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Chapter 1
1-5
(a) Point vehicles
v
cars v 42.1v v 2
Q= = =
hour x 0.324
Seek stationary point maximum
dQ 42.1 2v
=0= v* = 21.05 mph
dv 0.324
42.1(21.05) 21.052
Q* = = 1368 cars/h Ans.
0.324
(b) v
l x l
2 2
1
v 0.324 l
Q= = +
x +l v(42.1) v 2 v
Maximize Q with l = 10/5280 mi
v Q
22.18 1221.431
22.19 1221.433
22.20 1221.435
22.21 1221.435
22.22 1221.434
1368 1221
% loss of throughput = = 12% Ans.
1221
22.2 21.05
(c) % increase in speed = 5.5%
21.05
Modest change in optimal speed Ans.
budy_sm_ch01.qxd 11/21/2006 15:23 Page 2
1-6 This and the following problem may be the students first experience with a figure of merit.
Formulate fom to reflect larger figure of merit for larger merit.
Use a maximization optimization algorithm. When one gets into computer implementa-
tion and answers are not known, minimizing instead of maximizing is the largest error
one can make.
FV = F1 sin W = 0
FH = F1 cos F2 = 0
From which
F1 = W/sin
F2 = W cos /sin
fom = $ = (volume)
.
= (l1 A1 + l2 A2 )
F1 W l1
A1 = = , l2 =
S S sin cos
F2 W cos
A2 = =
S S sin
l2 W l2 W cos
fom = +
cos S sin S sin
W l2 1 + cos2
=
S cos sin
Set leading constant to unity
fom
* = 54.736 Ans.
0 fom* = 2.828
20 5.86
30 4.04 Alternative:
40 3.22 d 1 + cos2
45 3.00 =0
d cos sin
50 2.87
54.736 2.828 And solve resulting tran-
60 2.886 scendental for *.
Check second derivative to see if a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection has been
found. Or, evaluate fom on either side of *.
budy_sm_ch01.qxd 11/21/2006 15:23 Page 3
Chapter 1 3
1-7
(a) x1 + x2 = X 1 + e1 + X 2 + e2
error = e = (x1 + x2 ) ( X 1 + X 2 )
= e1 + e2 Ans.
(b) x1 x2 = X 1 + e1 ( X 2 + e2 )
e = (x1 x2 ) ( X 1 X 2 ) = e1 e2 Ans.
(c) x1 x2 = ( X 1 + e1 )( X 2 + e2 )
e = x1 x2 X 1 X 2 = X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 + e1 e2
. e1 e2
= X 1 e2 + X 2 e1 = X 1 X 2 + Ans.
X1 X2
x1 X 1 + e1 X 1 1 + e1 / X 1
(d) = =
x2 X 2 + e2 X 2 1 + e2 / X 2
1
e2 . e2 e1 e2 . e1 e2
1+ =1 and 1+ 1 =1+
X2 X2 X1 X2 X1 X2
x1 X 1 . X 1 e1 e2
e= = Ans.
x2 X2 X2 X1 X2
1-8
(a) x1 = 5 = 2.236 067 977 5
X 1 = 2.23 3-correct digits
x2 = 6 = 2.449 487 742 78
X 2 = 2.44 3-correct digits
x1 + x2 = 5 + 6 = 4.685 557 720 28
e1 = x1 X 1 = 5 2.23 = 0.006 067 977 5
e2 = x2 X 2 = 6 2.44 = 0.009 489 742 78
e = e1 + e2 = 5 2.23 + 6 2.44 = 0.015 557 720 28
Sum = x1 + x2 = X 1 + X 2 + e
= 2.23 + 2.44 + 0.015 557 720 28
= 4.685 557 720 28 (Checks) Ans.
1-9
(a) = 20(6.89) = 137.8 MPa
(b) F = 350(4.45) = 1558 N = 1.558 kN
(c) M = 1200 lbf in (0.113) = 135.6 N m
(d) A = 2.4(645) = 1548 mm2
(e) I = 17.4 in4 (2.54) 4 = 724.2 cm4
(f) A = 3.6(1.610) 2 = 9.332 km2
(g) E = 21(1000)(6.89) = 144.69(103 ) MPa = 144.7 GPa
(h) v = 45 mi/h (1.61) = 72.45 km/h
(i) V = 60 in3 (2.54) 3 = 983.2 cm3 = 0.983 liter
1-10
(a) l = 1.5/0.305 = 4.918 ft = 59.02 in
(b) = 600/6.89 = 86.96 kpsi
(c) p = 160/6.89 = 23.22 psi
(d) Z = 1.84(105 )/(25.4) 3 = 11.23 in3
(e) w = 38.1/175 = 0.218 lbf/in
(f) = 0.05/25.4 = 0.00197 in
(g) v = 6.12/0.0051 = 1200 ft/min
(h) = 0.0021 in/in
(i) V = 30/(0.254) 3 = 1831 in3
1-11
200
(a) = = 13.1 MPa
15.3
42(103 )
(b) = = 70(106 ) N/m2 = 70 MPa
6(102 ) 2
1200(800) 3 (103 ) 3
(c) y = = 1.546(102 ) m = 15.5 mm
3(207)109 (64)103 (103 ) 4
1100(250)(103 )
(d) = 9 4 3 4
= 9.043(102 ) rad = 5.18
79.3(10 )(/32)(25) (10 )
1-12
600
(a) = = 5 MPa
20(6)
1
(b) I = 8(24) 3 = 9216 mm4
12
(c) I = 324 (101 ) 4 = 5.147 cm4
64
16(16)
(d) = = 5.215(106 ) N/m2 = 5.215 MPa
(253 )(103 ) 3
budy_sm_ch01.qxd 11/21/2006 15:23 Page 5
Chapter 1 5
1-13
120(103 )
(a) = = 382 MPa
(/4)(202 )
32(800)(800)(103 )
(b) = = 198.9(106 ) N/m2 = 198.9 MPa
(32) 3 (103 ) 3
(c) Z = (364 264 ) = 3334 mm3
32(36)
(1.6) 4 (103 ) 4 (79.3)(109 )
(d) k = = 286.8 N/m
8(19.2) 3 (103 ) 3 (32)
budynas_SM_ch02.qxd 11/22/2006 16:28 Page 6
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 7
E 14.5(106 )
Gray cast iron: = = 5.58(107 ) in Ans.
W 0.26
E 2G
2-8 2G(1 + ) = E =
2G
From Table A-5
30 2(11.5)
Steel: = = 0.304 Ans.
2(11.5)
10.4 2(3.90)
Aluminum: = = 0.333 Ans.
2(3.90)
18 2(7)
Beryllium copper: = = 0.286 Ans.
2(7)
14.5 2(6)
Gray cast iron: = = 0.208 Ans.
2(6)
2-9
E
U
80
70
60
Stress PA0 kpsi
50
Y
40 Su 85.5 kpsi Ans.
Sy 45.5 kpsi Ans.
30 E 900.003 30 000 kpsi Ans.
A0 AF 0.1987 0.1077
20 R (100) 45.8% Ans.
A0 0.1987
l l l0 l A0
10 1 1
l0 l0 l0 A
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 (Lower curve)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 (Upper curve)
Strain,
budynas_SM_ch02.qxd 11/22/2006 16:28 Page 8
FIRST PAGES
2-10 To plot true vs. , the following equations are applied to the data.
(0.503) 2
A0 = = 0.1987 in2
4
l
Eq. (2-4) = ln for 0 L 0.0028 in
l0
A0
= ln for L > 0.0028 in
A
P
true =
A
The results are summarized in the table below and plotted on the next page.
The last 5 points of data are used to plot log vs log
The curve fit gives m = 0.2306
Ans.
log 0 = 5.1852 0 = 153.2 kpsi
For 20% cold work, Eq. (2-10) and Eq. (2-13) give,
A = A0 (1 W ) = 0.1987(1 0.2) = 0.1590 in2
A0 0.1987
= ln = ln = 0.2231
A 0.1590
Eq. (2-14):
S y = 0 m = 153.2(0.2231) 0.2306 = 108.4 kpsi Ans.
Eq. (2-15), with Su = 85.5 kpsi from Prob. 2-9,
Su 85.5
Su = = = 106.9 kpsi Ans.
1W 1 0.2
Chapter 2 9
160000
140000
120000
true (psi)
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
true
5.2
5.1
y 0.2306x 5.1852
log
5
4.9
4.8
1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
log
(103 )
60
(kpsi)
50
0 0
0.20 5 40
0.44 10
(kpsi)
(Sy)0.001
35 kpsi Ans.
0.80 16 30
1.0 19
1.5 26 20
2.0 32
2.8 40 10
3.4 46
0
4.0 49 0 1 2 3 4 5
5.0 54 (103)
budynas_SM_ch02.qxd 11/22/2006 16:28 Page 10
FIRST PAGES
2-12 Since |o | = |i |
R+h R R + N
ln = ln = ln
R+ N R+ N R
R+h R+N
=
R+N R
( R + N ) 2 = R( R + h)
From which, N 2 + 2R N Rh = 0
h 1/2
The roots are: N = R 1 1 +
R
The + sign being significant,
h 1/2
N=R 1+ 1 Ans.
R
Substitute for N in
R+h
o = ln
R+N
R+h h 1/2
Gives 0 = ln = ln 1 + Ans.
h 1/2 R
R+ R 1+ R
R
These constitute a useful pair of equations in cold-forming situations, allowing the surface
strains to be found so that cold-working strength enhancement can be estimated.
Chapter 2 11
2-17
. 45.52
(a) uR = = 34.5 in lbf/in3 Ans.
2(30)
(b)
P L A A0 /A 1 = P/A0
0 0 0 0
1 000 0.0004 0.0002 5 032.39
2 000 0.0006 0.0003 10 064.78
3 000 0.0010 0.0005 15 097.17
4 000 0.0013 0.000 65 20 129.55
7 000 0.0023 0.001 15 35 226.72
8 400 0.0028 0.0014 42 272.06
8 800 0.0036 0.0018 44 285.02
9 200 0.0089 0.004 45 46 297.97
9 100 0.1963 0.012 291 0.012 291 45 794.73
13 200 0.1924 0.032 811 0.032 811 66 427.53
15 200 0.1875 0.059 802 0.059 802 76 492.30
17 000 0.1563 0.271 355 0.271 355 85 550.60
16 400 0.1307 0.520 373 0.520 373 82 531.17
14 800 0.1077 0.845059 0.845 059 74 479.35
budynas_SM_ch02.qxd 11/22/2006 16:28 Page 12
FIRST PAGES
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
All data points
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
A1 A2
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
First 9 data points
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000 A4 A5
30000
20000
A3
10000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Last 6 data points
.
5
1
uT = Ai = (43 000)(0.001 5) + 45 000(0.004 45 0.001 5)
i=1
2
1
+ (45 000 + 76 500)(0.059 8 0.004 45)
2
+ 81 000(0.4 0.059 8) + 80 000(0.845 0.4)
.
= 66.7(103 )in lbf/in3 Ans.
budynas_SM_ch02.qxd 11/22/2006 16:28 Page 13
FIRST PAGES
Chapter 2 13
2-18 m = Al
For stiffness, k = AE/l, or, A = kl/E.
Thus, m = kl 2 /E, and, M = E/. Therefore, = 1
From Fig. 2-16, ductile materials include Steel, Titanium, Molybdenum, Aluminum, and
Composites.
For strength, S = F/A, or, A = F/S.
Thus, m = Fl /S, and, M = S/.
From Fig. 2-19, lines parallel to S/ give for ductile materials, Steel, Nickel, Titanium, and
composites.
Common to both stiffness and strength are Steel, Titanium, Aluminum, and
Composites. Ans.