DISUSUN OLEH

KELOMPOK D

NAMA : 1. SYAMSUL, Amd.Kep

2. Feri Ferdiansyah
3. Sri Wahyuni
 DIGESTIVE GASTROINTESTINAL

Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. A tract

is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs.

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is
an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and
absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces and urine.
The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, and intestines are part of the human alimentary canal.

All bilaterians have a gastrointestinal tract, also called a gut or an alimentary canal. This is a tube
that transfers food to the organs of digestion.[1] In large bilaterians, the gastrointestinal tract
generally also has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of feces (solid wastes). Some
small bilaterians have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means (for example, through
the mouth).[2]

Animals that have gastrointestinal tracts are classified as either protostomes or deuterostomes.
The digestive tract evolved separately in these two clades, an example of convergent evolution.
The clades are distinguished based on their embryonic development: protostomes develop their
mouths first, while deuterostomes develop their mouths second. Protostomes
include arthropods, molluscs, and annelids, while deuterostomes
include echinoderms andchordates.

The gastrointestinal tract contains thousands of different bacteria in their gut flora.[3]

The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and is
divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts.[4] The GI tract includes all structures
between the mouth and the anus,[5] forming a continuous passageway that includes the main
organs of digestion, namely, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. In contrast,
thehuman digestive system comprises the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of
digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).[6] The tract may also be
divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryologicalorigin of each segment.

The whole human GI tract is about nine metres (30 feet) long at autopsy. It is considerably
shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of smooth muscle tissue,
maintain constant muscle tone, somewhat like a slinky that maintains itself in a halfway-tense
state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention, peristalsis, and so on.[citation needed]

The GI tract releases hormones from enzymes to help regulate the digestive process. These
hormones, including gastrin, secretin,cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, are mediated through
either intracrine or autocrine mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are
conserved structures throughout evolution
 WATER

Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of
Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and thefluids of most living organisms. Its chemical
formula is H2O, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, that
are connected by covalent bonds. Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that
prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure; but it often refers also to its solid state
(ice) or its gaseous state (steam or water vapor). It also occurs in nature as snow,glaciers, ice
packs and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, and atmospheric humidity.

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[1] It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth,
96.5% of the planet's crust water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in
glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air),
and precipitation.[2][3] Only 2.5% of this water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice
(excepting ice in clouds) and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes,
and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained
within biological bodies and manufactured products.[2] A greater quantity of water is found in the
earth's interior.[4]

Water on Earth moves continually through the water

cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation,precipitation,
and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation
over land. Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated
minerals.

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides
no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades
in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe
water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation.[5] There is a clear correlation
between access to safe water andgross domestic product per capita.[6] However, some observers
have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based
vulnerability.[7] A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing
regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.[8]

Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used
by humans goes to agriculture.[9] Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food
for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural
gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals.
Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes.
Water is a good solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in
industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other
forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing,
and diving.
 Nama : Syamsul, Amd.Kep
Kelas :C
Semester :I

Pengertian Perencanaan

Definisi perencanaan dikemukakan oleh Erly Suandy (2001:2) sebagai berikut: Secara umum
perencanaan merupakan proses penentuan tujuan organisasi (perusahaan) dan kemudian
menyajikan (mengartikulasikan) dengan jelas strategi-strategi (program), taktik-taktik (tata cara
pelaksanaan program) dan operasi (tindakan) yang diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan
secara menyeluruh.

Definisi perencanaan tersebut menjelaskan bahwa perencanaan merupakan suatu proses untuk
mencapai tujuan perusahaan secara menyeluruh. Definisi perencanaan tersebut diatas dapat
disimpulkan bahwa perencanaan menggunakan beberapa aspek yakni :
1. Penentuan tujuan yang akan dicapai.
2. Memilih dan menentukan cara yang akan ditempuh untuk mencapai tujuan atas
dasar alternatif yang dipilih.
3. Usaha-usaha atau langkah-langkah yang ditempuh untuk mencapai tujuan atas
dasar alternative yang dipilih.
Selain aspek tersebut, perencanaan juga mempunyai manfaat bagi perusahaan sebagai berikut:
1. Dengan adanya perencanaan, maka pelaksanaan kegiatan dapat
diusahakan dengan efektif dan efisien.
2. Dapat mengatakan bahwa tujuan yang telah ditetapkan tersebut, dapat dicapai dan
dapat dilakukan koreksi atas penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang timbul seawal mungkin.
3. Dapat mengidentifikasi hambatan-hambatan yang timbul dengan mengatasi
hambatan dan ancaman.
4. Dapat menghindari adanya kegiatan pertumbuhan dan perubahan yang tidak
terarah dan terkontrol.

Fungsi Perencanaan

Fungsi perencanaan pada dasarnya adalah suatu proses pengambilan keputusan sehubungan
dengan hasil yang diinginkan, dengan penggunaan sumber daya dan pembentukan suatu sistem
komunikasi yang memungkinkan pelaporan dan pengendalian hasil akhir serta perbandingan hasil-
hasil tersebut dengan rencana yang di buat.

Banyak kegunaan dari pembuatan perencanaan yakni terciptanya efisiensi dan efektivitas
pelaksanaan kegiatan perusahaan, dapat melakukan koreksi atas penyimpangan sedini mungkin,
mengidentifikasi hambatan-hambatan yang timbul menghindari kegiatan, pertumbuhan dan
perubahan yang tidak terarah dan terkontrol.

Syarat Perencanaan Yang Baik :

a) Berdasarkan pada alternative
Agar dapat menetapkan perencanaan yang baik maka sebelumnya agar disusun berbagai
alternative, misalnya untung dan rugi kelebihan dan kekurangannya, kendala dan dukungannya,
sehingga dapat menentukan perencanaan yang paling baik.

b) Harus realistis
Bila perencanaan tidak realistis, mungkin baik diatas kertas saja akan tetapi tidak dapat
dilaksanakan dalam prakteknya.
Misalnya : keterbatasan dalam teknologi, keterbatasan sumber dana, tenaga kerja, dsb.

c) Harus ekonomisDisamping keterbatasan diatas, juga harus mempertimbangkan tingkat

ekonomis dalam suatu rencana. Hindarkan faktor pemborosan, biaya, waktu, tempat, dsb.

d) Harus luwes (fleksibel)

Dalam hal ini perencanaan harus fleksibel, artinya setiap saat dapat dievaluir sesuai dengan
perkembangan organisasi, situasi dan kondisi pada waktu tersebut. Pada dasarnya perencanaan
itu disusun berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya, namun dalam prakteknya sering terjadi
berbagai penyimpangan yang tidak dapat dihindarkan.

e) Didasari partisipasi
Dalam pembuatan perencanaan hendaknya dapat diikutkan berbagai pihak untuk memperoleh
masukan (input) agar lebih sempurna. Dengan adanya partisipasi, perusahaan akan memperoleh
manfaat ganda, karena disamping rencana menjadi lebih baik, juga dapat menambah semangat
kerja para karyawan (karena merasa ).
Daftar Pustaka

Suandy, Erly, 2003, Perencanaan Pajak, Edisi Revisi, Penerbit : Salemba Empat, Jakarta.