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Properties / characteristic
Group trends : physical properties
Uses of Group 18 elements
Noble gas clathrates
Xenon fluorides
Xenon oxides
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GROUP 18 (NOBLE GASES) ELEMENTS : He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

PROPERTIES (CHARACTERISTIC):
Colorless, tasteless and odorless, monotomic gases at r.t
Least reactive : neither burn or support combustion
Low boiling and melting points ?

Dispersion forces holding the atoms together in the solid and liquid
phases very weak

Great stability ? Complete filled outer ns and np subshells

electrons must be promoted into the next shell depends on the
no.of electrons promoted
compounds noble gases oxidation state: +2, +4, +6, +8
have been synthesized
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Low density
Insoluble in water
Not good as conductor of electricity and also weaker as thermal conductor
Highest ionization energies no tendency to accept extra electrons

GROUP TRENDS:

Bigger atom = atomic radius increase (atomic number increase)

Increase interatomic interactions
Increase melting and boiling points
Densities increase
Decrease 1st ionization energy ? outer electrons easily removed
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CLATHRATE COMPOUNDS (INCLUSION COMPOUNDS)

enclosure compounds or cage compounds

A solid mixture in which small

molecules of one compound or
element are trapped in holes in the
crystal lattice of another substance

Gas atoms occupy voids in the hydrogen-bonded lattice of the host compound
when the host is crystallized under a noble gas atm
e.g : - xenon dissolves in water under pressure
- solution is cooled below 0C
- crystals with approximate composition Xe(H2O)n (n=5 or 6) are formed
- warming the crystals causes immediate release of the gas

no chemical interaction between noble gas and water molecule

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XENON FLUORIDE
Xenon show an extensive chemistry
Binary fluorides : XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 classified into
a) Reaction as fluorinating agent
b) Hydrolysis reaction

Synthesis XeF2 : 1) expose a fluorine-xenon mixture (contained in a dry

glass bulb) to sunlight
2) colorless crystals of XeF2 are deposited on the walls of
the flask
Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF2 (g) (400C, 1 atm)
Xe(g) + 2F2 XeF4 (600C, 6 atm)
Xe(g) + 3F2 XeF6 (300C, 60 atm)
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Fluorinating agents : oxidize compounds

XeF2 as selective oxidant

e.g : oxidize central heteroatom of a main group compound (As, P) but not
organic substituents ( methyl, phenyl)
Me3As + XeF2 Me3AsF2 + Xe

Ph2PH + XeF2 Ph2PHF2 + Xe

Hydrolysis reaction : oxidize water to oxygen

2H2O + 2XeF2 O2 + 4HF + 2Xe

XeF4

e.g : oxidize platinum metal to PtF4

XeF4 + Pt PtF4 + Xe
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XENON OXIDE
Xenon trioxide & xenon tetroxide
Hydrolysis of fluoride XeF4 fluoride XeF6 and to form XeO3

Hydrolysis reaction : oxidize water to oxygen

12H2O + 6XeF4 2XeO3 + 3O2 + 24HF + 4Xe

3H2O + XeF6 XeO3 + 6HF

Xenon hexafluoride hydrolyzes stepwise:

XeF6 + H2O XeOF4 + 2 HF
XeOF4 + H2O XeO2F2 + 2 HF
XeO2F2 + H2O XeO3 + 2 HF

XeO3 : -highly explosive white solid

-soluble in water (appears not to be ionized)
-weak acid in strong alkaline solution
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XENON FLUORIDES & XENON OXIDES

Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride

Xenon trioxide Xenon tetroxide