05 FO - NP2006 LTE-FDD Link Budget 71P PDF

LTE-FDD Link Budget
ZTE University
Contents
LTE-FDD Link Budget Overview

LTE-FDD Uplink (UL) Budget
LTE-FDD Downlink (DL) Budget
Link Budget Position and Benefit
A link budget is an important part of coverage planning.
Link budget
Coverage target Maximum path loss allowed
Coverage radius
Coverage scale
Propagation model
Link budgets help understand how various parameters affect networks.
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Link Budget Principle
MAPL = Pmax Receiver Sensitivity Losses Margin + Gains
MAPL: maximum path loss allowed
Pmax: Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
Receive Sensitivity: receiver sensitivity
Losses: all non path-loss losses, including line loss, body loss, and penetration loss
Margin: reserved interference margin
Gains: all gains
MAPL: The greater, the better!

Antenna gain Penetration loss
Shadow fading margin
Path loss
Path loss Body loss
UE power
ENodeB
PA sensitivity

Flow for Planning an LTE Radio Network
Collect information
Estimate scale
Test and adjust

transmission
Survey and select models
sites
Simulate planning
Are
No requirements
met?
Yes
Output a planning
report

Input and Output of an LTE Link Budget
Coverage-related input
Target areas to be covered
Rate requirements for the
edge of an eNodeB Coverage-related output
Degree of indoor coverage
resulted from obstacle Cell radius
Link budget
penetration Existing site reuse
RF planning
Shadow fading margin ENodeB quantity
Network information
Existing network information
LTE frequency bands
Maximum bandwidth of an
LTE system

LTE-FDD Link Budget Requirements
UL cell edge rate is UL cell radius

1 specified DL cell edge rate
DL cell radius
2 DL cell edge rate is
UL cell edge rate
specified
UL cell coverage radius

3 Both UL and DL cell edge
DL cell coverage radius
rates are specified
Restricted links and final cell radius

LTE-FDD Link Budget Methods
Cell edge rate required Cell radius
Cell radius required Cell edge rate

Contents

LTE-FDD UL Budget
LTE-FDD DL Budget
LTE-FDD UL Budget Method
Because UL UE power is limited, UL

Cell edge
budgets are generally performed first. rate required
Cell edge
Cell radius
rate required Number of RBs assigned
TBS and MCS
MIMO configuration SINR
Receiver sensitivity
Interference Other
MAPL
margin parameters
Cell radius

TBS and MCS
If the UL target is 512 Kbps and BLER is 10%, 512 Kbps

TBS must be greater than 568 bit/ms = 512/(1 10%) 10 RB
MCS
25
MCS-RB relation
20
15
MCS 3 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
512 Kbps
RB number
LTE-FDD UL TBS
TBS: Transport Block Size

For a specified MCS, different TBSs correspond to different number of RBs.
TBS Table

LTE-FDD UL MCS
MCS: Modulation and Coding

Scheme
For a specified number of RBs,
different TBS Index (ITBS) contains
different TBSs.
MCS Table
LTE-FDD UL TBS and MCS
512 Kbps
10 RB
MCS 3
25
MCS-RB relation
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
512 Kbps

LTE-FDD UL SINR
SINR target value is affected by the following factors:

ENodeB equipment performance
Radio environment (multi-path environment and terminal movement speed)
Receive diversity (Default: two receive diversity branches. Four receive
diversity branches can also be used.)
Target rate and QoS
MCS
Maximum HARQ re-transmission times allowed (UL: four times)
HARQ BLER target (default: 10%)
SINR values are generally obtained through link-level simulation

or laboratory/field tests.

LTE-FDD UL RBs Assigned
64 kbps 128 kbps 256 kbps 384 kbps 512 kbps 1024 kbps
RB 2 4 6 8 10 18
MCS 2 1 3 3 3 4
SNR target (1 2) dB 0.3 2.28 2.38 1.63 1.79 1.19
SNR target (1 4) dB 4.6 6.1 6.18 5.46 5.6 4.96

LTE-FDD UL Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity = Noise power + Noise figure + SNR

Current cell signal
SNR
Noise figure
Noise power

LTE-FDD UL Thermal Noise

LTE-FDD UL Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity = Noise power + Noise figure +

SNR
Cell edge rate kbps 512 256 128 64

Bandwidth used KHz 1800 1260 720 360
SINR requirement dB 1.79 2.38 2.28 0.30
ENodeB noise figure dB 3 3 3 3
Noise power dB 111.4 113.0 115.4 118.4
ENodeB sensitivity dBm 110.2 112.4 114.7 115.7

LTE-FDD UL_MAPL
Received signal required

Local cell signal Required
SINR
Interference sign
al from other
cells
Noise
MAPL Maximum transmit power

of the terminal

Cell radius
MAPL = Maximum transmit power Receiver sensitivity losses Margin + Gains

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Cell edge rate required
UL interference margin
Cell edge rate required Cell radius

LTE-FDD UL Interference Margin
Interference margin is the amount of noise increased due to

interference signals from other cells comparing with the amount
of thermal noise.
Interference margin in an LTE link budget is usually set to 3 dB.

Required
Local cell signal SINR
Interference level
Interference signal from other cells

Interference
margin
Noise

LTE-FDD UL Budget
ENode B antenna gain

LTE-FDD UL Budget
In most cases, it is recommended that

two receiving antennas be used.
Antenna gain: about 18 dBi

Based on
Horizontal half-power beam width: about 65 engineering experience
Vertical half-power beam width: about 7
Electrical downtilt angle: can be adjusted manually, or through a Remote Control Unit (RCU) remotely.
Polarization diversity: Cross polarization should be used for dense urban areas, general urban areas,
and suburbs, and vertical polarization should be used for rural areas.
For scenarios with special coverage, such as highways,

railways, and super-far coverage scenarios, antennas with
narrower half-power beam width (for example, 33) and
higher gain (for example, 21 dBi) can be used.

Example of Two Receiving Antennas

Example of Four Receiving Antennas
Method 1
Method 2 Method 3

Method 2

Method 3

Configurations of Four Antennas
Link-level
simulation


Example of Eight Receiving Antennas

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Signal loss
through feed lines and connectors

Signal Loss Through Feed Lines and Connectors
Typical signal loss through a

connector is 0.05 dB.
connector
1/2 in
Jumper
jumper
Signal loss is related
to feed line length
Loss < 0.5 dB
7/8 in
Feed line
Fiber
Assume that:
7/8in feed line: 50 m
1/2in feed line: 6 m + 4 connectors
700 MHz: 2 dB
2.6 GHz: 4 dB

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Shadow fading margin

Shadow Fading Margin
Cell edge coverage probability
( E m E0 ) 2
1
p ( Em ) e 2 2
1 1 E E0
Pcov_cell _ border P( Em E0 ) erf ( m )
2 2 2 Em: value measured
2
x E0: average value
e
t 2
Where erf ( x) dt : standard variance
t 0 Em-E0: shadow fading margin

Regional coverage probability

R
1
2
U ( ) Pr(r ) 2r dr
R 0
U ( ) 2 a exp
1 2ab 1

2
1 ab

b 2 b
2
10 m log( e)
a b
2 2
U(r): regional coverage probability

m: prorogation model coefficient (e.g.m = 3.52)
R: cell radius


Shadow standard
10 dB 8 dB 7 dB 6 dB
deviation
Regional coverage 90 95 90 95 90 95 90
95%
probability % % % % % % %
Edge coverage 87.7 77. 86. 75. 84. 73. 83. 70.
probability % 7% 2% 1% 9% 3% 9% 9%
Shadow fading 11.7 7.7 8.7 5.4 7.2 4.3 5.9 3.3
margin dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB
Standard variance for a dense urban area, general urban area, and general suburb: 8 dB
Standard variance for a rural area and highway: 6 dB

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Handoff gain

Handoff Gain
Handoff gain can reduce shadow fading margin requirements.

Factors affecting handoff gain: shadow fading standard variance,
coverage probability, neighboring-cell shadow-fading relativity,
handoff duration, and terminal movement speed.
Typical handoff gain obtained through simulation analysis: 24
Db.

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Penetration loss
and body loss

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Penetration loss
Radio Environment Penetration loss (dB)
Dense urban areadeep
20
indoor coverage
Urban areaindoor coverage 17
Suburbindoor coverage 14
Rural areain cars 8
Body loss
VoIP service: 3 dB
Data service: 0 dB

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Terminal antenna gain and

terminal transmit power

LTE-FDD UL Budget
MAPL = Maximum transmit

power Receiver sensitivity
Losses Margin + Gains
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
MAPL = 12 1 2 + 3 4 + 5 6 + 7 8 9 10 + 11 1
1
Propagation model 2

LTE-FDD UL Propagation Model
Cost231-Hata (1.52.6GHz)

Cost231-Hata
Cost231-Hata Frequency AntHigh (m) Kc K1 K2 a(hm)

Dense urban area 2100 25 0 139.55 35.74 0.049
Urban area 2100 30 3 135.46 35.22 0.049
Suburb 2100 40 12 126.73 34.41 0.049
Rural area 2100 50 18 115.39 33.77 0.049

Okumura-Hata
Okumura-Hata Frequency AntHigh(m) Kc K1 K2 a(hm)

Dense urban area 900 25 0 127.498 35.74 0.01588
Urban area 900 30 -3 123.403 35.22 0.01588
Suburb 900 40 -10 112.677 34.41 0.01588
Rural area 900 50 -18 103.337 33.77 0.01588

LTE-FDD UL Budget
Inter-site distance and coverage area

Cell Radius and Inter-Site Distance

UL Budget

Contents

LTE-FDD UL Budget
LTE-FDD DL Budget
LTE-FDD DL Budget Features
Cell edge noise increase (dB)

115.4833E 115.5000E 115.5167E
38.8167N
38.8167N
38.8000N
38.8000N
115.4833E 115.5000E 115.5167E
Dense-urban-area cell radius (km)
The following conditions are assumed:

38.7833N
38.7833N
Neighboring cell power load: 50%

Cell edge G factor: 3 dB

RxPower AtCellEdge
SINR AtCellEdge
Interferen c AtCellEdge NoisePower
Rx PowerServing Site
Define: G
Rx Power
All
Adjacent Site
RxPower AtCellEdge
SINR AtCellEdge
RxPower AtCellEdge / G AtCellEdge NoisePower

RxPower AtCellEdge
SINR AtCellEdge
RxPower AtCellEdge / G AtCellEdge NoisePower
TxPowerEIRP / Pathloss AtCellEdge

SINR AtCellEdge
TxPowerEIRP / Pathloss AtCellEdge G AtCellEdge NoisePower
TxPowerEIRP 1 SINRT arg et G AtCellEdge

Pathloss AtCellEdge
SINRT arg et NoisePower

Neighboring cell power load (X%) taken into account
TxPowerEIRP Pathloss AtCellEdge

SINR AtCellEdge
TxPowerEIRP X % Pathloss AtCellEdge G AtCellEdge NoisePower
TxPowerEIRP 1 SINRT arg et X % G AtCellEdge

Pathloss AtCellEdge


SINR AtCellEdge
If TxPowerEIRP X % Pathloss AtCellEdge G AtCellEdge NoisePower
G AtCellEdge
Unachievable SINR SINR AtCellEdge
X%
Cell edge SINR (dB)
As cell radius is shortened,

the cell edge SINA and rate
cannot be increased.
The following conditions are assumed:

Dense-urban-area cell radius (km) Neighboring cell power load: 50%

SINR AtCellEdge
Power increase
cannot result in
performance
Improvement.
SINR (dB)
Power increase can

result in performance
improvement
Dense-urban-area cell radius (km)

LTE-FDD DL Budget Method
Cell radius required Edge rate
Cell edge
Cell radius
rate required

Cell radius required Edge rate
Cell radius
Other parameters MAPL G factor
MIMO configuration SINR Number of

RBs
assigned
MCS and TBS
Cell edge
rate

LTE-FDD DL Budget
Cell radius required
Cell radius
Edge rate
required

LTE-FDD DL Budget
MIMO configuration
ENodeB transmit power
Same as those of UL
DL shadow fading margin

LTE-FDD DL Budget
Neighboring cell power load

LTE-FDD DL Budget
Cell edge G factor
It is generally considered that 5% point

of CDF corresponds to a cell edge. For
single-frequency network architecture,
the value is 2 dB, and for 1/3 frequency
reuse or ICIC FRR, it is 3 dB.

LTE-FDD DL Budget
Cell edge SINR

LTE-FDD DL SINR

SINR AtCellEdge
Cell edge SINR (dB)
Assume that :
Neighboring cell power load: 50% Dense-urban-area cell radius (km)

LTE-FDD DL Budget
Cell edge DL rate

LTE-FDD DL Budget
100 RB
MCS 5
Throughput = TBS/TTI (1 BLER)

DL Budget

Cell radius required Cell edge rate
Cell edge rate

Cell radius
required


Pathloss AtCellEdge
Cell edge rate required
Number of RBs assigned

Cell edge rate
Cell radius
required
TBS and MCS
MIMO configuration SINR
MAPL Other parameters
Cell radius

LTE-FDD DL Budget
How can the number of

RBs assigned be obtained?
Cell edge rate

Cell radius
required

Pathloss AtCellEdge

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LTE-FDD Link Budget

LTE-FDD Link Budget Overview

A link budget is an important part of coverage planning.

Link budgets help understand how various parameters affect networks.

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MAPL: The greater, the better!

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Test and adjust

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

UL cell edge rate is UL cell radius

UL cell coverage radius

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Cell edge rate required Cell radius

Cell radius required Cell edge rate

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

LTE-FDD Link Budget Overview

Because UL UE power is limited, UL

TBS and MCS

MIMO configuration SINR

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

If the UL target is 512 Kbps and BLER is 10%, 512 Kbps

TBS: Transport Block Size

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MCS: Modulation and Coding

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

SINR target value is affected by the following factors:

SINR values are generally obtained through link-level simulation

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Receiver sensitivity = Noise power + Noise figure + SNR

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Receiver sensitivity = Noise power + Noise figure +

Cell edge rate kbps 512 256 128 64

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Received signal required

MAPL Maximum transmit power

Received signal required

MAPL = Maximum transmit power Receiver sensitivity losses Margin + Gains

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Cell edge rate required

Cell edge rate required Cell radius

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Interference margin is the amount of noise increased due to

Received signal required

Interference signal from other cells

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ENode B antenna gain

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

In most cases, it is recommended that

Antenna gain: about 18 dBi

For scenarios with special coverage, such as highways,

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Typical signal loss through a

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