IMPORTANT

FACTS
AND
FORMULAE

FOR JEE
Sr.No. Subjects Page No.

1. Physics 1 - 39

2. Chemistry 40 - 90

3. Mathematics 91 - 158
1 PHYSICS

IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE FOR JEE

AIEEE PHYSICS

UNITS & MEASUREMENT

1. If x = am bn cp,
then fractional error in x can be calculated as
'x 'a 'b 'c
m n p .
x a b c
2. For vernier callipers, least count = s v.
(s = length of one division on main scale, v = length of one division on
vernier scale.)
3. Length measured by vernier calliper = reading of main scale + reading of
vernier scale least count.
pitch of the screw
4. For Screw Gauge, least count = .
no. of divisions on the circular scale

dis tan ce travelled on the pitch scale

where, Pitch = .
no. of rotations
5. Length measured by screw gauge = Reading of main scale + Reading of
circular scale least count.

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

t1 = initial time, t2 = final time
u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
vav = average velocity a = acceleration
s = net displacement/distance
total dis tan ce travelled
1. Average speed, vav =
t2  t1

's ds
2. Instantaneous speed, v = lim
't o f 't dt

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2 PHYSICS
t2
o
3. Displacement = t v dt
1

t2
4. Total distance = t v dt
1

dv dv d2 s
5. a = = v =
dt ds dt2
6. When acceleration is constant,
1 2
V = u + at, s = ut  at & v2 = u2 + 2as
2

MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSION

Z = angular velocity, D = angular acceleration,
aW = tangential acceleration, aN = normal acceleration
R = radius of curvature
Vectors
o
1. R = P 2  Q2  2PQcos T

o o
Where T is angle between the vectors and direction of R from P ,

Qsin T
I = tan-1
P  Qcos T
o o
2. Two vectors a a1 i  a 2 j a 3 k and b b1 i  b2 j b3 k are equal if :

a1 = b 1,
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a2 = b2 and
a3 = b3
o o
3. If angle between two vectors a and b is T
o o
a b = ab cos T and
o o
aub = (ab sin T ) n , ( n is unit vector perpendicular to both a and b )
4. Velocity of B with respect to A,
o o
V BA = VB  VA
Projectile Motion
2usin T
5. Time of flight, t0 =
g

u2 sin2T
6. Range, R =
g

u2 sin2 T
7. Maximum height, H =
2g

1 2
8. (x, y) = ucos T t,usin T t  gt
2

g x2
9. Equation of projectile, y = x tan T 
2u2 cos2 T
Circular Motion
'T dT
10. Z = lim =
't o0 't dt

dZ d2 T
D = =
dt dt 2

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dv
11. aW =
dt
V2
aN =
R

aTotal = a 2W  a 2N
3/2
dt 2
1 
dx
12. R at (x, y) =
d2 y
dx 2
13. Banking of roads,
v2
tan T =
rg

mv2
14. Centripetal force = = mrZ2
r
LAWS OF MOTION

where f is the frictional force.

'p
3. = F
't

m V
o o
4. P = i i

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
1. Total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy
1
2. Kinetic Energy = mv 2 , Potential Energy = mgh
2
f
o o
3. dW = i F d r

4. Conservative forces : spring force, electrostatic force,

gravitation force
Non-conservative forces : frictional force, viscous force
5. For elastic collision.
M1u1 + m2u2 = m 1v 1 + m 2v 2
1 1 1 1
m1u12  m2u22 = m1v12  m2 v22
2 2 2 2
6. For perfectly inelastic collision,
m1u1  m2u2
V =
m1  m2
7. If coefficient of restitution is e (0 < e < l),
Velocity of separation = e (velocity of approach)
t2
o o o
8. Impulse =
t1
F dt = P 2  P1

ROTATIONAL MOTION AND MOMENT OF INERTIA

W = torque, F = force
I = moment of inertia D = angular acceleration
L = angular momentum aCM = acceleration of centra of mass
o

1.
o
R CM =
i mi r i
M
1
2. rCM =
M
r dm

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6 PHYSICS
o o o
3. W = r uF
4. Moment of inertia,

I = i mi ri2 = r
2
dm

JJJJG o
Wext = ID
5. Angular momentum,
o o o
L = r up
o o
L = IZ
o
dL JJJJG
6. = Wext
dt
JJJJG
7. (i) Pure translation o WCM 0
JJJJG
(ii) Rotation o WCM z 0
o JJJJG
(iii) Pure rotation o F 0, WCM z 0

o
(iv) Translation o F z 0

(v) Rolling o a CM Dr, VCM Zr

(vi) Sliding or sliding o a CM z Dr, VCM z Zr

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Table for standard moments of inertia :

1. Very thin circular hoop MR2

2. Uniform solid cylinder about its 1

symmetry axis MR 2
2

3. Uniform solid sphere about its 2

diameter MR 2
5

4. Uniform hollow sphere about its 2

diameter MR 2
3

5. Uniform thin rod about its centre MA 2

and perpendicular to it 12

6. Thin rectangular sheet about an M(a 2  b2 )

axis perpendicular to sheet and 12
passing through its centre

7. Uniform solid right cone about its 3 2

axis MR
10

8. Uniform hollow right cone about its 1

axis MR 2
2

GRAVITATION
G = Universal gravitational constant,
U = Gravitational potential energy
V = Gravitational potential,
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8 PHYSICS
E = Gravitational field
F = Gravitational force
Mm
1. F = G (attraction force)
r2
m1m2
2. Gravitational potential energy, V = G
r
f
o o
3. Uf Ui = i
 F d r

GM
4. Gravitational potential, V = 
r
F GM
5. Gravitational field, E =
m r2
2GM
6. Escape velocity, u t
R
h
7. (i) g = g 1  , where h is depth from the earths surface.
Re

g
(ii) g = 2
, where h is height from the earths surface.
h
1 
Re

GM
8. v =
r

r3
9. T = 2S
GM

GMm GMm GMm

10. K.E. = , PK.E. =  E = 
2a a 2a
F GM
11. Gravitational field, E = =
m r2

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9 PHYSICS
(i) Uniform solid sphere
GMr
E(r) = , r<R
R3
GM
E(r) = , r=R
R2
GM
E(r) = , r>R
r2

GM 3 1 r2
V(r) =   , r<R
R 2 2 R 2

GM
V(r) =  , r=R
R
GM
V(r) =  , r>R
r
(ii) Uniform spherical shell
E(r) = 0, r<R
GM
E(r) = , r=R
R2
GM
E(r) = , r>R
r2
GM
V(r) =  , r d R
R
GM
V(r) =  , r>R
r

(iii) Uniform circular ring at point on axis :

GMr
E(r) = 3/2
R  r2
2

2GM 2
V(r) =  R  r2  P
R 2

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SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
p = pressure, U = density
V = volume of solids, v = volume immersed
D = density of solid, d = density of liquid
A = cross section area U = upthrust
Y = Youngs modulus, V = stress
H = strain B = Bulk modulus
F = force A = cross section area
A = initial length 'A = change in length
T = surface tension, R = radius of the bubble/drop
r = radius of the tube T = angle of contact
K = coefficient of viscosity, F = force
F
1. p = lim
'S o c 'S
2. Variation of pressure with height, dP = U g dh

3. Archimedes Principle, mg = v dg or VD = dv

4. Equation of continuity, A 1v 1 = A 2v 2
1 2
5. Bernoullis equation, P pv  Ugh = constant
2
V FA
6. Y = =
H A 'A

'P
7. Bulk modulus, B = 
'v / V

1
8. Elastic potential energy = u stress strain volume
2

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11 PHYSICS
2T
9. Excess pressure inside a drop, 'P =
R
4T
10. Excess pressure inside a soap bubble, 'P =
R

2T cos T
11. Rise of liquid in a capillary tube, h =
r Ug

dv
12. F = K A
dz
13. Stokes law, F = 6SrKv

2r 2 (U  V)g
14. Terminal velocity, v0 =
9K
where, v = velocity, V = density of liquid, U = density of solid

15. Velocity of efflux = V = 2g h

OSCILLATIONS
Z = angular frequency, I = moment of inertia
T = time period, A = length of pendulum
d2 x
1.  Z2 x 0
dt2
2S
2. T
Z
3. Simple pendulum,
T 2S A / g , Z g /A

4. Angular simple harmonic motion,

k
T 2S I / k , Z
I
5. Physical pendulum
I mgA
T 2S , Z
mgA I
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6. Effective spring constant
i) Parallel Keff = K1 + K2
7. Effective spring constant
i) Parallel
keff = k1 + k2

ii) Series
1 1 1

k eff k1 k 2

WAVES
A = amplitude
y = displacement
' I = phase difference
Q = frequency
L = length of the wire
P = mass per unit length
Z = angular frequency
'x = path difference
O = wavelength

1. Equation of wave,
x
y sin Z t 
v
2. Velocity of a wave on a string,
F
v ( P = mass per unit length)
P

3. Pav 2S 2PvA 2 J 2
4. y1 a1 sin Zt, y2 a 2 sin(Zt  I)
resultant wave, y = y1 + y2
consecutive interference, 'I 2nS or 'x nO

1
destructive interference, 'I (2n  1)S or 'x n  O
2
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13 PHYSICS

1 F
5. Q0 , ( Q 0 = fundamental frequency)
2L P

B
6. Speed of sound in fluid = (B = Bulk modules U = density)
U

Y
7. Speed of sound in solid = (Y = Youngs modules U = density)
U

JP
8. Speed of sound in gas = ,vD
U

v
9. Closed organ pipe, Q (2n  1)
4A
nv
10. Open organ pipe, Q
A
11. Frequency of beats Q1  Q 2

v  u0
12. Doppler effect, Q Q0
v  us
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
P = pressure V = volume
n = no. of moles T = temperature
R = universal gas constant D = coefficient of linear
expansion
E = coefficient of superficial J = coefficient of volume
expansion expansion
Q = heat taken/supplied s = specific heat
m = mass 'T = change in temperature

L = latent heat of state change W = work done by gas

per mass
U = internal energy Vi = initial volume
Vf = final volume Pi = initial pressure
Pf = final pressure
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14 PHYSICS

1. Ideal gas equation, PV = n R T

1 dL 1 dV
2. Thermal expansion, D ; J
L dT V dT
3PV 3RT
3. v rms
M M0

Translational kinetic energy,

3
k PV
2
8RT 2RT
v ; vp
SM0 M0

4. Vander Waals equation :

n 2a
P  (V nb) = nRT
V 2

5. Q ms ' T
6. Latent heat of state change,
Q = mL
7. dQ = dW + dU
8. Work done by a gas,
V2
W P dV
V1

9. Work done on an ideal gas :

V
isothermal process, W = nRT An f
Vi
isobaric process, W = P(Vf Vi)
isochoric process, W=0
Pi Vi  Pf Vf
adiabatic process, W
J 1

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15 PHYSICS
10. Entropy,
'Q
'S
T
11. Efficiency of an ideal reversible heat engine,
T2
K 
T1

'Q
12. Cv constant volume
n'T
'Q
CP constant pressure
n'T
13. dU = nCvdT
Cp
14. Cp Cv = R, J
Cv

15. Adiabatic process, PV J = constant

TRANSFERENCE OF HEAT
e = Coefficient of emission V = Stefans constant
K = Coefficient of thermal A = Area
conductivity
'Q A(T1  T2 ) dT
1. K KA
't x dx
x
2. Thermal resistance, R =
KA
T1  T2
Heat current, I =
R
3. Series connection, R = R 1 + R2
Parallel connection, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2

4. U= e V A T4 , (U = energy emitted per second)

5. Newtons law of cooling,
dT
 K(T  T0 ) ( T taken in Celsius scale)
dt
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16 PHYSICS
ELECTROSTATICS
Facts :
1. Charge is quantized.
2. Charge is conversed, net charge does not change.
3. The tangent to a line of force at any point gives the direction of electric
filed at that point.
4. No electric filed exists inside conductors.
5. Electric fields at surfaces of conductors are perpendicular to surface.
6. All points on or inside a conductors are at the same potential.
7. In isolated capacitor, charge does not change.
8. Capacitors in series have equal amount of charges.
9. The voltage across two capacitor connected in parallel is same.
10. In steady state no current flows through a capacitor.

F = force q = charge
O = linear charge density C = capacitance
V = electric potential E = electric filed
V = surface charge density U = volume charge density
U = electrical potential r = distance
energy
qenc = charge enclosed p = dipole moment
1. Coulombs law : The force between two point charges at rest,
o 1 q1q 2
F r
4SH 0 r2
2. Electric field :
o o
F qE
3. Electric Potential :
'V  E ' r cosT
ro o
V  f E.d r

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17 PHYSICS
4. Electric Potential Energy :
1 q iq j
U =
4SH 0
ri j
i j

5. Fields for a point charge :

1 q
E = ,
4SH 0 r2

1 q
V = ,
4SH 0 r
Gausss law : net electric flex through any closed surface is equal to the
net charge enclosed by thee surface divided by H 0 .
o o q enc
vs E .ds
H0

Electric Dipole : It is a combination of equal and opposite charges.

o o
Electric dipole moment P q d , where d is the separation between the
two point charges.
Electric field due to various charge distribution :
a) If the line charge is 'O' then
i) electric field outside cylinder (Radius R)
O
E
2SH 0 r
ii) electric filed on the surface
O
E
2SH 0R
iii) Electric filed inside at a distance r
from the axis
Or
E
2SH 0R 2

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18 PHYSICS
b) Plane sheet of charge :
V
E , where V is the surface charge density.
2H0
c) Near a charge conducting surface :
V
E
H0
d) Charged conducting spherical shell :
o
E in 0, r  R
o 1 q
E out ,r!R
4SH0 r 2
o 1 q
E sur ,r R
4SH0 r 2

e) Non conducting charged solid sphere :

1 qr
Ein ,r  R
4SH 0 R 3

o 1 q
E out ,r!R
4SH 0 r 2
o 1 q
E sur ,r R
4SH0 r 2

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f) Charged ring :
Special cases :-
1 qx
Eaxial
4SH 0 (R  x 2 )3/2
2

i) If x  R and x 2  R 2 ,

1 qx
E ,
4SH 0 R 3

ii) If x ! R and x 2 !! R 2 ,
1 q
E
4SH 0 x 2

Note : E max at r R/ 2.

g) Dipole :
In terms of polar coordinates,
1 2P cos T
Er
4SH 0 r3
1 P sin T
ET
4SH0 r 3

ER E2r  E2T
P
ER 1  3cos2 T
4SH 0 r 3

tan T
Its direction, I tan1
2

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Torque on a dipole :
o o o
W PuE
Potential energy of Dipole :
o o
U  P .E
Electric Potential due to various charge distribution :
a) Charged ring :
i) 1 q
At the centre:- V
4SH 0 R

1 q
ii) On the axis at a distance x from the centre:- V
4SH 0 R2  x2
b) Uniformly charged disc :
i) At a distance x from the
centre,
V 2
V R  x2  x
2H 0
ii) At the centre,
VR
V
2H 0
iii) At a large distance x (!! R) ,
1 q
V
4SH 0 x
Here, the disc behaves as a point charge.
iv) At the edge of the disc,
VR
V
H0

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21 PHYSICS
c) Spherical shell :
1 q
Vin
4SH 0 R
1 q
Vout
4SH0 r

d) Nonconducting sphere :
1 q 3 r2
Vin 
4SH0 R 2 2R 2
1 q 1 q
Vsur ; Vout
4SH 0 R 4SH 0 r

6. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor,

H0 A
C
d
7. Voltage across capacitor,
Q
V
C
8. Elements in series :
1 1 1
 , R = R 1 + R2
C C1 C2
9. Elements in parallel :
1 1 1
C = C1 + C 2 ; 
R R1 R 2
10. If a dielectric is placed inside the capacitor,
E0 V0
E , V
K K
11. Induced charged in the dielectric,
1
qi q 1 
K

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22 PHYSICS
12. Capacitance of a capacitor partially filled
with dielectric of thickness t,
H0 A
C
t
d  t  K

13. Force between the plates of a capacitor

Q2
F
2H 0 A
14. Capacitance of a spherical capacitor,
4SH 0 a b
C
(b  a)

15. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor,

H0 A
C
d
16. Capacitance of a cylindrical
capacitor,
SH 0
C (per unit length) =
b
In
a

Numbers :
Electronic charge, e 1.6 u 10-19
1
9 u 109 Nm2 /C2
4SH0
H0 8.85 u 10-12 C2 /Nm2

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23 PHYSICS
Units :
Quantity Units Conversion
Electric field N/C, V/m 1 N/C = 1V/m
Charge C 1e 1.6 u 1019 C
Voltage V, J/C 1V = 1 J/C

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Facts:
1. Sum of currents into a node is zero.
2. Sum of voltage around closed loop is zero.
3. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative for semiconductor.

Q = charge vd = drift velocity

i, I = current j = current density
U = resistivity R = resistance
t = thickness K = dielectric constant

Formulae :
1. Electric current,
I = n q A vd
2. Resistance of a wire,
L
R U
A
3. Current density,
I
J n q vd
A
4. Voltage across the resistor,
V = IR
5. Ohms law,
E UJ
6. Power dissipated in resistor :
V2
P I2 R
R
7. Charge on a capacitor in an RC circuit,
Q(t) = Q0 (I et/RC) where Q0 is the charge at t = 0

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24 PHYSICS
8. Current through a resistor in an RC circuit,
I(t) I0 e t/W , where W RC

9. Grouping of cells :

a) Series combination :-
nH
I
(nr  R)

If the polarity of m cells is reversed.

(n  2m)H
I
(R  nr)
b) Parallel combination :-

H
i) I
(R  r / n)

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25 PHYSICS
ii) E
r
I
1
1  R
r

c) Mixed combination :-
nE
I
nr
R 
m
Current will be
maximum
nr
when R
m

Ammeter :
Ig
S G
I  Ig

Percentage error in measuring current
through an ammeter,
R' GS
Error u 100 where R '
R  R' GS

Voltmeter :
V
R G
Ig

1
Error u 100
1  r
(R  G)

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Potentiometer :
H1 A1
Comparing the emf of the cells,
H2 A2
A
Internal resistance of a battery, r R  1
A c
Wheatstone Bridge :
R1 R 3
R2 R4
Under the above condition there
will be no current through
Galvanometer.

Units :
Quantity Units Conversion
Capacitance F I F = IC/V
Current A I A = IC/S
Resistance : I : IV / A

THERMAL EFFECTS OF CURRENTS

Joules law of heating :
Heat produced in a resistor,
H = I2Rt
Seeback Effect :
Thermo emf, E Dt  E t2
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENTS

B = magnetic induction I = flux

q = charge V = velocity
F = force N = no. of turns
I = current P = magnetic dipole moment

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27 PHYSICS
Facts :
o o
1. Force on a moving charge in magnetic filed is A r to both v and B .
2. Net magnetic force acting on any closed current loop in a uniform
magnetic field is zero.
3. Magnetic filed of long straight wire circles around wire.
4. Parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other.
Formulae :
o o o
1. Force on a charged Particle, F q v u B

F qvB(sin T )
2. When a particle enters into a A r magnetic field, it describe a circle.
Radius of the circular path,
mv 2Km
r
qB qB
2Sm
3. Time period, T
qB
4. Magnetic force on a segment of wire,
o o o
F IA u B
5. Force between parallel current carrying wires,
F P 0 I1I2
A 2S r
6. A current carrying loop behaves as a magnetic dipole of magnetic dipole
moment,
o o
P NI A
o o o
7. Torque on a current loop, W PuB
8.
currying wire,
o
o P0 I dA u r
B
4S r2

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28 PHYSICS
9. Amperes law
o o
> B.dA P 0 Ienc
Magnetic Field due to various current distributions :
1) Current in a straight wire :-
P0I
B (sinD  sin E )
4 Sb

2) For an infinitely long straight wire :-

D E S /2
P0I
B
4 Sb

3) On the axis of a circular coil :-

P 0 NIR 2
B
2(R 2  x 2 )3/2

4) At the centre of the circular coil :-

P 0I
B
2R

5) For a circular arc,

P0I
B T
4SR

6) Along the axis of a solenoid,

P 0 nI
BC (cos T2  cos T1 )
2
N
where n (No. of turns per unit length)
A

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29 PHYSICS
7) For a very long solenoid, BC P 0 nI
P 0 nI
8) At then end of a long solenoid, B
2
MAGNETOSTATICS
1. Magnetic Moment of a bar
magnet :
M m u A where m is the pole
Strength.

2. Force between two poles of strength m1 and m2 separated by a distance

P 0 m1m2
r is given by, F where r is in metre and m in Amp-metre.
4S r 2
3. Torque on a bar magnet
placed in a magnetic
field,
o o o
W MuB
and the potential energy, 0
o o
U M.B
4. Magnetic field due to a
bar magnet,
P 0 2M
i) Bp
4S r 3
P0 M
ii) Bp
4S (r  A 2 )3/2
2

If r !! A
P0 M
B
4S r 3

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30 PHYSICS
5. Earths magnetic field,
BH
cos G
B
Where BH is the horizontal
Component of the earths magnetic
field and
' G ' is the angle of dip.

6. Magnetic intensity,
o
o B o M
H  I , where I
P0 V
o o
7. B P H
o
8. I F H , where F is the magnetic susceptibility.
C
9. Curies law : F
T
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
B = magnetic induction I = flux
q = charge V = velocity
F = force N = no. of turns
I = current L = coefficient of self inductance
M = coefficient of mutual H = induced emf
inductance
1. Induced emf,
d) dB
H 1 NA where a is the area of a loop.
dt dt
H
2. Induced current, I
R
o o d)
3. Induced electric field, v E .d A 
dt
4. Self-inductance,
dI
N) LI; H L
dt

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31 PHYSICS

5. Inductance of a solenoid, L P 0 n2 A A
where n is the number of turns per unit length.
6. Mutual inductance, N) MI
dI
H M
dt
7. Growth of current in an L-R circuit,
H L
I 1  e  t/W , W
R R

8. Decay of current in an L-R circuit,

H  t/W L
I e , W
R R
1 2
9. Energy stored in an inductor, U LI
2
10. Energy density in a magnetic filed,
U B2
u (Energy per unit volume)
V 2P 0
11. L-C-Oscillations :
d2 q 1
2
 q
dt LC
1
q q 0 cos Zt where, Z
LC
I0
12. R.M.S. current, Irms
2
13. In RC circuit
Peak current,
H0 H0
I0 14.
z R 2  1/ ZC
2

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32 PHYSICS
14. Steady state current,
H0
I sin(Zt  I)
z
1
I tan1
ZCR

15. In LR Circuit,
In steady state,
H0
I sin(Zt  I)
R 2  Z2L2
ZL
I tan1
R

16. In LCR Circuit :

H0
I sin(Zt  I)
2
1
R2   ZL
ZC
1
 ZL
I tan1 ZC
R

1
i) If ! ZL , current leads the voltage.
ZC
1
ii) If  ZL , current legs behind the voltage.
ZC
1
iii) If ZL , current is in phase with the voltage.
ZC
iv) In LCR circuit, peak vale of current,
H0
I
2
1
R2   ZL
ZC
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33 PHYSICS
If the angular frequency ' Z' varies then I0 also varies.
1
I0 is maximum, when  ZL 0
ZC
1
or Z
LC
1
f
2S LC
This is called the resonance frequency of the circuit.
17. Power in an A. C. circuit,
P = Vrms Irms cos I where cos I is the power factor.
i) For a purely resistive circuit, I 0
ii) For a purely reactive circuit, I S /2, or  S /2
? cos I 0
18. Transformer :
H1 N1
where N1 and N2 are the number of turns in the
H2 N2
primary and secondary coils respectively.
Electromagnetic Induction
o o d)
Induced electric filed, v E .d A 
dt
b
o o o
Motional emf = H

a
( v u B) .d A

Modified Faradays law

o
o o o o dB
H v ( v u B).d A
 

 A.
dt
Motion of a 

conductor in a Variation of
stationary magnetic field
magnetic field in a
stationary
conductor

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34 PHYSICS
RAY OPTICS

u = distance of the object from the lens/mirror

v = distance of the image from the lens/mirror
m = magnification i = angle of incident
r = angle of refraction/reflection n = refractive index
Tc = critical angle G = angle of
deviation
R = radius of curvature P = power

1. Spherical mirrors,
1 1 1 v
 , m 
v u f u
2. Refraction at plane surfaces,
sin i real depth
n =
sin r apparent depth
1
critical angle, Tc sin1
n
3. Refraction at spherical surface,
n2 n1 n2  n1 n1v
 ,m
v u R n2 u
4. Refraction through thin lenses,
1 1 1
(n  1) 
f R1 R 2
1 1 1 v
 , m
f v u u
1
P , (f should be in metre)
f
5. Prism,
r + r = A,
G i  i ' A
A  Gm
sin
n 2
A
sin
2

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35 PHYSICS

1
6. Refraction at plane surfaces, Normal shift = 1  t, t is the thickness of
n
the glass slab.
7. For small A and I, G (n  1)A
1 1 1
8. Combination of lens  
F f1 f2
1 1 1 d
9. When lens are d distance apart  
F f1 f2 f1f2
WAVE OPTICS

c = speed of light, a = amplitude

K = refractive index of the material, I = intensity
v = speed of light in the material, W = fringe width
'x = path difference O = wavelength
G = phase difference d = distance between the slits
D = distance between the slit and the t = thickness of glass slab
screen

c
1. v where
K
c = speed of light,
K = refractive index of the material and
v = speed of light in that material
2. Youngs double slit experiment,
a a12  a 22  2a1a 2 cos G , I I1  I2  2 I1 I2 cos G
for bright fringes, 'x nO
1
for dark fringes, 'x n  O n = 1, 2, 3
2
DO
Fringes width
d
c 1 1
3. v ,c ,v
P P 0 H0 PH

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36 PHYSICS
4. Youngs double slit experiment,
a a12  a 22  2a1a 2 cos G , I I1  I2  2 I1 I2 cos G
for bright fringes, 'x nO
1
for dark fringes, 'x n  O n = 1, 2, 3,
2
DO
W
d
P  1)tD
5. Shifting of fringes : Shift =
d
6. Optical path length = Pt
shift P  1)t
7. Number of fringes shifted
firing width d
P v  Pr
8. Dispersive Power, Z
Py 1

A P'y  1
9. Dispersive without average deviation :
A' Py  1
A P'v  P'r
10. Average deviation without dispersion :
A' P'v  P'r
Z
11. Net average deviation G r (P y  1)A 1 
Zr
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1
1. Speed of electromagnetic waves, v
PH
2. Electromagnetic waves and transverse, E = CB

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37
Wave-Band Origin
X-radiation i) High energy changes in
electron structures of atoms
ii) Decelerated electrons
Gamma radiation Energy changes in nuclei of
atoms
Ultraviolet radiation Fairly high energy changes in
electron structure of atoms
Visible Radiation Energy changes in electron
structure of atoms
Infrared Radiation Low energy changes in
electron structure of atoms
Radio wave i) High frequency oscillatory
electric currents
ii) Very low energy changes in
electron structure of atoms.
PHYSICS
Sources
X-ray tubes
Radioactive substance
i) Very hot bodies, e.g.
the electric arc.
ii) Electric discharge
through gases,
particularly, mercury
vapour in quartz
envelopes
Various lamps, flames
and anything at or
above red-heat
All Matter over a wide
range of temperature
from absolute zero
upwards
Radio transmitting
circuits.
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38 PHYSICS
ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS

P = momentum h = Planks constant

O = wavelength c = speed of light
F = frequency I = work function

h
1. Momentum of a photon, P
O
hc
2. Energy of a photon, E hf
O
hC
3. Photoelectric equation, KE max I
O
max h(f  f0 )
4. To take place photoelectric effect, O d O 0
z2
5. For a one electron atom, En 13.6 eV
n2
n2
rn 5.29 u 10 11 meters
z
6. If an electron jumps from mth orbit to nth orbit,
1 1 1
Rz 2 2  2 , where m ! n
O n m
7. Mosleys law, f a(z  b) where a b are constants.
hc
8. The minimum wavelength of x-rays, O min
eV
ATOMS, MOLECULES AND NUCEI

n = no. of nuclei t1/2 = half life

Z = atomic no.
1. Nuclear radius, R = R0A1/3, R0 1.1 u 10 15 metre
2. Mass energy equivalence, ' 'mC2
3. Radioactive decay, N(t) = N0e Ot where O is the decay constant.
0.693
4. Radioactive Half Life, t1/2
O
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39 PHYSICS
SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. Intrinsic semiconductors, n i = ne = nh
2. Doped semiconductors, n2i n e nh
3. Conductivity, V e(n e P h  n h P h )
E D
4. Current gains, D ,E
1 E 1 D
output power
5. Alternating current power gain =
input power

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40 CHEMISTRY

IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE FOR JEE

IIT CHEMISTRY

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

1. 1 mole = NAvg u number of species = 6.023 u 1023 species
i.e., atoms, molecules, ions, etc.
2. Atomic mass = Mass of one atom
Gram-atomic mass = Mass of one mole of atoms
= Mass of 6.023 u 1023 atoms in gms.
e.g. Atomic mass of O is 16 amu.
gm-atomic mass of O is 16 gm.
? 16 gm O-contains 6.023 u 1023 oxygen atoms.
Average mass of an atom
Atomic mass =
1/12 u Mass of an atom of C12
R.A.(1) u M.No + R.A.(2) u M.No
Average atomic mass =
R.A.(1)+ R.A.(2)
Here R.A = Relative Abundance, Mass No. = Mass number.

1
3. 1 amu (atomic mass unit) = = 1 Avogram
NAvg

1
= gm = 1.66 u 10-24 gm = 1 Dalton
6.023 u 1023

4. Molecular weight = Weight of one molecule

Molar mass or gm-molecular weight = weight of one mole of molecule

= wt. of 6.023 u 1023 molecules

Weight(gm) volume of gas at STP(L)

5. Moles = =
Molar mass (gm / mole) 22.4 lit.

= Molarity u Volume (in L)

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