KUALA LUMPUR: With the cost of fossil fuels rising every year, Malaysia is looking

to rely on more sustainable sources of energy.

The total energy consumption in Malaysia is high as subsidies are being extended to
consumers. In 2011 alone, the country spent a whopping RM14.5bil to buy fossil
fuels to generate energy.
One way to decrease fossil fuel-based electricity generation is by minimising electric
consumption and using energy-efficient electrical items and gadgets. This is in line
with the Governments master plan to increase energy efficiency by 15% in 2030.
Energy, Green Technology and Water Ministry (KeTTHA) secretary-general Datuk
Seri Dr Zaini Ujang gives an in-depth interview on sustainable energy, saving money
on electricity tariff and conserving electricity.
A: Electricity tariffs in Malaysia are largely determined by gas prices and foreign
exchange rates when we buy coal. These two main sources that account for more
than 78% because 22.5% of our energy is sustainable energy, while 78% is energy
generated from gas and fuel which we need to buy.
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Solar energy: The cost of installing solar panels is very high initially, but it makes for
cheap sustainable energy in the long run.
Some gas supply we obtain from Petronas, some from locally produced gas and we
also buy from abroad. We also rely heavily on coal, which is almost fully imported as
very little coal is mined in Sarawak.
When the foreign exchange is not in the ringgits favour or the price rises at the
international level, it has great impact on us.
Thats why the Government is looking at how best to cushion the tariff hike and for
this, we have formulated several mechanisms that we deliberate on from time to
time.
Q: Datuk Seri, if we talk of the electricity tariff today and from time to time,
related agencies and KETTHA itself have stated that we have the lowest tariff
compared with other Asean countries. Earlier, you showed that if seen from a
global context, we are the fourth lowest in terms of tariff ranking compared to
Sweden.
A: I have always spoken of this matter concerning consumers who use less than 300
kilowatts (kW) monthly. We are among the nations with the lowest tariff, maybe
among the five lowest nations compared with Indonesia and the Philippines.
They may impose a higher tariff, double ours. But the issue is, why is it cheaper in
Sweden? Because they depend more on renewable energy. Primarily, they use
hydro electricity, nuclear and wind turbines, and they also use a lot of biomass,
which is solid waste.
Indirectly, we have to shift our focus now from depending on fossil fuel to more
sustainable sources of energy and the transition must be done well. Otherwise, it will
cause a lot of problems in terms of reliability and the quality of our electricity supply.
So, I would like to state a few things from the pricing aspect.
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Shape of the future: The Energy Commission headquarters in Putrajaya.

The average electricity price in peninsular Malaysia is 38.53 sen. The cheapest that
we can supply electricity is by generating it through the use of coal, which costs 25
sen. At this price, we can sell at 38 sen and make a profit.
Gas is between 33 sen and 36 sen, and lately 37 sen. At 37 sen to 38 sen, the
difference is just sen. But if we go for other fuel or sources, it will be more expensive.
If we now go for solar energy on a large scale, the cheapest pricing is 40 sen. Even
then, we would have to ensure the tariff level stays at 38.53 sen. This is specific
because at more than 38.53 sen, it would cause a steep rise or surge in our price.
Many people have asked me or the ministry why they cant manufacture or install
solar energy in their factories and more often, their shops. By using the feed-in-tariff
(FIT) mechanism, it is an incentive tariff and not the real tariff.
So, how do we get this tariff? For example, solar starts from 52 sen and through the
FIT, it reaches 74 sen. So, we produce and sell to the utility company. If its in the
Peninsular, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, we use it at 38 sen only.
The profit is huge, so many people think this is a good method for a new source of
income, a new business. It needs to be clarified that this is an incentive tariff.
To get this incentive tariff, we must secure the money from other consumers or
domestic consumers using more than 300 kWh monthly.They will be levied a 1.6%
charge to be channelled to our renewable energy fund. For commercial and
industrial consumers, they will be charged 1.6%, even if usage is small.
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Radiance in action: A display of colourful lights adorning the iconic roof of the
Subterranean Penang International Convention and Exhibition Centre.
Q: That means we can have a gradual and systematic transition towards
adopting more sustainable energy if it is done comprehensively and uniformly
in the future.
A: Why are we making a fuss about sustainable energy? We cannot fully depend on
fossil fuel. The world is shifting from fossil fuel to environmentally friendly fuel. The
most suitable one is gas, which is more costly. If we depend on gas, it will cost 37
sen and we sell at 38.53 sen for a meagre profit of one sen.
Q: Some are saying that if we have sustainable energy, it means that there are
industry players. I am also ready to adapt to solar technology usage and
others. Why not use solar energy, why cant we switch to sustainable energy?
This is the perspective of the community which wants the transition to be done
immediately but for policymakers at KETTHA and other agencies, the
transition must be done as smoothly as possible. We need a more elaborate
clarification on this, Datuk Seri.
Earlier, we discussed the electricity tariff increase in Malaysia, which is still
among the lowest in Asean. If we look at the five countries with the lowest
tariff, the benchmark is Sweden.
Sweden is often used as the best example of how it turned solid waste
management into renewable or sustainable energy. They are so successful
that they have to import 2.7 million tonnes of rubbish from neighbouring
countries to accommodate and manage their solid waste for energy.
In the case of our nation, many would probably say they face the risk of
foreign exchange by using two natural resources. But to move in that
direction, how will the transition from the existing system to sustainable
energy be carried out?
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Iconic landmark: The Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur lit up at night.

A: There are two factors which I mentioned earlier. One, if we depend on gas in
Malaysia, we have to pay at a rate that is profitable to Petronas. Yes, it is our
homegrown company. The royalty from Petronas will be paid to the Government for
various purposes.
Secondly, we have to find other methods to address the issue of cheaper energy and
find a replacement for coal. Coal is currently the cheapest at 24 sen.
Now, our tariff is fixed at 38 sen and coal at 24 sen. Whatever is above 24 sen
should be balanced so that we get the 38 sen. The more costly the energy, the more
coal we must use in order to generate electricity. This is what we use everyday, as
the balancing happens daily.
There are several types of sustainable energy that are cheap, not dependent on the
entry of foreign products and attract foreign exchange. For example, small hydro, not
big hydro which needs huge dams. Where theres a river, you can generate at any
part of the river. And I have been informed by TNB that they can generate up to two
megawatts (MW) using the stream of a big river. They divert the water and generate
power.
If we can generate 100MW or 200MW, which does not require a dam or foreign
exchange, continuously, it means we buy the machine only once, say from Japan or
Germany.
Secondly, we have an abundant supply of biomass. Biogas, or biomass from wastes,
is a major part of solid waste from many sources which is biodegradable. When
there is biodegradation, the major portion of it is biogas.
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Dr Zaini believes that Malaysia needs to strive to adopt green technology.

We can produce biogas and this can be converted to electricity later on. We also
have solar energy which is the most expensive because the capital expenditure or
cost of installing solar panels at the initial stage is very high but in the long run, it is
cheap.
Hence, to calculate the FIT mechanism, we have fixed the profitability at 10%
throughout 21 years or whatever the number of years we have given. So, regardless
of the type, the profit is 10%.
It means that even though people question why small hydro gets 24 sen or 26 sen
while solar panel energy gets 52 or 74 sen, many go for solar whereas with small
hydro, you get the same profit in the long term.
Q: In this respect, if we speak about sustainable energy, the challenge often
faced is the need for sustainable demand, but financial sustainability is also
another matter.
A: Companies that want to pursue such projects must be supported with financing
from financial institutions. The ministry has embarked on several initiatives to ensure
that we obtain the full support of financial institutions.
I myself am getting Bank Negara Malaysia to conduct a workshop for financial
institutions to explain to them the relevant requirements. Many financial institutions
are not clear about the investment risk element involved in such projects.
They are very cautious. For example, tariffs were supposed to have been revised but
this was not the case. According to their calculation, the review was supposed to
have been done but the Government did not do so. They are wary about what will
happen to their investments. Many financial institutions are cautious about investing
in sustainable energy. We will take up the matter with Bank Negara. We will issue
the first sukuk for green technology soon.
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Brightening up the night: The Seri Wawasan Bridge in Putrajaya features

changeable colour lighting.
Before I delve further, I want to clarify another matter. There are three elements of
sustainable energy. The first element is electricity generation supply, the second is
demand, which must be handled well, and the third is financing, which is tied to
investment.
I want to speak specifically about demand but before that, I want to touch on
financing. As an example, if I am a consumer and want to invest in sustainable
energy, it can be done. As an example, we have the FIT and net energy metering
(NEM) if we want to tap solar energy. (FIT and NEM are methods designed to
accelerate investments in renewable energy technologies.)
The FIT quota for industries, commercial and individuals have been taken up. We
obtain about 338 MW. The quota has been fully exhausted. What is available now is
net energy metering. With FIT, we generate electricity and sell to utilities, for
example at 74 sen. Then we buy back for our own consumption at 38.53 sen.
We make our profits here but remember, electricity generation is for four to five
hours only each day. The electricity supply generated is not much. Second, the NEM
is undertaken by us for our own consumption and the excess is sold to utilities. We
sell for 31 sen only.
This is more sustainable in terms of supply and energy planning, and is a true
reflection of what we can submit to the ministrys tariff. We cannot give subsidies
through FIT as it is a promotion tariff.
The NEM is open and now, less than two MW have been taken up. Our quota is 500
MW. A lot more quota can be utilised but the people say at 31 sen, there is no profit,
though in fact the profits are huge. Q: Datuk Seri,earlier we talked about the NEM
and the huge profits that can be reaped. We also talked about using solar
energy at home, which we felt was expensive. Five years ago, the cost was a
bit cheaper and this is our investment for the future.
A: I am the first person to use NEM at home. In Malaysia, people ask, why use NEM
and not FIT? As a civil servant who manages energy in Malaysia, honestly, I should
not use FIT because the profit factor is obvious. NEM is more sustainable and this is
what we want to promote. That is why I am using it in my house. For four kW of
energy generated by solar panels, our investment is about RM27,000. The cost is
going down now, probably to RM26,000 or RM25,000.
I was told three years ago that the cost had doubled, so it was not profitable. In my
house, based on the calculations made between three and four years ago, we have
an estimated return on investment. We use it for our consumption and the balance
we sell to TNB.
How do we reduce our dependence? We can reduce the number of energy blocks to
cut usage.
There are prices for five energy blocks. For the first block of 100 kW, it costs 23 sen;
for the second 200 kW, it costs 34 sen; for the next 300 kW it will cost 51 sen; and
the next 300 kW it will cost 54 sen; and after 900 kW it will cost 57 sen.
If we could reduce the usage of energy blocks, from the 54 sen block to 34 sen block
as an example, by using NEM, we are paying for the block at a cheaper price of 34
sen.
This will indirectly reduce consumers burden when using electricity and at the same
time, we do not burn fossil fuels that produce carbon materials that raise global
warming. This is a pressing issue. For example, the United Kingdom will ban the use
of fossil fuel for all vehicles by 2040. This is related to our discussion today.
Q: Datuk Seri, you talked about National Transformation 2050 (TN50) and the
way forward is green technology, which needs to be explained more clearly.
We need to start today. What is your analysis and understanding of the way
forward?
A: We have the National Green Technology Master Plan 2017-2030. By 2030, we
expect energy efficiency to increase by 15% compared with 2015. This means using
energy-efficient electrical items and gadgets. The ones we have now may not have a
star rating, but the ones in future will have a five-star rating.
To be more specific, there is a regulation in place now which only allows electrical
products with a four or five-star rating to enter Malaysia. We do not allow those rated
below to enter the country.
We also have the Energy Commission label, which serves to remind the people that
these are the materials or equipment that can be used. We also have the Malaysian
Green Technology Corporation indirectly promoting certain items and certain labels.
On the whole, not only do we control or manage in terms of energy and its
generation, we also control its usage. We want to reduce energy demand by 15%, so
if everyone can decrease their requirement by 15% by using solar energy and
energy-efficient equipment, we can minimise electric consumption.
For example, open the windows during the day instead of turning on the lights. This
will help minimise electric consumption and indirectly decrease fossil-fuel based
electricity generation, thus cutting down on carbon emission.

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