JUNE 2013

LEDsmagazine.com

Viewpoints
Execs at LFI P.25

Field
evaluations
LEDs boost
production P.43

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Preview

Semicon and
LEDs P.51

OLEDs at
Lightfair:
Scarce but
dazzling P.34
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 ISSUE 61

June Cover Story

2013 Acuity demonstrated dazzling OLED

products at Lightfair including the
Winona Modelo fixture designed for
retail and hospitality applications, but
the technology still trails LEDs in efficacy
and was relatively scarce at the LED-
dominated tradeshow (see page 34).

features
25 CONFERENCES
Executives chart future of LEDs
and lighting at Lightfair columns/departments
Maury Wright
4 COMMENTARY Maury Wright

34 LIGHTFAIR PRODUCTS
Tunable LED lighting and controls
LFI keynote charts progress
of SSL transition

are stars of show

Maury Wright 11 NEWS +ANALYSIS
LEDs light paths and road
in historic Nmes

43 CASE STUDY
Field evaluations of LED lighting show
Verbatim uses RGB phosphor in MR16s
Lumileds expands mid- and
benefits beyond reduced energy usage low-power portfolios
Martha Carney and Howard Wolfman,
Hitachi Cable offers GaN templates
Outsourced Innovation
Researchers rethink street lights
EMerge hits 100 members
51 SEMICON WEST PREVIEW
Semicon session will examine next
steps for HB LED manufacturing 17 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
Paula Doe, SEMI DOE research projects potential
LED energy savings
DOE awards four SBIR grants for
57 Proper driver design optimizes LED lighting
DESIGN FORUM OLEDs in FY13 SSL program
DOE publishes reports on
Robbie Paul, Digi-Key LED environmental testing
and ambient lighting
MSSLC releases adaptive controls
64 Integral LED luminaires outperform lamps
LAST WORD spec for LED street lights
EPA distributes draft 4 of the
Thor Scordelis and Steve Landau, Xicato Energy Star Lamps V1.0 spec

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 3

commentary
LFI keynote charts
progress of SSL
transition
W
ell-known venture capitalist Vinod
Khosla called for new ways of think-
ing about the design of lighting products
that will be enabled by better LEDs in a
Lightfair International keynote, delivered
in an exhibit floor theater on Wednesday
afternoon April 24. Moreover, the tech-savvy
entrepreneur provided unique insight as to
where solid-state lighting (SSL) and LED
technologies stand today, and what the
future holds.
Khosla led off stating, I want to lead you
down a path to somewhere lighting can go.
But first he challenged the approach the
industry is taking today in adapting old
forms such as retrofit lamps and even ceil-
ing fixtures to work with LEDs. He said, You
end up realizing marginal gains when you
try to improve something.
Using the telephone repeatedly as an anal-
ogy, Khosla charted the course of SSL thus
far, leaving what he clearly sees as a tremen-
dous opportunity for innovation going for-
ward. He said that prior to the development
of the mobile phone, the only evolution in
the telephone in 35 years was the transi-
tion from a rotary dial to pushbuttons. The
mobile phone brought technical advance-
ments at a fast and furious pace, and busi-
ness upheaval as an upstart bought AT&T.
Khosla says that the SSL industry has been
at the stage of the first mobile phones that
were bolted to the floor of cars and called
that state LED version 0. He placed the first
flip phones as version 1.0 and said that the
LED industry is just getting to that level. In
less than 20 years, the mobile industry tran-
sitioned to smartphones with more comput-
ing power than mainframes of the era when
the mobile phone was born, and Khosla
expects a lighting transition on that scale.
Looking forward, Khosla sees lighting
4 JUNE 2013
like a mobile phonea platform upon which
you can extend functionality with add-on
accessories in an app-like fashion. Indeed,
intelligent lighting could run software
apps, although the accessories could also
be in the form of hardware enhancements.
Khosla mentioned snap-on features such
as the optics Soraa demonstrated for its
MR16 lamps on the exhibit floor. Note that
Khosla is an investor in Soraa and parts
of his keynote showed favoritism for that
companys technology.
Khosla said that Soraas LEDs are the first
to enable a real move forward in SSL prod-
ucts. He said the violet, rather than blue,
LEDs yield a better quality white light. And
the homogeneous gallium-nitride-on-gal-
lium-nitride (GaN-on-GaN) device archi-
tecture delivers more light and, most impor-
tantly, reduces thermal issues.
Thermal obstacles have been a major
issue for the industry. Citing the relatively
common practice of integrating active cool-
ing in a lamp, he said, That sounds like as
bad an idea as Ive heard in a long time.
Khosla said the industry needs to avoid the
thermal problem rather than trying to fix it.
He said thermal issues were 90% of the chal-
lenge in designing LED-based MR16 lamps,
but Soraa LEDs eliminated that problem.
Khosla didnt predict the future but rather
challenged the audience, asking if LED light
is free and heat is no obstacle, what will you
do with it? An extensible lighting platform
with apps for mood lighting, networked
communications, and other features are all
things lighting people can make money at,
said Khosla.
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mauryw@pennwell.com
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 FEATURED events
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June 2425, 2013
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Whitepapers LED/OLED Expo 2013

June 2528, 2013
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July 711, 2013
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LED Asia 2013

Efficient measurement of large light source July 1719, 2013
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The LED Show

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Thermal management at the
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October 1618, 2013
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ADVERTISERS index
Argie Charmilles Management SA................21
American Bright Optoelectronics .................20
Autec Power Systems..................................31
Beautiful Light Tech.....................................13
Cirrus Logic.................................................23
Cooledge Lighting .......................................19
E-Lite OptoTech Co. Ltd. .............................48
EBM-Papst Inc. ..........................................10
Electrolube .................................................18
Epistar..........................................................1
Everlight Electronics Co., Ltd. .....................50
Guangzhou Hongli ......................................38
Opto-Electronic Co., Ltd
Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. .......7
Indium Corporation .....................................39
Instruments Systems GmbH .......................16
Intertek .....................................................CV4
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc. .......................37 Shenzhen Baikang Optical Co. Ltd. ...............5
Labsphere Inc. .....................................30, 62 Shenzhen Crystal River Optoelectronic .......12
Ledlink Optics Inc. ......................................27 Technologies Co. Ltd.
Lextar Electronics Corp. .............................32 Shenzhen LED Association..........................53
Linear Technology .....................................CV3 Shenzhen Refond .......................................24
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd.
Lumens Co. Ltd. .........................................29
Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric Group Co. Ltd. ......41
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong ...........CV2
Signcomplex Limited ...................................46
MBN GmbH.................................................14
Stunning Lighting Technology Co. Ltd. .........60
Metal Coaters .............................................15
The Bergquist Company ................................2
My-Semi Inc. ..............................................61
The Korean Consulate General....................30
NMB Technologies Corporation ...................28
Thomas Research Products ........................56
Optronic Laboratories Inc. ..........................40
Topco Green Synergy Group ........................54
Orb Optronix ...............................................60
Underwriters Laboratories ...........................33
Posco LED ..................................................42
Unilumin Group Co. Ltd. ..............................47
Proto Labs Inc. ...........................................49
USHIO America ...........................................62
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. ....................45
Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. ........22

6 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 

_____________
 November 19-21, 2013 M.O.C. Event Center Munich

WHY YOU SHOULDNT MISS STRATEGIES IN LIGHT EUROPE 2013!

Strategies in Light Europe will enter its 4th year of providing a comprehensive conference and exhibition for the rapidly growing LED
lighting industry. It continues to offer a platform for the best networking opportunities in Europe and a forum for the sharing the latest
ideas and experiences in solid-state lighting.

WHAT MAKES STRATEGIES IN LIGHT EUROPE UNIQUE

Strategies in Light Europe has become the most comprehensive event of its kind, offering activities of interest to delegates representing
every level of the LED/SSL vertical supply chain, from components to systems, from engineering to lighting design. Within one venue,
delegates have the opportunity to attend workshops, an Investor Forum, high-level plenary and keynote sessions, and parallel market
and technology tracks. In addition they can view a wide variety of product exhibits and listen to informative presentations on the exhibit
  

  


COMPREHENSIVE CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

The conference programme will provide speakers from throughout the solid-state lighting ecosystem, with representatives from lighting
startups, lighting designers, components suppliers and luminaire manufacturers, as well as well as largest lighting companies in Europe.
Presentations will be provided on the latest developments in LED lighting markets, applications and technologies.

EXCLUSIVE KEYNOTE AND PLENARY SESSIONS

GET VALUABLE INSIGHTS FROM LIGHTING MARKET LEADERS
KEYNOTE 1:

 
 
Philips Lighting, The Netherlands
KEYNOTE 2:
 

OSRAM GmbH, Germany
KEYNOTE 3: Vrinda Bhandarkar, Director of Research, LED Lighting, Strategies Unlimited, USA

Klaus Vamberszky, Executive Vice President Technology, Zumtobel Group, Austria

Zoltan Koltai, EMEA Technology Director, GE Lighting, Hungary
Dietmar Zembrot, President of the Executive Board, LightingEurope
Marc Ledbetter, Manager, Advanced Lighting, , USA

We are fortunate in the plenary session to have high-level speakers from Philips, Osram, Zumtobel and GE. Plus we will have a
representative from the US Department of Energy to discuss how its SSL program as helped to accelerate the LED lighting market
in the US. With the help of our conference Advisory Board we have developed the main conference Market and Technology tracks
 
 

Katya Evstratyeva & Robert Steele - Conference Co-Chairs, Strategies Unlimited

INVESTOR FORUM
The SSL Investor Forum, being held for the third year, aims to address some of the principal questions being asked by investors. The
 








     

analysis, and opportunities to invest in different levels of the lighting value-chain. Speakers from publicly-quoted companies as well




 

   

    


     

   
international markets will share their expertise and insight.

Berenberg Bank, UK CREE, USA  Digital Lumens, USA

COMPANIES INCLUDE: Strategies Unlimited, USA Zumtobel, Austria MLED, UK 



Dialight, UK 
 Cooledge, Canada
OSRAM AG, Germany Xicato, USA/UK Carbodeon, Finland/UK

REGISTER BY SEPTEMBER 20TH AND SAVE 75

 of attendees polled,felt attending Strategies

85% in Light Europe was important/very important

in meeting their business objectives.

10 REASONS WHY YOU MUST ATTEND

1. A plenary
1 l sessi
session
ion th
that eattures hi
att ffeatures high-level
gh
h-lev
l ell speakers
speak from the 6. A free presentation        

their experience.
2. A presentation of the latest market update and forecast for
the LED lighting market by Strategies Unlimited, world leader
in LED and lighting market research, so your company is
equipped with the knowledge to drive forward in the next year.
3.
opportunities to hear product presentations as well as timely
information on subjects such as standards, EU programs, etc.
7. The opportunity to visit over 80 exhibitors from all levels of the
LED/SSL vertical supply chain where you can be sure that
youll get to meet with the market leaders of the LED industry.
8. Numerous opportunities for networking and discussion

 that address a wide range of among component suppliers, system developers, and lighting
topics in LED lighting markets, applications and technology. product manufacturers from throughout Europe where you
4. The SSL Investor Forum a unique event in Europe that will be able to      
allows investors to achieve insights into the large public relationships.
lighting companies as well as exciting new SSL startups. 9. 
   centrally located in Munich, easily
5. Workshops industry experts accessible by air or rail from anywhere in Europe.
on specialized topics of interest to the SSL community in a 10. gala reception, just minutes from the conference
highly interactive way. venue.

REGISTER TODAY FOR A TOTAL ACCESS PASS

When you register for a Total Access Pass everything is included in your registration package. This includes:
Workshop 1: Beyond Photometry Quality Metrics for Solid StateLighting Sean Keeney, Applications Engineer, Cree, USA
Workshop 2: Test and Measurement of LED Lamps and Luminaires Thomas Attenberger, Instrument Systems, Germany

         

  
     

Experience the latest technologies with over 80 exhibiting companies, displaying innovative, state-of-the-art lighting technology,
and services. This is a great opportunity to discover whats new in the fast and ever changing LED Lighting sector.

EXHIBITORS INCLUDE:
AIXTRON SE ebm-papst St. Georgen 
 OPTOGAN GMBH
ALLNET GmbH    Optotune AG
ALPHA ENERGYPLUS Lightconsulting GmbH Philips OEM Lighting Solutions EMEA
ALTUGLAS INTERNATIONAL Evonik Industries 
 
Bayer MaterialScience AG GE Lighting    Radiant Zemax Europe Ltd.
 Gigahertz-Optik GmbH (Headquarter) LOT-QuantumDesign GmbH  



 GL Optic   ROAL Electronics S.p.A.
DATA LINK  
  MBN GMBH Seren Photonics Ltd
 Harvard Molex Deutschland GmbH   

 
 NuSil Technology SphereOptics GmbH

 INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS GMBH opsira GmbH 
DuPont Microcircuit Materials Japan Magnets Inc. OPTODRIVE VESTEL Germany GmbH

REGISTER BY NOVEMBER 15 AS A VISITOR FOR FREE ADMITTANCE TO THE EXHIBITION

(15 CHARGE IF YOU REGISTER ONSITE)

REGISTER AT WWW.SILEUROPE.COM______________________________
 the spotlight shines on efficiency

In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small form factor, active cooling may be required to
effectively dissipate the heat produced by the LED components. Active cooling technology offers
thermal capabilities that are superior to passive heat sinks and can raise performance while reducing
the size of the lighting fixture. With inaudible noise performance, industry-leading German-
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___________________
news views
OUTDOOR LIGHTING

LEDs light paths and road in historic Nmes

The Conurbation of Nmes, France, sought to
light pathways, tunnels, and roads in a manner
that was functional and efficient, and that main-
tained the historic look of the area. The city com-
missioned Ct Lumire to design the new lighting
that included marker lighting on a 5-km roadway
to the A9 Autoroute, and pathway and tunnel light-
ing that provided a pleasing ambiance to pedestri-
ans. The designers ultimately recommended and
oversaw the installation of LED luminaires from
LEC Lyon, including fixtures that were uniquely
mounted in the curbs of roadways.
LEC developed and manufactured customized
products for both the roadway and tunnel light-
ing at the request of Ct Lumire. The roadway,
including traffic islands and roundabouts, is lit
with LED-based spotlights that project a 2m strip
of light onto the roadway. About the installation,
the designers, Patrice Eschasseriaux and Aur-
lien de Fursac, said, A rhythm is created along

the roadway, as well as perspective, without

PHOSPHOR TECHNOLOGY producing adverse effects.
LEC manufactured the lights so that they
Verbatim uses RGB phosphor in MR16s could be adjusted after installation in the
curb to ensure a uniform look along the road-
Verbatim has introduced the VxRGB Vivid Vision MR16 LED retrofit lamp in Europe way. Moreover, the city required fixtures that
and, perhaps more importantly, a new approach to generating white light with LEDs. could be repaired if needed, and LEC deliv-
The solid-state lighting (SSL) product is based on a violet LED and a combination of red, ered a modular design with removable and
green, and blue (RGB) phosphors that makes the lamp especially suited for applications replaceable components.
such as museums and high-end retail where accurate rendition of small differences in The tunnel lighting for both pedestrian
color hues and textures is important. paths and roadways was intended to be
The VxRGB technology will likely be used different from the lighting that is typically
in a variety of products going forward, and found in such locations. Indeed, the design-
the LEDs could ultimately be sold by Ver- ers said, We above all didnt want to light
batims parent Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., it like a tunnel! Its a nondescript place, but
who developed the phosphors and is fabri- one where you could feel good and experi-
cating the LEDs, or even licensed to another ence something.
LED maker. The initial 6.5W MR16 product LED and Ct Lumire worked together
delivers 180 lm over a 35 beam pattern with to create the 4040M spotlights that can be
a color temperature of 2900K and a CRI of rotated on three axes. Moreover, the fix-
85. Verbatim says that the lamp can replace tures include customized elliptical lenses
20W halogen lamps. on the LEDs. Ultimately, the fixtures could
The company said that the technology is be adjusted precisely to achieve the desired
particularly effective in spaces page 12 lighting effect.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/5/8

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 11

news+views
MR16s from page 11 where small differences in color hues, tints
and textures can have a significant impact. The violet light that
escapes the LED and the RGB light emitted by the phosphors com-
bine to deliver even energy across the entire human visual spec-
trum much like sunlight. The company says that the technol-
ogy can be used to produce CCTs ranging from 2500K to 6000K.
Alas, the initial incarnation of the VxRGB technology offers far
lower efficacy than other LED MR16 lamps. The lamp efficacy is
below 30 lm/W and that doesnt include the efficiency lost in the power
transformer that drives the low-voltage lamps. While the lamps still
use less power than legacy sources, they are far from the best LED
lamps in terms of energy savings. For example, Soraa announced new
MR16s at Lightfair that can replace 6575W halogens and deliver
8085% energy savings (www.ledsmagazine.com/press/38098).
Still, if the lamps perform as Verbatim claims, the relatively mod-
erate energy savings may be acceptable in specialty applications.
We plan to expand our product portfolio based on VxRGB tech-
nology in the future, said Jeanine Chrobak-Kando, business devel-
opment manager at Verbatim. This technology offers us greater
freedom in creating products with a dedicated light output that fits
according to special applications and customer needs.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/5/6
OPTICS
Researchers rethink street lights
Beam control has been a key advantage of LED point sources in
outdoor applications such as street lights where regulatory bod-
ies define standards for the patterns applied to a roadway. Most
solid-state lighting (SSL) street lights simply combine LEDs with
total internal reflection (TIR) lenses to deliver a precise pattern,
but researchers from the National Central University in Taiwan
and the Autonomous University of Zacatecas in Mexico claim
that adding a reflecting chamber and specialized diffuser lens
can improve performance and lessen glare.
The proposed design still utilizes TIR lenses to collimate
the light from the individual LED sources. But the LEDs are
mounted in a reflecting chamber that can redirect or recy-
cle rays of light that escape at wide angles since no lenses
are perfect. Then the specialized diffuser that the team calls
a microlens array includes diffractive elements in the optic
and also provides the uniformity properties that all diffusers
offer. The research team said that todays LED street lights
reduce power consumption by 4060% relative to legacy
sources, and that the proposed design could provide 1050%
additional savings.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/16
_________
________
 news+views

PACKAGED LEDS

Lumileds expands mid- and low-power portfolios

Philips Lumileds has introduced the two-die Luxeon 3535 using only four LEDs, said Rahul Bammi, vice president of prod-
2D mid-power LEDs that, uct management. Alternatively, a 40W A19
among other potentia l lamp that previously required fourteen LEDs
usages, can lower compo- can now be created using only six.
nent count in retrofit lamp Lumileds offers the LEDs across a CCT
designs. The company also range from 2700K to 6500K. The entire fam-
announced its first low- ily offers a minimum CRI of 80. Moreover,
power LED, the Luxeon 4014, they all have an R9 rating above 0. The 3535
which targets linear appli- form factor measures 3.53.4 mm.
cation such as under-cabi- The new Luxeon 4014 low-power LEDs
net and cove lighting. have a 41.4-mm footprint. Lumileds said
T he ne w m id-power that the family offers efficacy of 160 lm/W
devices deliver efficacy of 140 at 4000K. At 30-mA drive current the effi-
lm/W at 4000K at 100 mA of cacy is 138 lm/W and minimum flux out-
drive current outputting put is 10 lm. For now, 4000K is the only
a minimum of 60 lm. A 50W CCT available in the low-power family.
PAR20 lamp can be achieved MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/5/5

PROLED TRACKLIGHT 50
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E-Mail info@proled.com
www.proled.com
 news+views
LED MANUFACTURING Hitachi points out that MOVPE effi- patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) a
ciently yields the thin atomic-level active widely used production technique aimed
Hitachi Cable offers layers required in a blue LED that ulti- at optimizing light extraction.
GaN templates mately delivers a phosphor-converted MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/7/4
Hitachi Cable has become the second man- white LED. However, MOVPE is extremely
ufacturer in less than a year to announce slow in growing the much thicker n-type DC POWER
plans to mass-produce gallium nitride GaN buffer layer that is sandwiched
(GaN) template wafers, based on sap- between the sapphire substrate and the EMerge hits 100 members
phire substrates, that reduce the process- active layers. At Lightfair 2013, the EMerge Alliance
ing steps LED manufacturers must han- HVPE is widely used in making many introduced 21 new members and
dle in their metal-organic chemical vapor colors of indicator LEDs and is less expen- announced that 39 new products are
deposition (MOCVD) systems. Hitachi, like sive and faster than MOVPE. Fewer chem- compliant with its standardized DC
Silian and Soitec (www.ledsmagazine.com/ icals are required in HVPE, and the pro- power grid technology. EMerge is an
_______ plans to use the less expen-
news/9/7/4), cess does not require precursor gases that open industry association focused on the
sive and faster hydride vapor phase epitaxy are very expensive. Moreover, HVPE offers rapid adoption of safe DC power distri-
(HVPE) process to build the templates upon a faster epitaxial growth rate, and can bution standards for commercial build-
which LED manufacturers will then build yield the requisite buffer layer according ings, and is especially applicable to
their unique LED structures using metal- to proponents. LED-based lighting. To date, 92 member
organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) in Presumably, LED manufacturers will products have been submitted for eval-
MOCVD reactors. The proposition aims to still be able to leverage their unique LED uation to determine their suitability to
reduce manufacturing time and LED cost; structures in the MOVPE process per- carry the EMerge Alliance Registered
that in turn could drive a quicker transi- formed on the templates. Indeed, Hitachi product mark.
tion to SSL. said that it will also offer templates with MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/12

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 funding
programs DOE awards four SBIR
grants for OLEDs in
FY13 SSL program
The US DOE has announced four new
research grants awarded as part of its
Small Business Innovation Research
(SBIR) program. The awards target
advancements in SSL technology. In this
DOE research projects potential case, the awards are for OLED projects
from Litecontrol Corp, Plextronics Inc,
LED energy savings InnoSys Inc, and Universal Display Corp.
While OLEDs trail LEDs in efficacy, the
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has sitioned fully to LEDs in the 10 applications. former enables planar form factors with
published a new report entitled Adoption of The biggest potential increase would natural diffuse light and attractive aes-
LEDs in common lighting applications that come in troffers. Today LEDs only deliver thetics. (Acuity Brands' Lumen Being fix-
documents the energy being saved already 1% savings in troffers, but the potential is ture below was announced at Lightfair.)
by LED usage in 10 specific applications. The 30% of the total. Thats one of the reasons so
report projects the potential savings if there many companies are pursuing LED retrofit
was a complete overnight transition to solid- tubes for T8 and other fluorescent sockets.
state lighting (SSL) in those applications. Alas, issues remain with retrofit tubes as the
The report examines US LED usage in DOE recently documented in a Caliper report.
A-lamp and MR16 retrofit lamps, and in That same report, however, reported excel-
lent results for purpose-built
Parking garage MR16
LED troffers so the segment
Directional
will likely transition to LED-
Parking lot 4 42 Troffer
6 based products over time.
Streetlight 6 30 The research reveals that
Downlight 7 retrofit lamps at 31% and
Decorative 8
12 21 directional lighting at 34%
High bay A-Type
make up the largest areas
of savings.
MR16 The relative size of the dif-
Parking garage Troffer ferent application areas does
Directional A-Type hide some significant savings
5 51
31 potential. For example, LEDs
34 in street lights are contribut-
2 ing 5% of the savings today,
2 High bay
2 5 13 and the potential savings in
Decorative
Parking lot Downlight a theoretical complete transi- Litecontrols project will focus on an
Streetlight
2012 energy savings (%) Potential energy savings (%) tion to LEDs is only 6%. But the OLED luminaire family for use in corri-
Total: 71 tBtu Total: 3,873 tBtu absolute numbers tell a vastly dors and public spaces at night in which
different story. accurate color rendering is important.
eight types of integral luminaires segmented The DOE reported that at the end of 2012, Universal Display is developing a low-
by application including downlight, high bay, 1 million street lights in the US, 2% of the energy shelf light targeted at aircraft
parking garage, directional, decorative, trof- total, were converted to LEDs, saving 3.5 interiors that it hopes to release in 2015 in
fer, street light, and parking lot. Today, LED trillion BTUs. A complete switchover would partnership with IDD Aerospace, which
usage in those applications is saving 71 tril- boost savings to 238 trillion BTUs. But rela- has previously developed LED-based air-
lion BTUs (British Thermal Units) annually; tively speaking, that is a small number com- craft cabin lighting.
the DOE says that is equivalent to $675M in pared to the potential for troffer savings pro- InnoSys effort is targeted at enabling
energy costs. The report projects that savings jected at 1,146 trillion BTUs. OLED usage in mainstream page 20
could reach 3,873 trillion BTUs if the US tran- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/5/1

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 17

 funding programs
DOE publishes reports on LED environmental
testing and ambient lighting
Three new US government reports shed a
broad light on the transition to LED-based
lighting covering lighting performance,
environmental impact, and the pace and
state of the transition to SSL. The DOE
issued a Caliper on the performance of
LED and fluorescent ceiling troffers, and
the "LED Environmental Testing" report
that focuses on whether toxic elements
are present in LED lighting. The National
Academy of Sciences (NAS), meanwhile,
issued a report entitled "Assessment of
Advanced Solid Sate Lighting" that exam-
ines the lighting transition and the DOE's
role in advancing SSL.
The new environmental report is the
third and final part of a comprehensive DOE
research project focused on the environment
impact of LED technology, relative to legacy
sources, over the course of the complete life-
cycle of a lighting product.
This final part details the disassembly
and testing of 22 lamps for 17 potentially-
toxic elements that could exceed govern-
mental guidelines for hazardous waste.
The testing included grinding the lamps to
expose encapsulated materials.
Results from the final report reveal that
the destructed LED lamps are generally
below US restrictions on toxic elements.
Most did exceed California standards for
either copper, zinc, antimony, or nickel.
The problematic parts of LED lamps, and
legacy lamps, were items such as screw bases,
ballasts, and even filaments, which were not
related to the packaged LEDs. The report con-
cluded LED lamps had concentrations typical
of other electronics such as cell phones.
The first two reports had concluded that
LED lamps have far less impact on the envi-
ronment than do incandescent lamps and
slightly less than CFLs (compact page 20
______________________
MSSLC releases
adaptive controls spec
for LED street lights
The US DOE, via its Municipal Solid-State
Street Lighting Consortium (MSSLC),
has released its model specification that
municipalities and utilities can use as a
template for procuring LED street lights
with integral network and adaptive-con-
trol technology. The spec is another step
in the MSSLCs goal of helping cities,
local agencies, and utilities accelerate the
deployment of SSL for roadway and park-
ing applications.
Download Model Specification for
Adaptive Control and Remote Monitoring
of LED Roadway Luminaires from the
DOE SSL web site. This new spec follows
the original baseline model specification
document for roadway luminaires.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/11
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funding programs
DOE testing from page 18
fluorescent lamps). The energy savings
afforded by LEDs during operation over-
whelmingly outweighs any other lifecycle
issues. And the LED advantage will increase
as the technology continues to improve. Part
3 suggests that there is no toxicity issue that
should preclude usage.
Commercial ambient lighting
Moving to the latest DOE Caliper report, the
agency had the Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory install and test 24 pairs of fluo-
rescent and LED-based ceiling troffers, from
18 lighting designers and facility managers,
to assess the suitability of SSL as a replace-
ment for ubiquitous fluorescent troffers in
commercial settings. The 24 fixture pairs
included 3 legacy fluorescent T8 troffers to
serve as a benchmark, 5 troffers retrofit-
ted with LED-based tubes, 4 troffers retro-
fitted with non-tube LED fixture-upgrade
kits, and 12 purpose-designed LED trof-
fers. The testers considered performance
criteria such as uniformity, glare, dimming
response and flicker.
Generally, the LED-based products pro-
vide an efficacy gain over the fluorescent
fixtures, although the LED-based retrofit
tubes are essentially on even ground. The
LED lighting didn't provide a universal gain
in light quality.
NAS research
The new NAS report, meanwhile, looks at
the pace of development in the SSL sector
and the future impact of the technology. The
examination included a look at barriers to
LED lighting and the cost in R&D dollars to
overcome them. Among the recommenda-
tions, NAS suggested continued investment
in LED core technology to improve efficacy
and increase LED manufacturing yields,
both results that ultimately will lower SSL
cost of ownership.
The study was not limited to LEDs, but
included OLEDs as well. The agency sug-
gested that the industry needs to solve the
OLEDs from page 17
general-lighting applications in residen-
tial, commercial, and industrial settings.
Plextronics project is focused on low-
ering the cost of large-area OLED pan-
els the most significant roadblock to
broader OLED usage. The project seeks
to use inkjet technology and conductive
silver ink to simplify the fabrication of
anode structures on a panel layer.
The DOE continues to support
OLED projects in parallel with funding
LED research because the inherently
diffuse source proves a perfect match
for some applications.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/5/2
efficiency droop problem that exists in
OLEDs at high currents an issue shared
with LEDs. The industry also needs to
improve light outcoupling in OLEDs.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/3
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funding programs
EPA distributes draft 4 of the Energy Star Lamps V1.0 spec
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is continuing what
has become a two-year quest to develop a new Energy Star lamps
specification to replace the prior Compact Fluorescent Lamps and
Integral LED Lamps specifications. The agency recently released
draft 4 of the V1.0 spec with a reduction in the beam-uniformity
requirements in omni-directional lamps, updated flicker definitions
and requirements, and a message that said the agency considered
and declined to act on a coalition of stakeholders' request to lower
efficacy requirements on high-CRI lamps.
In the area of omni-directional beam distribution, the EPA con-
tinued down a path of relaxing requirements. Several drafts back,
the specification required uniformity to within 20% from the top of
the lamp (considered 0) down to 135 toward the base of the lamp.
Remember that the DOE L Prize requirements were for 10% uniformity
over 0 to 150. Draft 4 allows a 25% variance from 0 to 135, and states
that only 90% of the values measured at 5 increments must meet the
requirement. Some lamps makers that have developed compliant
product with prior drafts believe that the EPA is bowing to pressure
from other makers who have struggled to deliver compliant products.
Efficacy requirements
The EPA decided to leave the efficacy requirements for all lamps
unchanged relative to draft 3. Back in January, a coalition of companies,
lighting designers, and researchers had asked the EPA to lower effi-
cacy requirements slightly in products that had a 90 CRI or above.
The theory was that many specifiers would only use 90 CRI lamps.
But manufacturing a lamp to 90 CRI that could also meet the efficacy
requirements was a challenge that could actually slow the adoption of
more-efficient LED-based lighting because of higher prices.
The EPA says that it carefully considered the stakeholders' request
for a relaxation of efficacy requirements by 5 to 10 lm/W, but decided
against it. The new draft notes that products now on the Energy Star
qualified products list and listed in the US DOE Lighting Facts pro-
gram do deliver on the efficacy requirements in 90 CRI flavors. The
EPA is still inviting stakeholder comments.
Other changes
In the area of flicker, the new draft states that all dimmable lamps
must have a waveform periodic frequency of 120 Hz or more. Lamps
that have a frequency in the 120-800-Hz range must have a flicker
index of 0.001 times the frequency. The new draft includes a refined
definition of the flicker index. There are also a number of other less
significant components in the new draft. Looking forward, the EPA
has said it plans to address the trend of lamps that include wireless
networks such as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth.
More: www.ledsmagazine.com/features/10/5/8
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_____________
conferences | VIEWPOINTS AT LIGHTFAIR

Executives chart future of LEDs

and lighting at Lightfair
Tunable lighting, networks and controls, thermal and optics advancements, the evolution of the LED,
and business strategy were top-of-mind subjects for key industry executives at Lightfair, reports
MAURY WRIGHT.

L
ightfair International (LFI) 2013
marked the dawn of a new attitude
among many top executives at both
LED and lighting companies and real-
ize that some of the companies we will
discuss are vertically integrated, build-
ing their own LEDs and solid-state light-
ing (SSL) products. However, across the
board, the largest players have settled into
strategies intended to seize the opportu-
nity being presented by a transition to LED
lighting. The companies are also in a sense
going back to basics and making sure they
get fundamentals such as thermal manage-
ment, optical performance, and aesthetics
right. Meanwhile the executives all recog-
nize that their companies must execute on
emerging trends such as tunable lighting, FIG 1. The GE Lighting Reveal lamp on right has an incandescent look.
both color and white point, and a transition
to networked lighting. Legacy lamp looks to shoppers, said Tom Boyle, chief innova-
The SSL industry has hit a clear fork in LFI revealed a continuation of that trend tion manager at GE Lighting. GE showed a
the road with a lot of short-term interest with GE Lighting introducing a new LED Reveal A-lamp due to market shortly for 40W
in LED-based replacement lamps, but more lamp in its Reveal branded family (Fig 1). and 60W replacements and said a BR-30 is
long-term belief in integral luminaires that Reveal is a premium line that GE touts as coming as well.
may have little resemblance to legacy fix- being superior for rendering colors and The maturity of both LED components
tures. Lets first consider developments revealing nuanced patterns and textures. and lamp design, especially in thermal
in lamps. But the push around the LED-based Reveal management, enables products with a tra-
Clearly the industry is moving toward lamp was its resemblance to legacy looks, ditional look and no evident heat sinks.
products that mimic the look of legacy whereas prior GE LED lamps have featured LEDs with higher efficacy produce less heat
products, despite the fact that the look of visible heat fins that extend vertically over and can be driven at lower currents to fur-
the lamp is hidden in many applications. sections of the globe. ther reduce heat. However, lamps design-
That trend became evident when Philips John Strainic, general manager for North ers and materials companies are ultimately
Lighting first introduced an A-lamp with America consumer lighting, said Reveal buy- enabling the change. See our recent feature
a white optic in the shape of its yellow/ ers are loyal and discriminating. And evi- on thermal products (ledsmagazine.com/fea
orange EnduraLED lamps last December dently the new design was driven by con- ________
tures/10/3/9) for a look at the technologies
(ledsmagazine.com/news/9/12/10), then sumer research. At the forefront of all of available to mitigate heat, including mold-
followed with a lamp sporting a more tra- our engineering is consumer research, and able thermoplastics that can conduct heat.
ditional rounded globe in March (ledsmag
_____ we heard across the board that the size and Philips first produced BR and PAR lamps
azine.com/news/10/3/9). the shape of an LED bulb is very important with a legacy look when it introduced its

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 25

AirFlux-branded products at LFI 2012. Now Still, its in luminaires where
the same technology is being applied to tuning will become most promi-
A-lamps. Bruno Biasiotta (Fig. 2), president nent. Acuity, for example, demon-
and CEO of Philips Lighting, said that having strated compelling tunable-white
Lumileds as a vertically integrated part of and dynamic-color products in
the company has been vital to making rapid its private demo area. The Aera
progress in lighting whether it was develop- concept product was among the
ing the L Prize winner or the new lamps with most impressive on the massive
a legacy look. The two divisions work closely _________
exhibition floor (illuminationin
in areas such as thermal mitigation. How- focus.com/news/4/4/9).
ever, other companies such as GE are also Peter Laier, CTO of Osram,
moving forward without in-house LED man- noted the trend and described
ufacturing, and we will discuss vertical inte- recent Osram work in the area. He
gration more a bit later. said that the company had part-
nered with a Munich museum
Tunable lighting and developed a color-tunable
Perhaps the strongest trend at LFI was tun- luminaire that uses five colors
able lighting as it emerged as a near main- of LEDs. The yet-to-be-detailed
stream technology. Its tough to overstate product is what Laier called a
FIG. 3. LG Innotek LED lighting vice president
how much the Philips Hue product has done classical pilot project. He said
Harry Kang.
to move the technology along as it proved the design realizes a CRI of 95.
that color tuning could be relatively afford- In the exhibit area, Osram
able. Indeed, that product was recognized Sylvania demonstrated tunable white point for products across the broad exhibitor base
with the Judges Citation Award and as the technology that in its case was implemented at the show.
winner of the dynamic color category in the for aesthetics. The company has both lamps Samsung, for example, introduced a Zig-
_________
Lightfair Innovation Awards (illuminationin and fixtures that implement what it calls Bee-enabled lamp due this fall, but its based
focus.com/news/4/4/8). the Sunset Effect a transition in CCT from on the ZigBee Home Automation standard
At Lightfair, Philips announced a BR30 Hue 3000K to 2000K as the light is dimmed to (ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/14). That
lamp that will offer 65W equivalence and is mimic incandescent performance. standard requires a centralized controller,
due on the market in the fall. When asked why whereas Light Link allows plug-and-play
Philips introduced the lamp so far in advance Networks and control links between, for example, a wall control-
of availability, Philips Biasiotta said the com- Of course, with tunable lighting, the need for ler and a lamp. But Samsung is approaching
pany wanted to emphasize its commitment to lighting networks is even more pronounced, the technology with a broader view of offer-
the Hue technology. Indeed, he said a GU10 although energy savings through program- ing appliances that would all connect with
version would also be coming later this year. matic control and dimming is probably suf- ZigBee Home Automation support.
ficient to ultimately Hubbell and Lighting Science Group both
drive network adoption. demonstrated products with Bluetooth
Network-centric LFI wireless the same technology already
demonstrations ranged built into our mobile phones. Bluetooth in
from individual lamps to lighting can allow for simple commission-
building-level systems. ing with mobile devices, but doesnt offer
Sylvania, for example, the range needed in a persistently con-
demonstrated additions nected system.
to its Ultra iQ family of Acuity Brands is the best illustration of
lamps and fixtures (Fig. the fragmentation in networks. The com-
4) that include wireless pany has a proprietary wired network
ZigBee support based called nLight that runs over Ethernet net-
on the ZigBee Light Link work cables and was developed by the Sen-
standard (ledsmaga-
_______ sor Switch brand. That family also now
______________
zine.com/news/9/4/19). includes the option of Wi-Fi networks. The
Thats the same technol- company also recently acquired Adura
ogy Philips uses in Hue. Technologies that uses proprietary pro-
However, there was little tocols on top of ZigBee lower layers. The
consistency or standard- Roam brand sells ZigBee-based proprie-
FIG. 2. Philips Lighting CEO of Americas Bruno Biasiotta. ization in interconnects tary technology as well.

26 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

conferences | VIEWPOINTS AT LIGHTFAIR

Companies such as Cree, Philips, and FIG. 4. Osram Sylvania

GE have dabbled in multiple control tech-
nologies by partnering with controls com-
panies. Both have products that integrate
support for Lutrons proprietary EcoSystem
wired network. Lutron can extend
EcoSystem networks with
its own proprietary wireless links.
Open standards
The best news at the show was that execu-
tives from what are sometimes called the big
three in lighting Osram, GE, and Philips
all pledged support for open standards going
forward. Open standards will hopefully allow
interoperable products from many vendors.
Osrams Laier, for example, is a propo-
nent of open standards, saying, That needs
to be the case. Philips Biasiotta concurred.
He said Philips will attempt to sell light-
ing systems that completely meet custom-
ers needs and ultimately believes that the
company will transition to a lighting-as-a-
service business model where customers
essentially rent their lighting. But he said
the company would never stand in the way
of a customer adding a needed product from
another vendor into the mix. Neither execu-
tive had an answer, however, as to exactly
which network will win out, although as we
mentioned, both are using ZigBee in some
products today.
GEs Jaime Irick, general manager of
North America professional solutions,
ZigBee-based Ultra iQ
family.
meanwhile, revealed that it was
supplying new wireless control
technology and network to the City of Los
Angeles for use in what is the largest instal-
lation of street lights in the world (leds__
magazine.com/news/10/4/13). That project
will utilize 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power
wireless personal area network) that allows
each light to be a node on the global Internet
(ledsmagazine.com/features/9/2/6). Indeed
6LoWPAN is the technology most often
associated with the technology movement
referred to as the Internet of Things.
While GE didnt identify concrete network
plans, Irick said the company will take les-
sons learned in the, project and apply them
to other places. He also said the company is
committed to open standards.
As to whether ubiquitous network con-
trol will happen in lighting, there seems

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little doubt. Philips Biasiotta
said, There isnt a smart city
or a smart gird with-
out smart lighting.
Another Philips exec-
utive had voiced simi-
lar feelings at the Street
and Area Lighting Confer-
ence last year, noting that
controls were the only affordable
way forward with a growing popu-
lace demanding more lighting (ledsmag
_____
azine.com/features/9/12/11).
Packaged LEDs
LFI also provided an opportunity to discuss
the latest in the LED component space and
the business of LED manufacturing with
top executives. Several announcements at
LFI or just before tie into the color-tuning
SSL trend. Osram Opto Semiconductors,
for example, announced five color LEDs
in its mid-power Duris family at the show.
The color LEDs can be closely packed to
with flux to 6000 lm.
enable tunable lighting even in replace-
ment lamps. The company also announced
a deep-blue Duris optimized for remote
phosphor applications.
Just prior to LFI, Philips introduced new
products in the tiny 1.62-mm Luxeon Z ES
family of high-power LEDs, including both
FIG. 5. Philips Lumileds Luxeon CoB family
tunable white and colored emitters
(ledsmagazine.com/news/10/4/9).
Indeed the family includes the
same color LEDs used in
the Hue lamp, includ-
ing the first commer-
cial availability of the
lime-green LED tech-
nology that Philips has
said was vital in Hue deliver-
ing 90 CRI white light.
At LFI, Lumileds CEO Pierre Yves
Lesaicherre confirmed that the lime-green
Luxeon Z ES LED is made with the same rec-
ipe as the one in Hue, but at this point has a
smaller die than the actual LED used in Hue.
Lumileds announced its first chip-on-
board LEDs at LFI in the Luxeon CoB family
with efficacy up to 120 lm/W and flux out-
put up to 6000 lm (Fig. 5). Lesaicherre said
that the company had not offered COB LEDs

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30 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

before because you could achieve much tighter beam control with
smaller point sources. However, he added that the market is now
demanding COB LEDs because product development is much sim-
pler with a single packaged LED even if it integrates many emitters
under the phosphor.
Lesaicherre did claim that Lumileds has developed a COB prod-
uct with uniformity and light quality that exceeds other such prod-
LED
ucts on the market. He said, We optimized the phosphor for the light
emitting surface.
DRIVERS
Crowded market
The bigger LED news at LFI, however, may have been the high-pro-
file presence of Korean suppliers Samsung and LG Innotek (leds __

magazine.com/news/10/5/4). Samsung announced new COB LEDs

at the show with flux output up to 5000 lm and maximum efficacy RELIABLE
of 129 lm/W. Just prior to LFI, Samsung had announced mid-power
LEDs with efficacy of 160 lm/W, and LG topped that at LFI with an
ECONOMICAL
announcement of 170-lm/W mid-power devices.
The two have both moved their component focus squarely onto
INNOVATIVE
the general illumination market. Both have been among the lead-
ers in packaged LED sales with Samsung ranked two and LG rank
ADAPTABLE
four by Strategies Unlimited (ledsmagazine.com/features/10/3/4).
Although both companies have sold the majority of their devices
into backlighting applications in the past, they see their future in
lighting applications.
LG is rather a late entrant into LEDs, but has rapidly gained
ground. Harry Kang, vice president of the LED lighting business divi-
sion (Fig. 3), said that the company spent $1.2 billion in research and
development over the course of 2010/11. He said the company has the
capacity to manufacture 2.5 billion chips per month.
The year 2012 was an important one for LGs move into light-
ing. Kang said that the company has faced roadblocks in the move,
such as the lack of LM-80 testing data. But he said that LG com-
pleted LM-80 testing on 13 LED models in 1012, and will complete
20 more in 2013. 5 -Y E A R WA R R A N T Y
Thus far, the company is having more success in the mid-power 10 - 3 0 0 WAT T M O D E L S
segment, according to Kang, but it does have high-power and COB
LEDs, and modular light engines available as well. Moreover, LG will 480V INPUT MODELS
follow a path seen in other industries in cloning a competitors prod- CUSTOM DESIGN &
uct. Kang said the company will offer a product that is much like the MODIFICATIONS
Cree XP-G2 LED in the third quarter.
DIMMING OPTIONS

Shakeout coming?
Of course, there is question as to whether the market can accom-
modate more LED makers focused on lighting. Indeed, it makes you DC INPUT MODELS

wonder if GE has had the right strategy as a lighting company all EXTREME
along letting others make the low-price LED sources while con- CONDITIONS &
centrating on more-expensive, higher-margin systems. But dont TEMPERATURES
expect the likes of Cree, Osram Opto, and Lumileds to scare easily.
COMPACT DESIGNS
Indeed Osrams Laier said the company is intent on expanding the
Opto business. He claims the company is in a strong number two US ENGINEERING
position globally, although Strategies Unlimited places Osram Opto SUPPORT
third in its ranking.
Cree, Lumileds, and Osram each believe that its in-house LED tech- ___________
AUTEC.COM
nology offers a strategic advantage in lighting. Laier said, We have

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 31

conferences | VIEWPOINTS AT LIGHTFAIR
a clear strategy to be a vertically integrated
lighting company. He said Osram is the larg-
est such company globally, has more than
20,000 patents in the segment, and can lever-
age the best cross-licensing portfolio in the
industry. Conversely, when asked about the
lack of in-house LED manufacturing capa-
bility, GE Lightings Irick said the company
was happy with its position and ability to
buy the best technology on the market for
any given application.
Vertical integration may ultimately seg-
ment the playing field among LED manufac-
turers. Market leader Nichia has repeatedly
said that it will not make lighting products
and compete with its LED customers. LGs
Kang made the same statement at LFI. Nam-
seong Cho, executive vice president and head
of the LED business at Samsung Electronics,
said that Samsung will offer retrofit lamps
as part of its consumer electronics portfolio,
but will leave the professional lighting mar-
ket to its customers. However, Cree, Osram,
and Philips see higher profits downstream.
Pace of change
What all of the LED makers face in the tran-
sition to SSL is both the complexity of LED-
based lighting products and matching the
pace of change in the disparate LED, semi-
conductor, and lighting-system worlds.
LEDs, as a disruptive technology, have cre-
ated a series of challenges for the lighting
industry. Osrams Laier said that just the
transition to the new source, that required
new power-conversion technology, ther-
mal mitigation, and new optics, would have
been a tremendous challenge. But he said the
new applications and form factors enabled
by LEDs have layered on additional chal-
lenges for SSL manufacturers. And on top
of the first two challenges you have what
Laier called solution-level challenges such
as the addition of networks and controls.
The lighting industry is clearly struggling
to deliver products and technologies across
the breadth of the opportunity.
Top those challenges with the fact the
LED manufacturers are rolling out new
products on a six-month cycle whereas
specific luminaire models have had life-
cycles measured in years if not decades.
Laier said, I think the lighting industry
can learn more from other industries,
meaning in terms of cooperation. He spe-
cifically cited thermal as an example where
companies have each pursued its own tech-
nologies and product designs whereas there
could have been more cooperation to speed
SSL developments.
Of course, LED manufacturers have been
more competitive than cooperative as well.
There has been cross licensing, but it has
come mainly at the end of legal bouts over
intellectual property. There has never been
the type of collaboration among LED com-
panies like that which launched the broader
IC industry to new heights in the 1970s. The
general consensus at LFI was that both more
cooperation among competitors and tighter
downstream relationships with lighting
manufacturers can help close the pace gap
between components and lighting.
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exhibition | LIGHTFAIR 2013

Solid-state lighting (SSL) products again dominated the exhibit floor at Lightfair International, with the
most compelling demonstrations involving tunable LED white and color lighting and adaptive controls.
Indeed, SSL retrofit lamps took a back seat at Lightfair International (LFI) 2013, with the emphasis on
more functionality such as tunable features in LED-based integral luminaires. The exhibits revealed more
evolution in form factor and functionality and little lingering concern as to whether LEDs are the best light
sources for general illumination applications.
1

Tunable lighting
Tunable LED lighting seemingly has progressed from what was considered a
far-future concept to almost mainstream technology in a single year. Some
dim-to-warm products were on the market a year ago that could mimic the
way incandescent and halogen lamps dim to a very warm color temperature.
However, tunable white-point CCT, more a prospect than a reality a year ago,
is now in products that can be adapted to boost worker or student productiv-
ity, optimize retail lighting for specific merchandise or time of day, or increase
patient wellbeing in medical facilities. Moreover, dynamic color-tuning products
are close behind, including the Acuity Aera concept that was especially impres-
sive (illuminationinfocus.com/news/4/4/9). Acuity also demonstrated tunable-
white technology in the EVO downlights from the Gotham brand and the Veil
ceiling troffers from the Mark Architectural lighting brand. company also released its third genera-
tion dim-to-warm downlight retrofit kits
1. USAI LIGHTING announced prod- lighting comes additional color uni- with flux output up to 900 lm.
ucts that are capable of two differ- formity concerns, but USAI says that
ent types of white-point dimming it offers fixture-to-fixture consistency 3. PHILIPS COLOR KINETICS intro-
that the company calls Warm Glow within a two-step MacAdam ellipse. duced the SkyRibbon family of linear
Dimming and Color Curve Dimming. luminaires that can deliver tunable-
Warm Glow Dimming targets ambi- 2. JUNO LIGHTING also supports tun- white accent lighting and dynamic full-
ance and mimics the black body curve able white light and black-body dim- color light shows and effects. They
of an incandescent lamp transitioning ming in its Indy LED ChromaControl- are designed to be recessed into
from 2700K or 3000K at full power to enabled luminaires. The CT-Series walls or ceilings for wall-wash, wall-
2200K at low light levels. Color Curve allows commissioning of the luminaires graze, and linear-direct applications.
Dimming targets productivity or well- to a CCT in the 1600K to 4000K range The fixtures can produce white light at
being, providing whiter 3500K light using a RF remote control and main- a choice of 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
at full power while warming to 2200K tains that CCT over the dimming range. or 4000K CCTs and CRI greater than
when fully dimmed (pictured). The The BBD-Series follows the black-body 80. Philips calls the tunable, color-mix-
company offers the technologies in its curve from 3000K to 1600K when ing technology IntelliHue, surely lever-
BeveLED 2.0 and BeveLED Mini down- dimmed. Juno offers the technology aging the Hue-branded color-capable
lights and in its BeveLED 2.0 and in 4-, 6-, and 8-in luminaires in down- lamps, and you can expect IntelliHue
NanoLED NXT pendants. With tunable light or wall-wash configurations. The in future products.

34 JUNE 2013
 Controls and drivers
As we discussed in the executive viewpoint arti-
cle about LFI (p. 25), controls were prevalent
at the show and in fact controls are an inher-
ent requirement in tunable lighting. However, the
2
controls space is broad and fragmented, which
was abundantly clear at LFI. Here, lets consider
products ranging from centralized control sys-
tems to controls-oriented drivers that were dem-
onstrated at LFI.

4. LUTRON is a controls specialist and offers

both wired and wireless networks including the
EcoSystem wired interconnect that is a propri-
etary version of the digital addressable lighting
interface (DALI) standard. At LFI, Lutron expanded
its Quantum Total Light Management System
that can control all lighting and powered window
shades in a building to leverage daylight and mini-
mize energy usage. The software now supports all
of Lutrons sensors, controls, ballasts, and LED
drivers, as well as the companys wired and wire-
less networks. Lutron also demonstrated its new
50W Hi-Lume A-Series LED driver designed for
high-output LED lighting applications. The com-
pany said that the driver is optimized to work with
3 high-power LED light engines such as the Philips
Fortimo and Xicato 3000-lm products.

5. PHIHONG USA is primarily a manufacturer

of LED driver modules that lighting makers inte-
grate into their SSL products. But the company
4 has been touting wireless controls for its drivers
over the course of the last year. Indeed the com-
pany has previously displayed drivers with built-
in Wi-Fi network support. At LFI, Phihong demon-
strated control via a small remote that utilizes
a wireless infrared link much like those used in
TVs. The company can also supply the technol-
ogy embedded in wall switches and other dedi-
cated controls.

6. LEVITON demonstrated its HAI control sys-

tem at LFI including the HAI Omni-Bus Scene
Controller (pictured). Each scene controller can
enable 32 custom lighting scenes while con-
trolling 256 load-control modules that are con-
nected via the Omni-Bus network, and accept
5 input from eight different inputs such as touch
pads or wall switches. Moreover, the Omni-
Bus technology can be used alone in a room or
can be tied into a larger home or building net-
6 work managed by one of the companys Omni or
Lumina control systems.

JUNE 2013 35
 Planar lighting
Planar lighting is a form factor that is clearly being enabled by
the transition to SSL. We've long had fixtures with planar dif-
fusers even some that use LEDs mounted directly behind
the diffusers. But those products are recessed into the ceil-
ing. Light-guides that are edge lit with LEDs, and OLED panels
enable truly thin fixtures that can be surface mounted to a ceil-
ing or suspended elegantly in a pendant. It looks like LED pla-
nar fixtures are ready for commercial deployment while OLED
technology still needs to mature for broad usage.

7. ACUITY BRANDS continues to be the lighting company

making the biggest push into OLED technology. OLEDs remain
very expensive, but are planar by nature and inherently pro-
duce glare-free diffuse light. At LFI, Acuity demonstrated an
expanded OLED portfolio including the square and rectangular
Modelo products from Winona that can be used to implement 7
customized wall and ceiling installations in applications such
as hospitality and retail (see cover photo). The OLED Marker
Series from Winona targets low-level lighting for
installation in devices such as wall-mounted con-
trols (pictured). And the Peerless brand demon-
strated the personal Lumen Being lamps (see
photo on p. 17).

8. COOPER LIGHTING brought its WaveStream

Technology to the commercial market at LFI 2013
after having exhibited prototypes a year ago. The
LED edge-lit products use what the company calls
AccuAim optics that are embedded into the injec-
tion-molded light-guide material to deliver pre-
cise and diffuse light. The first products to use
WaveStream are the SkyRidge and Encounter
(pictured) troffers from Coopers Metalux brand. 8
In those products, the planar technology looks
almost like a diffuser in a fluorescent fixture. Cooper showed a
suspended luminaire from Corelight due later in the year that
uses planar blades with a minimum bezel to conceal the LED
9
sources. When powered on, the planar light guides deliver uni-
form diffuse light. When off, you can see right through the planar
surfaces as if they were glass. WaveStream is based on technol-
ogy Cooper licensed from Rambus.

9. GE LIGHTING also exhibited planar products that are ready

for commercial deployment based on its own licensing deal
with Rambus. The company calls its planar, edge-lit technol-
ogy Intrinsx, and the first family of shipping products is the
Lumination EL series. While at LFI last year, GE showed planar
products with the surface parallel to the floor, but the company
took a different approach with Lumination. The pendant has a
top bevel that conceals the LEDs along the length of the light
guide with the guide extended perpendicular to the floor. The
blades extend as much as 10 in, and GE offers the products in
48- and 72-in lengths that can also be cascaded for longer runs.
The luminaires are dimmable and rated for 50,000 hours of life.

36 JUNE 2013
_________________________________
 10

Outdoor lighting
In outdoor applications, SSL has been win-
ning over many legacy lighting technologies
based on energy savings both from efficient
LEDs and dimming ability. But LED-based
designs are now evolving to go far beyond
what we have seen in legacy sources both
in terms of form and function, and such
products were prevalent at LFI.

10. GE LIGHTING won a Lightfair

Innovation Award for the Evolve LED
Scalable Cobrahead roadway product line.
The product uses a modular light engine,
and as many as four such modules can
__________ be combined in one fixture. The scalable
approach and different fixture sizes allow
GE to serve a broad array of applications.
The company also has a scalable Evolve
area lighting series.

11. PHILIPS LIGHTING demonstrated the

SlenderForm family from its Gardco brand
that brings a stylish look to outdoor appli-
cations. All of the products use the same
square light engine, but Gardco realizes 11

38 JUNE 2013
 Solder and
Fluxes for LEDs

13

12

Solder Flux-Coated
Paste Preforms
a number of square, rectangular, and cir-
cular luminaires using the light engine.
Moreover, the rectangular and square ver-
sions can combine multiple light engines
for more light output. The product profile is Flux Thermal
a sleek 3 in, and Philips supports a variety Interface
of beam patterns. Low temperature
12. CREE LIGHTING took a step back to alloys <200C
a legacy look in an LED-based product,
demonstrating its new CPY Series for light-
ing canopies in gas stations, bank drive-
through lanes, airport arrival/departure
areas, and similar applications. The lumi- Learn more:
naire includes a diffuser that provides more http://indium.us/F311
uniform and glare-free light. The design
does not rely on the total internal reflection
(TIR) lenses on each LED that are prevalent
in most outdoor SSL products.

13. LIGHTING SCIENCE GROUP is uti-

lizing amber LEDs, providing a high-pres-
sure-sodium look, in the Costal Light dem-
onstrated at LFI. The light is designed for
use in areas where wildlife can be harmed
by broad-spectrum white light. For exam-
ple the company says that 20,000 tur-
tle hatchlings are disoriented by white
light each year, and many die. The Costal
Light can be utilized in other areas where www.indium.com
excess white light is an issue including askus@indium.com
around observatories. ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA

2013 Indium Corporation

JUNE 2013 39
 Innovative form
One promise of LED-based lighting is the availabil-
ity of new form factors for luminaires and a break
from the legacy look. While progress is slow, LFI
did reveal a number of products that could only be
realized with LED sources. And the products com-
bine energy efficiency with good looks.

14. SOLATUBE INTERNATIONAL is best known

for residential skylights, but the company has
found that LEDs and daylighting are a perfect
match for maximum energy savings in residential
or commercial applications. Indeed, the Solatube
Smart LED System can deliver as much as 94%
savings in a commercial setting where the sun pro-
vides natural light during the day, and the LEDs
14
integrated in the product provide light on cloudy
days or at night.

15. COOPER LIGHTING introduced the Ametrix

Asyx series of luminaires that have a unique wall-
mount form factor that can deliver light upwards
either for ambient direct light reflected off the ceil-
ing or for highlighting architectural features of a
high-ceiling room. The company also offers the
technology in pendant form. The design uses the
same AccuLED Optics modular light engines with
TIR lenses for beam control that are also used in
linear products and outdoor lighting. Cooper offers
Asyx in a 3000K version with 80 CRI or a 4000K
version with 70 CRI, and rates the products for
50,000 hours of life.
15

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40 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 
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energy | CASE STUDY
Field evaluations of LED lighting show
benefits beyond reduced energy usage
Industry-specific field demonstrations will play an essential role in assessing the benefits of solid-
state lighting, especially when looking at factors that go beyond energy savings, say MARTHA CARNEY
and HOWARD WOLFMAN.
L
ED research projects clearly demon-
strate that solid-state lighting (SSL)
has come a long way in just a few short
years. Evaluations have been conducted
by our organization in collaboration with
multi-stakeholder groups including electric
utilities, municipalities, on-farm research-
ers, and LED manufacturers. Working both
to help specifiers choose optimum energy-
efficient lighting systems and to accelerate
SSL adoption is not easy, however, and con-
sumers, municipalities, and utilities can
have very different purchase motivations.
Working with a diverse group of LED
manufacturers often provides an early
peek at exciting new product features or the
opportunity to test prototypes before they
enter the commercial marketplace.
However, the excitement of SSL can often
be tempered by utility clients, who are natu-
rally averse to risk. The business model of a
utility is built on ensuring reliability while
generating predictable earnings for share-
holders with little, if any, room for mistakes.
However, a few failures going back to
the drawing board is typical in LED prod-
uct refinement and is a natural part of getting
things right. The real question is: Can rapid
innovation co-exist within a utility environ-
ment? At times, the answer seems like com-
bining oil and water they just dont mix.
The good news is that more utility-funded
LED field demonstrations and other mar-
ket-based field evaluations are enabling us
to characterize the industry and design new
programs around energy efficiency. Also,
MARTHA CARNEY and HOWARD WOLFMAN are with Outsourced Innovation, an SSL consulting
firm that provides clients with market strategy and research, engineering, measurement and
validation, and education on emerging SSL technology for a wide variety of general illumination
applications.
LEDsmagazine.com
smart lighting is well-positioned to align
with the smart grid concept. Such initia-
tives create more motivation for utilities to
go forward, albeit with cautious optimism.
The pace of change
Get ready: lighting innovation is going to
cause huge changes. However, the pace of
change will depend on critical decisions
made by businesses, policy makers, lead-
ers, and investors over the next 35 years.
Also, field results are providing insights
into the energy-related and non-energy-
related benefits of LEDs that go well beyond
kilowatt-hour savings. But are these enough
to motivate municipalities, and utility cus-
tomers? Our research reveals that barri-
ers to SSL adoption beyond cost still exist.
These must be addressed to truly accelerate
wide-scale market adoption by consumers
and the utilities, whose grids must respond
accordingly.
Its generally understood that we are
experiencing a major market-transforma-
tion event in lighting, which means that
more services are required. Lighting com-
panies that sell just light bulbs will either
disappear or reinvent themselves to pro-
vide the market with services to support the
advancement of SSL and adaptive controls.
Examples of services are illustrated in Table
1 for market-ready LED niche applications.
Validated energy savings
Real examples where energy savings can
be validated are compelling. Table 2 shows
results from a 120,000-ft2 industrial cold-
storage warehouse in Indiana, which was
converted to LED lighting. The data illus-
trate significant energy savings for both
demand (kW/kVA) and usage (kWh/kVAh)
and a validated 68% energy saving from the
58, 160W LED high-bay fixtures evaluated
in the study.
These savings were realized during peak
times. Because of a new ability to leverage
two-minute occupancy sensing, on average
only 32% of the fixtures were recorded as on
at any one time during a normal business day.
These results are sure to get the attention of
facilities managers, with SSL providing real
opportunities to reduce operating costs for
both energy usage and demand. However,
this is not yet a home run, as photometric
performance after one year suggests evi-
dence of a notable percentage drop in foot
candles. Hence, the jury is still out about
reliability and whether this LED light source
will survive to LM70 after 50,000 hours.
LED performance in classrooms
School-based LED demonstrations show
a recent and compelling story, with some
(but not all) LEDs being ready to compete
against linear fluorescents when comparing
foot candles at desk level.
Table 3 illustrates that 2012 DesignLights
(DLC)-rated LEDs could easily meet and sur-
pass Illuminating Engineering Society of
North America (IESNA) classroom standards.
However, light performance varied widely by
manufacturer, suggesting the importance
of upfront evaluation at the test area before
making a scalable procurement decision.
The good news is that a 20-year total life-
cycle cost analysis for these applications
shows that LEDs can be the least-cost light-
JUNE 2013 43
energy | CASE STUDY

Table 1. New lighting services that are required for niche SSL applications
Training & Lighting Procurement Multi-product Market Production and Total Sustainability
education design evaluation & research & growth impacts** lifecycle messaging
validation* user feedback cost
Refrigerated X X X X X
display cases
Recessed downlights X X X X X X X
Industrial & warehouse X X X X X X X X
(high & low bay)
Parking garages; X X X X X X X
security lighting
Street & area lighting X x X X X X X
Agricultural (plants, X X X X X X X X
livestock, and poultry)
*Light output, energy usage, electrical performance, etc. **People, plants and animals.

ing solution in 2013. This is especially true
in regions with higher kilowatt hours and if
another layer of energy savings is realized
from lighting controls. The problem is that
schools typically look at payback first, mak-
ing 810 years seem too long for an invest-
ment in LEDs when compared with low-cost,
high-performing fluorescents and ballasts.
However, some utilities are providing
incentives to encourage the use of LEDs
and advanced lighting controls in after-
the-meter applications, especially for equip-
ment that can reduce peak load. Common
rebates include refrigerator-case lighting,
recessed cans, parking-garage lighting, and
canopy fixtures. To mitigate risks from dis-
appointed consumers, a utilitys first line of
defense for an incentive is to require Design-
Light certification.
However, LED kits for linear-fluorescent
replacement create new challenges driven by
a concern for safety, especially when they are
retrofitted into existing fixtures. Some util-
ities are putting the onus on the LED man-
ufacturers to require proof of compatibility
prior to LED lamps being installed. Alter-
natively, they may require product labels
instructing there is no turning back when
fluorescent ballasts are disconnected and
fixtures are retrofitted to LED.
Use of controls
Using controls has been shown to increase
energy savings by between 20 and 50%,
depending on application. However, evalua-
tions performed by PNNL (Pacific Northwest
National Laboratories) have shown that not
all LED systems are compatible with all
control protocols. Real-world evaluations
need to be conducted to verify compatibility
of specific LED systems with specific controls.
Agricultural applications
SSL is creating new opportunities for niche
agricultural lighting. For example, large man-
ufacturers such as Philips and Osram Sylvania
are offering spectrally-tuned LED lamps for
horticulture applications. Also, smaller firms
including Once Innovations, Luma Vue, and
NextGen Illumination manufacture LED
lamps exclusively for the poultry industry.
Table 2. Validated energy savings from an industrial high-bay LED application
Total no. of fixtures 58
Power/fixture 160W
Total power 9.28 kW
Monitoring time 24 h 54 min
Potential max. energy usage 231.072 kWh
Actual energy usage 74.5 kWh
% saving 68%
A growing collection of marketing claims
suggest plants, livestock, and poultry have
different spectral sensitivities, where expo-
sure to the correct wavelength may instigate
accelerated seed to retail time, increased
production, or some type of growth
response. The bad news is that these growth
claims are not substantiated by enough sci-
entific, repeatable research and are lacking
in pragmatic real-world business analysis.
The energy-efficiency gains from SSL on
farms are real and measurable. In collabo-
ration with university-based researchers,
many on-farm technology demonstrations
have evaluated conversion to LEDs. These
validated matched or better lighting, an
energy savings of 4050%, and good power-
quality characteristics compared to HID and
fluorescent lighting.
Perhaps coincidentally, on-farm research
efforts also implied growth and/or produc-
tion gains, including increased milk yields
and a percentage increase in poultry body
weights after 42 weeks. Birds were notice-
ably calmer under LEDs compared to the
control group (Table 4). Researchers con-
cluded that growth or production responses
Potential max. kW 9.28 kW
Actual max. kW 6.984 kW
Power saving 25%
Coincidental demand 75%
caused by wavelength or LED light inten-
sity might be anecdotal, but this certainly
warrants further study and a validation of
repeatable results.
These growth and production impacts
begin to get at the heart of exciting new
attributes that the market will embrace,
which revolve around buying lighting to
make money. Think of the economic devel-
opment gains to be realized by farmers who
use this new light source in controlled-envi-
ronment agriculture.
However, an agricultural environment is
typically dirty, hot, and humid. Thus, the

44 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

_________________________
energy | CASE STUDY

research question at hand is whether

Table 3. Photometric measurements from a school classroom demonstration
the thermal design of LEDs can main-
tain light performance without rapid Classroom A  Classroom B  Classroom C 
lumen depreciation. Our findings tend Technology Avg. illuminance Max. illuminance Min. illuminance Max./min. Uniformity
to suggest not, and smart LED pur- (fc) (fc) (fc) (fc) ratio
chasers today may consider includ- LED A (2009) 37.3 53.5 20.9 2.6 1.8
ing lumen degradation in product T12 (2009) 54.0 63.2 29.8 2.1 1.6
warranties to mitigate that risk. LED B (2011) 51.8 76.4 21.6 3.5 2.4
The Cooperative Research Net-
T8 (2011) 53.7 90.2 19.2 4.7 2.8
work of the National Rural Electric
Cooperative Association (NRECA), LED C (2012) 52.5 72.2 29.3 2.5 1.8
along with the New York State Energy LED D (2012) 60.7 94.2 35.3 2.7 1.7
Research and Development Author- T8-HBF (2012) 67.6 103.2 36.0 2.9 1.9
ity (NYSERDA), are supporting new
research initiatives in 2013 to better under- evident after interviewing more than 12 inves- pared with other LED applications that can
stand LED impact on animal growth and tor-owned utilities and municipal stakehold- help reduce peak demand. Results also sug-
crop production as this new value could pro- ers throughout North America to publish a gest that municipalities are driven to SSL by
vide substantial benefits to US agricultural report for CEATI International entitled Best energy and maintenance cost savings, while
production. practices guide to SSL and adaptive control utilities are far more concerned about vali-
technologies for street lighting utility rates. dating reliability and other important elec-
SSL streetlights For example, utility-owned and main- trical and power quality characteristics first
Municipal and utility stakeholders have dif- tained streetlights typically run during off- and are perceived as dragging their feet.
ferent or competing motivations for SSL and peak. This means there is less motivation for The research also disclosed that utili-
adaptive controls for streetlights. That was LEDs to contribute to efficiency goals com- ties perceive dimmed streetlights as a risky

_________
 energy | CASE STUDY

Table 4. Increase in bird weights from LEDs versus CFLs proposition. The majority were not yet pre-
House #8 (LEDs) House #31 (CFL control) pared to consider adaptive lighting technol-
ogies on streets out of concern for liability.
Production: Wk 20 Wk 34 Wk 42 Wk 20 Wk 34 Wk 42
Number of hens 80,308 79,400 78,543 102,582 101,609 100,588 Regional energy-efficiency groups
Other good news is that more energy-efficiency
Eggs per house 41,579 39,243 36,562 52,865 52,677 48,108
policy groups in the country seem to be gear-
Production 88.72%* 84.7% 79.75% 83.71% 88.84% 81.94% ing up to understand impacts from SSL and the
Case weight 46.83 48.86 48.68 47.4 49.65 50.10 new role for utilities. Lighting program design,
where CFLs were once the mainstay, has been
Feed: turned upside down. Newer approaches to
field evaluation, measurement and verification
Consumption 130,725 128,285 113,314 128,113 144,830 152,437
must include a lumen-based analysis as well
Cents/doz 50.68 41.52 39.35 39.05 35.55 40.00 as characterizing the incremental efficiency
Conversion (1) 3.14* 3.27* 3.10 2.42 2.75 3.17 impacts from the use of lighting controls.
Efficiency (doz) 2.98 * 3.26* 3.09 2.945 2.749 3.16 Surprisingly, utilities are beginning to
understand this disconnect between SSL and
Health: energy-efficiency programs. Total resource
cost (TRC) does not do the job of assessing
Mortality 4.60 5.68 6.70 2.58 3.50 4.46
the costs and benefits associated with an
Body weight 3.30* 3.36* 3.34* 3.16 3.14 3.18 investment in LEDs. Utility regulators need
Protein (g) 16.14* 16.02* 14.30 13.19 15.06 16.01 to quickly start to see SSL as a benefit to soci-
(1) Feed conversion rate is a measure of an animals efficiency in converting feed mass to body mass. *Denotes improvement
ety and to determine how that will be handled
compared to CFL control house. with ratepayers in future electricity costs.

__________
energy | CASE STUDY
Discussions about LED technology seem
to include a fear of repeating the same
expensive and disappointing consumer
acceptance of fluorescent technology. Much
of that is driven by less-than-stellar accep-
tance of CFL light color, quality, and wasted
use of public dollars.
A customer-centric focus is the founda-
tion for entrepreneurial success. Results
from our subjective assessments report good
news, as acceptance of LEDs is quite high
within the commercial sector. In fact, inter-
viewing hundreds of survey participants
about LED fixtures installed on streets, in
parking lots, at industrial facilities, within
classrooms, or on a rural farm, custom-
ers tend to most prefer LEDs by a factor
of more than seven compared with conven-
tional HID and fluorescent lighting.
Calls to action
Field work opens our eyes to the good, bad
and sometimes ugly side of innovation. Here
are recommendations that might help:
Action 1: A call for industry-specific field
research to understand and identify the non-
energy impacts from an LED light source. The
existing evidence is intriguing, but scarce
and is not used fairly when unscrupulous
LED vendors make growth or production
claims without controlled study and repeat-
able findings.
Action 2: For general illumination, a
national effort is required to benchmark the
efficiency gains from SSL and the incremen-
tal energy savings realized from lighting con-
trols, with a sufficient margin of error so util-
ity LED programs can be aligned with SSL.
There is debate as to where this initiative
should reside, but general consensus suggests
either NEMA, IESNA, or CEE, or even regional
energy-efficiency organizations.
Action 3: Help consumers better under-
stand lifecycle costs. Its not realistic or fair
to measure the investment in SSL using sim-
ple payback when the fundamental long-term
benefits are not captured. Old habits are hard
to break, but we must be consistent on lifecy-
cle costs and making the concept of net pres-
ent valueas easy to understand as payback.
Action 4: If we keep lowest cost as the driv-
ing force for LEDs, we will likely go down the
same unsuccessful path as CFLs. It is impor-
tant that consumers embrace LED lighting
because of efficiency gains and its new value
so that cost will become inconsequential.
Action 5: Continued, regular training
and education on all fronts, including util-
ity regulators. Our work continues to sug-
gest that the marketplace compares SSL to
light bulbs and does not fully understand
they are fundamentally different. Installers
are not educated on the correct installation
of adaptive controls or how SSL, wireless,
and remote wireless products will integrate
with building management systems.
Action 6: Sub-par products must go.
Good-performing LEDs will be a major force
to be contended with on both sides of the
private and public-sector equation, but field
demonstration is a requirement because of
wide performance variations.
____________________
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Semicon West | CONFERENCE PREVIEW

Semicon session will examine next

steps for HB LED manufacturing
Integration of more features on chip and transition to new materials technologies are two potential
paths that LED manufacturers will pursue in attempts to lower LED-component or SSL-system cost,
reports PAULA DOE.

P
roducers of LEDs and solid-state
lighting (SSL) have made stun-
ning progress in technology to
improve efficiency and lower cost, but
theres still plenty of room for improve-
ment in this young sector to help propel
wider adoption. Indeed, LED manufactur-
ers are constantly striving to optimize man-
ufacturing processes both to bring down
costs and improve performance. Some
researchers now say the next significant
opportunities may be in adding new func-
tionalities through on-chip integration of
features and in simplifying the supply chain.
More disruptive technologies like gallium-
nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) manufactur-
ing and quantum dots could be close to the
tipping point for adoption, while nanowire
alternatives remain potential game chang-
ers further down the road.
Several of the speakers that will partici-
pate in a Semicon West (July 8-11, San Fran-
cisco) session entitled, Looking ahead to
the next generation of HB LED manufac-
turing technology, spoke out about their
___
views on next steps for the industry (www.
semiconwest.org/node/8501). Opinions vary
greatly, although there is already evidence
of broader functionality at both compo-
nent and system level. Conversely, signifi-
cant questions remain about fundamental
changes to the LED in terms of materials
such as silicon, nano technology, or even
quantum dots as replacement for phosphor.
PAULA DOE supports HB-LED programs at
SEMI, the global industry association serving
the manufacturing supply chain for micro- and
nano-electronics, including semiconductors,
PV, HB-LEDs, MEMS, flat-panel displays, and
printed/flexible electronics.
More functions for SSL
Whats driving the market now and what
I think will increasingly dominate the tech-
nology innovation in LEDs in the future is
new functionalities, suggests Wouter Soer,
senior researcher at Philips Lumileds. He
sees new functionalities emerging at both
the component and system level.
One very simple example in LEDs is
the development of high-voltage LEDs by
Lumileds and other companies. Soer says
that the high-voltage Luxeon H family (Fig.
1) greatly simplifies the design of the driver
electronics and effectively lowers SSL sys-
tem costs. The companys high-voltage LEDs
are realized with post-epitaxial steps in the
back end of the manufacturing process.
At the system level, Soer points to Phil-
ips recent introduction of what may be the
first software development kit (SDK) for
light bulbs. The SDK and published appli-
cation programming interfaces for Phil-
ips Hue bulb simplify development of
iPhone and Android apps for controlling
the color-tunable lamps (ledsmagazine.
_________
com/news/10/3/11). The lamps integrate
FIG. 1. The Philips Lumileds Luxeon H
family supports input voltages as high as
200V, simplifying driver design.
ZigBee wireless connectivity and memory.
Even before the release of the open plat-
form, users were already hacking into the
bulb to control the brightness and color of
lights throughout the house, to flash colors
in sync to music, or to match the lighting
inside with the daylight outside with smart
phone programs. Philips wants to open up
the capability for more users to interact
with the light, says Soer.
Simplifying the supply chain
Perhaps a more subtle area of technological
change that could also have big impact on
the LED sector is re-thinking systems com-
ponent capabilities to simplify the supply
chain. The tremendous diversity of the LED
market across different applications, with
its large number of components and product

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 51

Semicon West | CONFERENCE PREVIEW
variations, must be managed by all players
across the supply chain and presents a big
challenge for the industry.
One solution may be to optimize across the
whole system instead of thinking separately
in terms of chip, package, module, and lumi-
naire. One approach Lumileds is developing
FIG. 2. Toshiba said it began production
of GaN-on-Si LEDs in December.
in a DOE-funded project is a hybrid module,
which adds red LEDs to deliver warmer color
temperature lighting. That concept is not
new, but approaching it at a modular level
will enable more SSL manufacturers to utilize
it because mixing colors precisely with mul-
tiple channels of LEDs is a complex problem.
Indeed Lumileds project involves inte-
grating more electronic controls at the mod-
ule level to simplify the need for them later
in the supply chain. This not only can sim-
plify whats needed from the driver or
ultimately even include the driver itself
but also can simplify the value chain, which
allows the lamp maker to just plug in the
part and not have to test it again. If we par-
tition the system in the right way, everyone
will have to deal with fewer SKUs, which will
reduce costs, maintains Soer.
GaN on silicon
Moving on to LED manufacturing and mate-
rials, GaN-on-Si technology has been a hot
topic. Proponents believe it can deliver
lower LED cost because silicon wafers cost
less than the sapphire wafers that are most
widely used today. Moreover, once the epi-
taxial process is complete, manufactur-
ers can use existing IC fabs and automated
tools to handle the back end of the produc-
tion process.
Theres no answer yet about GaN on sil-
icon, but there will probably be one within
the next 12 to 18 months, suggests Eric
Virey, senior analyst for LEDs at Yole Dvel-
oppement. It depends a lot on how success-
52 JUNE 2013
ful Bridgelux and Toshiba are.
LEDs Magazine has closely followed the
progress of the duo. Toshiba announced pro-
duction start last December and released
the detailed specs of its silicon-based LEDs
(Fig. 2) in January (ledsmagazine.com/
news/10/1/3).
________ Bridgelux has since sold its
silicon-centric intellectual property to
Toshiba, although the company still has an
agreement to buy Toshiba LEDs.
Virey believs that if the Toshiba GaN-on-Si
product proves extremely competitive in cost
and performance, many of the other big play-
ers, who all have research programs, will fol-
low. However, if the lower costs dont turn out
to be significant enough to counter the likely
somewhat lower performance, others will
likely back off their efforts. The most likely
scenario, argues Virey, will be somewhere in
the middle, with GaN-on-Si adopted by some
companies who have the silicon experience
and the depreciated silicon fabs that make it
most cost effective, and for some applications
best suited to its cost and performance.
GaN-on-silicon wafer supplier Azzurro
argues that the quality of LED devices made
on silicon could be just as good with costs
significantly lower which could potentially
mean big changes for the LED industry. The
company sells 150-mm (6-in) and 200-mm
(8-in) silicon template wafers with the buffer
layers grown, ready for LED makers to grow
their own light-emitting epitaxial structures
FIG. 3. LED makers can grow their LED epitaxial structures on GaN-on-Si template
wafers from Azzurro and finish the processing in CMOS fabs.
on top, almost as usual, then finish process-
ing on a standard silicon line (Fig. 3).
Azzurro reports that it is now qualifying
template wafers at its fab in Germany for
customers who can start testing the pro-
cess with 2-in template wafers. Epistar has
reportedly ported its structures to the 150-
mm template wafers. Wafer volume is also
supported by demand from users making
power semiconductors, where the GaN-on-
Si technology has the added pull of a big gain
in performance for most applications.
Azzurro co-founder and executive vice
president of business development Alexander
Loesing says the company inserts strain-engi-
neering layers into its buffer stack to control
the degree of bow after growth. The meth-
odology also allows growth of a thicker GaN
layer than most of the other buffer-layer tech-
nologies, which helps for making higher qual-
ity LEDs. After epitaxial growth, the excess
silicon is thinned away with standard low
cost removal processes, leaving wafers with
the standard thickness and flatness required
for processing on a standard silicon line.
The strain-engineered wafers allow
more homogenous processing for better
control of wavelength, output power and
forward voltage, claims Loesing. Silicon
actually has better thermal properties that
can improve the temperature homogene-
ity across the wafer for more uniform epi
growth, for tighter binning, though con-
LEDsmagazine.com
_____________________

_____________
Semicon West | CONFERENCE PREVIEW
trolling bow during growth helps as well.
The better yields and higher throughputs
of the production workhorse 150-mm and
200-mm generation of silicon tools could
reduce LED production costs especially if
companies dont have to invest in the equip-
ment because they have their own depreci-
ated fab already or can find a foundry to do
the processing.
Azzurro argues that even when demand
picks up enough to require the additional
capacity, the economics of converting to
6-in sapphire wafers will be marginal for
many companies because of the higher cost
of the larger sapphire wafers and the techni-
cal challenges of more strain and bow across
their larger area as well. Thus, switching to
larger diameter GaN-on-Si template wafers
with CMOS-foundry post-epi processing
could be the more appealing path to staying
competitive for many companies. If some-
one comes in with GaN on silicon thats
competitive in performance, then the price
advantage will be compelling, says Loesing.
Nanotech and quantum dots
Nanowires could also be a big game changer
further out, suggests Virey. The industry has
done pretty well in already harvesting much
of the low hanging fruit with the current con-
ventional technology. While research results
from these nano column structures for the
light extraction surface or the light emitters
are impressive and have garnered significant
venture capital funding from respectable
firms, the key will of course be how success-
ful they are in scaling to volume manufactur-
ability. The novel structures must be grown
homogeneously across the entire 6 or 8-inch
wafer surface and will need a process that is
as compatible as possible with the standard
semiconductor tool set for likely commercial
volume manufacture, he notes.
Quantum dots have been promising for
the last 10 years, but they may now be at
a tipping point, says Virey, now that the
technology is in some of the first commer-
cial products, such as the Sony television
using QD Visions quantum dots. The tech-
_____________
nology has significant potential for improv-
ing color and reducing energy consumption
using blue instead of white LEDs and con-
verting the color by a sheet of encapsulant
with embedded dots. Big TV makers seem
convinced they can be manufactured at a
reasonable cost since many are collaborat-
ing with the startup suppliers.
In SSL applications, quantum dots could
be an effective replacement for phosphor
because the technology exhibits much tighter
spectrum control. For example, red phos-
phors inherently generate energy beyond the
human visual sensitivity range, but red quan-
tum dots could eliminate that wasted energy.
GaN-on-GaN LEDs and native GaN sub-
strates, meanwhile, could offer better perfor-
mance at high current density. Soraa is the
only player in that segment at the moment.
The homogeneous technology will likely find
application where high density light per sur-
face area is needed, such as in MR-16 lamps
and also in projection and automobile head-
lights, and more, as costs come down.
 PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOP: AUGUST 13, 2013
CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION: AUGUST 14 - 15, 2013
RIO ALL SUITE HOTEL & CASINO
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA, USA
www.theledshow.com
___________________

DONT MISS THE LED SHOW

Over 25 LED experts will gather in Las Vegas. Learn from the top SSL professionals and be
inspired by the most creative manufacturers in the industry.
Whether youre an architect, engineer, home builder, hotel engineer, designer or manufacturer, the conference will deliver education
on a broad spectrum of essential LED technologies, trends and innovations. Speakers will share their insights on the advances of LEDs
and SSL lighting systems. Conference topics are designed to intrigue, entertain, and educate the audience. Speakers will reveal new
technological advances for LEDs in manufacturing, design, testing, color definitions, controls, and final assembly.

SPEAKERS INCLUDE:

MARCO LUDWIG, Chief Commercial Officer & Member of the Board,

KEVIN WILMORTH, Owner, Lumenique, LLC
Zumtobel
Kevin is a lighting industry entrepreneur. He is owner of Lumenique, a
Mr. Ludwig spent several years in both the strategy consultancy and
consulting firm focused on deployment of solid-state lighting product and
investment banking business after graduating from the University of Frankfurt
applications. He is also owner of Tasca, a maker of industrial task lighting.
and the German Airforce Academy.

SCOTT BROWN, Sr. VP Marketing, iWatt, Inc.

CHUCK EDWARDS, VP of Product Development, Intematix
Scott Brown joined iWatt in October 2011 with more than 20 years
Corporation
experience in the analog semiconductor industry. Scott has broad experience
Chuck Edwards has more than 25 years experience in new technology
in all forms of semiconductor marketing, from hands-on tactical to high-level
development, with more than 20 patents/patents pending.
strategy.

JULIAN CAREY, Senior Director of Strategic Marketing, Intematix

MICHAEL SHULMAN, Principal Engineer, UL
At Intematix, Mr. Carey oversees new product concepts for phosphors
One of ULs Principal Engineers for lighting products and has over 30 years
and remote phosphor components. His previous roles were marketing and
of product safety experience at UL. He is the principal author of the newly
developing solid state lighting components and systems at Prysm, LUXIM,
developed bi-national (U.S. / Canada) safety standard for OLED Panels.
Philips Lumileds and HP.

MARCI SANDERS, Program Manager, D & R International Ltd.

ANGELA XANDERS, Lighting Program Specialist, DNV KEMA Ms. Sanders draws upon her well-established relationships in the
Has over 20 years of experience in architectural lighting design and also energy efficiency community to foster key partnerships across industry
serves on the board of the IES Golden Gate Section. and government. She has more than 15 years of experience in market
development and program and project management in the energy industry.

PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOP
Learn how to plan and implement lighting retrofits to increase energy efficiency and improve the quality of visual
performance with the pre-conference workshop: Lighting Retrofit and Relighting: A Guide to Energy Efficient Lighting
Register for a Total Access Pass and the pre-conference workshop is included in your registration!

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design forum | FLICKER-FREE SSL
Proper driver design optimizes
LED lighting
Since LEDs dont inherently flicker, careful approaches to the driver electronics enable SSL products
that can dim smoothly and eliminate visible flicker, writes ROBBIE PAUL .
L
ED lighting has become a mainstream
technology that has significant poten-
tial for energy savings. In China alone,
authorities estimate that moving one-third
of the countrys lighting market to LEDs
will produce a saving of at least 100 million
kWh of electricity and reduce carbon diox-
ide emissions by 29 million tons per year.
However, there is a snag controlling the
output without flicker, especially in applica-
tions such as illumination, whether domes-
tic or urban, has been a common problem.
Lets examine the problem and some driver-
design approaches that support dimming
and flicker-free operation.
Incandescent lights are relatively easy to
dim with a simple, low-cost, leading-edge
triac-based dimmer. As a result, these dim-
mers are everywhere. For solid-state lighting
(SSL) or LED-based retrofit lamps to be truly
successful, they must be capable of being
dimmed when used with existing control-
lers and wiring.
Attempts to dim LED lamps have encoun-
tered a number of problems, often resulting
in flicker and other undesirable behavior.
To understand why, it is necessary first to
explain how triac controllers work, then to
consider the technology of LED lamps, and
finally to look at how these two interact with
each other.
In a typical triac dimmer (see Fig. 1), the
potentiometer R2 is used to adjust the phase
angle of the triac, which fires on each lead-
ing AC voltage edge when VC2 exceeds the
breakover voltage of the diac. When the
triac current falls below its holding cur-
rent, the triac turns off and must wait until
C2 is recharged in the next half cycle to turn
ROBBIE PAUL is the director of lighting at Digi-
Key (robbie.paul@digikey.com).
LEDsmagazine.com
on again. The voltage applied across and the
current through the lamp filament is a func-
tion of the phase angle of the dimming sig-
nal, which can vary from almost zero to 180.
An LED lamp intended to replace a stan-
dard incandescent bulb typically contains
an LED array arranged to provide an even
R2
R1
AC C1
DIAC
Lamp VC2 C2
L1
FIG. 1. A typical leading-edge triac dimmer, and the voltage and current waveforms it
generates.
spread of light. The LEDs are connected in
a series string. The brightness of each LED
is a function of the current through it, and
the LEDs have a forward voltage drop that
is typically around 3.4V, but can vary from
2.8V to 4.2V. The LED string should be driven
by a constant current supply, which must be
tightly controlled to ensure uniform light
levels between adjacent lamps.
Triacs and LED drivers
For an LED lamp to be dimmable, the lamps
power supply must interpret the variable
phase angle output from the triac control-
ler to monotonically adjust the constant
current drive to the LEDs. The difficulty of
achieving this while keeping the dimmer
working correctly can result in poor perfor-
mance. Problems can appear as flickering,
slow startup, uneven illumination, or blink-
ing as the light level is adjusted. There are also
issues with unit-to-unit inconsistency and
unwanted audible noise emanating from the
lamp. These effects are generally caused by
a combination of false triggering or prema-
ture shutdown of the triac and inadequate
control of the LED current. The root cause of
false triggering is current ringing when the
triac fires. Fig. 2 illustrates this effect.
VAC
Current in the
LED lamp
TRIAC
Source: Power Integrations
When the triac fires, the AC mains volt-
age at that moment is applied almost instan-
taneously to the LC input filter of the LED
lamp power supply. The voltage step applied
to the inductance results in ringing. If dur-
ing this ringing the current through the
dimmer falls below the triac trigger current,
the triac stops conducting. The triac trigger
circuit recharges and then re-fires the dim-
mer. Such errant multiple triac restarts can
cause undesirable audible noise and flick-
ering in the LED lamp. Less complex input
EMI filters help minimize this undesirable
ringing. For successful dimming, it is critical
also that the input EMI filter inductors and
capacitors be as small as possible.
The worst case for ringing is at a 90 phase
angle (when the input voltage is at the peak
of the sine wave and is suddenly applied to
the input of the LED lamp) and at high line
mains voltage (when the dimmer forward
current is at a minimum). When deep dim-
JUNE 2013 57
design forum | FLICKER-FREE SSL

ming is required (a phase angle approaching lenges when designing an LED lighting power correction (PFC) and constant current out-
180) and at low line mains voltage, prema- supply. Energy Star specifications for solid- put in a single stage. The primary side con-
ture shutdown can occur. state luminaires require a minimum power trol technique used by the LinkSwitch-PH
For reliable dimming down to low levels, factor of 0.9 for commercial and industrial family of devices provides highly accurate
the triac must turn on monotonically and applications. Tight requirements for effi- constant current control, eliminating the
ciency, output cur- need for an opto-coupler and supporting
Rectified input voltage (V) Rectified input current (A) rent tolerance, and circuitry commonly used in isolated fly-
350 0.35
EMI must be met back power supplies implementing sec-
and the power sup- ondary side control circuitry, while the PFC
300 0.30
ply must respond part of the controller eliminates the elec-
250 0.25 safely in the event of trolytic bulk capacitor.
a short or open cir- The LinkSwitch-PH family of devices (Fig.
200 0.20
cuit of the LED load. 4) can be set to either dimming or non-dim-
150 0.15 A recent techni- ming mode. For triac phase-dimming appli-
100 0.10 cal/product develop- cations, a programming resistor (R4) is con-
ment by Power Inte- nected to the reference pin and 4 M resistor
50 0.05
grations presents (R2+R3) is connected to the voltage monitor
0 0 a good example of pin to provide a linear relationship between
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Conduction angle () Source: Power Integrations how to address the input voltage and the output current, maxi-
challenges of driv- mizing the dimming range.
FIG. 2. Triac current and voltage ringing viewed at input to an ing LEDs and triac Continuous conduction mode provides
LED lamp power supply. compatibility. Fig. 3 two key benefits: reduced conduction loss
is the schematic for (hence higher efficiency) and a lower EMI
stay on almost to the point where the AC a triac-dimmable 14W LED driver developed signature, which enables EMI standards
voltage falls to zero. For triacs, the holding by Power Integrations. The circuit is based on to be met with a smaller-input EMI filter.
current required to maintain conduction is the companys LinkSwitch-PH family device, The built-in jitter of the high-voltage power
typically in the range of 8 to 40 mA. For incan- the LNK406EG (U1). MOSFET switching frequency in the Link-
descent lamps, this current is easy to main- Switch-PH family of devices further reduces
tain, but with LED lamps consuming less Single stage driver the filtering requirement. The smaller
than 10% of the power of an equivalent incan- The LinkSwitch-PH family of LED driver ICs input EMI filter presents lower reactive
descent lamp, the current can easily fall below incorporates a 725V-rated power MOSFET impedance to the driving circuit, deliver-
the triacs holding current, causing the device and a continuous conduction mode, pri- ing the key benefit of significantly reduced
to turn off prematurely. This can also result in mary-side pulse width modulation (PWM) input current ringing.
flickering and/or limit the dimmable range. controller in a monolithic IC. The control- Stability is further enhanced because
A number of other issues present chal- ler implements both active power factor the LinkSwitch-PH is powered from its

C8 C10
330 F 330 F R15 28 V,
11 FL1 50 V 50 V 20 k 500 mA
L3 D8
1000 H R1
R9 240 k D2 VR1 1 FL2 MBRS4201T3G
R18 1/2 W DL4007 P6KE200A
750 k 510 3 RTN
1% 1W D3 R8 C5
R2 D6 R7
R16 BR1 UF4007 150 DL4936 10 k 22 F
C11 C2 2 M 2 50 V
1 k 2KBP06M R10 1%
F1 600 V 220 nF 100 nF T1
L 3.15 A 750 k 630 V 630 V D4
1% R3 RM8
UF4002
L1 2 M D5
90- 265 1000 H C3 1%
VAC RV1 C1 1N4148
47 nF 1 F
L2 400 V R5 R6
275 VAC 275 VAC D V 162 k
1000 H VR2 3 k
D1 LinkSwitch-PH Control BP 1% D7
ZMM5245B-7
N DL4002 15 V U1 BAV21WS-7-F
LNK406EG VR3
R17 Q2 S R FB Q3 ZMM5259B-7
R12 IRFR310 MMBT3904
1 k C6 15 39 V
15 nF R13 R4
R11
Q1 50 V
1%
130 49.9 k C4 R19 C13
R20
C12 C7
FMMT558 1% 10 F 100 nF 1 F
2.4 M 1/2 W 16 V 1 k 10 k 2.2 nF
50 V 50 V 250 VAC

FIG. 3. Schematic of an isolated, TRIAC-dimmable, high power factor, universal input, 14W LED driver based on a Power
Integrations LinkSwitch IC.

58 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

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design forum | FLICKER-FREE SSL

own internal reference FIG. 4. The LinkSwitch-PH simplifies

supply. For dimmable implementation of LED drivers requiring
applications, the addi- the combination of power factors greater
tion of active damper than 0.9, triac dimming, and high
and bleeder circuits efficiency.
ensures robust, flicker-
free operation over Visible flicker
an exceptionally wide Flicker, however, isnt purely associated
dimming range. The with dimmers, and in fact any type of light
constant current con- source can generate visible flicker. Indeed,
trol allows for 25% properly designed LED-based lamps and
voltage swing, elimi- luminaires produce less flicker than leg-
nating the need to bin acy fluorescent and HID sources.
LEDs for forward volt- Lights that flicker unintentionally can lead
age drop. A variance of to discomfort. Prolonged exposure can cause
5% ensures consistent headaches, dizziness, malaise, and impaired
LED brightness. This demonstrates that the problems asso- visual performance. Visible flicker typi-
The 14W LED design achieves the goals ciated with triac dimming of LED lamps cally that which occurs between 3 and 70 Hz
of compatibility with standard leading can be overcome, even to the extent of mak- has been shown in various studies to have
edge triac AC dimmers, very wide dimming ing straightforward the design of drivers for more adverse effect on humans than invisi-
range (1000:1, 500 mA:0.5 mA), high effi- cost-effective dimmable LED lamps with ble flicker. For lighting in areas where people
ciency (>85%), and high power factor (>0.9). consistent and reliable performance. remain for a significant period of time, such

LED Back-it Panel

Can be common smooth lighting (Use Diffusion

material and distance more than 30mm).
Can be used in any combination.
Special size can be customized production.
Floodlight

Use Samsung SMD 2323.50-200W Series,

With Meanwell power supply.

High Bay Light

Use CREE XB-D Leds.

150-500W Series,With Meanwell power supply.
Fins Cooling,High efficiency.

STUNNING LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY LIMITED

www.ledstunning.com
info@ledstunning.com
TEL:+86 755 -2783 1213

60 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

 design forum | FLICKER-FREE SSL

as offices, schools and hospitals, it is crucial to ensure that all light Power source is critical
sources are free of visible flicker. Ultimately it is the power source or driver that is the potential source
As well as the frequency, modulation depth is another factor for many LED lighting problems, although the LED selection matters as
that affects the perceived level of flicker. Modulation depth is well for products that improve on the characteristics of legacy sources.
defined as (Lmax Lmin) / (Lmax + Lmin), where L is the lumi- Indeed, David Cox, Crees sales development manager and partner pro-
nance. The lower the modulation depth is, the lesser the effect is. gram leader, believes that many of the issues surrounding flicker and
A 1989 study entitled Fluorescent lighting, headaches and eye- output variability have little to do with the LED design itself rather
strain, by Wilkins et al., showed that the peak-trough modula- the problem may lie in the quality of the current reaching the lamp.
tion depth known to induce headaches from fluorescent lighting The problem that people can perceive is rooted in the current
at 100 Hz is about 35%. quality and power supply and how we convert energy that is deliv-
LED sources are current-driven devices that on their own will ered to the LED into light, said Cox. A good lighting-class LED,
not flicker, unlike traditional light sources such as metal-halide- which means a lot more than just having high power output, is exem-
based lamps, which tend to flicker toward their end of life. How- plified by Crees X-Lamp range, a full portfolio of white (and colored)
ever, flicker can be introduced by the characteristics of the LED LEDs that offer proven white-point stability, an L70 lifetime up to
driver or power supply. The output of a switched mode power sup- 50,000 hours, and an electrically isolated thermal path.
ply (SMPS) that typically comprises the driver functionality may This range has been specifically designed to ensure consistent out-
contain low frequency harmonic currents and high frequency puts for illumination applications such as outdoor lighting, portable
noise/ripple. Large ripples and inconsistent ripple current will and personal lighting, indoor downlights, retail display lighting, archi-
result in flickering light. tectural, transportation and even emergency-vehicle lighting.
Cox cites another example of usage in which the X-Lamp is deliver-
Feedback and flicker ing flicker-free performance for a notoriously demanding customer.
For a single-stage active power factor correction topology that is He said, One of our customers has produced a light that is being
widely used in a SMPS for LEDs, in order to maintain low harmonic used for illumination applications in the motion picture industry
distortion, the response of the power feedback loop has to be slow.
But this will also lead to light flickering. Therefore, a negative feed-
back circuit is needed to eliminate these signals. The stability of the
SMPS depends on the closed loop gain and the phase margin of the
negative feedback circuitry design.
A suitable negative feedback circuit can be formed by op-amp
feedback via an opto-coupler to the power factor correction circuit
to control the MOSFET on-time, as shown in Fig. 5. If the load cur-
rent increases, the MOSFET on-time will adjust to achieve consis-
tent output voltage throughout the whole operating cycle. As we have
already noted, ensuring low modulation depth and higher modula-
tion frequency helps in minimizing the perceived effect of flicker-
ing on human eyes.
In todays lighting market, the pressure from various sources to
eliminate visible flicker is much higher than invisible flicker, due to
the comfort and operational reasons mentioned above. As such, a
properly designed LED luminaire with minimized flicker is a suit-
able solution to replace a fluorescent lamp in providing a higher
quality lighting experience to consumers.
Fluorescent tubes with magnetic ballasts operate at twice the sup-
ply frequency (typically 100 Hz or 120 Hz). However, as such lamps
age, the flashes that occur in one direction of current may not equal
those that occur in the other direction and consequently the lamps
may visibly flicker with the driver components at the frequency of
the power supply.
Kee Yean Ng, worldwide product marketing manager at Avago
Technologies, said, Our opinion is that flicker is not an issue nowa-
days with a well designed luminaire. Avago has numerous custom-
ers that sell LED-based luminaires and have had no reported issues
___________
associated with flicker.

LEDsmagazine.com JUNE 2013 61

design forum | FLICKER-FREE SSL

and in high-speed camera applications with Negative feedback circuitry

no visible flicker.
Luminaire developers need to use lighting-
class or higher-power LEDs, which are spe-
cifically designed for lighting apps. Providing
the choice of LED is wise, any flicker will be
LED
unconnected with the LED itself and caused module/
luminaire
only by the power source and control method.
Crees power LEDs are designed for illu-
mination, says Cox. They are a DC-in prod-
uct, but you can connect then to AC if you
connect them to a power conditioner. So in EMI filter
and PFC
effect you are conditioning the power source AC input rectification circuit
circuit
to create light. Another good way to reduce
flicker is to work with quality LED drivers or Source: Avago Technologies

a non-dimming power slide.

Choosing LEDs specifically designed for
lighting applications over any ordinary
high-brightness LED will ensure that any
flicker problems will be caused by the power
source and/or the control method. More
often than not, it is the driver, not the LED,
that causes any noticeable flicker in light-
FIG. 5. A negative feedback circuit minimizes ripple current and is implemented by
op-amp feedback via an opto-coupler to the power factor correction circuit to control
the MOSFET on-time.
ing applications that utilize traditional dim- used, is choosing the proper LED driver for
ming technologies. The solution to prevent- the dimming application.
ing this problem, provided the proper LED is

MEASURE MORE
for LESS

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Light Flux Color (LFC) Systems
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Whether you are a manufacturer Luminous Efficacy
of LED luminaires, street lights, (Lumens/Watt)
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______
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62 JUNE 2013 LEDsmagazine.com

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last word
Integral LED luminaires
outperform lamps
Thor Scordelis and Steve Landau, manager of global product marketing and director
of marketing communications, respectively, of Xicato argue that while the time
is right for LEDs, demanding lighting applications fare better with purpose-built
luminaires rather than retrofit lamps.
W
hile some may still consider LEDs
to be a relatively new lighting
technology, many LED installa-
tions have been operating successfully for
more than five years. Implemented well in a
purpose-built luminaire, LEDs can reliably
offer high-quality light over long lifetimes
while consuming low amounts of energy.
However, to switch to LEDs from incan-
descent lighting, why not opt for the seem-
ingly quick fix of replacing conventional
lamps with LED bulbs, instead of purchasing
purpose-built luminaires? LED replacement
lamps are now widely available in a range
of standard formats and typically consume
much less energy than incandescent lamps.
Heres the catch: while some LED replace-
ment lamps can save significant energy, they
can also perform poorly over their rated life-
time, as the quality of light degrades per-
ceptibly. You might assume that a solution
rated for 50,000 hours will perform in its last
hour exactly as it did in its first that it will
look identical to the human eye but that
assumption could prove problematic.
Mounting anecdotal evidence from light-
ing designers and specifiers suggests that, in
some installations, LED replacement lamps
fail to live up to manufacturers lifetime
claims of 35,000 hours. Moreover, recent
studies made on behalf of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (e.g., Demonstration of LED
retrofit lamps, June 2012) reveal installa-
tions where LED replacement lamps have:
Displayed highly visible color shifts after
as few as 4000 hours of use;
64 JUNE 2013
Displayed unwanted behavior, such as vis-
ible flickering; or
Suffered from accelerated rates of lumen
depreciation.
Dont let this deter you from implement-
ing an LED lighting strategy: you just need to
pick the right one. Well-designed LED lumi-
naires are far superior to LED replacement
bulbs for many professional settings.
Professional applications demand stable
color temperature and light intensity. In
retail environments, color tones are care-
fully specified to match merchandise dis-
played; a color shift can weaken customer
appeal and lower sales. In hospitality and
restaurant environments, lighting schemes
must welcome and/or comfort the guest.
In museums and galleries, color tones are
selected precisely to highlight specific
works of art.
These settings demand the best possible
quality of light: true, consistent color over
time, with no flickering or degradation
and minimal risk of failure. Merely replac-
ing conventional bulbs with LED bulbs can-
not meet these requirements. First, visible
flicker (often a result of incompatible dim-
ming systems) is not uncommon with LED
replacement lamps. Second, many profes-
sional settings require always-on light-
ing, which can create thermal challenges
with LED replacement bulbs. The waste
heat LEDs generate in normal operation
can rapidly degrade or even destroy the
internal electronics as well as the LED and
its phosphor coating (which converts the
LEDs native blue color to white) unless its
properly channeled away from the bulb. In
a purpose-built LED luminaire, a fixtures
thermal design is specified to support con-
tinuous operation without heat damage.
Thus, to achieve the desired results, the
luminaire must exhibit both consistency and
reliability. Consistent light output maintains
a stable color temperature, intensity (mea-
sured in lumens), color rendering capabil-
ity and beam pattern over the luminaires
rated lifetime. To be considered reliable, the
luminaire must operate for its rated life-
time without failing or exhibiting undesired
behavior such as flickering or visible dark
spots in the light source.
Speaking of the light source, the lumi-
naires color stability is affected most
strongly by that of the LED light source.
While poor thermal management and
degraded optics can cause color shift, if the
LED light source is not color-stable to begin
with, the luminaire cannot compensate.
The global lighting industry does not yet
have a framework for predicting color stabil-
ity over time, but many luminaire manufac-
turers follow the lead set by Xicato. Xicato
designs its LED modules from the ground
up for color, consistency, and reliability,
and guarantees performance over time. The
companys Luminaire Thermal Validation
Program ensures that heat is properly man-
aged for rated lifetime and performance,
while breakthrough technologies enable
LED modules that deliver the best possible
quality of light, without fail.
LEDsmagazine.com
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