Scoala: Colegiul National Elena Cuza

Localitatea: Craiova
Judetul: Dolj
2012

1|Page
 v

Contents
2|Page
Argument2
Short Introduction..4
Chapter I : The story beyond the Big Apple Skyline.5
I. History of New York City .6
I.1. Lenape and New Netherland: prehistory-16637
I.2. British and Revolution 1664-1783 8
I.3. Federal and early America: 17841854 ..10
I.4. Tammany and consolidation: 18551897 ..11
I.5. Early 20th century: 18981945 ................12
I.6. Post-World War II: 1946197713
I.7. Modern period: 1978present 14
Chapter II : A New York State of mind.19
II. Cultural life.19
II.1.To urism . .19
II.2.Media 19
II.3.Cuisine 20
II.4.Accent. ..20
II.5.City Sig hts.. 20
Chapter III : Glorious Horizons.21
III.1.Entertainment and perfo rming arts ..2 2
III.2.Music and film 2 2
III.3.N YC N ig htlife..... .............2 3
III. 4.Bro adway Theatre.. 24
III.5.Wall Street ..2 5
Conclusion26
Annexe27
Bibliography..30

Short Introduction

3|Page
 T he first chapter, The Story Under the Big

Apple Skyline consists of detailed facts regarding the

history of the city of New York, followed by a
geographical and social description.
The second part tackles different aspects from
todays New York, regarding not only entertainment, but
also culture. Apart from the most important city sights
and places to visit, it also includes short descriptions of
main events and places where you can sit back , relax and
enjoy the night.
The last chapter, Glorious Horizons presents
expectations in New York Citys future, based on its
economic and social state in the present.

4|Page
 N ew York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United

States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and
the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is
bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and
by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has
a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as
an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the
west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often
referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous
city in the United States. It is known for its status as a center
for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for
immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of
Commerce, it is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors.
Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York,
James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
New York was inhabited by various tribes
of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native American tribes at the time
Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the
region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was
built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch
soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley,
establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the
colony by annexation in 1664.
The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly
similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles
of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state
constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify
the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.

5|Page
 T he history of New York City begins with the Wappinger, a

Lenape people, who were Algonquian speaking Native Americans that

in habited Manhattan prior to the arrival of explorer Giovanni da
Verrazzano in 1524. The founding as New Amsterdam by the Dutchin in
1624 and the period of English rule its renaming as New York City in
1664 its renaming as "New York City" in 1664 followed. The city was the
location for multiple battles of the Revolutionary War, and served as the
capital of the United States until 1790. Modern New York City traces its
development to the consolidation of the five boroughts in 1898 and an
economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World
War II. Throught out its history, New York City has served as a main port
of entry f o r ma n y i mm i gr a n ts , and its cultural and economic
influences have made it one of the most important urban areas in the
United States, and the world.

I.1.Lenape and New Netherland: prehistory-1663

6|Page
 P rehistory in the area began with the geological formation of the

peculiar territory of what is today New York City. Manhattan island may
have been inhabited b y t h e Wappinger band of Lenape, the primarily sedentary
indigenous Native American people of the area; they ranged the surrounding river
valley and assembled seasonal settlements on Manhattan, where they grew maize on
communal land and fished the abundant waters. They also maintained their
ancestral burial grounds there.
They developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing
their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Lenape were
cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique which
extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast
quantities of fish and shell fish from the bay. It has been estimated that at
the time of European settle went there were approximately 15,000 Lenape
total, in approximately 80 settlement sites around the region. Lenape in
canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York
Harbor, in 1524. He is not thought to have traveled further than the present site of
the bridge that bears his name. Henry Hudson later more thoroughly explored
and mapped the area. European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch for
trading settlement in Lower Manhattan in 1613 latter called New Amsterdam, in the
southern tip of Manhattan in 1625. Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction
of Fort Amsterdam began. Willem Kieft became director general in 1638, but five
years later was embroiled in Kiefts War
against the Native Americans. The Pavonia
Massacre, across the Hudson River in present
day Jersey City resulted in the death of eighty
natives in February 1643. Following the
massacre, eleven Algonquian tribes joined forces
and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent
additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to
the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans,
and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.O n M a y 2 7 ,
1 6 4 7 , Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as
director general upon his arrival, and ruled as
a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The
colony was granted self government in 1652
and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated
as a city February 2, 1653.
Peter Stuyvesant

I.2.British and revolution: 16641783

7|Page
 I n 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York

and Albany. At that time, African slaves comprised 40 percent of the small population of the city. Some
had achieved freedom under the Dutch and owned 130 acres of farms in the area of present-
day Washington Square.[13] The Dutch briefly regained it in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange",
before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in
November 1674. Some place names originated in the Dutch period, most notably Flushing (Dutch town
), Harlem (Dutch town of Haarlem) and Brooklyn (Dutch town of Breukelen). Few buildings however
remain from the 17th Century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York City, the Pieter
Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.

The new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the
settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In
the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively
controlled the city and surrounding areas from 16891691, before being arrested and executed.

By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42 percent of households
in New York had slaves, a higher percentage than in Philadelphia or Boston.[15]

The 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in
North America.

New
Amsterdam
in 1664
By the
1740s, with

8|Page
expansion of settlers, 20 percent of the population of New York were slaves, totaling about 2500 people.
After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city i a
conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but
officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of
these, the city executed 13 blacks by burning them alive, and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.

In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College
in Lower Manhattan.

The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who
maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to
1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British
authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long
Island, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at
the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. New York City was greatly
damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political
and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war, and a haven
for Loyalist refugees. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In
addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison
ships in Wall about Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives from neglect
aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25,
1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the
city.

9|Page
 I.3.Federal and early America: 17841854

I n 1785 the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of

Confederation. Later, New York City was made the first national capital of
the United States under the United States Constitution. The United States
Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States and
the first sitting at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first steps to expanding
the United States: the first United States Supreme Court sat there,
the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there, and
the Northwest Ordinance all took place there.
New York City became the first capital of the newly formed United
States on September 13, 1788 under the U.S. Constitutional Convention.
On April 30, 1789 the first President of the United States, George
Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street. New York
City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the honor was
transferred to Philadelphia.
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander
Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the
Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which
connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North
American interior. Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in
Europe, and a new street grid system expanded to encompass all of
Manhattan.
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by
1850, the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's
population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police
Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and
1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.

10 | P a g e
 I.4.Tammany and consolidation: 18551897

T his period started with the 1855 inauguration

of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall, an
Irish immigrant-supported Democratic Party political
machine that would dominate local politics throughout this
period. During the 19th century, the city was transformed by
immigration, a visionary development proposal called
the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street
grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie
Canal, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural
markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada in 1825. By
1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest
city in the United States. Public-minded members of the old
merchant aristocracy pressed for a Central Park, which was
opened to a design competition in 1857; it would become the
first landscape park in an American city.
During the American Civil War (18611865), the city's strong
commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population,
and anger about conscription led to divided sympathy for both
the Union and Confederacy, culminating in the Draft Riots of
1863. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe
grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions
seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role
acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.

I.5.Early 20th century: 18981945

11 | P a g e
 I n 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the

consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and

outlying areas.[27] Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were
established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other
boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal
government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of
Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to
Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge, and several municipalities in eastern Kings
County, New York; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens
County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and The
Borough of Staten Island contained all of Richmond County. All municipal
(county, town and city) governments contained within the boroughs were
abolished. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx county,
making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.
On June 15, 1904 over 1,000 people, mostly German Immigrants, were killed
when the steamship General Slocum caught fire and burned on North Brother
Island, in the East River; and on March 25, 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would
eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building
codes, and workplace regulations.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for
industry, commerce, and communication. Interborough Rapid Transit(the
first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the
railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania
Station thrived.
New York City's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates
ended when World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction
Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great
Depression ended the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of
the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization
brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's
government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello
La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the
blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and
restricted and reorganized zoning controls.

I.6.Post-World War II: 19461977

12 | P a g e
 R eturning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe

created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing
tracts in eastern Queens. The city was extensively photographed during the
postwar years by photographer Todd Webb using a heavy camera and tripod.
New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall
Street leading America's ascendancy and, in 1951, the United Nations relocated
from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side
of Manhattan.[32] During the 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city
leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-Urban Renewal views
of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion killed a plan to construct an
express way through lower Manhattan.
The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked
up speed while the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply.
The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among
longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the
suburbs, or to distant cities. However there was enormous growth in services
especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law.
New York remained the largest city, and largest metropolitan area, in the
United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information,
and cultural Center.
Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some
population decline in the 1960s. Street activists and minority groups like the
Black Panthers and Young Lords took matters into their own hands and
organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding city services for poor
areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for
organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had also
gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city
government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt
restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix
Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an
agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin catastrophes
of the New York City blackout of 1977 and the Son of Sam serial murderer's
continued slayings.

I.7.Modern period: 1978present

13 | P a g e
 T he 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city
reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial
industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter
reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the
decade and the beginning of the 1990s. The city later resumed its
social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians,
Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crime fighting
techniques on the part of the NYPD. In the late 1990s, the city
benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such
as Silicon Alley, during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a
decade of booming real estate values. New York's population
reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census
estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including
rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan.
During this period, New York City was also a site of
the September 11 attacks; nearly 3,000 people were killed by a
terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered
highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's
rapid regrowth.

I.8.Portrait

14 | P a g e
 Description of The Big Apple

N ew York is the most populous city in the United States, and

one of the most populous areas in the world. A leading global city, New
York exerts a
powerful influence over global commerce, finance, media, culture, art,fash
ion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the
United Nations Headquarters, it is also an important center
for international affairs. The city is often referred to as New York City or
the City of New York to distinguish it from the state of New York, of
which it is a part. Located on a large natural harbor on the Atlantic coast
of the North eastern United States the city consists of five
boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island.
The city's 2008 estimated population exceeds 8.3 million, and with a land
area of 305 square miles (790 km2), New York City is the most densely
populated major city in the United States. The New York metropolitan
areas population is also the largest, estimated at 19.1 milion people over
6,720 square miles (17,400 km2). Furthermore, the Combined Statistical
Area containing the greater New York metropolitan area contained 22.2
milion people as of 2009 Census estimates , also the largest in the United
States. Many districts and landmarks in the city have become well known
to outsiders.
The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to
America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Times Square, iconified
as The Crossroads of the World is the brightly illuminated hub of the
Broadway theater district, one of the worlds entertainment industry. Wall
Street, in Lower Manhattan, has been a premier global financial center
since World War II and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the
worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed
companies. The original Manhattan China town attracts throngs of
tourists to its bustling sidewalks and retail establishments. World-class
research universities such as Columbia University and New York
University also reside in York City. New York City consists of five
boroughts (each one is , in fact, a big city in itself) with their own unique
culture and traditions.

15 | P a g e
 Manhattan
It is located between Hudson and East Rivers. It is the most faimous
island, with maximum interest for the tourists and unique neighborhoods.

Brooklyn
It is located across the East River ar south east of Manhattan.
Queens
It is a U-shaped county located to east of Manhattan, across the East
River and north, east and south of Brooklyn. It consists of two
international airports, the New York Mets professional baseball team, the
United States Open Tennis Center, the famous Flushing Meadows
Corona Park, site of two Worlds Fairs, the countrys second largest
Chinatown and much more.

The Bronx
It is located to the North of Manhattan Island. This part of NY is well
connected to the U.S. continent.

Staten Island
I t is located within New York harbor, across the narrow Kill
Van Kull from New Jersey. It is situated at the south of
Manhattan. Climate in New York is humid subtropical type that
varies from season to season. Spring and autumn seasons vary
from snowy to hot and humid and also can be cold, rainy. Summer
season in New York is warm and humid. Hurricanes and tropical
storms are pretty rare but there is a slight possibility for them to
strike.

Social Life

16 | P a g e
 New York City takes pride in its population of no less than 8,3 milion inhabitants.
Consequently, it is officially the most populous city in the United States. The citys ethnic
flavor has been nuanced by decades of i m m i g r a t i o n s . A s a r e s u l t , n o w a d a y s ,
o n l y 6 0 % o f t h e c i t i z e n s a r e n a t i v e Americans. The rest belong to a wide list
of nations from all over the world: Hispanics, Asians, Italians, Irish, German, Russian,
Polish etc.
The following list contains some famous people born in New York City.
Name Domain
Michael Jordan Former basketball player
Mariah Carey Singer
Millard Filmore Former US president
Vince Lombard American football coach
Tupac Shankur Former rapper
Herman Melville Author
Franklin D. Roosevelt Former US president
Tom Cruise Actor
Mel Gibson Actor
Aaliyah Singer, actress, model
Humphrey Bogart Actor

Fun facts about New York

New York became the 11th state on July 26th, 1788 and was originally called
New Amsterdam. Before the final name change, it was variously known as
Not New Jersey, and Hookerland.
New York City's most famous landmark, the Statue o
f L i b e r t y , i s constructed out of copper and eventually turned green due
to pollution from coal burning factories. If you scraped off the corrosion,
you'd find that the statue was actually pink.
Vassar College, in Poughkeepsie, New York, was originally founded as a
women's college in 1861. Its motto is "Where women go to feel smart between
evenings of drunken table dancing".
Dairy farming is New York's #1 agricultural activity. The state's 18,000dairy
farms have a milk-producing capacity nearly that of Dolly Parton.
In 1807, the world's first steamboat, the Clermont, made its
maidenvoyage between New York City and Albany. It was during this trip
that the phrase "are we there, yet?" was first coined.
The state tree of New York is the billboard
New York City has 722 miles of subway track. Most of it heavily stained with
wino vomit.
"Wizard of Oz" author L. Frank Baum was born in
C h i t t e n a g o , N e w York. His famous tale was loosely based on the
lives of Al and TipperGore, as most great American stories are.

The New York Post -

founded in 1803 by Alexander Hamilton -
17 | P a g e
 i s America's oldest continually-
published newspaper. Its first headlinew a s " J e f f e r s o n H a s
No Exit Strategy For Barbary Coast PirateQ
uagmire".
John Babcock of New York City invented the stationary rowing machine in
1869.
The first railroad in America ran the 11 miles between
Albany
andSchenectady, NY. The slow, primitive train ride carried
o n l y a f e w passengers.
New York City was the first capital of the United Sta
t e s . G e o r g e Washington took his oath of office there in 1789,
beginning the city's long and cherished tradition of gullibly trusting
lying politicians

18 | P a g e
 Cultural life

I n the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel
sounds of world like girl and of words like oil become a diphthong. This is often
misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is
pronounced erl and oil is pronounced goil, this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers
saying things like Joizey (Jersey), Toidy-Toid Street(33rd St.) and terlet (toilet).
The character Archie Bunkerfrom, the 1970s sitcom All in the family, was a good exemple of
a speaker who had this feature. This speech pattern is no longer prevalent.

Tourism
Tourism is vital to the city of New York, with about 47 million foreign and American
tourists visiting each year this enchanting and interesting place.It comprises a multitude of
attractions, ranging from art, music, dance, sightseeing to pubs, clubs and restaurants with
exquisite food. It is famous for its world class concerts, theaters and works of art. The major
attraction of the city is the Statue of Liberty, which has become its icon. Other major visiting
points in New York are Empire State Building and Ellis Island. The legend says that when
British immigrants tried to escape from Europe and were headed of the United State as, the
first thing they saw from the other side of the Atlantic Ocean was the reassuring image of this
statue.

Media
N e w Y o r k i s a c e n t e r f o r t h e t e l e v i s i o n , a d v e r t i s i n g , m u s i c , newspaper
and book publishing indrustries and is also the largest media market in North America
(followed by Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto). Some of the city;s media conglomerates
include Time Warner, the Thompson Reuters Corporation, the News Corporation, the Hearst
Corporation and Viacom. Seven of t h e w o r l d ' s t o p e i g h t g l o b a l
a d v e r t i s i n g a g e n c y networks have their headquarters in New York.
The New York Times h a s w o n m o r e Pulitzer Prizes for journalism than any
other news publication.
Four "major labels" dominate recorded music
Sony Music Entertainment
Universal Music Group
Warner Music Group
EMI
Each of which consists of many smaller companies and labels serving different
regions and markets. Three of the "Big Four" record labels headquarters are in the New
York City. One-third of all American independent films are produced in New York. More
than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city
and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national
daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal, New
York Times.
Cuisine
New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of
dining patrons, is diverse. Eastern European and Italian immigrants have made the city
famous for bagels, cheese cake, and New York-style pizza. The city is also home to many of

19 | P a g e
the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States. New York City's variety of world
cuisines is also varied. Examples could include:
Italian
French,Spanish
German,Russian,English
Greek,Moroccan,
Chinese,Indian, Japanese cuisines, and the diverse indigenous sort.

Accent
T he New York City area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New
York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is generally
considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English. The classic version
of this dialect is centered on middle and working class people of European American descent,
and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in
this distinctive dialect. The traditional New York area accent is non-rhotic, so that the
sound [] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence
the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk." There is no [] in words
like park [pk] (with vowel raised due to the low-back chain shift),
butter [b], or here [hi]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the[ ]
vowel sound of words like
talk ,law, cross, and coffee a n d t h e o f t e n homophonous [r] in core and more are tensed and
usually raised more than in General American.

Times Square. Midtown West

Times Square has

undoubtedly evolved into
something much different than
it used to be years ago. It
stretches from the 42nd to 47th
Street and it represents the
junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. This amazing
neon spectacle is not only the major area of business and
commerce, but also an overcrowded place, making up the
western part of the commercial site of Midtown
Manhattan. It is often called The Crossroads of the World
or The Great White Way and due to its spectacular and
animated digital advertisements it has become a major
symbol of the city. Formerly named Longacre Square,
Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after the New
York Times moved its headquarters to the newly built
Times Building, which is now called One Times Square
and is the site of the annual ball drop on New Years Eve.

Chapter III.Glorious Horizons

20 | P a g e
 H ow will the new New York look

like in a couple of years from now on?

It is very possible that the city will
easily expand to a population of 9 or 10
million, due to its rapid development in
all aspects, especially the high rate of
immigration. Politicians, bureaucrats,
architects and engineers will soon start
to calculate how to fit another million
people into the landscape. The
populations growth comes along with
all sorts of necessities, such as offices,
factories, hotels or schools, let alone
groceries stores and restaurants. There should also be more buses,
subways and trains, in order to facilitate the traffic and transportation of
the whole population.
All of these improvements will easily be made because The Big Apples
economy is flourishing and it is not hard to guess that a population boom
is very likely to appear in the near future.
With approximately 10 million inhabitants and 1,300 square kilometres,
the New York City of tomorrow will probably become the new capital of
the United States. Nowadays its influence outweighs that of Los Angeles,
San Francisco or Washington D.C., the capital itself, and I see that as an
indirect way of leading the countrys economy. I dare say New York is the
informal capital of the US, while Washington D.C. is the formal one.

Entertainment
21 | P a g e
 Music and Film

N ew York is the first American city to fill a central gap in music history,

having a very important and diverse musical background. It has been a thriving home
for jazz, rock and blues for a very long time. Moreover, it represents the place where
hip hop and crunk were born.
People from all over the world come to experience jazz in New York at any of the citys
many celebrated clubs. From garage bands at holes-in-the-wall with no cover charge
to the worlds greatest musicians in the glitzy stage of Jazz at Lincoln Center, you can
find something for every taste every night of the week in New York.

Here are some significant singers from New York:

Mariah Carey

Alicia Keys

Lady Gaga

P Diddy

Mary J. Blidge

Jennifer Lopez

Christina Aguilera

Tupac Shakur

In the early days of American film industry, The Big Apple was the epicentre of
filmmaking. Nowadays, even though it is not as well-developed as Hollywood from
this point of view, its billions of dollars in revenue make filming an important part of
the citys economy, placing New York the second largest center of film industry in the
United States. A series of blockbusters were filmed here, such as The Godfather 1 & 2,
Scarface, When Harry Met Sally, Breakfast At Tiffanys and Home Alone 2: Lost in
New York.
New York also prides with its famous New York Film Academy (NYFA), which is
honoured to have prepared and guided the steps of celebrities such as: Steven
Spielberg, Al Pacino, Jodie Foster, Pierce Brosnan, Robert Downie Jr., Jamie Foxx,
Roger Donaldson and others. It is considered the most interactive film school in the
world by many of todays top filmmakers.

NYC Nightlife

22 | P a g e
 A s the song says, New York is

the city that never sleeps. Even though it

mainly has expensive bars and clubs, it still
remains the dream of an insomniac. No
other city rivals The Big Apple in terms of
performing arts. From the incredible range
of theaters, operas, dance and symphony, to
live rock and jazz music, the biggest
problem will be choosing among the many
temptations.
Whether its live jazz, rock, comedy or
cabaret, sweating on a dance floor or sipping a martini while lounging on a plush
couch, New York has a multitude of choices to make your stay worthwhile. Looking
for a place to sit and have a cocktail should never be a problem, since there are 3 or 4
bars on every block. There is also a variety of bars, ranging from elegant and formal to
jazz, junkie and rock and roll.
Jazz clubs: Birdland, Blue Note, Dizzys Club Coca-
Cola, Lenox Lounge, Smoke, St. Nicks Pub, The Village
Vanguard, Oak Room Supper Club
Rock and roll offerings: Arlene Grocery, Bowery
Ballroom, Irving Plaza, Mercury Lounge
Blues bars: B.B. King Blues Club & Grill, The Knitting
Factory, S.O.B., Tonic
Expensive and elegant: 40/40 Club (owned by hip-
hop singer Jay-Z), Bemelmans Bar, Cielo, MO bar
Comedy bars: Carolines on Broadway, Comedy Cellar,
Dangerfields, Gotham Comedy Club
Dance clubs: Avalon, Cain

Broadway theatre

23 | P a g e
 B roadway theatre, commonly

called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical

performances presented in one of the 40 large
professional theatres with 500 seats or more
located in the Theatre District, New York (plus
one theatre in Lincoln Center) in Manhattan,
New York City. Along with London's West End
theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered
to represent the highest level of commercial
theatre in the English-speaking world.

The Broadway Theatre district is a popular

tourist attraction in New York City, New York.
According to The Broadway League, Broadway
shows sold approximately $943.3 million worth
of tickets in the 2008-2009 season, compared to
$937 million in the 2007-2008 season.

Wall Street
24 | P a g e
 W all Street is
a street in Lower
Manhattan, New York City,
New York, USA. It runs east
from Broadway to South
Street on the East River,
through the historical
center of the Financial
District. It is the first
permanent home of the
New York Stock Exchange;
over time Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic
neighborhood. Wall Street is also shorthand (or a metonym) for the
"influential financial interests" of the American financial industry, which
is centered in the New York City area.

Several major U.S. stock and other exchanges remain headquartered on

Wall Street and in the Financial District, including the NYSE, NASDAQ,
AMEX, NYMEX, and NYBOT.

Conclusion
25 | P a g e
 To sum up, apart from being one of the most visited and populous
cities in the United States, New York City has exponentially grown both
economically and socially in the past years. Moreover, it is a vital place in
the history of music and film industry, having a strong influence over the
European culture.
In my opinion, New York seems to pull in the best and the brightest from
the American culture. The diversity, resilience, depth and spirit that
characterise the city have been intensely chronicled in the news, movies
and books that it is almost a clich. Even though constant changes may be
an obvious feature of the Big Apple because of the numerous trends that
come and go, the city respects the old-fashioned standards; there are
places and things that have remained the same, and those are the
essential ingredients that give New York its consistency. Even though it
is permanently changing, busy to set new rules in all aspects of everyday
life, its core remains the same.
The city of New York has become a real symbol, almost a trademark of the
United States, being very popular among people from all over the world.

Annexe

26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
 Bibliography & Resources

28 | P a g e
 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City

2. New York City Travel Guide by Content Writer Services

3. New York City Guide by Brian Silverman

4. The Best Things to Do in New York City: 1001 Ideas by Caitlin Leffel and Jacob
Lehman

5. http://www.southwestblend.com/New_York/New-York-famous-people.htm

29 | P a g e