Problems

Section 12-2: Three Phase Voltages

P12.2-1
Given VC = 277 ∠45° and an abc phase sequence:
VA = 277 ∠ ( 45−120 ) ° = 277 ∠ − 75°
VB = 277 ∠( 45° +120 )° = 277 ∠165°

VAB = VA − VB =( 277 ∠− 75° ) −( 277 ∠165° )

=( 71.69 − j 267.56 ) −( −267.56 + j 71.69 )
=339.25− j 339.25 = 479.77 ∠− 45° 480 ∠− 45°

Similarly:
VBC = 480 ∠ − 165° and VCA = 480 ∠75°

P12.2-2
VAB
VAB = VA × 3∠30° ⇒ VA =
3∠30°
In our case: VAB = −VBA = − (12470 ∠−35° ) = 12470 ∠145° V
12470 ∠145°
So VA = = 7200∠115°
3∠30°
Then, for an abc phase sequence:

VC = 7200 ∠ (115 + 120 ) ° = 7200 ∠235° = 7200 ∠ − 125°

VB = 7200 ∠ (115 − 120 ) ° = 7200 ∠ − 5° V

P12.2-3
Vab
Vab = Va × 3∠30° ⇒ Va =
3∠30°
In our case, the line-to-line voltage is
Vab = 1500 ∠30° V
1500 ∠30°
So the phase voltage is Va = = 866∠0° V
3∠30°

1
Section 12-3: The Y-to-Y Circuit

P12.3-1
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where Z A = Z B = Z C = 12∠30 = 10.4 + j 6

MathCAD analysis (12p4_1.mcd):

208
Describe the three-phase source: Vp :=
3
π π π
j⋅ ⋅0 j⋅ ⋅ − 120 j⋅ ⋅ 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Va⋅ e Vc := Va⋅ e

Describe the balanced three-phase load: ZA := 10.4 + j⋅ 6 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Check: The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

4 2
j⋅ ⋅ π j⋅ ⋅ π
3 3
ZA ⋅ ZC⋅ e + ZA ⋅ ZB⋅ e + ZB⋅ ZC − 14
VnN := ⋅ Vp VnN = 2.762 × 10
ZA ⋅ ZC + ZA ⋅ ZB + ZB⋅ ZC

Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC
−3
IaA = 8.663 − 4.998i IbB = −8.66 − 5.004i IcC = −3.205 × 10 + 10.002i
IaA = 10.002 IbB = 10.002 IcC = 10.002
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −29.982 ⋅ arg( IbB) = −149.982 ⋅ arg( IcC) = 90.018
π π π

− 15 − 14
Check: IaA + IbB + IcC = 4.696 × 10 − 1.066i× 10

1
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
SA := IaA ⋅ IaA ⋅ ZA SB := IbB⋅ IbB⋅ ZB SC := IcC⋅ IcC⋅ ZC
3 3 3
SA = 1.04 × 10 + 600.222i SB = 1.04 × 10 + 600.222i SC = 1.04 × 10 + 600.222i

3 3
Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 3.121 × 10 + 1.801i× 10

Consequently:

(a) The phase voltages are

208
Va = ∠0° = 120∠0° V rms, Vb = 120∠ − 120° V rms and Vc = 120∠120° V rms
3

(b) The currents are equal the line currents (c)

I a = I aA = 10∠ − 30° A rms, I b = I bB = 10∠ − 150° A rms

and
I c = I cC = 10∠90° A rms

(d) The power delivered to the load is S = 3.121 + j1.801 kVA .

P12.3-2
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 120∠0° Vrms, Vb = 120∠ − 120° Vrms and Vc = 120∠120° Vrms
Z A = Z B = Z C = 10 + j ( 2 × π × 60 ) (100 ×10−3 ) = 10 + j 37.7 Ω
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 2 Ω

2
Mathcad Analysis (12p4_2.mcd):
Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 120

π π π
j⋅ ⋅0 j⋅ ⋅ − 120 j⋅ ⋅ 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Va⋅ e Vc := Va⋅ e

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 10 + j⋅ 37.7 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 2 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j⋅ ⋅ π j⋅ ⋅ π
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) ⋅ e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ e + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := ⋅ Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)

− 15 − 14 − 14 180
VnN = −8.693 × 10 + 2.232i× 10 VnN = 2.396 × 10 ⋅ arg( VnN) = 111.277
π
Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 0.92 − 2.89i IbB = −2.963 + 0.648i IcC = 2.043 + 2.242i

IaA = 3.033 IbB = 3.033 IcC = 3.033
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −72.344 ⋅ arg( IbB) = 167.656 ⋅ arg( IcC) = 47.656
π π π

− 15 − 15
Check: IaA + IbB + IcC = −1.332 × 10 − 3.109i× 10

Calculate the phase voltages at the load: VA := ZA ⋅ IaA VB := ZB⋅ IbB VC := ZC⋅ IcC
VA = 118.301 VB = 118.301 VC = 118.301
180 180 180
⋅ arg( VA) = 2.801 ⋅ arg( VB) = −117.199 ⋅ arg( VC) = 122.801
π π π

Consequently, the line-to-line voltages at the source are:

Vab = Va × 3∠30° = 120∠0°× 3∠30° = 208∠30° Vrms,

Vbc = 208∠ − 120° Vrms and Vca = 208∠120° Vrms

The line-to-line voltages at the load are:

VAB = VA × 3∠30° = 118.3∠3°× 3∠30° = 205∠33° Vrms,

Vbc = 205∠ − 117° Vrms and Vca = 205∠123° Vrms
and the phase currents are

I a = I aA = 10∠ − 72° A rms, I b = I bB = 3∠168° A rms and I c = I cC = 3∠48° A rms

3
P12.3-3
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where

Va = 10∠0° V = 7.07∠0° V rms, Vb = 7.07∠ − 120° V rms and Vc = 7.07∠120° V rms

and
Z A = Z B = Z C = 12 + j (16 )(1) = 12 + j16 Ω

MathCAD analysis (12p4_3.mcd):

10
Describe the three-phase source: Vp :=
2
π π π
j⋅ ⋅0 j⋅ ⋅ − 120 j⋅ ⋅ 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Va⋅ e Vc := Va⋅ e

Describe the balanced three-phase load: ZA := 12 + j ⋅ 16 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Check: The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

4 2
j⋅ ⋅ π j⋅ ⋅ π
3 3
ZA ⋅ ZC⋅ e + ZA ⋅ ZB⋅ e + ZB⋅ ZC − 15
VnN := ⋅ Vp VnN = 1.675 × 10
ZA ⋅ ZC + ZA ⋅ ZB + ZB⋅ ZC

Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = 0.212 − 0.283i IbB = −0.351 − 0.042i IcC = 0.139 + 0.325i

IaA = 0.354 IbB = 0.354 IcC = 0.354
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −53.13 ⋅ arg( IbB) = −173.13 ⋅ arg( IcC) = 66.87
π π π
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
SA := IaA ⋅ IaA ⋅ ZA SB := IbB⋅ IbB⋅ ZB SC := IcC⋅ IcC⋅ ZC
SA = 1.5 + 2i SB = 1.5 + 2i SC = 1.5 + 2i
Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 4.5 + 6i

4
Consequently

(a) The rms value of ia(t) is 0.354 A rms.

(b) The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {4.5 + j 6} = 4.5 W

P12.3-4
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 100∠0° V = 70.7∠0° V rms, Vb = 70.7∠ − 120° V rms and Vc = 7.07∠120° V rms
Z A = 20 + j ( 377 ) ( 60 ×10−3 ) = 20 + j 22.6 Ω, Z B = 40 + j ( 377 ) ( 40 ×10−3 ) = 40 + j 15.1 Ω
Z C = 60 + j ( 377 ) ( 20 ×10−3 ) = 60 + j 7.54 Ω
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 10 + j ( 377 ) ( 5 ×10−3 ) = 10 + j 1.89 Ω

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_4.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 100

π π π
j⋅ ⋅0 j⋅ ⋅ 120 j⋅ ⋅ − 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Va⋅ e Vc := Va⋅ e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: ω := 377

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 20 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.06 ZB := 40 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.04 ZC := 60 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.02
Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 10 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.005 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

5
Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j⋅ ⋅ π j⋅ ⋅ π
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) ⋅ e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ e + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := ⋅ Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)

180
VnN = 12.209 − 24.552i VnN = 27.42 ⋅ arg( VnN) = −63.561
π
Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 2.156 − 0.943i IbB = −0.439 + 2.372i IcC = −0.99 − 0.753i

IaA = 2.353 IbB = 2.412 IcC = 1.244
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −23.619 ⋅ arg( IbB) = 100.492 ⋅ arg( IcC) = −142.741
π π π
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
(
IaA ⋅ IaA ) IbB⋅ IbB ( ) (IcC⋅ IcC)
SA := ⋅ ZA SB := ⋅ ZB SC := ⋅ ZC
2 2 2

SA = 55.382 + 62.637i SB = 116.402 + 43.884i SC = 46.425 + 5.834i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 218.209 + 112.355i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {218.2 + j112.4} = 218.2 W

P12.3-5
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 100∠0° V = 70.7∠0° V rms, Vb = 70.7∠ − 120° V rms and Vc = 7.07∠120° V rms
Z A = Z B = Z C = 20 + j ( 377 ) ( 60 ×10−3 ) = 20 + j 22.6 Ω
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 10 + j ( 377 ) ( 5 ×10−3 ) = 10 + j 1.89 Ω

6
Mathcad Analysis (12p4_5.mcd):
Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 100

π π π
j⋅ ⋅0 j⋅ ⋅ 120 j⋅ ⋅ − 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Va⋅ e Vc := Va⋅ e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: ω := 377

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 20 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.06 ZB := ZA ZC := ZA
Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 10 + j⋅ ω⋅ 0.005 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j⋅ ⋅ π j⋅ ⋅ π
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) ⋅ e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ e + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := ⋅ Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ⋅ ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ⋅ ( ZcC + ZC)

− 15 − 14 − 14 180
VnN = −8.982 × 10 + 1.879i× 10 VnN = 2.083 × 10 ⋅ arg( VnN) = 115.55
π

Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 1.999 − 1.633i IbB = 0.415 + 2.548i IcC = −2.414 − 0.915i

IaA = 2.582 IbB = 2.582 IcC = 2.582
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −39.243 ⋅ arg( IbB) = 80.757 ⋅ arg( IcC) = −159.243
π π π
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
(IaA ⋅ IaA ) (IbB⋅ IbB) (IcC⋅ IcC)
SA := ⋅ ZA SB := ⋅ ZB SC := ⋅ ZC
2 2 2
SA = 66.645 + 75.375i SB = 66.645 + 75.375i SC = 66.645 + 75.375i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 199.934 + 226.125i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {200 + j 226} = 200 W

7
P12.3-6
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 10∠ − 90° V = 7.07∠ − 90° V rms, Vb = 7.07∠150° V rms and Vc = 7.07∠30° V rms
and
Z A = 4 + j ( 4 )(1) = 4 + j 4 Ω, Z B = 2 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 2 + j 8 Ω and Z C = 4 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 4 + j 8 Ω

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_6.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 10

π π π
j⋅ ⋅ − 90 j⋅ ⋅ 150 j⋅ ⋅ 30
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Vp⋅ e Vc := Vp⋅ e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: ω := 4

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 4 + j⋅ ω⋅ 1 ZB := 2 + j⋅ ω⋅ 2 ZC := 4 + j⋅ ω⋅ 2
Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

ZA ⋅ ZC⋅ Vb + ZA ⋅ ZB⋅ Vc + ZB⋅ ZC⋅ Va

VnN :=
ZA ⋅ ZC + ZA ⋅ ZB + ZB⋅ ZC
180
VnN = 1.528 − 0.863i VnN = 1.755 ⋅ arg( VnN) = −29.466
π
Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = −1.333 − 0.951i IbB = 0.39 + 1.371i IcC = 0.943 − 0.42i

IaA = 1.638 IbB = 1.426 IcC = 1.032
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −144.495 ⋅ arg( IbB) = 74.116 ⋅ arg( IcC) = −24.011
π π π

8
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
(IaA ⋅ IaA) IbB⋅ IbB ( ) (IcC⋅ IcC)
SA := ⋅ ZA SB := ⋅ ZB SC := ⋅ ZC
2 2 2

SA = 5.363 + 5.363i SB = 2.032 + 8.128i SC = 2.131 + 4.262i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 9.527 + 17.754i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {9.527 + j17.754} = 9.527 W

P12.3-7
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 10∠ − 90° V = 7.07∠ − 90° V rms, Vb = 7.07∠150° V rms and Vc = 7.07∠30° V rms
and
Z A = Z B = Z C = 4 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 4 + j 8 Ω

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_7.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 10

π π π
j⋅ ⋅ − 90 j⋅ ⋅ 150 j⋅ ⋅ 30
180 180 180
Va := Vp⋅ e Vb := Vp⋅ e Vc := Vp⋅ e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: ω := 4

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 4 + j⋅ ω⋅ 2 ZB := ZA ZC := ZA

The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

ZA ⋅ ZC⋅ Vb + ZA ⋅ ZB⋅ Vc + ZB⋅ ZC⋅ Va

VnN := − 15
ZA ⋅ ZC + ZA ⋅ ZB + ZB⋅ ZC VnN = 1.517 × 10

9
 Va − VnN Vb − VnN Vc − VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = −1 − 0.5i IbB = 0.067 + 1.116i IcC = 0.933 − 0.616i

IaA = 1.118 IbB = 1.118 IcC = 1.118
180 180 180
⋅ arg( IaA ) = −153.435 ⋅ arg( IbB) = 86.565 ⋅ arg( IcC) = −33.435
π π π
Calculate the power delivered to the load:
⎯ ⎯ ⎯
(
IaA ⋅ IaA ) (
IbB⋅ IbB ) (IcC⋅ IcC)
SA := ⋅ ZA SB := ⋅ ZB SC := ⋅ ZC
2 2 2

SA = 2.5 + 5i SB = 2.5 + 5i SC = 2.5 + 5i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 7.5 + 15i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {7.5 + j15} = 7.5 W

10
Section 12-4: The Δ- Connected Source and Load

P12.4-1
Given I B = 50∠ − 40° A rms and assuming the abc phase sequence
we have

I A = 50∠80° A rms and I C = 50∠200° A rms

From Eqn 12.6-4

IA
I A = I AB × 3∠ − 30° ⇒ I AB =
3∠ − 30°
so
50∠80°
I AB = = 28.9∠110° A rms
3∠−30°
I BC = 28.9∠ − 10° A rms and ICA = 28.9∠ − 130° A rms

P12.4-2
The two delta loads connected in parallel are equivalent to a single delta
load with
Z Δ = 5 || 20 = 4 Ω
The magnitude of phase current is
480
Ip = = 120 A rms
4
The magnitude of line current is
I L = 3 I p = 208 A rms

1
Section 12-5: The Y- to Δ- Circuit

P12.5-1
We have a delta load with Z = 12∠30° . One phase current is

⎛ 208 ⎞ ⎛ 208 ⎞
⎜ ∠−30° ⎟ −⎜ ∠−150° ⎟
V −V ⎠ = 208∠0° = 17.31∠ − 30° A rms
= AB = A B = ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3
V 3
I AB
Z Z 12∠30° 12∠30°

The other phase currents are

I BC = 17.31∠ − 150° A rms and I CA = 17.31∠90° A rms

One line currents is

I A = I AB × 3∠ − 30° = (17.31∠ − 30° ) × ( )

3∠ − 30° = 30∠60° A rms

The other line currents are

I B = 30∠ − 180° A rms and I C = 30∠60° A rms

The power delivered to the load is

208
P = 3( ) (30) cos ( 60° − 30° ) = 9360 W
3

P12.5-2
The balanced delta load with Z Δ = 39∠− 40° Ω is
equivalent to a balanced Y load with

ZΔ
ZY = = 13∠ − 40° = 9.96 − j 8.36 Ω
3

Z T = Z Y + 4 = 13.96 − j 8.36 = 16.3∠ − 30.9 Ω

480
∠−30°
then I A = 3 = 17∠0.9° A rms
°
16.3 ∠−30.9

1
P12.5-3
Vab
Vab = Va × 3∠30° ⇒ Va =
3∠30°
In our case, the given line-to-line voltage is

Vab = 380 ∠30° V rms

380 ∠30°
So one phase voltage is Va = = 200∠0° V rms
3∠30°
So
VAB = 380∠30° V rms VA = 220∠0° V rms
VBC = 380∠-90° V rms VB = 220∠−120° V rms
VCA = 380∠150° V rms VC = 220∠120° V rms
One phase current is
VA 220∠0°
IA = = 44∠ − 53.1° A rms
Z 3+ j4
The other phase currents are

I B = 44∠−173.1° A rms amd I C = 44∠66.9° A rms

P12.5-4
Vab
Vab = Va × 3∠30° ⇒ Va =
3∠30°
In our case, the given line-to-line voltage is

Vab = 380 ∠0° V rms

380 ∠0°
So one phase voltage is Va = = 200∠ − 30° V rms
3∠30°
So
Vab = 380∠0° V rms Va = 220∠ − 30° V rms
Vbc = 380∠-120° V rms Vb = 220∠−150° V rms
Vca = 380∠120° V rms Vc = 220∠90° V rms
One phase current is
Va 220∠−30°
IA = = = 14.67∠ − 83.1° A rms
Z 9 + j12
The other phase currents are

I B = 14.67∠ − 203.1° A rms and I C = 14.67∠36.9° A rms

2
Section 12-6: Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

P12.6-1
25
Va = ×103 ∠0° Vrms
3
25
×103 ∠0°
Va
IA = = 3 = 96∠ − 25° A rms
Z 150 ∠25°

⎛ 25 ⎞
P = 3 Va I A cos (θ v -θ I ) = 3 ⎜ ×103 ⎟ 96 cos(0 − 25°) = 3.77 MW
⎝ 3 ⎠

P12.6-2
Convert the delta load to an equivalent Y connected
load:

Z Δ = 50 Ω ZΔ ⇒ Z ˆ = 50 Ω
Y 3
To get the per-phase equivalent circuit shown to the
right:
The phase voltage of the source is

45×103
Va = ∠0° = 26∠0° kV rms
3

The equivalent impedance of the load together with the line is

50
(10 + j 20 )
Z eq = 3 + 2 = 12 + j 5 = 13∠22.6° Ω
50
10 + j 20 +
3
The line current is
Va 26 × 103 ∠0°
Ι aA = = = 2000∠ − 22.6° A rms
Z eq 13∠22.6°

The power delivered to the parallel loads (per phase) is

⎧ 50 ⎫
⎪ (10 + j 20 ) 3 ⎪
PLoads = I aA × Re ⎨ ⎬ = 4 ×10 ×10 = 40 MW
2 6

⎪10 + j 20 + ⎪50
⎩ 3 ⎭
The power lost in the line (per phase) is

PLine = I aA × Re {Z Line } = 4 × 106 × 2 = 8 MW

2

The percentage of the total power lost in the line is

PLine 8
× 100% = × 100% = 16.7%
PLoad + PLine 40 +8

P12.6-3
V 5∠30°
Ia = a = = 0.5∠ − 23° A ∴ I a = 0.5 A
Z T 6 + j8

2
I
PLoad = 3 a Re {Z Load } = 3 × 0.125 × 4 = 1.5 W
2

also (but not required) :

(5) (0.5)
PSource = 3 cos(−30 − 23) = 2.25 W
2
2
Ia
Pline = 3 Re{Z Line } = 3×0.125× 2 = 0.75 W
2
Section 12-7: Power in a Balanced Load

P12.7-1
Assuming the abc phase sequence:

VCB = 208∠15° V rms ⇒ VBC = 208∠195° V rms ⇒ VAB = 208∠315° V rms

Then
VAB 208∠315° 208
VA = = = ∠285° V rms
3∠30° 3∠30° 3
also
I B = 3∠110° A rms ⇒ I A = 3∠230° A rms
Finally
208
P = 3 VAB I A cos (θ V − θ I ) = 3( ) (3) cos(285° − 230°) = 620 W
3

P12.7-2
Assuming a lagging power factor:

cos θ = pf = 0.8 ⇒ θ = 36.9°

The power supplied by the three-phase source is given by

Pout 20 ( 745.7 )
Pin = = = 17.55 kW where 1 hp = 745.7 W
η 0.85

Pin 17.55 ×103

Pin = 3 I A VA pf ⇒ IA = = = 26.4 A rms
3 VA pf ⎛ 480 ⎞
3⎜ ⎟ ( 0.8 )
⎝ 3⎠

I A = 26.4∠ − 36.9° A rms when VA =

480 °
∠0 V rms
3

1
P12.7-3
(a) For a Δ-connected load, Eqn 12.8-5 gives

PT 1500
PT = 3 VP I L pf ⇒ IL = = = 4.92 A rms
3 VP pf 3( 220 )(.8)
3
The phase current in the Δ-connected load is given by

IL I 4.92
IP = ⇒ IP = L = = 2.84 A rms
3 3 3
The phase impedance is determined as:

VL VL V 220
Z= = ∠ (θ V − θ I ) = L ∠ cos −1 pf = ∠ cos −1 0.8 = 77.44∠36.9° Ω
IP IP IP 2.84

(b) For a Δ-connected load, Eqn 12.8-4 gives

PT 1500
PT = 3 VP I L pf ⇒ I L = = = 4.92 A rms
3 VP I L pf 3( 220 )(.8)
3
The phase impedance is determined as:
220
V V V
Z = P = P ∠ (θ V − θ I ) = P ∠ cos −1 pf = 3 ∠ cos −1 0.8 = 25.8∠36.9° Ω
IP IP IP 4.92

P12.7-4
Parallel Δ loads
Z1Z 2 (40∠30° ) (50∠−60° )
ZΔ = = ° °
= 31.2 ∠−8.7° Ω
Ζ1 + Ζ 2 40∠30 + 50∠− 60
VP 600
VL = VP , Ι P = = = 19.2 A rms, IL = 3 Ι P = 33.3 A rms
ZΔ 31.2
So P = 3 VL I L pf = 3 (600) (33.3) cos ( − 8.7° ) = 34.2 kW

2
P12.7-5
We will use
S = S ∠θ = S cos θ + j S sin θ = S pf + j S sin ( cos −1 pf )
In our case:
S% 1 = 39 (0.7) + j 39 sin ( cos −1 ( 0.7 ) ) = 27.3 + j 27.85 kVA

sin ( cos −1 ( 0.21) ) = 15 − j 69.84 kVA

15
S% 2 = 15 +
0.21
S%
S% 3φ = S% 1 +S% 2 = 42.3 − j 42.0 kVA ⇒ S% φ = 3φ = 14.1− j 14.0 kVA
3
The line current is
*
⎛ S ⎞ (14100+ j 14000)
S = Vp I L ⇒ I% L = ⎜ ⎟ = = 117.5 + j 116.7 A rms = 167 ∠45° A rms
*
⎜V ⎟ 208
⎝ p⎠
3
208
The phase voltage at the load is required to be ∠0° = 120∠0° V rms. The source must
3
provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

% = 120∠0° + (0.038 + j 0.072)(117.5 + j 116.7) = 115.9 + j 12.9 = 116.6 ∠6.4° V rms

VSφ

Finally
%
V = 116.6 V rms
Sφ

P12.7-6
4.16
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = ∠0° = 2.402∠0° kVrms .
3

Let I1 be the line current required by the Δ-connected load. The apparent power per phase
500 kVA
required by the Δ-connected load is S1 = = 167 kVA . Then
3

S1 = S1 ∠θ = S1 ∠ cos −1 ( pf ) = 167 ∠ cos −1 ( 0.85 ) = 167∠31.8° kVA

and
⎛ S1 ⎞ ⎛ (167 ×10 ) ∠31.8° ⎞
* *
3

S1 = VP I1 ⇒ I1 = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 69.6∠ − 31.8° = 59 − j36.56 A rms

*

⎝ VP ⎠ ⎜⎝ ( 2.402 ×10 ) ∠0° ⎟⎠

3

3
Let I2 be the line current required by the first Y-connected load. The apparent power per phase
75 kVA
required by this load is S 2 = = 25 kVA . Then, noticing the leading power factor,
3

S 2 = S 2 ∠θ = S 2 ∠ cos −1 ( pf ) = 25 ∠ cos −1 ( 0 ) = 25∠ − 90° kVA

and
⎛ S 2 ⎞ ⎛ ( 25 ×10 ) ∠ − 90° ⎞
* *
3

S 2 = VP I 2 ⇒ I2 = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 10.4∠90° = j10.4 A rms

*

⎝ P⎠ ⎝(
V ⎜ × ) ⎠⎟
∠ °
3
2.402 10 0

Let I3 be the line current required by the other Y-connected load. Use Ohm’s law to determine I3
to be
2402∠0° 2402∠0°
I3 = + = 16 − j 10.7 A rms
150 j 225
The line current is
I L = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 75− j 36.8 A rms

4.16
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = ∠0° = 2.402∠0° kVrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VSφ = 2402∠0° + (8.45 + j 3.9) (75 − j 36.8) = 3179 ∠−0.3° Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (3179) = 5506 Vrms

P12.7-7
4.16
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = ∠0° = 2.402∠0° kVrms .
3

Let I1 be the line current required by the Δ-connected load. The apparent power per phase
1.5 MVA
required by the Δ-connected load is S1 = = 0.5 MVA . Then
3

S1 = S1 ∠θ = S1 ∠ cos −1 ( pf ) = 0.5 ∠ cos −1 ( 0.75) = 0.5∠41.4° MVA

and
⎛ S1 ⎞ ⎛ ( 0.5 ×10 ) ∠41.4° ⎞
* *
6

S1 = VP I1 ⇒ I1 = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 2081.6∠ − 41.4° = 1561.4 − j1376.6 A rms

*

⎝ P⎠ ⎝(
V ⎜ × ) ⎟⎠
∠ °
3
2.402 10 0

4
Let I2 be the line current required by the first Y-connected load. The complex power, per phase,
is
sin ( cos −1 ( 0.8 ) ) = 0.67 + j 0.5 MVA
0.67
S 2 = 0.67 +
0.8

⎛ S 2 ⎞ ⎛ ( 0.67 + j 0.5 ) ×106 ⎞ ⎛ ( 0.833 ×10 ) ∠ − 36.9° ⎞

* * *
6

I2 = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ VP ⎠ ⎜⎝ ( 2.402 ×10 ) ∠0° ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ( 2.402 ×10 ) ∠0° ⎟⎠
3 3

= 346.9∠ − 36.9° = 277.4 − j 208.3 A rms

The line current is
I L = I1 + I 2 = 433.7 − j 345.9 = 554.7∠ − 38.6 A rms

4.16
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = ∠0° = 2.402∠0° kVrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VSφ = 2402∠0° + (0.4 + j 0.8) (433.7 − j 345.9) = 2859.6 ∠ − 38.6° Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (2859.6) = 4953 Vrms

The power supplied by the source is

PS = 3 (4953) (554.7) cos (4.2° + 38.6° ) = 3.49 MW

The power lost in the line is

PLine = 3 × ( 554.7 2 ) × Re {0.4 + j 0.8} = 0.369 MW

The percentage of the power consumed by the loads is

3.49 − 0.369
× 100% = 89.4%
3.49

5
P12.7–8
600
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = ∠0° = 346.4∠0° Vrms .
3

Let I be the line current required by the load. The complex power, per phase, is

sin ( cos −1 ( 0.8 ) ) = 160 + j 120 kVA

160
S = 160 + j
0.8
The line current is
⎛ S ⎞ ⎛ (160 + j 120 ) ×103 ⎞
* *
I=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 461.9 − j 346.4 A rms
⎝ VP ⎠ ⎝ 346.4∠0° ⎠

600
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = ∠0° = 346.4∠0° Vrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VSφ = 346.4∠0° + (0.005 + j 0.025) (461.9 − j 346.4) = 357.5 ∠1.6° Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (357.5) = 619.2 Vrms

The power factor of the source is

pf = cos (θ V − θ I ) = cos (1.6° − ( − 37°)) = 0.78

6
Section 12-8: Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement

P12.8-1
W
Pout = 20 hp × 746 = 14920 W
hp
P 14920
Pin = out = = 20 kW
η 0.746
Pin 20 × 103
Pin = 3 VL I L cos θ ⇒ cos θ = = = 0.50
3 VL I L 3 (440) (52.5)
⇒ θ cos -1 ( 0.5 ) = 60°

The powers read by the two wattmeters are

P1 = VL I L cos (θ + 30° ) = (440) (52.5)cos ( 60° + 30° ) = 0

and
P2 = VL I L cos (θ − 30° ) = (440) (52.5)cos ( 60° − 30° ) = 20 kW

P12.8-2

VP = VL = 4000 V rms Z = 40 + j 30 = 50 ∠36.9°

Δ
VP 4000
IP = = = 80 A rms Ι L = 3 I P = 138.6 A rms
ZΔ 50
pf = cos θ = cos (36.9° ) = 0.80

P1 = VL I L cos (θ + 30° ) = 4000 (138.6) cos 66.9° = 217.5 kW

P2 = VL I L cos (θ −30° ) = 4000 (138.6) cos 6.9° = 550.4 kW
PT = P1 + P2 = 767.9 kW

Check : PT = 3 Ι L VL cos θ = 3 (4000) (138.6) cos 36.9°

= 768 kW which checks

12-1
P12.8–3
200
Vp = Vp = = 115.47 Vrms
3

VA =115.47∠0° V rms, VB = 115.47∠−120° V rms

and VC = 115.47∠120° V rms

VA 115.47∠0°
IA = = = 1.633∠ − 45° A rms
Z 70.7∠45°

I B = 1.633 ∠ − 165° A rms and I C = 1.633 ∠75° A rms

PT = 3 VL I L cos θ = 3 (200) (1.633) cos 45° = 400 W

PB = VAC I A cos θ1 = 200 (1.633) cos (45° − 30° ) = 315.47 W

PC = VBC I B cos θ 2 = 200 (1.633) cos (45° + 30° ) = 84.53 W

P12.8-4

ZY = 10∠ − 30° Ω and Z Δ = 15∠30° Ω

ZΔ
Convert Z Δ to Z Yˆ → Z Yˆ = = 5∠30° Ω
3

then Zeq =
(10∠−30° ) ( 5∠30° ) = 50∠0°
= 3.78∠10.9° Ω
10∠−30°+5∠30° 13.228 ∠−10.9°
208
Vp = Vp = = 120 V rms
3
120∠0°
VA = 120∠0° V rms ⇒ I A = = 31.75 ∠−10.9°
3.78 ∠10.9°
I B = 31.75∠−130.9°
I C = 31.75∠109.1°
PT = 3VL I L cos θ = 3 ( 208 ) ( 31.75 ) cos (10.9 ) =11.23 kW
W1 = VL I L cos (θ −30°) = 6.24 kW
W2 = VL I L cos (θ + 30°) = 4.99 kW

12-2
P12.8-5
PT = PA + PC = 920 + 460 =1380 W

tan θ = 3
PA − PC
= 3
( −460 ) = −0.577 ⇒ θ = −30°
PA + PC 1380
PT 1380
PT = 3 VL I L cosθ so I L = = =7.67 A rms
3 VL cos θ 2 ×120×cos( −30 )
IL 120
IP = = 4.43 A rms ∴ ZΔ = = 27.1 Ω ο r Z Δ = 27.1 ∠−30°
3 4.43

P12.8-6
Z = 0.868 + j 4.924 = 5∠80° ⇒ θ = 80°
380
VL = 380 V rms, VP = = 219.4 V rms
3
VP
I L = I P and I P = = 43.9 A rms
Z
P1 = ( 380 ) ( 43.9 ) cos (θ −30° ) = 10,723 W
P2 = ( 380 ) ( 43.9 ) cos (θ + 30° ) = −5706 W
PT = P1 + P2 = 5017 W

12-3
4
Section 12.9 How Can We Check…?

P12.9-1
416
VA = = 240 V = VA
3
Z = 10 + j4 = 10.77 ∠21.8° Ω
VA 240
IA = = = 22.28 A rms ≠ 38.63 A rms
Z 10.77
38.63
The report is not correct. (Notice that = 22.3 . It appears that the line-to-line voltage was
3
mistakenly used in place of the phase voltage.)

P12.9-2
VL = VP = 240∠0° Vrms
Z = 40 + j 30 = 50 ∠36.9° Ω
VP 240∠0°
IP = = °
= 4.8 ∠−36.9° A rms
Z 50∠36.9

The result is correct.