Active / Passive Overview

Tense Active Passive

Once a week, the house is cleaned by
Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house.
Tom.
Present Right now, the letter is being written by
Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.
Continuous Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.
The salesman was helping the The customer was being helped by the
Past
customer when the thief came into the salesman when the thief came into the
Continuous
store. store.
That castle has been visited by many
Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle.
tourists.
Present Perfect Recently, John has been doing the Recently, the work has been being done
Continuous work. by John.
George had repaired many cars Many cars had been repaired by
Past Perfect before he received his mechanic's George before he received his
license. mechanic's license.
Chef Jones had been preparing the The restaurant's fantastic dinners had
Past Perfect
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two been being prepared by Chef Jones for
Continuous
years before he moved to Paris. two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future Someone will finish the work by 5:00
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
will PM.
Simple Future Sally is going to make a beautiful A beautiful dinner is going to be made
be going to dinner tonight. by Sally tonight.
Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be
Continuous
washing the dishes. being washed by John.
will
Future
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going
Continuous
be washing the dishes. to be being washed by John.
be going to
Future PerfectThey will have completed the project The project will have been completed
will before the deadline. before the deadline.
Future PerfectThey are going to have completed The project is going to have been
be going to the project before the deadline. completed before the deadline.
Future PerfectThe famous artist will have been The mural will have been being painted
Continuous painting the mural for over six by the famous artist for over six months
will months by the time it is finished. by the time it is finished.
Future PerfectThe famous artist is going to have The mural is going to have been being
Continuous been painting the mural for over six painted by the famous artist for over six
be going to months by the time it is finished. months by the time it is finished.
Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
My mother would always make the The pies would always be made by my
Would Always
pies. mother.
Future in the
I knew John would finish the work by I knew the work would be finished by
Past
5:00 PM. 5:00 PM.
Would
Future in the I thought Sally was going to make a I thought a beautiful dinner was going to
Past beautiful dinner tonight. be made by Sally tonight.
ADVERB
 Present Tenses in English
Simple present tense
Present continuous tense
Past Tenses in English
Simple past tense
Past continuous tense
Perfect Tenses in English
Present perfect tense
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect
Past perfect continuous
Future perfect
Future perfect continuous
Future Tenses in English
Simple future tense
Future continuous tense
Conditional Tenses in
English
Zero conditional
Type 1 conditional
Type 2 conditional
Type 3 conditional
Mixed conditional
The -ing forms in English
Gerund
Present participle
Infinitives
Passive voice
Examples
They walk home.
They are walking home.
Peter lived in China in 1965.
I was reading when she arrived.
I have lived here since 1987.
I have been living here for years.
We had been to see her several times before she visited us.
He had been watching her for some time when she turned and
smiled.
We will have arrived in the States by the time you get this letter.
By the end of your course, you will have been studying for five
years.
They will go to Italy next week.
I will be travelling by train.
If ice gets hot it melts.
If he is late I will be angry.
If he was in Australia he would be getting up now.
She would have visited me if she had had time.
I would be playing tennis if I hadn't broken my arm.
I like swimming.
She goes running every morning.
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive
13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning
14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning

admit He admitted cheating on the test.

advise [9] The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow [9] Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
anticipate I anticipated arriving late.
appreciate I appreciated her helping me.
avoid He avoided talking to her.
begin [14] I began learning Chinese.
can't bear [14] He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand [14] He can't stand her smoking in the office.
cease [14] The government ceased providing free healthcare.
complete He completed renovating the house.
consider She considered moving to New York.
continue [14] He continued talking.
defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.
delay He delayed doing his taxes.
deny He denied committing the crime.
despise She despises waking up early.
discuss We discussed working at the company.
dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mind I don't mind helping you.
dread [13] She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage [9] He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoy We enjoy hiking.
finish [13] He finished doing his homework.
forget [13] I forgot giving you my book.
hate [14] I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagine He imagines working there one day.
involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.
keep She kept interrupting me.
like [14] She likes listening to music.
love [14] I love swimming.
mention He mentioned going to that college.
mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
miss She misses living near the beach.
need [13] The aquarium needs cleaning.
neglect [14] Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit [9] California does not permit smoking in restaurants.
postpone He postponed returning to Paris.
practice She practiced singing the song.
prefer [14] He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose [14] I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit [13] She quit worrying about the problem.
recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollect She recollected living in Kenya.
recommend Tony recommended taking the train.
regret [13] She regretted saying that.
remember [13] I remember telling her the address yesterday.
report He reported her stealing the money.
require [9] The certificate requires completing two courses.
resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.
resist He resisted asking for help.
risk He risked being caught.
start [14] He started studying harder.
stop [13] She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerate I tolerated her talking.
try [13] Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understand I understand his quitting.
urge [9] They urge recycling bottles and paper.
1) SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

- If subject singular/ plural verb should also follow

eg : She does
c not know what to do. ( singular verb)
s vv o

eg : They do not know what to do. (plural verb)

s v o

VERB
SUBJECT PRESENT PAST PAST PRESENT
TENSE TENSE PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
( with verb to be: is are
was were )
S She is (verb to be) was walked walking
I He has walked done doing
It walks did gone going
N
A boy/girl does go slept sleeping
G Every/each goes slept broken breaking
U Any sleeps broke
L Pencil breaks cut
A House cuts
R Sugar/salt loses
News knocks
(uncountable writes
Noun) sits
knows

P I are (verb to be) were

L You have
We walk walked walked walking
U
They do did done doing
R The boys go go gone going
A The girls sleep slept slept sleeping
L Some / Many break broke broken breaking
Pencils cut cut
Houses lose
Cats knock
write
sit
know

2) INFINITIVE TO
- After to root word.
c
Eg : He need to go to school.
v
3) MODAL v
- After modal root word.
c
Eg : He was not sure whether he should swim or not
v
4) ING
a) Continuous tense
- verb to be + verb
- eg - I am cooking
- She is reading a story book
- We were riding bicycles when the accident happened.

b) GERUND
- After certain words - + ing
Eg : after the word - without
- keep
- hate
- like / enjoy
(refer to the notes given)

c) After preposition
- After preposition - ing
c
Eg : Thank you for listening
: You are abstainv from going to the cinema.

d) Verb change to noun as Subject

c
- It is not hard to keep fit.
s v o v
- Keeping fit is not hard.
s v o

5) PASSIVE VOICE
- Before verb verb to be + past participle
c
Eg : The letter vwas sent by his pen pal

6) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.

SINGULAR PLURAL
That Those FAR (itu)
This These NEAR (ini)

Eg : This is my book.
These are our books.
That is my house.
Those are my cars.

7) HAVE, HAS, HAD

- After has, have had past participle

c
Eg : She has gone to the libraryv

8. Article

- A, an and the