Notes pgs.

595-607

Properties of Acids and Bases

- acidic solutions taste sour
- basic solutions taste bitter and feel slippery
- acids can be identified by their reactions with some metals
- the litmus in litmus paper is one of the dyes commonly used to distinguish solutions of
acids and bases
- both acid and base solutions have the ability to conduct electricity
- neutral solutions are neither acidic nor basic
- all aqueous solutions contain hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
- the relative amounts of the two ions determine if an aqueous solution is acidic, basic, or
neutral
- acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
- basic solutions contain more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
- water produces equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a process called
self-ionization

The Arrhenius model of Acids and Bases

- Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius
- proposed the Arrhenius model
- model states that an acid contains hydrogen and ionizes to produce hydrogen ions in
aqueous solution
- a base contains a hydroxide group and dissociate to produce a hydroxide ion in aqueous
solution

The Brønsted-Lowry Model

- Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry
- acid is a hydrogen-ion donor and a base is a hydrogen-ion acceptor
- acid + base = conjugate base + conjugate acid
- conjugate acid is the species produced when a base accepts a hydrogen ion from an acid
- conjugate base is the species that results when an acid donates a hydrogen ion to a base
- conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each other by the donating
and accepting of a single hydrogen ion
- water and other substances that can act as both acids and bases are considered
amphoteric

Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids

- an acid that can only donate one hydrogen ion is called a monooprotic acid
- acids that contain two ionizable hydrogen atoms per molecule are called diprotic acids
- all polyprotic acids ionize in steps
- some oxides can become acids or bases by adding the elements contained in water
- compounds are called anhydrides

Strengths of Acids
- acids that ionize completely are considered strong acids
- strong acids produce the maximum number of ions
- good conductors of electricity
- no reaction occurs in the reverse direction
- weak acids are ones that ionize only partially in dilute aqueous solutions
- produce fewer ions and cannot conduct electricity as well
- acid ionization costant is the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the
ionization of a weak acid
- the value of the constant indicates whether the reactants or the products are favored at
equilibrium
- the weakest acids have the smallest constant values because their solutions have the
lowest concentrations of ions
and the highest concentrations of unionized acid molecules

Strengths of Bases
- dissociate entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions
- a weak base ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution to form the conjugate acid
of the base and the
hydroxide ion
- base ionization constant is the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the
ionization of a base
- the smaller the value of the constant, the weaker the base

Questions

#4 Compare the properties of acidic solutions and basic solutions.

-Acidic solutions are aqueous solutions that contain more hydrogen ions than hydroxide
ions. On a pH scale
the acidic solution's values is less than 7.0. The substance has hydrogen in it which
ionizes to produce hydrogen ions.
Basic solutions are solutions that contain more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. On a
pH scale the basic solution's values is greater
than 7.0. The base contains a hydroxide group and dissociates to produce a hydroxide ion
in aqueous solution.

#5 How do the concentrations of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions determine whether a
solution is acidic, basic or neutral?
- An acidic solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions while a basic
solution contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. A neutral solution contains
equal amounts of both.

#6 Based on the formulas, which of the following compounds may be Arrhenius acids:
CH4, S2O, H2S, CA3 (PO4) 2?
- CH4 and H2S may be Arrhenius acids because they both contain hydrogen.

#7 Identify the following acid-base pairs in the following equation

#8 Methylamine forms hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Why is methylamine a
Brønsted- Lowry base but not an Arrhenius base?
- Methylamine is a Brønsted- Lowry base because it accepts a proton from water.

#9 In the accompanying structural formula, identify any hydrogen atoms that are likely to
be ionizable.

#12 An acid is highly ionized in aqueous solution. Is the acid strong or weak? Explain
your reasoning.
- An acid that is highly ionized in dilute aqueous solution is a weak acid because it
produces fewer ions. Therefore, it cannot conduct electricity as well as strong acids.

#13 How is the strength of a weak acid related to the strength of its conjugate base?
- The acid on the reactant side of an equation produces a conjugate base on the product
side, thus if the strength of an acid is weak, the conjugate base is strong.

#14 Identify the acid-base pairs in the following

a.

b.

#15 Kb for aniline is 4.3 X 10^-10. Explain what this tells you about aniline.
- Due to the fact that the Kb for aniline is 4.3 X 10^-10 shows that it is a very weak base,
meaning aniline contains very few ions.

#16 Why is a strong base such as sodium hydroxide generally not considered to have a
conjugate acid?
- A strong base such as sodium hydroxide is generally not considered to have a conjugate
acid because the conjugate acid of the strong base is much weaker than water, therefore
its chemical action is unimportant to the equation.

#17 Use Table 19-2 to predict which aqueous solution would have the greater electrical
conductivity: .1M HClO or .1M HF. Explain.
- HF would have the greater electrical conductivity because its Ka is 6.3 X 10^-4, while
the Ka for HClO is 4.0 X 10^-8. Therefore HFis stronger than HClO.

Vocabulary

-Acidic solution- contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

-Basic solution- contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
-Arrhenius model- states that an acid contains hydrogen and ionizes to produce hydrogen
ions in aqueous solution
-Brønsted-Lowry model- an acid is a hydrogen ion donor and a base is a hydrogen ion
acceptor
-Conjugate acid- the species produced when a base accepts a hydrogen ion from an acid
-Conjugate base- the species that results when an acid donates a hydrogen ion to a base
-Conjugate acid-base pair- consists of 2 substances related to each other by the donating
and accepting of a single hydrogen ion
-Amphoteric- water and other substances that can act as both acids and bases
-Strong acids- acids that ionize completely
-Weak acids- acids that ionize only partially in dilute aqueous solution
-Acid ionization constant- Ka ; the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the
ionization of a weak acid
-Strong bases- dissociate entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions
-Weak base- ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution to form the conjugate acid
of the base and hydroxide ions
-Base ionization constant- Kb ; the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the
ionization for the ionization of the base