wjpmr, 2017,3(3), 235-244 SJIF Impact Factor: 4.

103
Review Article
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
Aditya et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301
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COMPRESSED AIR, REQUIREMENT IN ASEPTIC FILLING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL

MANUFACTURING

Natrajan S Iyer, B.K. Jogale, Dr. Aditya P. Sharma*, Arun Kumar, Rekha Mehta, and Rahul K. Singh

VHB Medisciences Ltd. Pantnagar.

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Aditya P. Sharma

VHB Medisciences Ltd. Pantnagar, India.

Article Received on 17/02/2017 Article Received on 10/03/2017 Article Accepted on 31/03/2017

ABSTRACT
This technical article is written to understand the criticality of compressed air (CA) used in pharmaceutical
manufacturing plant. ISO 18573.1:2010 and other relevant guidelines showing the impact on pharmaceutical
product. Generation, purification and distribution of CA system are discussed with different testing procedures for
dew point and also to check the dew point with pressure and temperature graph. Most importantly future of
compressed air system is analyzed. Authors feel that the evolution of compressed air system which is taken place
with last two decades will be followed by compressed air validation.

KEYWORDS: CA- Compressed Air, Regenerative desiccant dryer, Refrigerant dryer, Heat Compression dryer,
m- micro meter, Dew point, Solid particulate.

INTRODUCTION Compressor equipment used in pharmaceutical

manufacturing in reciprocating type of air compressor
Compressed air is third common utilities after steam and
has piston and cylinder with incoming valve and
refrigeration / air condition. Compressed air is used for
discharge valve. Piston has cylinder with two valves A
instrumentation control and process in vial washing and
and B.
drying equipment, where compressed air is used in
drying internal side and external side where injectable
drug comes in contact hence requirement for quality of
compressed air plays important role. WHO (World
Health Organization) has guidelines regarding quality
and other requirements given in ISO 8573.1:2010.

ISO 8573.1:2010 the international organization for

standardization is reference for specifying compressed
air quality. ISO 8573 has three categories:
a. Solid Particles
b. Dust and Humidity
c. Liquid water and Oil

Some of the qualities are important in pharmaceutical

industries. But ISO 8573 is specifically made for
compressed air used electronic industries where in
semiconductor industries purity of compressed air plays
very important since they use ISO class I air for doping.
Compressed air is produced by non-lubricated
compressor.
Air Compressor
Air compressor is equipment takes atmospheric air in a
confined space and compress air to increase the pressure
by reducing the confined space.
I Step: As the piston moves top towards bottom
entrapped air will expand creating pressure lower then
atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference makes air
flow inside, once reaching bottom due to cranking
principal piston will move up in doing so air will be
compressed at end of moving up. Discharge v/v B is
opened and discharged in to closed system to increase
the pressure. This is basic method of compression, which
is continuously performed for every movement of crank
shaft. In rotation half rotation suction valve is activated

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and other half revelation discharge valve is activated and
compressed air is discharged. This simple system is
known as single stage compression system, There is also
compressed air system in which discharge from one
discharge to other compressor as suction thereby final
pressure can increase.
to avoid excess dust entry. Open drains can be avoided
and exhaust fan can be fixed to avoid hot air inlet to
suction filters..
Air Quality Standards and Guidelines
ISO for air quality standards ISO 8573 series of
guidelines to specify and testing of compressed air.
ISO 8573-1:2010 specifies the purity of compress air
required at a particular point in compressed air system.
ISO 8573 part 2 to 9 specifies testing compressed air
system for one or more specific contaminants.

Therefore series of 9 guidelines are there in ISO 8573.

ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of
159 countries. One member for country with central
secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland that coordinate the
system air quality in accordance to ISO 8573-1: 2010.

ISO 8573-1 is primary document used from series of ISO

Concern for Pharmaceutical Background
Compressed air equipment takes air from atmosphere,
i.e. drawing of air to be acceptable quality and quantity.
Placing of suction filter is important, it should be placed
in location where ingress of moisture dust particles to be
least and temperature of air to be optimum.
Filters used for non-lubricated type of compressor to be
dry filters. These filters have 99% efficient for particles
larger than 10 micron location of this filter are very
important to have proper quality of air suction.
Compressor room can be separately made with wall
mounted washable filters to have suction for compressor
8573 documents, which specifies amount of
contamination allowed in each cubic meter of
compressed air.
ISO 8573-1 list of main contaminants is:
Solid particulate
Water and humidity
Oil
ISO8573.1 is an international standard that specifies the
quality of compressed air. The standard defines limits for
three categories of air quality:
Maximum particle size for any remaining particles
Maximum allowable dew point temperature
Maximum remaining oil content
The purity levels for each contaminant are shown
separately in tabular form.

Table: The purity level of each containments.

Soild Particulate Water Oil
ISO Minimum Number Of Particulate Vapor pressure Liquid
S.No. Mg/ m3
Classes 0.1 to 0.5m 0.5 to 1m 1 to 5m Mg/ m3 dew point g/m3
1. 0
2. 1 20,000 400 10 _ -70c _ 0.01
3. 2 40,000 6000 100 _ -40 c _ 0.1
4. 3 _ 90,000 1000 _ -20c _ 1
5. 4 _ _ 10,000 _ +3c _ 5
6. 5 _ _ 100,000 _ +7 c _ _
7. 6 _ _ _ 5 +10 c _ _
8. 7 _ _ _ 5-10 _ 0.5 _
9. 8 _ _ _ _ _ 0.5-5 _
10. 9 _ _ _ _ _ 5-10 _
11. x _ _ _ >10 _ > 10 > 10

ISO 8573-1:2010 contain ISO 8573-1:2010 class 1.2.1
1.2.1 Means:-
Class 1 Solid Particulate -See the chart for class 1
particulate i.e. 20,000 particles of 0.1 to 0.5 m and
400 particles of 0.5-1 m range.
Class 2 Dew point or Water A pressure dew point
should be -400c and no liquid water is allowed.
Class 1 Oil- Each cubic meter of air not more than
0.05mg/m3 oil is allowed.

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Aditya et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Adsorbent drier with two towers A and B. Compressed
air is passed through to remove suspended moisture and
stored under pressure in receiver @ 7-8 kg/cm2 discharge
through pressure reducing valve to reduce to 5-6kg/cm2
passed through series of filters 5m and 10m.
Pipe line for distribution is made of SS304. In the point
of use there is 0.2m sterile filter in series with dust
remove then it is connected to process equipment. (Fig.)

Fig: Air compressor room.

All drains needs to be taken outside. Types of Compressed Air Dryers: Dryers are three
Compressed air contaminants can be divided as solids, types:-
water and oil according to
ISO 8573-1:2010
Solid can come from:
Micro organism
Atmospheric dirt
Rust
Pipe scales
Water can come from:
Water vapors
Condensed liquid water
Water aerosol
Regenerative Desiccant Dryer: In regenerative
Oil can come from:
desiccant dryer desiccator adsorbs moisture in the air
Oil vapors
stream. The moisture adheres to the desiccant, collecting
Liquid oil
in the thousands of small pores within each desiccant
Oil aerosol bead. The composition of the desiccant is not changed
and the moisture can be driven off in a regeneration
Measurement of oil mist presence in compressed air process by applying dry purge air and the application of
discharged through reciprocating non-lubricated heat.
compressor.
According to ISO 8573-1:2010 class 1.2.1, It has two towers. One tower dries the air from the
3 compressor while the desiccant in the other tower is
Maximum allowable oil presence = 0.05 mg/m being regenerated after the pressure in the tower has been
Let the compressor capacity be = 300 CFM = 0.3 reduced to atmospheric pressure.
m3/min It has -400F to +1120F (-400C to -800C) dew point range.
Presence of oil mist per minutes = 30 m3 x 0.05 mg/m3
= 1.5 mg
1.5mg is present in 300 CFU of compressed air
You can see how it increases exponentially and keeping
oil passing into system is very important Compressed air
system contains:

Compressor can be:

a. Positive displacement: Positive displacement
compressors are reciprocating compressor.
b. Dynamic compressor

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Fig: Heat Compression Dryer.

Fig: Regenerative Desiccant Dryer.
Refrigerant Dryer: The compressed air is cooled in an
air to refrigerant heat exchanger to about 35F, at which
Heat Compression Dryer: Heat compression type
point the condensed moisture is drained off. The air is
dryers are regenerative desiccant dryers which use the
then reheated in an air to air heat exchanger by means of
heat generated during compression to accomplish
the incoming air which also is precooled before entering
desiccant regeneration, so they can be considered as Heat
the air to refrigerant heat exchanger. This means that the
Reactivated. There are two types, the Single Vessel Type
compressed air leaving the dryer has a pressure dew
and the twin tower type.
point of 35 to 40F. A lower dew point is not feasible in
The single vessel heat of compression type dryer this type of dryer as the condensate would freeze at 32F
or lower.
provides continuous drying with no cycling or switching
of towers. One air stream is a portion of the hot air taken
It has +32F to +40F (00C to 4.40C) dew point range.
directly from the air compressor at its discharge, prior to
the after cooler, and is the source of heated purge air for
regeneration of the desiccant bed. The second air stream
is the remainder of the air discharged from the air
compressor after it passes through the air after cooler.
This air passes through the drying section of the dryer
rotating desiccant bed where it is dried. The hot air, after
being used for regeneration, passes through a
regeneration cooler before being combined with the main
air stream by means of an ejector nozzle before entering
the dryer.

The twin tower heat of compression type dryer operation

is similar to regenerative desiccant dryer.

Fig: Refrigerant Dryer.

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Air Receiver: Receivers are used to provide surge
capacity meet peak capacity. Receiver should provide for
short time for 60 to 90 sec. major advantage with large
receiver we can have small compressor other advantages
improved system availability.
Capacity of receiver: Normally capacity of receiver 6 to
10 time compressor peak capacity.
Why compressed air is dried?
All atmospheric air contains some water vapor which
will begin to condense into liquid water in
the compressed air or gas system when the air or gas
cools past the saturation point, i.e., the point
where it can hold no more water vapor.
Dew Point: The temperature at which water vapor in the
air starts to condense or change from
Vapor to a liquid or a solid state. It is an important
parameter to measure in compressed air line for
determining how much drying is needed.
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In any mixture of gases, the total pressure of the gas is
the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
This is Daltons law and it is represented as follows:
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3
The quantity of any gas in a mixture can be expressed as
a pressure.
Dew point temperature, Td to which air must be cooled
for water vapor in it condense into dew. At any
temperature there is a maximum amount is called water
vapor saturation pressure. Addition of more water vapor
results in condensation.
Measurement of dew point
Measurement of dew point by using temp measurement
of receiver and pressure measurement of receiver.
Note: Temperature and pressure measurement can be
done with calibrated temperature and pressure
measuring instrument in receiver using the graphical
chart below we can calculate dew point very easily.
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If a gas is cooled and gaseous water vapor begins to
condense in the liquid phase, the temperature at which
condensation occurs is defined as the dew point
temperature (Td).
At 100%RH the ambient temperature equals the dew
point temperature.
The further negative the dew point is from the ambient
temperature, the smaller the risk for condensation and the
drier the air.
When the operating temperature is equal to dew point
temperature, the relative humidity is 100% RH. It
proportional only to pressure of water vapor. Dew point
is not temperature dependent but only pressure
dependent parameter.
Tn, m, A are constants only proportional to water vapor
pressure.
If a gas is cooled and gaseous water vapor begins to
condense in the liquid phase, the temperature at which
condensation occurs is defined as the dew point
temperature (Td).
At 100%RH the ambient temperature equals the dew
point temperature.
Water vapor pressure (Pw) is the pressure exerted by the
water vapor present in air or a gas. Temperature dictates
the maximum partial pressure of water vapor. This
maximum pressure is known as saturation vapor pressure
(Pws).Where pressure increases, dew point temperature
rises and air became moist. But when pressure decrease,
dew point temperature goes lower and air become drier.
Relative humidity (RH) can be defined as the ratio of the
partial water vapor pressure (Pw) to the water vapor
saturation pressure (Pws) at a particular temperature:
%RH = 100% Pw / Pws
Relative humidity is strongly temperature dependent as
the denominator in the definition (Pws) is a function of
temperature. Condensation in pressurized air is a
problematic because it causes blockages in pipes,
corrosion, breakdown etc.
Damages due to presence of moisture
1. Moisture in compressed air used in a manufacturing
plant causes problems in the operation of pneumatic
air systems, solenoid valves and air motors. This
moisture causes rust and increased wear of moving
parts as it washes away lubrication.
2. Moisture adversely affects the color, adherence, and
finish of paint applied by compressed air.
3. Moisture jeopardizes process industries where many
operations are dependent upon the proper
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functioning of pneumatic controls. The
malfunctioning of these controls due to rust, scale,
and clogged orifices can result in damage to product
or in costly shutdowns. Additionally, the freezing of
moisture in control lines in cold weather commonly
causes faulty operation of controls.
4. Corrosion of air or gas operated instruments from
moisture can give false readings, interrupting or
shutting down plant processes.
5. Deposits of sludge formed by dirty, wet and oily air
act as a drag on pneumatic cylinders so that the seals
and bearings need frequent maintenance. Operation
is slowed down and eventually stopped.
6. Moisture dilutes the oil required for the head and rod
of an air cylinder, corrodes the walls and slows
response. This results in loss of efficiency and
production.
7. Moisture flowing to rubber diaphragms in valves
can cause these parts to stiffen and rupture. Moisture
also can cause spools and pistons to pit.
8. Control air supplied to transmitters, relays,
integrators, converters, recorders, indicators or
gauges is required to be clean and dry. A small
amount of moisture passing through an orifice can
cause malfunction of the instrument and the process
it controls. Moisture and resultant corrosion particles
also can cause damage to instruments and plug their
supply air lines.
9. Moisture in control line air can cause the wrong
mixture of ingredients, incorrect blend and water-
logged in products.
What contains moisture indicating desiccants?
Moisture indicating desiccants contains silica gel, which
when treated with a solution of cobaltous chloride, is
dark blue in color when dry. As moisture is adsorbed, the
color changes to pink at approximately a 0F dew point.
Different types of dew point instruments
Dew Point Cup: It is consists of a small polished
stainless steel cup placed in a container into which you
pass the sample air or gas. The temperature of the
polished surface is lowered by immersing dry ice (solid
carbon dioxide) in an acetone solution contained in the
cup. The temperature at which fog appears on the cup is
the dew point of the sample.
Refrigerant Evaporation Dew Point Instrument: This
device permits direct gauge reading of the dew point
temperature of the sample, as determined by the
appearance of a fog on the surface of a highly polished
vessel in which a refrigerant is being evaporated. Dew
point temperatures can be determined at either system or
atmospheric pressure.
Fog Chamber Instrument: This device relies on the
relationship between pressure and temperature during
adiabatic expansion. A sample of gas enters a small
chamber where it is compressed, then rapidly vented to
atmospheric pressure. The point at which fog appears
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establishes a relationship with the amount of * Oil content after filtration 0.1mg/m3.
compression, and from this the dew point may be Particulate total
calculated. Test point 1: After the filter
Test point 2: Longest pipe line in floor of each unit
Capacitance Instrument: This analyzer consists of two Frequency
strips of metal, which form the electrodes of a capacitor. 3 days one time each day
Water vapor passing across the electrodes causes a * No contamination of air due to generation distribution,
change in electric impedance and this is used as a material construction etc.
measurement of dew point temperature. Acceptance criteria
X 0.5m 100 ft3
Hygroscopic Cells: These analyzers use a sensing Particulate viable
element which contains a moisture adsorbing material. A Test point 1: After the final filter
change in the moisture content of the element is detected Test point 2: Longest pipe line at the end of the floor
by an electronic network and is used as a measurement Frequency
of dew point temperature.
3 days one time each day
Acceptance criteria
Frost Point Temperature
y 0.03 CFU/ ft3
If the dew point temperature is below freezing which is
the case in dry gas applications the term frost point (Tf)
Application of Compressed air in powder filling
is sometimes used to explicitly state that the condensing
equipment
phase is ice. The frost point is always slightly higher than
the dew point below 0C as the water vapor saturation
pressure of ice is different to water.

Where to measure dew point?

Dew point is measured in generation and main user
point, i.e. near aseptic filling near liquid filling
equipment and several points of compressed air system.
It is also measure at the dryer outlet for controlling the
tower switching and just before a critical process point
Leak tight sampling system points are essential for
proper calculation of dew point.

The importance of dew point temperature in

compressed air depends on the intended use of the air.
In many cases dew point is not critical (portable
compressors for pneumatic tools, gas station tire filling
systems, etc.). In some cases, dew point is important only
because the pipes that carry the air are exposed to
freezing temperatures, where a high dew point could
result in freezing and blockage of the pipes.
In Pharmaceutical industry aseptic and injectable powder
Risk Analysis for Compressed Air filling equipment dosing wheel picks up powder by
Moisture contents application vacuum and carried for dropping in vial.
Test location Injectable powder is discharge by application of
After drying compressed air.
Check for the longest pipe line in floor for checking
in each unit. Performance Qualification of Compressed Air
Test frequency Generation and Distribution System
One time in three days. A. Performance Qualification Experimental Plan
Acceptance criteria 1. System Description
No moisture present after drying Compressed Air Generation System
Air must not contain more moisture then -200F The generation system is comprises of horizontal
Hydrocarbon balanced opposed or vertical reciprocating water cooled
Test point 1: After the prefilter air compressor, air cooled heat exchangers, closed circuit
Test point 2: Longest pipe line in each floor water cooling system, drive motor, V belt, starter cum
Frequency control panel, safety devices, interconnecting piping.
3 days one time each day
* It determines if there are challenges to filter by Air System: this is the heart of the unit and it is
contamination from atmosphere. responsible for delivering quality compressed air at

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outlet. It starts from the suction filter of the compressor
and ends at the usage points. Compressor provides a
filter at the suction of the compressor to avoid any
ingress of solid particles. The compressor cylinder,
during suction strokes, aspires atmospheric air through
the filter and compresses it to the delivery pressure. Air
before passing to the next stage is cooled to near about
atmospheric temperature.
Compressed Air Storage and Distribution System
Compressed air storage and distribution system consist
of PSA tank and Air receiver/storage tank and in
distribution system contains pipings, ball valve, needle
valve, safety valves, pressure gauges, reducer, auto drain
traps, filter regulator, non return valve etc.
PSA Tank/Dryer: The discharge pipe from the
compressor shall be enter at the lower receiver at lower
flange. The supply line from the PSA to the receiver tank
of distribution shall be connected to the upper flange of
the receiver.
Air dryer consist of two tower, if one is in operation
another is regenerate the alumina. The air from the
receiver tank enter to the tower which is in operation by
opening the inlet valve, and the moisture in the
compressed air is absorbed by alumina in the tower of
the dryer and air is outlet from upward valve of tower.
The dry hot compressed air enter into the
receiver/storage tank distribution.
2. Performance Qualification Test Plan
1. Prerequisite activities and documentation.
2. Test Equipment Calibration Verification
3. SOP Verification.
4. Performance Test
5. Summary of the Validation studies
Summary of the Validation studies During performance
qualification of Compressed Air system, physical, chemical
and microbiological quality of compressed air shall be
analyzed. A sampling plan will be established and
Compressed Air will be analyzed, at selected locations,
on a three consecutive working days.
Each sample will be evaluated chemically, physically
and microbiologically. All microbiological results must
meet the Pharmacopoeial/ In-house standards. No process
adjustments or changes will be made to the system
throughout the period of this study. This compressed air
shall be monitored at the points where it directly comes in
contact with product. It should be free from oil and
objectionable gases and microbial load.
B. Performance Qualification Experimental
Procedure
Performance Qualification of Compressed Air
Generation and distribution System shall be carried out
for three consecutive working days as per following
methods:
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1. Physical Test: Description
Select side arm flask with stopper. Adjust the flow of
compressed air using regulatory valve. Connect silicone
tubing to sampling point and pass air for 2 minute then
connect the tubing to container and pass the air through
container for two times to wipe any previous odor if any.
Now fill the container with air of moderate flow.
Immediately put stopper to the flask. Observe the color
of gas filled into container and shall be recorded.
Carefully open the flask to produce moderate flow of
gas. Dont direct the air stream toward the face .But
deflect a portion of the stream toward the nose.
2. Solubility Test
Take 5.0 Liter water in a container for check the
solubility of compressed air .Use 100 ml Compressed gas
by adjusting Rota meter on 100 ml/minute in water and
check the solubility of compressed air at 20C at a
pressure of 101kPa (1 atm.) and shall be recorded.
3. Non viable particle count
Connect the Particle Counter to compressed gas point
with diffuser. Take one sample (one Mtr3) of
compressed gas at each point and shall be recorded.
4. Measurement of dew point
Procedure
1. Open the Compressed air valve and let the air to be
drained out for 1 minute.
2. Connect the Compressed air outlet point to
connection pipe of Dew Point Temperature
Transmitter.
3. Insert the Dew Point Temperature Transmitter in the
connection pipe.
4. Ensure that the probe of Transmitter is directly
perpendicular to Compressed air flow.
5. Ensure that there is no leakage in the connections as
the penetration of humidity from the Environment
will affect the end results.
6. Switch on the power supply of Transmitter and
results shall be recorded
5. Gases Detection Test
Procedure
Gastec standard Detector tube is used for testing of
different residual gases that may be present in
compressed Air. Gastec Gas Detector is a pump unit
which can be equipped with different Detector tube
specific for different gases.
Insert the detector tube end straight into the tube tip
breaker of the pump, then rotate the detector tube so that
the diamond cutter of the tube tip breaker scratches the
surface of the tube end.
Hold detector tube firmly near the tube tip breaker and
bend the tube towards self to break the tube tip. Confirm
the pump handle is fully pushed in.
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Insert the Detector tube into the rubber inlet with arrow a. Carbon Dioxide
G mark towards the gas sampling pump. b. Carbon Monoxide
c. Sulfur Dioxide
Align guide marks (red line) on the black plate and the d. Nitrogen monoxides
guide mark on the handle (100 or 50 ml depending on the e. Water Vapour
detector tube). Direct the tube end to the point of f. Oil mist.
measurement and pull out handle fully or halfway, as per
Gastec tube manufacturer guideline, to the lock position
and wait until sampling time has elapsed. Volume of
sample withdrawn can be confirmed by the flow finish
indicator on the handle. The color in the detector tube
changes depending upon the concentration of that
particular gas, as the gas is drawn in the detection tube.

Reading of measurement: Read the concentration at the

interface of the stained to unstained reagent immediately
after the sampling.
Concentration of following gases are detected into
Compressed air by using various gas detection tubes Figure: Gastec Gas Detector System.

Operational Aspects of Gastec Gas Detection System.

Breaking Tip of Gas Detection Tube.

Inserting Tube in Pump after breaking Tip of Gas Detection Tube.

Sampling of Compressed Air.

6. Microbial Examination The test for Microbial analysis shall be performed on
Sampling of Compressed Air compressed air. However adequate precaution shall be

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Aditya et al.
taken to minimize the risk of microbial contamination
while sampling and testing.
The outer of sampling point shall be cleaned and
disinfected with sterile 70% v/v IPA.
For sampling of compressed air flush the sampling point
approximately or one minutes two minutes.
Take a sterilized 250 ml flask containing 100 ml of
sterile Peptone water/ Normal saline shall be carefully
opened. The glass tube attached to the tubing shall be
dipped in to the sterile Peptone water/ Normal saline and
the compressed air shall be allowed to bubble in the
sterile Peptone water/ Normal saline at a moderate
pressure for approximately 10 minutes . Care shall be
taken to minimize microbial contamination at this stage.
Avoid splashing of sterile Peptone saline from the
sampling flask. At the end of bubbling for ten minute,
the sampling tube shall be removed and the sampling
flask shall be closed carefully. The sample shall be
transferred to Microbiology Laboratory for testing.
Bioburden Analysis for Compressed Air
Under LAF aseptically transfer the sterile Peptone saline
bubbled with sample of compressed air to a membrane
filter holder fitted with a 0.45 micron membrane filter.
Filter the solution by gentle vacuum.
Flush the membrane three times each with 100 ml
0.1%w/v Peptone water.
Aseptically place the membrane onto the surface of
Soybean Casein Digest Agar medium contained in a petri
dish. Ensure that the whole underside of the membrane is
in touch with the nutrient surface otherwise the test shall
be invalid.
Invert and incubate the petri dish at 20c to 25c for 72
hours followed by 48 hours at 30c to 35c. At the end of
incubation, count the number of Colony Forming Units
developed on the membrane and reports this value as
Total Aerobic Microbial Count per 100ml.of sampled
water (1000 ml. volume of compressed air). Observed
data shall be recorded.
CONCLUSION
This article design to upcoming year of compressed air
system and lubrication system, for calculation of dew
point without instrument. It can calculated by
temperature and presseure will make compliance
economical. Compressed air system is versatile and have
many advantages which helps in new applications
development. Proper management and maintainenance
helps to optimize efficiency, reliability and productivity,
of the compressed air system.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors of this article are grateful to management of
VHB Medisciences Limited, Rudrapur for giving all kind
of support in terms of materials and time. Authors also
deeply immense to Mr. Ashok Jain, owner, VHB
Medisciences Limited, Rudrapur for providing such kind
of environment. The study of article was
supported/partially supported by Engineering department
personnel and we are thankful to them who provided
expertise that greatly assisted the study.
REFERENCES
1. C. T. Billiet Specifying and achieving
contamination levels in compressed air using the
system of quality classes with particular reference
to humidity control, domnick hunter ltd, 1996.
2. Lawrence, Mark G. (February 2005). "The
Relationship between Relative Humidity and the
Dewpoint Temperature in Moist Air: A Simple
Conversion and Applications". Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society. 86 (2): 225233
3. Haby, Jeff. "Frost point and dew point". Retrieved
September 30, 2011
4. A guide to the measurement of humidity, National
Physical Laboratory, UK, ISBN 0-904457-24-9
5. http://www.hbdh.com.br/catalogo/ISO8573-
12010.04.15.pdf
6. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/u
cm070342.pdf
7. http://www.cs-instruments.com/fileadmin/cs data/
Fachaufsaetze/ FachaufsatzEN/ Basics
Dewpointmeasurement_P60-P63.pdf
8. www.atlascopco.se/Images/Compressed_Air_Manua
l_tcm44-1249312.pdf
9. http://www.cagi.org/working-with-compressed-
air/benefits/energy.aspx
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point
11. http://mellcon.com/compressed-air-dewpoint.html
12. http://www.vaisala.com/VaisalaDocuments/Training
/2014DewpointinCompressedAir.pdf
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