STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION

Atty. Othello M. Mendoza II

De La Salle University College of Law

COURSE DESCRIPTION
(as provided by the Legal Education Board)

A course that explores the use and force of statutes and the principles and
methods of their construction and interpretation.

COURSE SYLLABUS

I. Statutes

A. Statutes, in general

Legaspi v. The Honorable Minister of Finance, G.R. No. 58289, July 24,
1982.
Garcia-Padilla v. Enrile, G.R. No. 61388, April 20, 1983.
Aquino v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 40004, January 31, 1975.

1. Kinds of statutes

a. Permanent

Article 7, New Civil Code.

b. Temporary

Espiritu v. Cipriano, G.R. No. 32743, February 15, 1974.

Homeowners Association of the Philippines, Inc. v. The Municipal
Board of the City of Manila, G.R. No. 23979, August 30, 1968.

c. In respect to application: prospective or retroactive

d. In respect to operation: declaratory, curative, mandatory, directory,
substantive, remedial, and penal
e. In respect to form: affirmative or negative

B. Enactment of Statutes

1. Legislative power of Congress

Section 1, Article VI, 1987 Constitution.

Occena v. The Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 56350, April 2,
1981.
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998.
Tolentino v. The Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, August 25,
1994.
Ocampo v. Cabagis, G.R. No. 3983, February 15, 1910.
Pamatong v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 161872, April 13,
2004.
Manila Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, G.R. No.
122156, February 3, 1997.

1
 2. Procedural requirements in enacting a law, in general

Section 16(3), Article VI, 1987 Constitution.

Miller v. Mardo, G.R. No. 15138, July 31, 1961.
Valderrama Lumber Manufacturers Company, Inc. v. The
Administrator, G.R. No. 17783, June 30, 1962.
Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997.

3. Steps in the passage of bill into law

a. First and second reading of bills

b. Third reading

Section 26(2), Article VI, 1987 Constitution.

Tolentino v. The Secretary of Finance, supra.

c. Conference committee reports

The Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, G.R. No. 105371,

November 11, 1993.
Tolentino v. The Secretary of Finance, supra.

d. Authentication of bills

Astorga v. Villegas, G.R. No. 23475, April 30, 1974.

e. Presidents approval or veto

Section 27(1), Article VI, 1987 Constitution.

C. Parts of Statutes

1. Preamble

People v. Purisima, G.R. Nos. 42050-66, November 20, 1978.

People v. Echaves, G.R. Nos. 47757-61, January 28, 1980.

2. Title

Section 26(1), Article VI, 1987 Constitution.

Agcaoili v. Suguitan, G.R. No. 24806, February 13, 1926.
Philippine Constitution Association, Inc. v. Gimenez, G.R. No.
23326, December 18, 1965.
Lidasan v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 28089, October 25,
1967.

a. Purpose

Librares v. Executive Secretary, 9 SCRA 2616 (1963).

Ichong v. Hernandez, G.R. No. 7995, May 31, 1957.

2
 The Municipality of Jose Panganiban, Province of Camarines
Norte v. The Shell Company of the Philippines, Ltd., G.R.
No. 18349, July 30, 1966.
The Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, supra.
De Guzman v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 129118,
July 19, 2000.
Alalayan v. National Power Corporation, G.R. No. 24396,
July 29, 1968.
The Government of the Philippine Islands v. The
Municipality of Binalonan, G.R. No. 8243, December 24,
1915.
Cawaling v. The Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 146319,
October 26, 2001.

b. Subject of repeal of statute

The Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, supra.

c. How requirement of title construed

People v. Buenviaje, G.R. No. 22945, March 3, 1925.

Alalayan v. National Power Corporation, supra.
Cordero v. Cabatuando, G.R. No. 14542, October 31, 1962.
Insular Lumber Company v. Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. No.
31057, May 29, 1981.
Tolentino v. The Secretary of Finance, supra.

d. Effect of insufficiency of title

Philippine Constitution Association, Inc. v. Gimenez, supra.

De La Cruz v. Paras, G.R. Nos. 42571-72, July 25, 1983.
In re Cunanan, March 18, 1954

3. Enacting clause

4. Body of statute

People v. Carlos, G.R. No. 239, June 30, 1947.

5. Separability clause

6. Repealing clause

Mirasol v. The Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 128448, February 1, 2001.

7. Effectivity clause

Article 2, New Civil Code.

Taada v. Tuvera, G.R. No. 63915, December 29, 1986.
Umali v. Estanislao, G.R. No. 104037, May 29, 1992.
Lara v. Del Rosario, G.R. No. 6339, April 20, 1954.
People v. Que Po Lay, G.R. No. 6791, March 29, 1954.

3
 Lim Hoa Ting v. Central Bank of the Philippines, G.R. No. 10666,
September 24, 1958.
Pesigan v. Angeles, G.R. No. 64279, April 30, 1984.

II. Construction

A. Statutory construction, defined

Caltex Philippines, Inc. v. Palomar, G.R. No. 19650, September 29, 1996.
Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. The Commissioner of Customs, G.R. No.
28463, May 31, 1971.

B. Rules of construction, generally

The Roman Catholic Apostolic Administrator of Davao, Inc. v. The Land

Registration Commission, G.R. No. 8451, December 20, 1957.
Torres v. Yu, G.R. No. 42626, December 8, 1982.
The Collector of Internal Revenue v. Manila Lodge No. 761 of the
Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, G.R. No. 11176, June 29, 1959.

C. Purpose of statutory construction

Macondray and Co., Inc. v. Eustaquio, G.R. No. 43683, July 16, 1937.
Manila Lodge No. 761 v. The Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 41001,
September 30, 1976.
People v. Concepcion, G.R. No. 19190, November 29, 1922.
Taada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. 10520, February 28, 1957.
Salaysay v. Castro, G.R. No. 9669, January 31, 1956.
City of Baguio v. Marcos, G.R. No. 26100, February 28, 1969.

D. Matters inquired into in construing a statute

Manila Jockey Club, Inc. v. Games and Amusements Board, G.R. No.
12727, February 29, 1960.

E. Legislative intent, generally

Torres v. Limjap, supra.

United States v. Tamporong, G.R. No. 9527, August 23, 1915.
Tamayo v. Gsell, G.R. No. 10765, December 22, 1916.
Senarillos v. Hermosisima, G.R. No. 10662, December 14, 1956.
Hemmani v. The Export Control Committee, G.R. No. 8414, February 28,
1957.
People v. Purisima, supra.
United States v. Toribio, G.R. No. 5060, January 26, 1910.
People v. Concepcion, supra.
Hidalgo v. Hidalgo, G.R. No. 25326, May 29, 1970.
Taada v. Cuenco, supra.

1. Where legislative intent is ascertained

Tamayo v. Gsell, supra.

4
 Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. The City of Cebu, G.R. No. 14526,
March 31, 1965.
Aisporna v. The Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 39419, April 12, 1982.
Spouses Veroy v. Layague, G.R. No. 95630, June 18, 1992.
Allarde v. The Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 103578, January 29,
1993.
B. E. San Diego, Inc. v. The Court of Appeals (11th Division), G.R. No.
80223, February 5, 1993.
Molina v. Rafferty, G.R. No. 11988, April 4, 1918.
Yu Cong Eng v. Trinidad, G.R. No. 20479, February 6, 1925.
Araneta v. Dinglasan, G.R. No. 2044, August 26, 1949.
Adong v. Cheong Seng Gee, G.R. No. 18081, March 3, 1922.
Philippine Sugar Centrals Agency v. The Insular Collector of Customs,
G.R. No. 27761, December 6, 1927.
Escribano v. Avila, G.R. No. 30375, September 12, 1978.
Lacson v. Roque, G.R. No. 6225, January 10, 1953.

F. Legislative purpose

Litex Employees Association v. Eduvala, G.R. No. 41106, September

22, 1977.
Bocobo v. Estanislao, G.R. No. 30458, August 31, 1976.
Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. The Commissioner of Customs, supra.
King v. Hernaez, G.R. No. 14859, March 31, 1962.
Mejia v. Balalong, G.R. No. 1925, September 16, 1948.

G. Power to construe

1. Judicial construction

United States v. Ang Tang Ho, G.R. No. 17122, February 27, 1922.
L. S. Moon & Co. v. Harrison, G.R. No. 17226, March 1, 1922.
San Miguel Corporation v. Avelino, G.R. No. 39699, March 14, 1979.
Chinese Flour Importers Association, Manila, Philippines v. Price
Stabilization Board (PRISCO), G.R. No. 4465, July 12, 1951.
Endencia v. David, G.R. Nos. 6355-56, August 31, 1953.
Joya v. Presidential Commission on Good Government, G.R. No.
96541, August 24, 1993.
Castro v. Tan, G.R. No. 9515, February 20, 1957.
Alunan v. Mirasol, G.R. No. 108399, July 31, 1997.
Malaluan v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 120193, March 6, 1996.
Philippines Today, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R.
No. 112965, January 30, 1997.

a. When it may be set aside

People v. Jabinal, G.R. No. 30061, February 27, 1974.

b. When court may construe statute

United States v. Go Chico, G.R. No. 4963, September 15, 1909.
Caltex Philippines, Inc. v. Palomar, supra.

c. Prerequisite

5
 Banawa v. Mirano, G.R. No. 24750, May 16, 1980.
Resins, Incorporated v. Auditor General, G.R. No. 17888, October
29, 1968.
Guevara v. Inocentes, G.R. No. 25577, March 15, 1966.
Aparri v. The Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 30057, January 31, 1984.
Ong v. Parel, G.R. No. 76710, December 21, 1987.
Veroy v. Loyague, supra.
Daoang v. The Municipal Judge, San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte, G.R. No.
34568, March 28, 1988.
Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation v. Intermediate Appellate
Court, G.R. No. 74851, December 9, 1999.
Del Mar v. Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, G.R.
No. 138298, November 29, 2000.

d. Limitations

Morales v. Subido, G.R. No. 29658, November 29, 1968.

Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. The Commissioner of Customs, supra.
People v. Garcia, G.R. No. 2873, February 28, 1950.
Vera v. Avelino, G.R. No. 543, August 31, 1946.
Baking v. The Director of Prisons, G.R. No. 30364, July 28, 1969.
Ichong v. Hernandez, supra.
Palanca v. The City of Manila, G.R. No. 15819, October 27, 1920.
The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation v. Peters, G.R.
No. 5066, April 6, 1910.
People v. Nazario, G.R. No. 44143, August 31, 1988.
United States v. Ang Tang Ho, supra.
De Los Santos v. Mallare, G.R. No. 3881, August 31, 1950.
Republic v. Go Bon Lee, G.R. No. 11499, April 29, 1961.
Taada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. 10520, February 28, 1957.
Angara v. The Electoral Commission, G.R. No. 45081, July 15, 1936.
People v. Carlos, supra.
Quintos v. Lacson, G.R. No. 8062, July 18, 1955.
Morfe v. Mutuc, G.R. No. 20387, January 31, 1968.
People v. Limaco, G.R. No. 3090, January 9, 1951.
Lorenzo v. The Director of Health, G.R. No. 27484, September 1,
1927.
Lacson v. Roque, supra.
Magtajas v. Pryce Properties Corporation, Inc., G.R. No. 111097,
July 20, 1994.

2. Legislative construction

Endencia v. David, supra.

Chinese Flour Importers Association, Manila, Philippines v. Price
Stabilization Board (PRISCO), supra.
Quimpo v. Mendoza, G.R. No. 33052, August 31, 1981.
Victorias Milling Company, Inc. v. Social Security Commission, G.R.
No. 16704, March 17, 1962.
Salaysay v. Castro, supra.

3. Executive construction

6
 Philippine National Oil Company, G.R. No. 109976, April 26, 2005.

III. Aids to Construction

A. Aids to construction, in general

United States v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 9144, March 27, 1915.

i. Title

People v. Rivera, G.R. Nos. 38215-16, December 22, 1933.

Central Capiz v. Ramirez, G.R. No. 16197, March 12, 1920.
The Government of the Philippine Islands v. The
Municipality of Binalonan, supra.
Commissioner of Customs v. Relunia, G.R. No. 11860, May
29, 1959.

ii. Preamble

People v. Purisima, supra.

People v. Garcia, supra.
United States v. Go Chico, supra.
People v. Echaves, supra.
Alliance of Government Workers (AGW) v. The Honorable
Minister of Labor and Employment, G.R. No. 60403, August
3, 1983.
People v. Lidres, G.R. No. 12495, July 26, 1960.
Philippine National Bank v. Office of the President, G.R. No.
104528, January 18, 1996.
Eugenio v. Drilon, G.R. No. 109404, January 22, 1996.

iii. Context of whole text

Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. The City of Cebu, supra.

Aisporna v. The Court of Appeals, supra.
Krivenko v. The Register of Deeds, City of Manila, G.R. No.
630, November 15, 1947.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. TMX Sales, Inc., G.R.
No. 83736, January 15, 1992.

iv. Punctuation marks

Agcaoili v. Suguitan, G.R. No. 24806, February 13, 1926.

In re Estate of Emil H. Johnson, G.R. No. 12767, November
16, 1918.
Nera v. Garcia, G.R. No. 13160, January 30, 1960.
Florentino v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 8782, April
28, 1956.

v. Capitalization of letters

In re Estate of Emil H. Johnson, supra.

7
 Unabia v. The Honorable City Mayor, G.R. No. 8759, May
29, 1956.

vi. Headnotes or epigraphs

In re Estate of Emil H. Johnson, supra.

Commissioner of Customs v. Relunia, supra.
Kare v. Platon, G.R. No. 35902, October 28, 1931.
People v. Yabut, G.R. No. 39085, September 27, 1933.

vii. Lingual text

Section 16, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution.

Section 15, Revised Administrative Code.
People v. Abilong, G.R. No. 1960, November 26, 1948.
Baking v. The Director of Prisons, supra.
Traders Insurance and Surety Co. v. Golangco, G.R. No.
6442, September 21, 1954.

viii. Intent or spirit of law

Torres v. Limjap, supra.

United States v. Tamporong, supra.
Tamayo v. Gsell, G.R. No. 10765, supra.
Senarillos v. Hermosisima, supra.
Garcia v. Ambler, G.R. No. 1810, April 22, 1904.
McMicking v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 7896, March 30, 1914.
De Jesus v. The City of Manila, G.R. No. 9337, December 24,
1914.
Manila Race Horse Trainers Association, Inc. v. De La
Fuente, G.R. No. 2947, January 11, 1951.
Go Chi Gun v. Co Cho, G.R. No. 5208, February 28, 1955.
Hidalgo v. Hidalgo, supra.
Roa v. Insular Collector of Customs, G.R. No. 7011, October
30, 1912.
Villanueva v. City of Iloilo, G.R. No. 26521, December 28,
1968.
People v. Purisima, supra.
United States v. Go Chico, supra.
Alonzo v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 72873,
May 28, 1987.
Manila Lodge No. 761 v. The Honorable Court of Appeals,
supra.
Regalado v. Yulo, G.R. No. 42935, February 15, 1935.
Borromeo v. Mariano, G.R. No. 16808, January 3, 1921.

ix. Policy of law

Automotive Parts & Equipment Company, Incorporated v.

Lingad, G.R. No. 26406, October 31, 1969.
Vda. de Macabenta v. Davao Stevedore Terminal Company,
G.R. No. 27489, April 30, 1970.
Adong v. Cheong Seng Gee, supra.
Tinio v. Frances, G.R. No. 7747, November 29, 1955.

8
 Nilo v. Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 34586, April 2,
1984.
Bocobo v. Estanislao, supra.
Cajiuat v. Mathay, G.R. No. 39743, September 24, 1983.

x. Purpose of law or mischief to be suppressed

Philippine Sugar Centrals Agency v. The Insular Collector of

Customs, supra.
United States v. De Guzman, supra.
Caltex Philippines, Inc. v. Palomar, supra.
Escribano v. Avila, supra.
The Home Insurance Company v. Eastern Shipping Lines,
G.R. No. 34382, July 20, 1983.
Litex Employees Association v. Eduvala, supra.
Lopez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104158, November 6,
1992.
Sarcos v. Castillo, G.R. No. 29755, January 31, 1969.
Regalado v. Yulo, supra.
Central Azucarera Don Pedro v. Central Bank of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 7731, September 29, 1958.

xi. Dictionaries

Kuenzle & Strieff v. The Innsular Colector of Customs, G.R.

No. 8373, October 15, 1915.
Lu Do and Lu Ym Corporation v. Central Bank of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 13033, May 31, 1960.
Garvida v. Sales, G.R. No. 124893, April 18, 1997.
Ramirez v. Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93833,
September 28, 1995.
Luzon Stevedoring Company v. Trinidad, G.R. No. 18316,
September 23, 1922.
De Ponce v. Sagario, G.R. No. 2836, December 6, 1949.
Anti-Graft League of the Philippines, Inc. v. Ortega, G.R. No.
33912, September 11, 1980.
People v. Rodil, G.R. No. 35156, November 20, 1981.
Estrada v. Sandignbayan (Third Division), G.R. No. 148560,
November 19, 2001.

xii. Consequences of various constructions

Araneta v. Dinglasan, supra.

People v. Purisima, supra.

xiii. Presumptions

B. Legislative history

Greenfield v. Meer, G.R. No. 156, September 27, 1946.

Valera v. Tuason, G.R. No. 1276, April 30, 1948.
Canovas v. Batangas Transportation Company, G.R. No. 19868, March
31, 1965.
Zamora v. Collector of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 15290, May 31, 1963.

9
 The Director of Lands v. Abaja, G.R. No. 42134, October 21, 1936.
United States v. De Guzman, supra.
Tamayo v. Gsell, supra.
Alzua v. Johnson, G.R. No. 7317, January 31, 1912.

i. Presidents message to the legislature

Article VII, Section 23, 1987 Constitution.

Nueno v. Angeles, G.R. No. 89, February 1, 1946.
Camacho v. The Court of Industrial Relations, G.R. No. 1505,
May 12, 1948.

ii. Explanatory note

People v. Lidres, supra.

Basiana v. Luna, G.R. Nos. 34135-36, February 24, 1981.
Libarnes v. The Hon. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 21505,
October 24, 1963.
People v. Olarte, G.R. No. 13027, June 30, 1960.
Baga v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 9695, September
10, 1956.
Nepomuceno v. Ocampo, G.R. No. 5669, June 30, 1954.
People v. Purisima, supra.
People v. Garcia, supra.
Chang Yung Fa v. Gianzon, G.R. No. 7785, November 25,
1955.
Guzman v. The Municipality of Taytay, Palawan, G.R. No.
43626, March 7, 1938.

iii. Legislative debates, views, and deliberations

Palanca v. The City of Manila, supra.

Arenas v. City of San Carlos (Pangasinan), G.R. No. 34024,
April 5, 1978.
People v. Olarte, supra.
De Villa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 87416, April 8, 1991.
The National Police Commission v. De Guzman, G.R. No.
106724, February 9, 1994.
The Philippine Association of Government Retirees, Inc. v.
The Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), G.R. No.
20503, June 30, 1965.
Mayon Motors, Inc. v. Acting Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, G.R. No. 15000, March 29, 1961.
Espino v. Cleofe, G.R. No. 33410, July 13, 1973.
Manila Jockey Club, Inc. v. Games and Amusements Board,
supra.
Casco Philippine Chemical Co., Inc. v. Gimenez, G.R. No.
17931, February 28, 1963.
Legaspi v. The Honorable Executive Secretary, G.R. No.
36153, November 28, 1975.
Song Kiat Chocolate Factory v. Central Bank of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 8888, November 29, 1957.
Misamis Lumber Co., Inc. v. The Collector of Internal
Revenue, G.R. No. 10131, September 30, 1957.

10
iv. Reports of commissions

Escalante v. Santos, G.R. No. 36828, February 2, 1932.

v. Prior laws from which statute is based

The Director of Lands v. Abaja, supra.

People v. Manantan, G.R. No. 14129, July 31, 1962.

vi. Change in phraseology by amendments

Salaysay v. Castro, supra.

Portillo v. Salvani, G.R. No. 32181, March 10, 1930.
Francisco v. Boiser, G.R. No. 137677, May 31, 2000.
AKBAYAN Youth v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No.
147066, March 26, 2001.

vii. Amendment by deletion

Nueno v. Angeles, supra.

Niere v. Hon. Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental,
Branch II, G.R. No. 30324, November 29, 1973.
People v. Desiderio, G.R. No. 20805, November 29, 1965.
Victorias Milling Company, Inc. v. Social Security
Commission, supra.
Muoz & Co. v. Hord, G.R. No. 4832, January 28, 1909.
Greenfield v. Meer, supra.

viii. Adopted statutes

United States v. De Guzman, supra.

Wise & Co., Inc. v. Meer, G.R. No. 48231, June 30, 1947.
Carolina Industries, Inc. v. CMS Stock Brokerage, Inc., G.R.
No. 46908, May 17, 1980.
Cu v. Republic, G.R. No. 3018, July 18, 1951.
Castle Bros. v. Go-Juno, G.R. no. 3429, December 6, 1906.
Tamayo v. Gsell, supra.
Cerezo v. The Atlantic Gulf & Pacific Company, G.R. No.
10107, February 4, 1916.
Tan Tiong Bio v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R.
No. 15778, April 23, 1962.
Flores v. San Pedro, G.R. No. 8580, September 30 1957.
Philippine National Bank v. Bondoc, G.R. No. 20236, July 30,
1965.
Cuyugan v. Santos, G.R. No. 10265, March 3, 1916.
Philippine Education Co., Inc. v. Soriano, G.R. No. 22405,
June 30, 1971.
People v. Pagpaguitan, G.R. No. 116599, September 27, 1999.
People v. Yadao, G.R. No. 6835, March 30, 1954.
Procter & Gamble Philippine Manufacturing Corporation v.
Commissioner of Customs, G.R. No. 22819, April 27, 1967.

ix. Principles of common law

11
 Alzua v. Johnson, G.R. No. 7317, January 31, 1912.
United States v. De Guzman, supra.
Aznar v. Yapdiangco, G.R. No. 18536, March 31, 1965.
De Garcia v. Hon. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 20264, January
30, 1971.

x. Conditions at time of enactment

Garcia v. Hipolito, G.R. No. 1449, November 30, 1903.

United States v. Go Chico, supra.
The Commissioner of Customs v. Superior Gas and
Equipment Co., G.R. No. 14115, May 25, 1960.
The Commissioner of Customs v, Caltex (Philippine) Inc.,
G.R. No. 13067, December 29, 1959.

xi. History of the times

De Los Santos v. Mallare, supra.

C. Contemporary Construction

Philippine Sugar Centrals Agency v. The Insular Collector of Customs,

supra.
In re Allen, G.R. No. 1455, October 29, 1903.
The Government of the Philippine Islands v. The Municipality of
Binangonan, G.R. No. 10202, March 29, 1916.
San Miguel Corporation (Cagayan Coca-Cola Plant) v. Inciong, G.R.
No. 49774, February 24, 1981.
Molina v. Rafferty, supra.
Madrigal v. Rafferty, G.R. No. 12287, August 7, 1918.
The Philippine Long Distance Co. v. The Collector of Internal Revenue,
G.R. No. 3222, January 21, 1952.
Maceda v. Macaraig, G.R. No. 88291, May 31, 1991.
Muoz & Co. v. Hord, supra.
The Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company v. Board of Public
Utility Commissioners, G.R. No. 10241, March 25, 1915.
Vera v. Cuevas, G.R. Nos. 33693-94, May 31, 1979.
Asturias Sugar Central, Inc. v. Commissioner of Customs, G.R. No.
19337, September 30, 1969.
Tan v. The Municipality of Pagbilao, G.R. No. 14264, April 30, 1963.
Nestle Philippines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86738, November
13, 1991.
Sagun v. Peoples Homesite and Housing Corporation, G.R. No. 44738,
June 22, 1988.
Philippine Global Communications, Inc. v. Relova, G.R. No. 52819,
October 2, 1980.
Manila Jockey Club, Inc. v. Games and Amusements Board, supra.

IV. Adherence to, or Departure from, Language of Statute

A. Literal interpretation

i. Plain-meaning rule

12
 Regalado v. Yulo, supra.
Bustamante v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No.
111651, March 15, 1996.
Espiritu v. Cipriano, supra.
Globe-Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation v. National Labor
Relations Commission, G.R. No. 82511, March 3, 1992.
Aparri v. The Court of Appeals, supra.
Baranda v. Gustilo, G.R. No. 81163, September 26, 1988.
Dayrit v. Cruz, G.R. No. 39910, September 26, 1988
Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation v. Intermediate Appellate
Court, supra.
The Director of Lands v. Abaja, supra.
Taada v. Yulo, G.R. No. 43575, May 31, 1935.
Victoria v. The Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 109005, January
10, 1994.

ii. Dura lex sed lex

Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. The Commissioner of Customs, supra.

Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Limpan Investment
Corporation, G.R. No. 28571, July 31, 1970.
Quijano v. The Development Bank of the Philippines, G.R. Nos
26419, October 16, 1970.
Ramos v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 53766, October 30, 1981.
Banawa v. Mirano, G.R. No. 24750, May 16, 1980.
Espiritu v. Cipriano, supra.
Tan Lin v. The Republic of the Philippines, G.R. No. 13786, May 31,
1961.
Pascual v. Pascual-Bautista, G.R. No. 84240, March 25, 1992.
Fagel Tabin Agricultural Corporation v. Jacinto, G.R. No. 55393,
October 28, 1991.
People v. Amigo, G.R. No. 116719, January 18, 1996.
Go v. Anti-Chinese League of the Philippines, G.R. No. 1563,
August 30, 1949.
Gonzalez v. Gonzalez, G.R. No. 37048, March 7, 1933.
Republic v. Go Bon Lee, supra.
Velasco v. Lopez, G.R. No. 905, February 12, 1903.
National Marketing Corporation v. Tecson, G.R. no. 29131, August
27, 1969.
San Diego v. Sayson, G.R. No. 16258, August 31, 1961.
Ichong v. Hernandez, supra.
Baking v. The Director of Prisons, supra.
Philippine National Bank v. Bitulok Sawmill, Inc., G.R. Nos. 24177-
85, June 29, 1968.
Aguila v. Court of First Instance of Batangas, Branch I, G.R. No.
48335, April 15, 1988.

B. Departure from literal interpretation

Regalado v. Yulo, supra.

Demafiles v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 28396, December 29,
1967.
Manila Jockey Club, Inc. v. Games and Amusements Board, supra.

13
 Hidalgo v. Hidalgo, supra.
Casela v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 26754, October 16, 1970.
United States v. Go Chico, supra.
Taada v. Cuenco, supra.
Villanueva v. City of Iloilo, supra.
Matabuena v. Cervantes, G.R. No. 28771, March 31, 1971.
Manila Race Horse Trainers Association, Inc. v. De La Fuente, supra.
Go Chi Gun v. Co Cho, supra.
Roa v. Insular Collector of Customs, supra.
Torres v. Limjap, supra.
Galuba v. Laureta, G.R. No. 71091, January 29, 1988.
Philippine National Bank v. Office of the President, supra.
Melchor v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 95398, August 16, 1991.
Garcia v. Ambler, supra.
McMicking v. Lichauco, supra.
Sue v. Hord, G.R. No. 4495, January 14, 1909.
Co v. Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives, G.R. Nos. 92191-
92, July 30, 1991.
Rufino Lopez & Sons, Inc. v. The Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. No. 9274,
February 1, 1957.
De Jesus v. The City of Manila, supra.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Filipinas Compaia de Seguros, G.R.
No. 14880, April 29, 1960.
LVN Pictures, Inc. v. Philippine Musicians Guild (FFW), G.R. No. 12582,
January 28, 1961.
People v. Purisima, supra.
Rivera v. Campbell, G.R. No. 11119, March 23, 1916.
Sanciangco v. Roo, G.R. No. 68709, July 19, 1985.
Muoz & Co. v. Hord, supra.
Republic Flour Mills, Inc. v. The Commissioner of Customs, supra.
People v. Gatchalian, G.R. Nos. 12011-14, September 30, 1958.
Kapatiran ng mga Naglilingkod sa Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas v. Tan, G.R.
No. 81311, June 30, 1988.
De Guia v. Hon. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 104712, May 6, 1992.
Mariano v. The Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 118577, March 7, 1995.
Sarcos v. Castillo, supra.
Salenillas v. Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 78687, January 31,
1989.
Soriano v. Offshore Shipping and Manning Corporation, G.R. No. 78409,
September 14, 1989.
In Re: Request of Justice Bernardo P. Pardo for Adjustment of His
Longevity Pay, A.M. No. 02-1-12-SC, March 14, 2007.
Planters Association of Southern Negros Inc. v. Ponferrada, G.R. No.
114087, October 26, 1999.
People v. Almuete, G.R. No. 26551, February 27, 1976.
Comendador v. De Villa, G.R. No. 93177, August 2, 1991.
Vasquez v. Giap, G.R. No. 3676, January 31, 1955.
Vda. de Barsobia v. Cuenco, G.R. No. 33048, April 16, 1982.
Velazco v. Blas, G.R. No. 30456, July 30, 1982.
People v. Garcia, supra.
Morales v. Subido, supra.
Lamb v. Phipps, G.R. No. 7806, July 12, 1912.
Largado v. Masaganda, G.R. No. 17624, June 30, 1962.

14
 Casco Philippine Chemical Co., Inc. v. Gimenez, supra.
Automotive Parts & Equipment Company, Incorporated v. Lingad, supra.
In re Allen, supra.
Pritchard v. Republic, G.R. No. 1715, July 17, 1948.
Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China v. Imperial, G.R. No. 17222,
March 15, 1921.
The Director of Lands v. Abaja, supra.
Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Herridge, G.R. Nos. 21000, 21002-04, and
21006, December 20, 1924.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. TMX Sales, Inc., supra.
United States v. Paguirigan, G.R. No. 5348, November 16, 1909.
Spouses Belo v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 134330, March 1, 2001.
Go Ka Toc Sons and Co., Rice and Corn Board, G.R. No. 23607, May 23,
1967.
People v. Duque, G.R. No. 100285, August 13, 1992.
People v. Purisima, supra.
Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, G.R. No. 5, November 16, 1945.
Teehankee v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. 278, May 4, 1946.
Vda. de Padilla v. Vda. de Padilla, G.R. No. 48137, October 4, 1943.
Rubi v. The Provincial Board of Mindoro, G.R. No. 14078, March 7, 1919.
The Company Bighani v. Pablo, G.R. No. 28457, October 15, 1928.
Salaysay v. Castro, supra.
City of Baguio v. Marcos, supra.
Province of Cebu v. Honorable Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No.
72841, January 29, 1987.
De Villa v. Court of Appeals, supra.
People v. Gutierrez, G.R. Nos. 32282-83, November 26, 1970.
Sinclair v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 52435, July 20, 1982.
Onchengco v. City Court of Zmaboanga, G.R. No. 44657, January 22, 1980.
Melchor v. Moya, G.R. No. 35256, March 17, 1983.
Reyes v. Republic, G.R. No. 10761, November 29, 1958.
Chui v. Posadas, G.R. No. 23487, February 11, 1925.
AKBAYAN Youth v. Commission on Elections, supra.
Santillon v. Miranda, G.R. No. 19281, June 30, 1965.
Gatchalian v. Commission on Elections, G.R. Nos. 32560-61, October 22,
1970.

C. Implications

In re Dick, G.R. No. 13862, April 16, 1918.

City of Manila v. Gomez, G.R. No. 37251, August 31, 1981.
Escribano v. Avila, supra.
Gatchalian v. Commission on Elections, supra.
People v. Uy Jui Pio, G.R. No. 11489, December 23, 1957.
Chua v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 88979, February 7, 1992.
The United States v. Ah Chong, G.R. No. 5272, March 19, 1910.
Felipe v. Leuterio, G.R. No. 4606, May 30, 1952.
Batungbakal v. National Development Company, G.R. No. 5127, May 27,
1953.
Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, G.R. No.
122156, February 3, 1997.
Shioji v. Harvey, G.R. No. 18940, April 27, 1922.

15
 Suanes v. The Chief Accountant, Accounting Division, Senate, G.R. No.
2460, October 26, 1948.
Philippine Air Lines Employees Association v. Philippines Air Lines, Inc.,
G.R. No. 18559, June 30, 1964.
Gomez v. North Camarines Lumber Company, G.R. No. 11945, August 18,
1958.
Luciano v. The Provincial Governor, G.R. No. 30306, June 20, 1969.
Solid Homes, Inc. v. Payawal, G.R. No. 84811, August 29, 1989.
Angara v. The Electoral Commission, supra.
People v. Lakandula, G.R. No. 31103, July 20, 1983.
Radiowealth, Inc. v. Agregado, G.R. No. 3066, May 22, 1950.
University of Santo Tomas v. the Board of Tax Appeals, G.R. No. 5701,
June 23, 1953.
Castillo v. Pajo, G.R. No. 11262, April 28, 1958.
Delfino v. Paredes, G.R. No. 25157, January 27, 1926.
Gordon v. Veridiano, G.R. No. 55230, November 8, 1988.
Qua Chee Gan v. The Deportation Board, G.R. no. 10280, September 30,
1963.
Tan Sin v. Deportation Board, G.R. No. 11511, November 28, 1958.
Marc Donnelly and Associates, Inc. v. Agregado, G.R. No. 4510, May 31,
1954.
Cabiling v. Pabualan, G.R. No. 21764, May 31, 1965.
Lo Cham v. Ocampo, G.R. No. 831, November 21, 1946.
Llanto v. Dimaporo, G.R. No. 21905, March 31, 1966.
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company v. City of Davao, G.R. No.
23080, October 30, 1965.
Manila Lodge No. 761 v. The Honorable Court of Appeals, supra.
American Tobacco Company v. The Director of Patents, G.R. No. 26803,
October 14, 1975.
Esperanza v. Castillo, G.R. No. 2181, April 30, 1966.
Hebron v. Reyes, G.R. No. 9124, July 28, 1958.
Rodriguez v. Montinola, G.R. No. 5689, ay 14, 1954.
Lacson v. Roque, supra.
Jover v. Borra, G.R. No. 6782, July 25, 1953.
De Los Santos v. Mallare, supra.
Alba v. Evangelista, G.R. Nos. 10360, January 17, 1957.
Carmelo v. Ramos, G.R. No. 17778, November 30, 1962.
Macatangay v. The Chairman of Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 38728,
September 30, 1982.
Alliance of Government Workers (AGW) v. The Honorable Minister of
Labor and Employment, supra.
Bough v. Cantiveros, G.R. No. 13300, September 29, 1919.
Gonzaga de Cabauatan v. Uy Hoo, G.R. No. 2207, January 23, 1951.
Krivenko v. The Register of Deeds, City of Manila, supra.
Enrique T. Yuchengco, Inc. v. Velayo, G.R. No. 50439, July 20, 1982.
Development Bank of the Philippines v. The Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
28774, September 21, 1982.
De Los Santos v. Roan Catholic Church of Midsayap, G.R. No. 6088,
February 25, 1954.
Acierto v. De Los Santos, G.R. No. 5828, September 29, 1954.
Vda. de Barsobia v. Cuenco, supra.
People v. Concepcion, supra.

16
 Peoples Bank and Trust Co. v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. 3405,
April 28, 1951.
Cruz v. Tantuico, G.R. No. 49535, October 28, 1988.
Tantuico v. Domingo, G.R. no. 96422, February 28, 1994.
Quimpo v. Mendoza, supra.

V. Interpretation of Words and Phrases

A. Generally

Molina v. Rafferty, supra.

Alpha Investigation and Security Agency, Inc. (AISA) v. National Labor
Relations Commission, Third Division, G.R. No. 111722, May 27, 1997.

i. Statutory definition

People v. Buenviaje, supra.

Kuenzle & Strieff v. The Innsular Colector of Customs, supra.
Go Ka Toc Sons and Co., Rice and Corn Board, supra.
De Ponce v. Sagario, G.R. No. 2836, December 6, 1949.
Victorias Milling Company, Inc. v. Social Security Commission,
supra.
Chang Yung Fa v. Gianzon, supra.
The Collector of Internal Revenue v. Manila Lodge No. 761 of the
Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, supra.
Endencia v. David, supra.
Ernesto v. The Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 52178, September 28,
1982.
Amadora v. Honorable Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 47745, April 15,
1988.

ii. Words construed in their ordinary sense

Mustang Lumber, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104988, June

18, 1996.
People v. Kottinger, G.R. No. 20569, October 29, 1923.
Espino v. Cleofe, supra.
Central Azucarera Don Pedro v. Central Bank of the Philippines,
supra.
The Collector of Internal Revenue v. Manila Lodge No. 761 of the
Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, supra.
The Philippine Association of Government Retirees, Inc. v. The
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), supra.

iii. General words construed generally

Philippine Acetylene Company v. Central Bank of the Philippines,

G.R. No. 17097, September 29, 1964.
Spouses Belo v. Philippine National Bank, supra.
Tolentino v. Catoy, G.R. No. 2503, December 10, 1948.
Lo Cham v. Ocampo, supra.

iv. Generic term includes things that arise thereafter

17
 Geotina v. Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. No. 33500, August 30, 1971.
Gatchalian v. Commission on Elections, supra.

v. Words with commercial or trade meaning

The Asiatic Petroleum Company (Ltd.) v. The Insular Collector of

Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 12687, August 27, 1918.
The San Miguel Corporation v. The Municipal Council, G.R. No.
30761, July 11, 1973.

vi. Words with technical or legal meaning

Krivenko v. The Register of Deeds, City of Manila, supra.

Manila Herald Publishing Co., Inc. v. Ramos, G.R. No. 4268,
January 18, 1951.
Malanyaon v. Lising, G.R. No. 56028, July 30, 1981.
Rura v. Leopena, G.R. Nos. 69810-14, June 19, 1985.

vii. How identical terms in same statute construed

Krivenko v. The Register of Deeds, City of Manila, supra.

Lozada v. The Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 59068, January
27, 1983.
Froehlich & Kuttner v. The Insular Collector of Customs, G.R. Nos.
5600 and 5602, March 2, 1911.
De La Paz v. Court of Agrarian Relations, G.R. No. 21488, October
14, 1968.

viii. Meaning of word qualified by purpose of statute

Muoz & Co. v. Hord, supra.

Luzon Stevedoring Company v. Trinidad, supra.
Sue v. Hord, supra.
Riera v. Palmaroli, G.R. No. 14851, September 13, 1919.
The Philippine Association of Government Retirees, Inc. v. The
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), supra.

ix. Word or phrase construed in relation to other provisions

Gelano v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 39050, February 24, 1981.

Republic v. Asuncion, G.R. No. 108208, March 11, 1994.
Molina v. Rafferty, supra.
Muoz & Co. v. Hord, supra.

x. Meaning of term dictated by context

United States v. Estapia, G.R. No. 12891, October 19, 1917.

Krivenko v. The Register of Deeds, City of Manila, supra.
Santulan v. The Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 28021, December 15,
1977.
Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. v. Phil-American Forwarders, Inc.,
G.R. No. 25142, March 25, 1975.
People v. Ferrer, G.R. Nos. 36213-14, December 27, 1972.

18
 Marcos v. Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, G.R. No.
4663, May 30, 1951.
People v. Nazario, supra.

xi. Where the law does not distinguish

Colgate-Palmolive Philippines, Inc. v. Gimenez, G.R. No. 14787,

January 28, 1961.
Lo Cham v. Ocampo, supra.
Social Security System v. City of Bacolod, G.R. No. 35726, July 21,
1982.
Velasco v. Lopez, supra.
Tolentino v. Catoy, supra.
Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China v. Imperial, supra.

xii. Disjunctive and conjunctive words

People v. Martin, G.R. No. 33487, May 31, 1971.

Collector of Internal Revenue v. Manila Jockey Club, Inc., G.R. No.
8755, March 23, 1956.
Bautista v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 136082, May 12, 2000.
Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 28196, November 9,
1967.
Sanidad v. Bermudez, G.R. No. 25223, May 19, 1971.
The San Miguel Corporation v. The Municipal Council, supra.
The United States v. De La Santa, G.R. No. 3181, October 10, 1907.
China Banking Corporation v. The Members of the Board of
Trustees, Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), G.R. No.
131787, May 19, 1999.

B. Associated words

i. Noscitur a sociis

Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, supra.

Luzon Stevedoring Company v. Trinidad, supra.
Schmid & Oberly, Inc. v. RJL Martinez Fishing Corporation, G.R.
No. 75198, October 18, 1988.
Lu Do and Lu Ym Corporation v. Central Bank of the Philippines,
supra.
Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. The City of Cebu, supra.
Magtajas v. Pryce Properties Corporation, Inc., supra.
Carandang v. Santiago, G.R. No. 8238, May 25, 1955.
The Commissioner of Customs v. Philippine Acetylene Company,
G.R. No. 22443, May 29, 1971.
Santulan v. The Executive Secretary, supra.

ii. Ejusdem generis

La Razon Social Go Tiaoco y Hermanos v. Union Insurance

Society of Canton, Ltd., G.R. No. 13983, September 1, 1919.
Murphy, Morris & Co. v. The Collector of Customs, G.R. No. 4447,
March 6, 1908.
National Power Corporation v. Angas, G.R. No. 60255, May 8, 1992.

19
 The United States v. Santo Nio, G.R. No. 5000, March 11, 1909.
Empire Insurance Company v. Rufino, G.R. No. 38268, May 31,
1979.

iii. Expressio unius est exclusion alterius

Canlas v. Republic, G.R. No. 11305, May 21, 1958.

Espiritu v. Cipriano, supra.
Callanta v. Carnation Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 70615, October 28,
1986.
Villanueva v. City of Iloilo, supra.
Empire Insurance Company v. Rufino, supra.
Commissioner of Customs v. Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. Nos.
48886-88, July 21, 1993.

iv. Casus omissus

People v. Manantan, G.R. No. 14129, July 31, 1962, supra.

v. Doctrine of last antecedent

Tirona v. Cudiamat, G.R. No. 21235, May 31, 1965.

Pangilinan v. Alvendia, G.R. No. 10690, June 28, 1957.
Roldan v. Villaroman, G.R. No. 46825, October 18, 1939.
Nera v. Garcia, supra.

vi. Reddendo singuila singuilis

People v. Tamani, G.R. Nos. 22160-61, January 21, 1974.

King v. Hernaez, supra.

C. Provisos, exceptions, and saving clauses

The United States v. Santo Nio, supra.

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China v. Imperial, supra.
Borromeo v. Mariano, supra.
The Manila Electric Company v. The Public Utilities Employees
Association, G.R. No. 1206, October 30, 1947.
Chinese Flour Importers Association, Manila, Philippines v. Price
Stabilization Board (PRISCO), supra.
Arenas v. City of San Carlos (Pangasinan), supra.
Bautista v. Fule, G.R. No. 1577, January 31, 1950.

VI. Statute Construed as Whole and in Relation to Other Statutes

A. Statute construed as whole

Sotto v. Sotto, G.R. No. 17768, September 1, 1922.

National Tobacco Administration v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No.
119385, August 5, 1999.
Manila Lodge No. 761 v. The Honorable Court of Appeals, supra.
Tamayo v. Gsell, supra.
Lopez v. El Hogar Filipino, G.R. No. 22678, January 12, 1925.

20
 Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners (South) Association, Inc. v. Hon. Court
of Appeals, G.R. No. 117188, August 7, 1997.
Del Mar v. Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, supra.
JMM Promotions & Management, Inc. v. National Labor Relations
Commission, G.R. No. 109835, November 22, 1993.
Republic v. Reyes, G.R. No. 22550, May 19, 1966.
Almeda v. Florentino, G.R. No. 23800, December 21, 1965.
Javellana v. Tayo, G.R. No. 18919, Decmber 29, 1962.
Lichauco & Company, Inc. v. Apostol, G.R. No. 19628, December 4, 1922.
Araneta v. Concepcion, G.R. No. 9667, July 31, 1956.
People v. Uy Jui Pio, supra.
AKBAYAN Youth v. Commission on Elections, supra.
People v. Gatchalian, supra.
Lo Cham v. Ocampo, supra.

B. Statutes construed in relation to the Constitution and other statutes

i. Statutes construed in harmony with the Constitution

The Philippine Long Distance Co. v. The Collector of Internal

Revenue, supra.

ii. Statutes in pari material

City of Naga v. Agna, G.R. No. 36049, May 31, 1976.

The Government of the Philippine Islands v. The Municipality of
Binangonan, supra.
Flores v. San Pedro, supra.

iii. General and special statutes

Lichauco & Company, Inc. v. Apostol, supra.

iv. Reference statutes

Primicias v. Ocampo, G.R. No. 6120, June 30, 1953.

People v. Martin, G.R. No. 38019, May 16, 1980.

v. Supplemental statutes

vi. Reenacted statutes

In re Dick, supra.

vii. Adopted statutes

VII. Strict or Liberal Construction

United States v. Estapia, supra.

Philippine National Bank v. Jacinto, G.R. No. 3477, March 19, 1951.
The City of Manila v. Chinese Community of Manila, G.R. No. 14355,
October 31, 1919.
C & C Commercial Corporation v. National Waterworks and Sewerage
Authority, G.R. No. 27275, November 18, 1967.
Manila Lodge No. 761 v. The Honorable Court of Appeals, supra.

21
 Hebron v. Reyes, supra.
Reyes v. Republic, supra.
Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority v. Marcos, G.R. No. 120082,
September 11, 1996.
Alliance of Government Workers (AGW) v. The Honorable Minister of
Labor and Employment, supra.
Mobil Philippines Exploration, Inc. v. Customs Arrastre Service, G.R. No.
23139, December 17, 1966.
Uy Coque v. Sioca, G.R. No. 20392, November 20, 1923.
Salaysay v. Castro, supra.
Hidalgo v. Hidalgo, supra.
Ortigas & Co. Limited Partnership v. Feati Bank and Trust Co., G.R. No.
24670, December 14, 1979.
Section 5, Republic Act No. 7160.
Article X, Section 5, 1987 Constitution.
Republic v. Ablaza, G.R. No. 14519, July 26, 1960.
Jamora v. Meer, G.R. No. 48129, November 11, 1942.
Ibasco v. Ilao, G.R. No. 17512, December 29, 1960.
Tolentino v. Catoy, supra.
People v. Moran, G.R. No. 17905, January 27, 1923.
Duncan v. Court of First Instance of Rizal (Branch X), G.R. No. 30576,
February 10, 1976.
Board of Administrators, Philippine Veterans Administration v. Bautista,
G.R. No. 37867, February 22, 1982.
City of Baguio v. Marcos, supra.

VIII. Mandatory and Directory Statutes

In re Guaria, G.R. No. 1179, January 8, 1913.

Mendoza v. Cayas, G.R. Nos. 8562-63, December 17, 1955.
Gonzales v. Court of Tax Appeals, G.R. No. 14532, May 26, 1965.
People v. Tamani, supra.
Vda. de Mesa v. Mencias, G.R. No. 24583, October 29, 1966.
Luna v. Rodriguez, G.R. No. 12581, March 13, 1917.
Gador v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 52365, January 22, 1980.
In re Paraguas, July 6, 1976.
Viuda e Hijos de Pedro P. Rojas v. Rafferty, G.R. No. 12182, March 27,
1918.
Ramos v. Villaverde, G.R. No. 3655, April 28, 1951.
Ocampo v. Cabagis, supra.
Marcelino v. Cruz, G.R. No. 42428, March 18, 1983.

IX. Prospective and Retroactive Statutes

People v. Moran, supra.

Espiritu v. Cipriano, supra.
Republic v. Samia, G.R. No. 17569, May 31, 1963.
Ramirez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 23587-88, June 10, 1976.
People v. Zeta, G.R. No. 7140, December 22, 1955.

X. Amendment, Revision, Codification, and Repeal

XI. Constitutional Construction

22
 Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003.

BOOK REFERENCE

Agpalo, Ruben. Statutory Construction, 6th Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila, 2009.

CLASSROOM RULES

Attendance

Attendance is mandatory. Any anticipated absence should be reported to the

instructor as soon as possible. Excuse letters must be officially approved to warrant any
cancellation of a missed graded activity.

Grading

Recitation, quizzes, other in-classroom work, homework 30%

Midterm Exam 30%
Final Exam 40%

A Final Exam typically has a wider coverage than a Midterm Exam, thus the
Final Exam comprises a higher percentage of the students final grade than the Midterm
Exam.

Others

There is a no screen policy in this class. Students are required to put away all
electronic devices, kept in silent mode.

Eating inside the classroom is not allowed.

The instructor reserves the right to amend the reading list as he deems fit.

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