is
say. The second and third of equation (7.8) may now be written as
(7.24)
In terms of p', the condition that pressure and normal flow velocity be continous
across the conrnct discontiniouty would be that p' and % are continous at e e*.
For o :5: e :5: e*, o and
:5: forr :5:
o :5: r :5: 1, p' satisfies the differential equation (7.9) which become in polar
coordinates
aar2p' +~ap'
2
r ar
+J..c)2p' = (r:r+l)(r~Pr')
r2 a8 u 2 U
(7.25)
From the continuity of p' across the radius e = e* we deduce the continuity
of !
a'
and
a
2 ,
a~ across e = e*. Hence equation (7.22) shows that
a 2 ,
so that a~ is continous and equation (7.25) is satisfied across e = eo. In other
words the conrnct discontinuity does not appear as well as far as the boundary value
problem of p' is concerned.
C~ _ __
WALL
Figure 7.4 shows the non-uniform region in the (r , e) plane. The arc BCDE
of the unit circle is unchanged and cartesian coordinates at all points thereon are
unchanged. The shock front AB becomes an arc of the circle 2 rcose xI) (I + r2 )011
which, by (7.15) (following Lighthill 1949)
ddn ' :s being the differentiation normal and tangential to the arc respectively.
Condition (7.21) may be written as
dP'
= 0 when e = It (7.28)
de
in which form it is unchanged by the transformation.
Solution
Z = Z
.0
{-1 -
~
Yo-}
2-
- Zo
Figure 7.4 represents the complex Z-plane and under the conformal mapping
(7.29) the boundary ABCDEA of the non uniform region becomes the entire real axis
11 = 0 in the ~ plane.
We now introduce a function w(~) defined by
dP' . dP'
= -+1- (7.30)
all dS
so that, by (7.26), w(s) is analytic throughout the upper half plane. Since
~i (i = 1,2) (7.32)
The conditions on the circular are thus become equivalant to the condition that
w(l;) is real for 11 = 0 , s
< -I together with
w(l;) = (7.33)
at S= ~2 (7.34)
The wedge face EA corresponds to the portion of the real axis where -1 < I; <
I. Here we require that w(l;) be imaginary.
The shock front face AB corresponds to the portion S > 1 of the real axis and
by 0.27) (Lighthill 1949) we have here
where
= -Ii M Xo 1M M2 - 1Yo
(M2 +5) 2
1
The r.equired function is given by
w(s) (7.36)
Y = .
Yo
(~-l)g
S+ 1 (7.39)
= ~ ](~-l)Yz[KI(~-~J+K2(1;-~2)+K3(~-~J(~-~2)](YI +Y2)(~_1)75 d~
Yo 1 ~+l (y~+S-1)(y;+S-1)(S-SI)(s-~J(S2-1)!>i
( ) B f"'[KI(x+Yi)+K2(X+Y~)+K3(x+Yi)(x+Y~)]
= 'Y 1 + 'Y 2 - 1.1 dx
Yo 1 x72(x+Yn(x+Y;)(x+Yn(x+Y~)
The constant K3 is thus determined and equation (7.36) gives w(/;;) uniquely.
Smyrl (1963) has shown that
W(~)
Shock Interaction With Moving Aerojoil 253
't =
{1-C;St}
c~st
C1 = 4 g (Kl
2 2 + 2K2 2 + K3 )
(Y2 -yJ(y~ -2) 2 Y4 -Yl Y3 -Yl
C2 = 4 (Kl
2
K, r)
2 + 2 - 2 + K3
(YI-yJ(y~-2)~ Y4 -Y2 Y3 -Y2
(Y1 + YJ( Y2 + YJ C
C3 =
(Y1 - YJ( Y2 - Y3 ) S
(Y1 + Y4)( Y2 + Y4) C
C4 =
(Yl -Y4)(Y2 -yJ 6
2
Cs ;P5
I
2 (7.42)
C6 = --P3
I
1t
It is found that W(~) is purely real when 11 = 0, - I < ~ < 1 and that
W(~) ~ 0 as ~ ~ -1 . It follows from equation (7.31) that
p' = p~ - Re W(~) (7.43)
and the solution is now complete.
The behaviour of p' on the wedge surface simplifies to
= p; - (-1 < ~ < 1)
r
p' W(~) (7.44)
and the substhution f; = I 2{ !I'~ ~o~ gives p' in tenus of the 'conical'
coordinate x.
We consider here the case when the leading edge of the wedge has been yawed
through an angle ~. Figure 7.5 shows the (X,Z) .. plane in which the leading edge of
254 Interaction Of Shock Waves
the wedge is moving with supersonic velocity Wand we again assume the plane of
symmetry of the wedge to lie approximately in this plane.
The shock front has velocity U and makes an angle ~ with the leading edge. The
point 0 where the leading edge intersects the shock front may be brought to rest by
superimposing on the entire system a velocity Vo whose magnitude is
W = sin -1 ( ~) with the shock front, the flow then becomes a steady one.
Shock Interaction With Mavin:.: Aerofoil 255
The uniform flow behind the shock now has velocity V(' = VI + Vo ; the
direction of Vt' makes an angle 11 with the shock front where
(u - VI)sin~
tan 11 = (7.45)
(w + u cos~)
and the magnitude is given by
= (U _ vy + {(w +.uCOS~)}2
s1o~
(7.46)
~I = . --11
sm -.f6 MM'
(7M 4 + 4M2 - 5)~
1
~J J6 M2
~2 =
tan 1 (M2 _l)Yz (M2 + 5)Yz
)
This means that for any fixed wedge speed the point (M,~) must lie to the left of
the appropriate curve as illustrated in Figure 7.6. (The common asymptote is
~ = tan~l)6 = 67.8 ).
The treatment that now follows depends on supersonic flow behind the shock so
we shall assume that ~ lies within the required range and furthermore that ~ < 1t!2.
The point 0 is taken as origin with the Z axis in the direction of vt', and the Mach
feef
I I
\
\ \
\ K~
\ ~ ~ ~~
--- --
~
" -
100
~ ~ r---
~ r----. r---
----- ----- ---- f - - - - 1 - - - - 1-- -- --- I- - - -
-
2 3 5 6
Figure 7:6 The range of ~ for which the flow behind the shock is supersonic.
of the advancing shock; it makes an angle <1>0 with the (X,Z) - plane
(cot <1>0 = (M /2 -1)Vz) and separates the region (2) of the uniform flow parallel to
the wedge face from the main region (0) ahead of the shock. Across this shock, the
equations (7.2) give
"2 = Vo -Wk
Shock Interaction With MovinK Aerofoil 257
p =
P = PI +p l l)(X,Y,Z)+2 pI2)(X,Y,Z)+ __ _ (7.49)
V = V" + V(I)(X, Y,Z) + 2 V(2)(X, Y,Z) + - ---
The lack of a fundamental length in the problem suggests that the flow variables
are functions of the two independent variables x,y defined by
X. Y
x = y (7.50)
Ztana Ztana
p' L
PIC~
pili
P' = (7.51)
PI
From the equations of motion we may introduce the equations (7.8) together
with the additional equation
I
==
The solution procedure outlined for the case of a normal shock may now be
followed. We find
p~ =
u'
= ~ cos 11 {cos 21l (M2 + M'2 + 2MM' cos~)Y~
6 cosa cosa M' + Mcos~ .
-(
~:. ~
M-'2-'----_1--""")
[M'COS P
M2
(4 )'
2M'2]}
+"5 cos 11 - cos ~ M - 5"-M
v'
p'
The pressure distribution on the wedge face has been calculated in a number of cases
and the results are shown in figures 7.7,7.8 and 7.9 which show respectively the effect
of shock strength, wedge speed, and yaw.
260 Interaction Of Shock Waves
N_ 25
~
..::
..!(
"";l
Po..
I
~
/I
20L-----------------------------------------------~
A
E
Figure 7.7 The pressure distribution on the portion EA of the wedge face when 13 = 0,
M' = 2 with various values of M.
Shock Interaction With Moving Aerofoil 261
}J1' ,.4
p'
30
,
"
',At!,
..... ,2
/lA'
.... ..... ~
-- .. - -.... -..
- ........... ~___~~:..!.I.:"5~_"_-..:":.:-:.:a_-=_:-::_:-:_ .
........
-
-- ----- ...........
zo E A
Figure 7.S The pressure distribution on the portion EA of the wedge face when 13 = 0,
M = 2 with various values of M' . The corresponding results for M=4 are given by
the broken lines.
262 Interaction OJ Shock Waves
...
I
' ... ..... .- ..............
f30
--- -- -'- -- --
"-
fJ. 2865
---- ------
I
................. ,$ ~ 2,'8
, _ '65
I .......
-- ------ ------J
...
I
I
\ I \
I \
f3" 71'62
\
,'.. ---------
fJr 8"95
....... _---- - - - - -_ ... - _---------
E A
Figure 7.9 The pressure distribution on the portion EA when M' = 2 , M = 2 with ~
= 0, 0.5, 1.25, 1.5 radians respectively. The corresponding results for M=4 are given
by the broken lines.
Shock Interaction With Moving Aer%il 263
REFERENCES
1. Busemann, A.
Infinitesimal Kegelige Uberschallstromung. Luftfahrforschung, 20, 105. (1943)
2. Chester, W.
The diffraction and reflection of shock wave. Quar. Jour!. Mech App\. Maths, 7, 57-
82. (1954)
4. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I . Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198, 454-470. (1949)
5. Smyrl, J. L.
The impact of shock wave on a thin two dimensional aerofoil moving at super sonic
speed. J. Fluid Mech. 15,223-240. (1963)
6. Von Mises, R.
Mathematical theory of comressible fluid flow, Ch 5, 23, New York Acad. Press.
(1958).
CHAPTER VIII
Ting and Ludloff (1952) have obtained the pressure and density fields that
develop behind shocks advancing over arbitrary flat surfaces based on the linearized
theory. The work presented here is more direct and the results obtained are more
general than those of Lighthill (1949). Shocks passing over flat surfaces of arbitrary
shape can be dealt with in such a manner that explicit expressions result for the pressure
and density fields in the whole domain behind the advancing shock. In this way,
comparison with shock tube experiments can be carried out, and interesting details
about the nature of the "slip stream" occurring in Mach reflection can be determined.
Let us assume that an originally plane shock front of given intensity (strong or
weak) advances over the surface f(x') of a given flat structure (or given thin aero-foil)
into still air of density Po and pressure Po . The velocity of the shock may be Uo , the
speed of air behind shock is (Uo-U) and the density and pressure there are p and P
(Figure 8.1).
SHOCK
AIR AT REST
PRESSURE p"
DENSITY po
PRESSURE P
DENSITY P y
'" "nn,," .,," "',hm" n, , ""L. ';";" . " , o" ~,~ ,~'o
I- l ---ooj1
"00 ..
Figure 8.1 Schematic drawing for a normal shock passing over a contour in the wall.
Copyright JAS 1952. Used with permission. (L. Ting & H. F. Lud10ff, 1952).
266 Interaction Of Shock Waves
The length of the wall disturbance (or the chord of the aero-foil) may be 1. If the
inclination of the body surface f'(x') with regard to the direction of propagation of the
shock is small the shock front will end perpendicularly on the surface at any point so
that a curved shock front results as also a shock configuration which may be interpreted
as Mach reflection .
y
Q. ~I
WALL
I ___-;;;;;:t::::::~rn--J(
Figure 8.2 Conditions behind the advancing shock front depending on whether the air
flow behind the shock is subsonic (a) or supersonic (b) relative to the obstacle.
Copyright lAS 1952. Used with permission. (L. Ting & H. F. Ludloff, 1952).
Diffraction Of Shock By Flat Suifaces 267
Figures 8.2(a) and 8.2(b) represent conditions behind the advancing front
depending on whether the airflow behind the shock is subsonic or supersonic. In either
case, the time history of the diffraction is depicted in xyt-space, so that every cross
section of the figure represents the domain of disturbance at a given instant t, after the
incident shock has hit the leading edge of the obstacle, and a disturbance has spread
with sound speed throughout domain II up to the circular reflected shock. The
coordinate system, x, y, t, is to be fixed in the undisturbed flow behind the shock. The
coordinate system x I , y, t is tixed in the wall.
The field in domain II is clearly non-stationary and may be treated as a time
dependent perturbation away from the state of (relative) rest existing in domain I. A
linearized theory can be derived, based on expansion in terms of parameter E, which
can be interpreted as the thickness ratio of the wall disturbance (or of the aerofoi I ).
dp a(pu) a(pv)
--+--+--
at ax dy
o (8.1)
Ou _~ ap
= (8.2)
Ot pax
Ov
(8.3)
Ot
(8.4)
a (I) _ aplll
R_u_
at
= ax
(8.7)
avlt) _ aplI)
R-
at
= ay
(8.8)
ap'!) c 2 aplI) c 2 yp
at
= at p
(8.9)
(8.10)
and
a
-(i1g) = 0 (8.11)
at
Relative to the undisturbed flow behind the shock, the air in front of the shock
and the wall is moving with the constant velocity - (U o - U) while the undisturbed
shock front moves with velocity U.
The disturbed shock front can be expressed as
x Ut + \jI(I)(y, t) + 0(2) (8.12)
Then the shock inclination is given by
(8.13)
So,
(8.14)
The complete shock velocity, which is directed normal to the shock front at any
point may be split into the x-component Us and a y-component v, (Figure 8.3) where
(1'1
....,....-r.,..,...,~'f"T""1~,.......,-rrr-r.,...,.'7"F-ll--t--- :x.
Figure 8.3 Geometry of curved shock. Copyright lAS 1952. Used with permission.
(L. Ting & H. F. Ludloff, 1952).
270 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Us =
(8.15)
and
Vs = U,tan8 = {U+'I'~I)(y,t)+0(2)}8
(8.16)
= U8(I) +0(2)
pqn = POqnO
p + pq~ = Po + Poq~o
(8.17)
~q~+(Y~l)(:) = ~q~()+(y~I)(::)
where
q, = J
( v - v cos 8 - (u - u J sin 8
(8.19)
= Ev(l) +0(2)
qnO = -v,sin8-[(Uo-U)+U,]cos8
(8.20)
= - Uo - \jf;1I + 0(2)
Substituting the equations (8.18) , (8.19) , (8.20) and (8.21) in (8.17) and (8.5)
the coefficients of like powers can be equated .The relations between the coefficients of
EO are equivalent to the customary normal shock relations.
The coefficients of 1 yield the following
C 2 p(l)
= (1 + QO)p(l) (x =Ut, y~O, t) (8.22)
II (I) Q 1 p(1)
(x =Ut, y ~ 0, t) (8.23)
Rc
where
(y _1)(M2 -lr
[M 2 (y-1)+2]M 2
I (3y -OM2 + (3 - y)
=
2M [M 2 (y-1)+2]
(1 - M2)
=
By using (8.10) and (8.11) one can eliminate u(l), v(l), p(l) and \jF1) from the
preceding four equations . In this way a boundary condition for p(1) alone , to be
applied at the shock front x = Ut can be formulated
Interaction Of Shock Waves
272
On the wall
We have
x'-(U o-U}t = x (8.27)
(8.28)
y
We know that
(8.29)
Also
v = dy (8.30)
dt
(8.31)
and (8.31) as
The bounda ry condition for pO) at y=O can be derived from (8.8)
(8.32)
Diffraction Of Shock By Flat Suifaces 273
At the point of intersection of the shock front and the wall, i.e., at x = Vt, Y=0
both (8.26) and (8.32) hold .By taking into consideration (8.32) and the shock relations
one would obtain
Lt
y-->O'
p~l)(x:::: Vt,y ~ O,t) :::: - -4() RVVof"(Vot)
y+1
(8.33)
This indicates that in general p/I) has a singularity at this point; but p(l) itself
turns out to be regular. In the case of wedge (f" =0) , this singularity does come into
play.
If (8.33) and (8.34) are equated then we would obtain a pressure ratio for which
singularity does not exist. This pressure ratio comes out to be P/Po =7.3076 or
M=0.5100.
pO) -t 0 as Jx
2 + y2 -t 00 (8.35)
Further, the two initial conditions are
p(l)(x~Vt,y~O,t~O) :::: 0 (8.36)
p~[) (x:::; Vt, y ~ 0, t ~ 0) :::: 0 (8.37)
(S.42)
Lt p~)
)'->0 y
(0, y, t) = Rc2~f"(a t) (S.43)
where
a =
c41- M2
= ( 1 _ M2 + M~ ~ 0 )
~ = __4_ V oM
(y + 1) C
and
= 1 a 2a
--+2M--+-
a 2 2
M~ aFax at ax 2
Ting and Ludloff (1952) have indicated that the solution of such boundary
initial value problem as the one defined by equations (S.39 ) to (8.44) can be obtained
by the Possio integral
- i)
p (1)(-x,y, (S.45)
D(/fraction of Shock By Flat SUifaces 275
HYPERBOLA
! -r .J(i-e)2+j2
CONE
t-t2J(i-ef+(j _1/)2
Figure 8.4 Domain of integration in the S , 't plane. Copyright J AS 1952. U sed wi th
permission. (L. Ting & H. F. Ludloff, 1952).
in which the numerator denotes the" source strength" and the denominator represents
the pseudo distance between source point ( ~ ,0, 't ) and ( x , y, t ) . The integration
pI(X > O,y = 0, i) = RC 2 { A1f"[ a:{t - Xx)1 + A 2f"[ a{t - X2x)] + A f"[ a:{t - XlX)j}
l 3
(8.4 7)
where the expressions for a, Xi' Ai are given below,
We then have finally
(8.48)
where
a =
c.h - M2
Diffraction pr Shock By Flat Suifaces 277
X2 and X3 are the roots of the equation X2 - 2MX + (~~ ) = 0 and AI and Al
= M(_8_ MU o -- A )
(y+1) c 0
The above solution is unique and satisfies the wave equation and all the initial
and boundary conditions.
By using the transformation (8.38) the disturbance pressure pili (x, y, t) can be
obtained from pili (x, y, t). From differential equations (8.7), (8.8), (8,9) and boundary
conditions (8.23 ) , (8.24) and (8.25) the following expression is obtained
The shape of the wall (or the aerofoil ) y = Ef(x') , 0 :s; x' :s; I.
may be approximated by a polynomial
f.{x') = c l + C 2X,2 ..... +cnx'"
While the case of a higher polynomials (a circular arc aerofoil) is treated by
Ferdman (1951), one may consider here the simplest case
f(x') = x'
representing a corner of inclination . Then
f'(x') for x' > 0 and f'(x') = 0 for x' < 0
Furthermore
278 Interaction Of Shock Waves
f f"(x/)dx '
o' (8.50)
= 1
Using equations (8.50), pressure integral (8.48) can be evaluated and yields
where
(for A = 1)
(for A < 1)
and
X0 -M
Ao =
l-AoM
a = a-.h - M2 =
Uo
C
5::.;+M
A; (for i = 1,2,3)
1+A2M
Numerical results
As an example, the pressure and density fields have been computed for
= 7.3076 or
u0 -u
= 1.21 and M = 0.5100. The isopycnics and isobars,
c
Diffraction Of Slwck By Flat Su~faces 279
are plotted in Figure 8.5. It is interesting to note how strongly each isopycnic splits off
from the corresponding isobar after traversing the separation line OT between rotational
and irrotational flow (the theoretical details have been disclissed by Ting and
Ludloff(1952) ). Within a thin strip along OT there is a steep gradient. This may he
interpreted as a slip stream of finite width. This slip stream which mllst be expected
with every Mach reflection could be observed in Bleakney and Taub' s (1949)
experimental results.
P
= 7.3076 1.21 M 0.51. Copyright lAS 1952.
Po c
Used with permission. (L. Ting & H. F. Ludloff, 1952).
280 Interaction Of Shock Waves
As we have seen the numerical result of Ting and Ludloff (1952) is for a
shock strength ~ = 0.l37 which sets up a flow Mach number 1.21. White (1951)
conducted experiments for ~ = 0.137 and ~ = 0.093 and a wedge half -angle = 5.4.
The results for ~ = 0.137 and = 5.4 are shown in Figure 8.6.
~:o---O'26
~ o)3r
---------
Figure 8.6 Isopycnics behind the diffracted shock (~= :~ =0.137, =5.4)-
Copyright <D lAS 1951. Used with permission. (D. R. White, 1951).
D[ffraction C?r Shock By Flat Suifaces 28J
e . 0,093 -
---------
shock where the contours of constant density converge, and the separation of the
density and pressure contours in the region where a slip stream would appear if the
reflected shock were not of zero strength at the point where it meets the incident shock.
The separation is also implied by Lighthill (1949) that the Mach stem for strong shocks
has a sharp maximum curvature near the triple point, resulting in different entropies for
adjacent streamlines. The features obtained experimentally are the same as obtained by
Ting and Ludloff (1951 , 1952). The angle I': = 5.40 is such that the shock is not quite
attached, so that one does not observe a region of uniform flow near the leading edge.
The density contours do seem to converge towards a point just behind the reflected
shock, and their behavior near the expected position of the slipstream is similar. Figure
8.7 represents an attempt to obtain a picture qualitatively similar near the leading edge.
To do this it was necessary to use a stronger shock ~ = 0.093 and a smaller angle, but
the same general features again appear.
REFERENCES
2. Ferdman, S.
Master's thesis, New York University, College of Engineering. (1950)
3. Lighthill, M.J.
The diffraction of blast I . Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198, 454-470. (1949)
6. White, D.R.
Reflection of strong shock at nearly glancing incidence. 1. Aeronaut. Sci. 18, 633-634 .
(1951)
CHAPTER IX
--_.
--- ---
_...... --
---
--------
-- -- ---
----
---- --- -- .
Figure 9.1 Sketch showing the successive positions of a curved shock; the full lines
and the broken lines represent the shock positions and rays respectively. (G. B.
Whitham, 1957)
284 Interaction Of Shock Waves
In Figure 9.1 the positions of a shock moving from left to right are shown as full lines
and the rays are shown as broken lines. This network of shock positions and rays may
be used as a basis of orthogonal coordinates in the plane, and accordingly shock
positions are the curves a = constant and the rays are p = constant. Whitham took a
= ~t , ~ being the sound speed in a uniform gas ahead of shock, t is the time for
shock position.
A relationship for area-Mach number for a portion of a shock bounded by a
'ray-tube' has to be established. For establishing this relationship, consider the
curvilinear quadrilateral PQRS with vertices(a,p), (a + oa,p) , (a + oa,p + oP) ,
(a,~ + oP) respectively (Figure 9.2).
-------- s----
--
'" C(
= J.-
QR-PS 8A 8~
88 = PQ Mda
Hence
ae 1 dA
- (9.1)
o~ Mda
2
as 1 dM
= --- (9.2)
aa A a~
We now assume that A = A (M) where A'(M) < O. Then
as _ A'(M) aM
= 0 (9.3)
o~ M aa
as
-+---
1 aM
= 0 (9.4)
aa A(M) a~
Once the function M(a , ~) and S(a ,~) have been found the coordinates (a ,~)
may be related to the Cartesian coordinates x , y through the relations
( ~C~)(SfdM)
aa d~ Ac
= 0 (9.5)
where c is the function of M given by
c = )- A:'
They show that
(9.6)
f
e + dM
Ac
= cons tan t on d~
da
= c (9.7)
286 Interaction Of Shock Waves
e -f dM = cons tan t on
d~
= -c (9.8)
Ac da
i.e. on a wave moving in the direction of decreasing ~ with speed c. The expressions
dA 2MdM
= (9.9)
A - (M2 -l)K(M)
The function K(M) is given by
(y_l)M2+2
2yM 2 - (y-1)
K (M) is slowly varying function, decreasing from 0.5 at M=l to 0.3941 (for y=1.4)
as M ~ 0 0 . The graph of K (M) is given in Figure 9.3.
On integration (9.9) gives
MdM M{ 2 lJ{
JAc = J (M2 -1)K(M) dM (9.12)
from the equations (9.6) and (9.8). The graph of the Riemann variable is shown in
Figure 9.5.
050
045
O.35+---r--...---r---,,--.....----r--r---.----,r--I11~
2 5 6 7 8 9
I'igure 9.3 Variation of Chester's function K(M) with Mach Number. (G. B. Whitham,
1957)
288 Interaction Of Shock Waves
o+---~----~--~--~----~--~--~~--~--~~~~
I 2 3 4 5 8 9 to .,
Figure 9.4 Graph of function loglo f(M) given by equation (9.11). (G. B. Whitham,
1957)
Approximate Theory On Diffraction Of Shocks 289
1
1 2. ~ 4 5 6 T B 9 \0
f dM
M
As M ~ 1, we would have
K(M) 0.5
Ac ( MO -1)Yj
M-l
. (M -1)X
c
2J1(Mo _1)2 Ao
( ~)K'
M-l
(9.13)
Mo is the initial Mach Number and Ao corresponds to Mo' When M ~ 00 , the
corresponding relations are
K(M) 0.3941
I
Ac "" n 2M
-1 Mn+l
c n 2 __
AoM~
A
Ao
"" (~r
MdM
log~
f Ac
Mo
nYj
Mo
2
where n = -- 5.0743
K(oo)
(9.14)
Diffraction of plane shocks
(9.16)
Now for small bend in the wall, i.e. for 8w small, we can compare the results
with the linear theory of Lighthill (1949). Now the value of Mw would be compared.
For small 8w ' from (9.14), (9.6) and (9.9) we obtain
Mw - Mo = Ac(Mo)Sw
(9.17)
= Sw{~(M~-I)K(Mo)}~
We compare this with Lighthill's value in two extreme cases, Mo ~ I and Mil ~ 00.
(9. 18)
f-
MWdM
Ac
M"
.
n Y2 10g-"
Mo
M
(9.20)
MW(!M
fAc
Mo
(9.21 )
This gives
292 Interaction Of Shock Waves
Mw = Mo ex p ( ~) (9.22)
M n +1 _ ~ c Mo
c = C - - and e -->In log-
..... n M~ 0. M
Therefore we would have
=. (~..,rn )n~l
aM 0 (9.23)
e = .In logl.Jn
(n + 1) 0. Mo
OX
Along the shock , - - = - sin e , = cos e; therefore, at time
Ao~
x = o.Mwcosew-IIl(M
MO J sined~
+! J Jcosed~
(9.24)
y = o.Mwsine w II(M
The values of x and y in the simple way are calculated from (9.24) with e as the
parameter instead of ~; they are
x {n +gl)Yz e 'Y.rn.
sm (A. - e)
Moo. n 2
ew ::;; e ::;; 0 (9.25)
-y- = (n + l)Yz e'Y.rn cos(A. _ e)
Moo. n Yz .
Approximate Theory On Diffraction Of Shocks 293
where tan A = -Jri. The shape of the shock is plotted in Figure 9.6 for the special
TC
case 8 w = Skews (1966) has also obtained the relation (9.25) in a little
2
different way.
Mo
':J
MoQ.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2. 04 0.6
Figure 9.6 Diffraction of a strong shock by a right angled corner; shape of shock
calculated from equation (9.25). (G. B. Whitham, 1957)
294 Interaction Of Shock Waves
The situation arising in the case of concave corner made up of the two plane
walls in shown in Figure 9.7. It will be recognized that this represents Mach reflection
with the reflected shock being ignored. By working out the velocity of shbck shock,
Whitham has established a relation between X (angle between shock shock and wall)
and 8w (Figure 9.7). Comparison between Whitham's (1957) strong shock solution,
the three shock theory and experimental results of Bleakney and Taub (1949) for
Mo=2.42 has been shown in Figure 7.8 .
x
THREE SHOCK THEORY
20
WHITHAM'S THE Y
EXPERIMENT
0
50 60
ae = .e.~ (9.26)
a<\> q a",
= q:<\>(p~) (9.27)
<\> is the velocity potential, '" is the stream function, q is the velocity, p is the density
and e is the flow direction.
The correspondence of (9.26) and (9.27) with (9.1) and (9.2) are
1 M
<\>~a,,,,~/3,e~e,q~- ,p~-
M A
It was shown that characteristic form of equations (9.1) and (9.2) are
on curves d/3 = c
da
where c(M) , the propagation speed in (a , /3) coordinates, is given by (9.6).
We have
(~~ J ~: J =
+(
So from the analogy
q
2 (9.29)
= Ml
(9.30)
Also we have
= tane (9.31)
da
dy tanS (9.32)
da
dx
To write the slope of the characteristics in terms of x and y, we note that
dy + dy (d~)
dy da d~ da (9.33)
=
dx dx + dx (d~)
da d~ da
and
dx
McosS 5!1. Msin8
da da
dx dy
- = - Asin S = AcosS
d~ d~
Ac
tanm = (9.35)
M
The angle m corresponds to the Mach angle in the supersonic flow.
Skews (1966) has carried out theoretical investigation concerning shocks
diffracting around larger bends based on the theory of Whitham. Skews (1967a)
subsequently has carried out an experimental study of the shape of a shock diffracting
around a corner made up of two plane-walls, for corner angles from 15" to 165" (in 15"
steps) and shock Mach numbers from Mo = 1.0 to 4.0.
The results have been compared with the profiles determined by Whitham
(1957,1959). The behaviour is found to follow the trends established by Lighthill
(1949) in his linearized theory.
298 Interaction Of Shock Waves
For a normal shock diffracting round a corner, if mo is the angle between the
line joining the corner to the point of intersection of Mach circle and shock and the
original wall produced, then Skews (1967a) has shows that
(9.36)
25
20
a:
III
15
~
~
~
o
~ 10
20 3-0 40 50
Mo
Figure 9.9 The starting point of shock curvature. (B. K. Skews, 1967a)
Approximare Theory On Diffracrion Of Shocks 299
The difference between the theoretical curves shown in Figure 9.9 was a reason
(implied by Whitman) for expecting his theory to be inaccurate for Mo < 3 (As M(I~oo
Whitham theory gives mo = 23.94 whereas equation (9.36) gives 22.20" ).
The Schieren photographs predicting the profiles are shown in Figures 9.10(a)
and 9.1O(b). Lighthill (1949) has predicted a point of inflexion in the shock profile for
Mo > 2.53l. Skews (l967a) has observed that in Figure 9. 1O(b) such a point of
inflexion is visible. The conclusions drawn by Lighthill regarding the shape of the
shock are thus valid even when corner angle is large.
Bryson and Gross (1961) have carried out theoretical and experimental work on
diffraction by cones, a cylinder and a sphere based on Whitham s (1957, 1959) theory
I
with shock Mach number 3.68. The shock-shock angle was measured and Fig 9.11
shows the agreement between observation and Whitham's theory. The experimental
points tend to fall below the experimental points.
Shock-shock
o
20
x
16 -
~a 12
I
)c::
0
0 \0 lOO 40 50 60" 800
811)
Figure 9.11 Shock-shock angle X versus cone semi-apex angle 8w for shock Mach
number Mo = 3.68 . (Bryson & Gross, 1961)
302 Interaction qr Shock Waves
REFERENCES
3. Chisnel, R. F.
The motion of a shock wave in a channel with application to cylindrical and spherical
shock waves. 1. Fluid Mech. 2, 286 (1957)
4. Lighthill, M. J.
The diffraction of blast I . Proc. Roy .Soc A, 198,454-470. (1949)
5. S~ews, B. W.
Profiles of diffracting shock waves, University of Witwaterstrand, Department of
Mech. Engg. Rep. No. 35. (1966)
6. Skews, B. W.
The shape of diffracting shock wave, 1.Fluid Mach 29, 2, 297-304 . (1967a)
7. Whitham, G. B.
A new approach to problems of shock dynamics Pt I Two dimensional problems.
J.Fluid Mech 2, 145-171 . (1957)
8. Whitham, G.B.
A new approach to problem of shock dynamic Pt. II : Three-dimensional problems.
J. Fluid Meeh., 5, 369-386 . (1959)
SOURCE LIST
1. Arora, N. L.
Integral transforms for shock-shock interaction - Three dimensional planar wll1gs.
ZAMP, 20, 244-260. (1969)
2. Arora, N. L.
An integral transform method for shock-shock interaction studies. J. Fluid Mech. 34,
209-228. (1968)
3. Arutyunyan, G. M.
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