‘American Froedom Academy P. 0. Box 303 j;———1-crecoants California sts Coons) Docume 74 Soon} SENATE {Psenit THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA What It Is How It Works A HANDBOOK FOR AMERICANS: SUBCOMMITTEE TO.INVESTIGATE: THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT-AND OTHER INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS OF THE COMMITTEE ON ‘THE JUDICIARY, UNITED STATES SENATE Ww UNrreD sraTES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE iat ‘WASHINGTON : 2860COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY SAMES 0, EASTLAND, Misapp, tac i {RSTRS KEFAOVER, Tenney ‘AUExANDSR WILEY, Wena Burnt b, JOHNSTON, South Oxctna Sisntade ANGE, ert Dakota SUOMIAS 0, BENBANS, 7, Selooud WILLIAM TENNER: ttle JOEN f. MCOLELLAN, Amanat (AMER ¥. WAXING, Ca Shioe DANIEL, Teas SYERETT MqHINLEY DIRKSEN, mols JosEni0. MAHONEY, Wyoming EEAMAN WEEABR, 10 MeASTEREN AL NEEDY, West Visa JoUN SCANSHALL BOTEER, Morphnd svscounnrras to Levismcsra nie Anunets2nazi0N OF ate Inresawat, S8CUBIT ‘Aer ano Onn Iirnexat SEOURIEY Laws {TAME 0, EASILAND, Mtstsipph, etme (OLES D, JORNSTON, Seat Creiza ‘ibGIAM ©, TENNER, ina Jom b, MoCLFLLAN, arate (ARTHGR ¥. WATEINS, Ua rontas 6, HBNNINGS, In scart HERMAN WEIRER, [ao PRIOR DANTEL, Tee TORN MARSHAL BUTLER, Maryland 4. Simos, Chl Cand romano Anexsand Azra 0, Cawoniers Aso Gonad Spawn ManDtiy Deer of Reed8. Con, Res. 62 Agreed to April 23, 1956 EIGHTY-FOURTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AT THE SECOND SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the third dav of ‘January, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-elz Concurrent Resolution Resolved by the Sonate (the House of Representatives concurring), ‘that the pamphlet entitled “A Handbook for. Amerienne”, prepared for tha use of the Subcommittee on Internal Security of the Senate ‘Committee on the Judiciary, be-printed as a Senate document, ‘Sec. 2, There shall be printed seventy-five thousand additional copies of such Senate documient for the use of the Subcommittee on Internal Security of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Attest: Fuuroy M, Jouxsrox, Secretary of the Senate. Rasen R, Ronenes, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Attest:CONTENTS ore i 8 Beale = 8 ‘iho af th fap 3 Heclusive membership. 10 Profesional rota 0 Tmporeanco of theory i A fattine organisation u Supereenivity on ore G ‘Bevlre o contol or destroy othor organizations, 2 eeeption ae 8 toed a ‘Always on tho ofoiv. a Planning head it Inala seponatbi i nalviduatreaponaibiy i Gontro by binokeal i Sthamact of datas 8 aie tary elite Yamard Bie Gave asa Raicricaa tition. 8 ‘Tho end jnties th ean, is Goetormance to pattern. i Revolutioney snore it Orcontetion ofthe Covad Baty O84. ig eerste hvac: 18 b 2 3 2 a FA * a i i = Sialiow teva e Grnennnint Paray masibaabip z Gomunise Pay memberhip ny Sete a Ghanges inte value of meibsenip at CFESA. 3 Pops vote, 1008, for Prtdens a Brasdontialcestign returns by Stalas for Commanist Party canditatos™. Hy to measere Comemanist doen. a 4 2 % i 8 a 3 8 5 3 % Ft 8w ‘CONTENTS Page Soviet waiters whore articles have appeared in the Communist ater known ee Uikleal Allan, theoretical monthly megasine of the Communist Party, USA as S65 Artieles’ pubitahe si" tare (ihe “Coma Wy walters aad Tater of foreign Communist partes. ~ 68 Soviet abessy and the Communist Party. 8 ‘Aleander isietelman. ee u sd activity 2 ‘Methods of evasion and deception. & ‘Taal snd heaving techmique.-—- 50 Communit front organizations... 80 [Ege of most typleal sponsors of froat ans ‘Within the labor movement. OT ‘ist of unions with Communist Ididership strongly entrenched: ay Conclusion.FOREWORD ‘The average American is unaware of the amount of misinformation about the Communist Party, USA, which appears in the public press, in books and in the utterances of public 5 In part, this mis- information is consciously planted by members of the party using ways aad mesna calculated to, have the grentest effect in poisoning the channels of American public opinion. In part, it is due to our ig- noranee of the prohlem—the problem of the existence in our midst of ‘4 mase conspiratorial organization controliod by a foreign power. Tho ‘Communist problem is unique in our history. "The Senate Internal Security Subcommittee presents this study of ‘The Communist Party, USA—What It Is—How It Works as a con- venient handbook for Americans in an effort to counteract current misinformation regarding the Communist movement, ‘This study seeks only to touch the high spots without going into a detailed analy- sis of Communist activity in the labor movement, among Negroes, women, youth, foreign languago groups, end in front organizations, It endesvors to differentiate the Communist Party from bona fide political parties in the United States. We earnestly believe that, given @ more accurate knowledge of the Communist conspiracy, fewer Americans will fall victim to its wiles. vwTHE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES ‘OF AMERICA ‘What It Is—How It Works Founded in September 1919, the Communist Party of the United States of Amorica is an organization unique in American history. | It ‘snot trug politcal party and differs fundameotally from all political ies in this country, It is in fact a Russian-inspired, Moscow- jominated anti-American, .quasi-military conspiracy against’ our Government, our ideals, and our freedoms MOSCOW INSPIRED AND DOMINATED ‘After testimony ronning over a period of.moro, than.1 year. from numerous qualified witnesses, the Subversive Activities Control Board found, on, April 20, 1953, thatthe Communist Party of the United States is stantielly directed, dominated, and controlled by the Soviet Union.”” : This finding was basod upon the evidence before the Subversive Activities Control Board, It was undergitded by the roport of tho Hous Committoo on Un-American Activities on ‘The Communist Party of the United Siates.es an agent of a Foreign Power, published in 1947. The counts supporting this finding follow: 1, ‘Tho Communist Party, USA, traces its oxigin to two conventions, held simultaneously in Chicago from September 1 to 7, 1919, of the Communist. Party of Ameriea ‘and the Communist Labor Party. Both conventions were held in response to an invitation issued Dy Grogory Zinoviow, then president ofthe exooutive committe of the Comminist International with headquazters in Moscow, and first published in this country on July 7, 1919, in the Novy Mir, a Russian ‘newspaper published in New York Gity.” Zinoviev was, at that timo, g,mombar ofthe greeativ body of the ll Russian Central Hxocutivs Coramittee and Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. In obedience to instructions from, Zinoviov, the two parties, he had ealled into oon ention, merged into the United Communist Party of America in fay 1021, 2. Among the “twenty-one points” of admission to the Communist International, adopted in 1920 and accepted by the American party, was No. 14 to the effect that— Rach party desirous of afiliating with the Communist Iatemstionsl should be ‘obliged to tonder every possible assistance to the Soviet Republics in thelr struggle fagainat ail counterrovolutionary forces. ‘The Communist parce should carry oh a presi and deGnite propaganda to indus the workers to refuse t9 transport Hy Goriee ave tmacn ant ‘oops sont agaiait tho workere Sepublice, © Fs PE _ Since that tinio, paramount allegiance Lo the Soviet Union kas been fundamental tenet of the Communist Party, USA, as shown by the1} em connrowieh PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vooks recommended for party study such es: Probloms of Loninism ‘nd Foundations of Leninism, both by Joseph Stalin; History of the Sommunist Party of the Soviet: Union; Lenin’s Works, and by party ‘aths of loyalty such as the following of 1935 for new members: "pledge mysal to rally the mastes to defend the Soviet Tnion, the land of feortous soclaism 1 plodgo mysuif to Temain at all times a vigilant and frm ‘lender of tho Loninst lin of tho patty, the only line thas insures the triumph f Soviet Power in the United States” (The Communist Party—A Manual on Frganization, by J. Peters). At the Soventh ‘World Congress of the Communist International eld in the summer of 1985, attended by Earl Browder, William Z. ‘oster, Gil Green, John Williamson, Jack Stachel, Willian Schneider aan, James W. Ford, Robert Minor, Sarauel ‘Daroy and Martha. ‘tone, all topflight American Communist leaders at the time, an oath 7as taken. by- the assembled delegates assuring “Comrade. Stalin, seder, teacher, and friend-of the proletariat and oppressed. of the rhole world” that “the- Communists will always and everywhere be aithful to the end and to the great and invineiblo banner of Marx, 3ngels) Loni, and Stalin” and that Under this banner, Communism All triumph throughout tho world.”” ‘Tho Daily Worker and Political Affairs (formerly tho’ Coinmunist), ‘oth official publications of the Communist Party, USA, have, since bieir. inception, consistently defended the Soviet’ Union without ingle exception to date : tjelo T, soction, 1, of tho-Constitution of thé Communist Pasty of uneriea, adopted'in’1921, reeds as follows ‘The name of this organizaifon shall be the Communist Pasty of America, Sect £ ite Communist Foterational aa Part Pees In his, History of the Communist Patty ‘of the United. States, Vili Z. Yoster sts its conventions endor the following designe ions: Communist Labor Party (1919); Comminist Party. of Ameri¢a 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922); United Communist Party of America (1921); gaarloan Tabor ‘Allanso (620); Worker Party ‘sf Ameren (1921, 922, 1923, 1904); Workers, (Communist) Party of America (1925, 927, 1928, 1920); Communist, Party, USA. (1980, 1932, 1934, 1936, 938, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1950) ; Communist Political Association (1944), hus’ csteblishing the continuity of the organizetion under the titles iven, Atits convention in November 1940, the Communist Party, U-S. A., ecided: ‘That the Communist Party of the U.S.A, in Convention assembled, does here y cancel ang dissolve its organizational adlietion fo. tee Commenist Tater. Exional * *" for the specific purpose of removing iteelf from the terms of the eallod Voorhia Act = * = ‘he Subversive Activities Control Bostd found," however, that 2e dlsalliation did aot altor in any eubstantive way, ths Gelationshtp, bebwiden Je Respondent (CPUSA) snd tho Communist Intemational ©" In 1943 when the Soviet Union was our ally in World War Il, the ‘ommunist International was dissolved on the initiative of the Presi- ium of its Executive Committes. ‘The Communist Party, U. 8. A., ublicly epproved this decision, "In Soptember 1047 a conference ine leading European Communist parties established the Information ‘ureau_of Communist end Workers’ Parties (Cominform),” ‘The‘THD COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA -8 American party’ hailed the establishment of the Information Bureau ‘as a much-needed center of cooperation, but did not affiliate in view of the Voorhis Act and other legislation, (statement of national board, GPUSA, in Foltical Affoire, Doosimbor 1947). Tho Subvorsive Act tivities Control Board found* that— FE {he Coimavnist Information Bureau represents, wat the Coitumunists consider {he best prsble sativa as the present tine for the Gonsrauniet Tntaroetonal nd that Respondents support of the Information Bursa" * * and lee none Aviation from the lin of the Burau, are done for the purpose and with the aim of advanolag tho objectives of the wotld Commanict moremont, ‘The inain reports at the founding-mecting ‘of the Cominform were resented by A. Zhdanov, then a member of the Politburo of. the mmunist Party of the Soviet Union, secretary of its Central Com- mittee and a colonel-general in the Red army; and by Goorgi M. Malenkov, then general seretaty of the CPSU and Deputy Chairman, of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. - __ 8. Tho current constitution of the Communist Party,U.S. A., adopted ‘in 1045, amended in 1948 and reaffirmed in 1950, states in its preambl ‘The Communist Patty’ of the United States is a political party of the American orth clay, bsg lst upon the pincer of slot most, Marsnae spin bis dees to the Supreme Soviet of the U,:S.R. on August 1953, Mr, Malenkov indicated how closely Marzism-Leninism officialiy identified with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the hhe declared: Soviet Government itself, w gThe Gommunit Party andthe Sovies Governzens know whory and how to lead EncBledge of to objective laws Ht the dovalopeat of ocily, ho Ings af te construction of communism, and thersby give them a cloar prospect of the com Shructive activity of the Soviet people, 4, The Communist Intomational with headquarters in Moscow sent representatives to the American Communist Pacty: who wielded un- ‘uestioned authority. ‘The Subversive Activities Control Board found — ‘A prepondlranee of ths evidence’ clearly’ shows that roproaintatives of tie cid" tre isthe United Sater and tase through them Ropondant TOPUSA ctecsived diretives aud instractlone, aport, P.€1). ‘hose roprosentativesinckuded: (1. Valois (Valetsky),'1922; Joseph Pogany, alias John, Schyvartz,elig John Pepper, oligs John Srift 1922-39; Boris Reinstein, 1922; 8, Gussov, alias P. Groon, alias Drapldn, 1925; Y. Sirol, alias Mille, 1026, 1927; Arthur Dwert, alias Braun, alins Brown, alins Borger, 1927! Harty Pollitt, 1920; Philip Dongel, 1929; B. Mikhailov, alias George Williams, 1929, 10303 Gerhard Eisler, alias Hans Berger, alias Edwards, 1931, 1952 and i940- 45; Caz! K. Johnson, alins Scott, ling Jensen, alias Jenson; 1921, 1922; Potorsen, 1925, 1924; Marcus, alias M. Jenks, 1998; F. Marini, alias Mario Alpi, alias Pred Brown, 1938-48; ' William’ Rust,” ‘1927; Willi Muenzonbens, 1934; Louls Gibarti, also known as Dobos, 1927, 1928 and 1934; Raymond Guyot, 1938; Yusefovich; Paul Merker, lies Wagner. ‘ 8, From March 1, 1919, to Avigust 21, 1985, the Communist Inter- ‘national held seven vongréssed in Moseow. From 40 to 50 leaders of4 THE COMMUNISE PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA the Amorican Communist Party attended these meetings from time to time, As a rule, one or moro of theso leaders were chosen to be momber of the oxccutive committee of the Communist International. In his appearence before the House. Committos on-Un-American Activities, on September 29, 1939, William Z, Foster, present chairman of the Communist Party, USA, téstified that he had’visited the Soviot Union on official business at least 10 times between. 1921 and 1937. ‘Pho Communist International maintained Amerioan representatives in Moscow between congresses, "Included ainong them were Benjamin « Gitlow, Israel Amter, Max Bedacht, Robert Minor, Louis J. Exigdall, Earl Browder, Harrison George, H, M. Wicks, William W. Weinstono, William F. Dunne, Clarence Hathaway, Jolin J, Ballam, J. Peters, ‘Andrew Overgaard, John Little. e 6, Members of fo American, Communist Party were assigned to oficial ost, im the Communist, apparetus in “Moscow, ‘notably: Leonard Emil Mins, editor for the Mars-Lenin Institute prior to 1826; Schachno Bpstein, editor of the Hes watt his death tn 1045; Williana Burroughs, English language announcer for the Anglo: American department of the Moscow radio until October 1945; A. G. Bone, sling Alfred J Brooks informational specialist for the Com- munist International; Joseph Kowalski, head of a Soviet penitentiary from 1020 to 1925; Anne Louise Strong, editor of the Moscow Daily ews, : 7. Leading members of the American’ party were assigned-by: the Communist “International ta. posta as GT soprosentatine ta nies countries. Included in this group woro: Earl Browder, China, 1927, Spain, 1986-89; Philip Aronberg, China; Harry M. Wicks, Germany and Latin America, 1936; William F. Dunne, Braco and’ Germany; Joseph Zack Kornféder, Latin America, 1982; Harrison George, Mor tevideo, 1926; Charles’ Krumbein, Gréat Britain and China, 103 Robert Minor, Spain, 1936-39; Nicholas Dozenborg—Soviet Military Intelligence, Humania, ete., 1927-39. 8. Leading members of the Communist Party, USA, have pub- lished articles in official organs of the Communist’ Interiationel and later the, Cominform, Among these pubfications have been the International Press Correspondence, the Communist International, For a Lasting Peace, For a People’s Democracy. Among such con” ‘ributors have been A. B. Magil, Carl Reovo, William L. Patterson, I. Amter, Max Bedacht, Earl Browder, William Z. Foster. 9. The’ Marx-Lenin Institute and other- Communist schools in ‘Moscow havo given special revolutionary training, with all expenses, paid, to American Communists who were later assigned to important posit by the Communist Zarty, USA, "Among thoso so tained wore atl Reeve, Charles Krumbein, Joseph Zack Kornfeder, Wiliam Odell Nowoll, Boptrice Siskind, Clarence Hathaway, Morzis Childs, Harry M, Wicks, Marcel Shorer, and Lovett Fort-Whiteman, ° 10. ‘The Communist Party, USA, has, since its birth, recognized the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as its model ‘end leading arty. In bis book, Toward Soviet America, published in 1932, illiam Z. Foster, presently party chairman, hos said: ‘The Communist Pacty of the, United States * * * fs the Ameriean section of BG ee pe et Reiadeg bey URE ee as Heelies Riess mee yaad =;ComMUNIST PARTY OF THN UNITED STATDS OF AMERICA 5 < UJ’ his: History“of tho Communist Paity of: the: United ‘States, published in 1952, William Z, Foster maintains his thesis: “Lenin was leo the architect and ohiet onganteet of the gieat Russian’ Comm: nist Perey * 2% Tels incomparably ths iy ‘dove al erean Fa nately eae ee In the Daily’ Worker of March's,'1980, the following cabled editorial from, the Moscow Pravda is reprinted: | - 9° *. “The' Commiunist Pariy.‘af,the Soviet Union always was and always will be Peden FA it oe Senet Beales of ei oot ‘Ab its indetinig on December 3-5, 1988; tho:Natioiial Committee of the Communist Panty, USA, members were given the following instructions in rogard to the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union: fries ~ Te wll be the task and duty of the momberehip aud organizations ofthe Com~ mpi Paty fa tie ooming mosths to organ and carry earough the distribution ‘of tho raiezum of 100,000 copies of thls book. ‘Testifying béfore-the House Committee on Un-Americen Activities on September 8, 1939, Benjamin Gitlow, Communist.candidate for Vico Presidentin 1924 and 1928, a former: member: of the, Political Committee of the Communist Party, USA, ‘and. of ,the éxecutive committée of the Communist International, describiedjthe relationship between the Russian Communist Party and the Communist Inter national with which theCPUSA was ited, as follows: ‘Whereas she’ Amérioan party," * * bad ta ‘eaery it deeisng of the Come Ttoreatipnol eulicly, Che Russian party was givén a privileged positon ‘uaa party was pereiied nol only tg eviow fll deoaions of the Com enti intareatiove, bub, neseetary. to lake I up in fs polical commiies TOUS Chaugo these’ decsions * * ¥and that dialsion (of the Russian party] Psst bing upon she Pasties ofthe Communist Intenzational “Tih inporigat act ¢o bear in:mind i that * * * tho rules governing she Communtt Toternational provide thas whenover a party sonds epresensatirs3 $eike Comeannst International, or dalagates to toe ogugrasses of the Commanist Jee Cooma those delagetes sannot Se instructed * © * The onl} parey that FeeTRR RARE to instruct te delegates to the Comraonist International and to tke he igstragtion binding” on te deogatar x the Hasien Commun Bing Ses fa olkor words, they "have bull. tho Communist International sar sation ig sucha way that the leusiane Undar no olreumetenoos ean lose ‘$ebtrol ofthe Communist tnternstional ‘The Subversive Activities Control Board has found,-on the basis of the evidence, that— All of tho Reads of the Comintar, that are identi jn the reegrd have. been tenting momber of the Comnmnist Party of the Bovict Union. (iteport, P= 11.) ‘Alexander Bittelman, a founder and leading member of the national ‘board of the CPUSA, has stated, in his pamphlet Milestones in the History of the Communist Party: ‘The Communist, Interostional and ila ‘model patty—thb Communiat-Party or the Soviet ‘Untirsheutod by ‘Gomade Bealia, gure us the uldance that eiped ie Amcetan Comauntats co find tho way totic masses and to the poe et vanguard (pte long Fol of he Commun Party os Here aa need nether explanation nor apology. A Pasty that has opened up Sey chen of the world revolt, and that fe accoontully building a clas sSiege ok guest OF the eartny'e cheerfully recogiized end followed as the Ieading Paroy of $30 world (p21): Al, From its very itiception, the Communist Party, USA, hes re~ ceived instructions. and directives. from Moscow, the headquarters of§ Tee COMBIUNIST:PARTY OF THLE UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA the Communist International, on-such"important matters ae the following: ing scorger of tho Communist Party of America and the Communist Labor Party (1920). * “@) Combining legal and illegal: work (1922). (0) Campa ‘in behalf of olitical prisoners (1928). Gsteblichment of the Daily Worker (1923). © Esteblishment of the Workers Party of America as tho Tegal branch of tho Communist Party (1923). * (G) Morger of Proletarian Party of America with the Workers © Panty of America (1923). poe () Prasing achievements ‘of the patty’ (1923, 1924), 90 ® Attitude toward the LaFollette movement (1934). » ‘ together the foreign language sections of the (1925). TY Keorgtnization of the party on a shop nuclei bssis (1928), 4B Mend union wlvity (5): P » iQ Saag gh ‘American trado union ‘delegation to the 8. 8): (Go) isroval of Daily Worker snd party headquarters from ‘Ohicago to New York (1920): (o) Altitude of thé ‘American party. toward. the Nicaraguan situation (1928). " 3 Celebration of international holidays (1028), } Permission. lild-e national convention, (026). International Red Day.campaign' (1929). ‘ Trade Union Unity Convention (1929). , ah ® Gastonia campaign (1929). (¢) Work among the.miners (1929).. 4 (‘All-America Anticlmparilist ‘League (1929). (oy: Liquidation of party factions (1929). =< 2 (Bacall of the exocitive secretary of the CPUSA: (1920). | ) Changes in, the party’ secretariat (1929). ae (y) Address containing instructions from ‘the Communist Inter- national directly to the members of the ‘OPUSA (1929). t (c) Cablegram of instructions from the “Young, Communist International to the Young ‘Communist League of the USA (1929). (aa) Criticism of issues of the Daily Worker (1933). (6b) Formation of a third party (199) a et 12.."The official literature of the Communist Party, USA (Daily ‘Worker, Political Affairs, ete:), has paralleled the line of Soviet publi. cations (Pravda, Izvestia, ‘New. Times, ete.) from ithe foundation of the party ‘date. . This parallelism has, been, maintained throughout ‘all fluctuations in Soviet policy: for and against: the League of Nay fiona, for and against cooperation’ with the democracies against Fasewt aggression, for afd against peaceful coexistence, ote. - Amori- ‘can Commopnist publications have even reprinted ‘articles from’ these Soviet publications for the guidance of thoir roaders..‘The Subversive ‘Activities Control Board: bas held that: : 2 7, Respondent has established‘ pross in the Dlted States pattomed after that 12 EES ae lah opened ann meang of getting forth for Respondent's ta iss oe the conee! Line aa lid. down by the Soviet Onions eambrs Gress fe the Soviet Union and the journal ofthe Communist Tntormalion peed Sealer communication means whoraoy divectives and instructions of BATRRNGE inion are sued to Haspondent * A«TER COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 7 ‘The Astorney Gonoral, in his petition to the Subversive Activities Control Board, bas stated: ‘Throughout its exitence the Gomimanist Party never knowingly has deviated from the views and pallies of the goverament and. Commun Party of tho Soviet Union, the Comhmnist intgrnational, tho Commimigt taformation Burea, fad other lotdere of the World Communist movement. Whenover euch views fod policies have conflated with the position taken by the Government of the United States, ths, Communist Perey’ hes epposed the position of the United Biates (Report, p. 79) iion to the Subversive Ae- "The Oommsnit Paty 0 rts and has repered to the goverment aod Gommunist Par of Wes Sovee Walon, and ty tao Gomnmuniat hebrnatonal Red Gse"Gomtas Fotormaion Bureat eros 9 6 ‘Such reports Were printéd in official or of the Communist Inter- national and the Cominform such as the International Press Corre- spondence, For’ Lasting Peacs, For a People’s Democracy, eto, GBUSA iehders William Z Foster and Alpsander Bittolmen subitted ‘such reports in 1926, Benjamin Gitlow in 1927, 1928, and 1929, and Earl Browder, in 1932, 14. The Communist Party, USA, has secepted the statutes set jown by the Communist International in Moscow. ‘The Communist "arty—-a Manual of Organization by J. Peters, formerly CPUSA rep- resentative in that city and former head of thé Communist under- ground in the United States, states that he has depended, for the otaral in the manual, upos the “resolutions and coctions on tho ‘question of organization adopted by the Second Organizational Con- ‘ference of the Communist International.” The Second Congress of the Communist International held in 1920 decided that— ‘ho parin and cngalzattons comping th Communit Inyerntina bas sugine Bf he Connsusiat Wary of We ad county alone Comal faecal In line with this decision, the American party, designated itself as a “section of the Communist International” until the-party’s disaffilia- tion to circumvent the Voorhis Act in 1940. Article 3, section 1, of the constitution of the Workers (Commu- nie) Party declared that a membership requirement is acceptance us) tho proerai ap slates ofthe Commust nteratona and of the Workers PERE Rages 15. Point 15 of the Conditions of Admission ‘to the Communist International, adopted in 1920 and accepted by the American Com- munist Party, was the provision that— See se ee en atone oa te 18. ‘At conventions ‘of, the CPUSA, fraternal grootings were ox- hanged between the American party and the Communist Panty of the Soviet Union. ‘The Subversive Activities Control Board notes such interchanges at CPUSA conventions in 1921, 1927, 1929, and 1950 (Report, pp. 95-98). 17, In his potition to the Subversive Activities Control Board’ the Attoiney ‘General. held as follows as to the, disciplinary power to ‘which the CPUSA is subordinated: :§ "THD COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘From the ingoption of the organization to the date of the fling-of ¢his petition, tau pale of the Caan aly hr am ns je Begenae fe ere Blo’ Communist Iaternavional end the Communist Toformation Bureat * * * (Report, p. 99) ‘This disciplinary power has been sufficiently strong t6 bring sbout the ‘poinon oF Ewo executive: secretaries of the-CPUSA, namely Jay Lovestone and Earl Browder, motibers of the party's executive ‘committee such as Ludwig Lore, James P. Cannon, William F., ‘Dunnt, Bertram D, Wolfe, Benjemin Gitlow, and Joseph Zack ‘Kornfeder, 2 ‘well as entire sections of the organization. : POLITICAL PAREY OR CONSPIRACT : Since the Communist Party, USA, is in fact-simply the American “branch of the Russian Communist Party, :it follows faithfully: the conspiratorial patter laid down by ite patent body.. "The Russian Communist Party, the focal point and radiating center of the international, Communist movement, owes. its inception, to J. 1. Lenin, its guiding genius on matters of organization. °Tho principles upon which the Communist movement was founded were therefore based primarily upon his experience with the ezarist regime under which tho labor and socialist movements were illegal and the Bghis to freedom of speech, press and assembly were nonexistent, ldeapreed discontent of the laboring claccen and the possuntry eanld find no legel outlet or remedy, with tho result that attempted assas- ‘sinations ‘of government officials and even. of the Czar, were not un- common. Lenin’s own brother was executed as 9 yeeult.of one such ‘an attempted assassination. In this atmosphore it is understandable that Lenin envisaged an organization adapted to the specific purpose of violent overthrow of his own governinent. Necessarily, therefore, {his movement was conspiratorial. In his authoritative work What Is To Be Done, published in February 1902, in reference to party ‘organization, Lenin laid down the principle that— pays go sel a contin of negation ef thi Med a al other Sindlions +°*°* saet bo made to eonforra with it ‘Today the Communist movement is no longer an insignificant Rus- sian_ sect fighting ‘againet ezarism, but an international movement seeking. world conquest and more specifically the, destruction of the ‘American Government as its chief obstacle. Hence the Communist Party, USA, as an organic part of that movement dedicated to. the ‘same destructive purpose, has necessarily assumed the samo Leninist conspiratorial guise, ‘The other characteristics of the movoment flow logically from this basic conception. ‘By wey of contrast, American political: parties, despite criticisms ‘they may make of public policy, are fundamentally loyal to our form of government and conform to its laws. ‘They rely upon the duly ‘constituted agencies of our Government and the operation of our democratic processes for tho correction of grievances. MILYTARY ASPECT Amorigan, political parties’ carry on their activities by peaceful ‘moans within the confines of our legal structure in which they hayeTHE. COMMUNIST PARTY.OF THN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA enomy which it. sooks to overthrow by forceful means. Hence, it is ‘organized along quasi-military lines. ‘The program of the: Come munist International adopted at its sixth congress in 1928, endorsed by the OPUSA, and never since repudiated or superseded, has made ‘this plain by calling for— ‘combing of sri and armed demosestons a nly, te general trike {ev enoielet) Tho itt form of streets, walsh iy se supreme frm tat be conducted according'to rales of miliary sclance * * * Writing on Lenin's Conception of the Party, in the January 1934 issue of the Communist, officiel theoretical organ of the Communist Party, USA, F. Brown, alias Alpi, a well-known representative of the Communist’ International, emphasizes this point. He holds up a modern army as “a: good example of organization” which “knows how to impart.a single will to millions of people.” pIscIPLINE ‘Gur teadiigpal politica partigs eo loose ongunizations open under a very fluid and flexible discipline, Members snd leaders wi differ shieply with oach other and stillremain within tho same ongan- ination. ‘Lenin, conceived the Communist Party, however; as an organize tion Whieh— ‘will bo able to ful6l its duty only i it-wil be organized in the most cantraized Tanner, i Ie will be governed by an ieon diseipline, bordering on talltary dls- so t+ + (Conditions for Affiliation to the Conintars). “Why do the Communists attach so much importance to discipline?” asks J. Poters in his authoritative pamphlet.The Communist Party— ‘A Manual on Organization, and ho, answers this question as follows: Because without disefplie thero is no unity of will, no unity of action. * # ‘The aan, war We Dicer” The opemy is poverful. 4's “Ie ordr to combat Mist ined Benen! Sat Tlie Gotmniee Fors}, which is ited tn scion Again Peters pointedly asks, “How can tho Army fight against. the army of the enemy if every soldier in the Army is allowed to question and even disobey ‘orders of his superior officers?” ‘The Comununist Party, USA, has therefore-not hesitated to expel even its highest officials for actual or suspected deviation from tho official line of ‘Moscow. Tn Russia and other Communist countries such deviation sts heve been shot. Communist leaders have frequently roferred to tho party with pride as monolithic. AUTHORITY. AT THE TOP Political parties as we know them are highly responsive to tho sentiment, of their constituents: and of the “American people as a whole, They encourage independence snd initiative. ‘a6 essentially democratic in their approach to the rank and fle of party mombership. Initiative and pressure come from below, Tn conformance with its military character and objectives, the Communist Party is organized from thé top down, It is essentially jeratio. . The flow of ite directives and stratoy précoeds from10 -mEE conncUNIST PARTY OF TH UNTTED STATES OF AMERICA centealized leadership in tho Russian Communist Party by ep o'Gominform to the Similarly eantalized leadership machin We national board of the Communist Party, USA, and then on down to ike lower lovels of the organization, As J, Peters bas pointed out {8 his fellow members of the Communist, Party, USA, in kis Manval on Organization, “all lower Party organizations are subordinated to fhe higher bodica,” : : ‘Tho Programme of tae Communist International is quoted: from Petitioners xhibit 12 by the Subversive Activities Control Board * to show that the Communist Parties aro orgenized on tho basis of Atanocratie contralisn: ‘The Communi Inteoatonal and ite Section are bult up on the bass of gee cnt Te aldaonal pistes of whch rs) Been of Sionding committed ofthe Party °* = = (b) perodoal reports by oacleg Sees gonitice Yo The oniuenta (0) dechtos o upero Bary esate Setbligatory or subsednae gointiecs sii Bart? denon tod eet te Guon Sf ths dustoay ot tne Gotuaunttnternatona of a wadlogheore ese fd of tho loading Patsy onsiee. : ‘Barty qucaions ran’ be lectaod by the miembars ofthe Party and by Party dggnaiadone wot wadh tose se & dealin i lake tyon Geariy ie eagereee Bilty commldiom, “After a desiton hes hobs isan te Conger of eee inns Yaternattoal hy the Congres of the smpeedve Satebar es oy oso CSmltoes of the Coinilter, sd ie vasious oto; Chae Aessins na aE Saresorvedlyentiod out ave in Sootion of te Party memes pcr oT Geto Barty onganastions are io dlengraement with Ug 20 : In his work entitled. “One Step Forward, ‘Two Stops Back,” pub- lished in 1804 Vann ridienled pelea! parti whic proceed oor tho bottom upwards” and stressed the superiority of a! party which “stcives to proceed from the top downwards, insisting oh tho exten. sion of the Fights and authority of the ventte over the parta, in‘ debe with Lenin as ctly as 1964 Loon Trotsky outind with gematiablofreght the te of praniaation whith Lain enraged. In Lenin’s schemo the party takes the place of the working elas ‘The party organization displaces the party. ‘Tke Central Commies displaces the party organization, and finally the Dictator displaces tho Central Committes. EXCLUSIVE “MEMBERSHIP aufambership in our traditional politcal paris is easy obtainablo and comparatively unrestricted,” "This is uot true of the Communist Party, which is highly exclusive and restricted to those who pass its Tigid tembership requirements in What Is ‘To Be Done? Lenin outlined his conception of the exolusiveness of the Communist Party, which has been a standard guide for Communists throughout the world. He declared that— {he mor sero me nak the menbersp of ha ergunaaion, allewng only sh ave oa profostonaly tained fn toe urt of sonalting the saitien shes he ore diiout it willbe to “oatoh’” the organisation. = *% PROFMSSIONAL REVOLUTIONISTS indi ember of an American potiieal party, as ale, bas many osher intorosts, including his elub, his church, his work, hig fuends, kod his family. ‘Communists, on tho other hand, are expected to be profes sional revolutionists who, as Lenin announced in his paper, the Iekra,‘uf COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 11 (Gpark) in December 1900, No. 1, “shall devote to the revolution not Sip their spare evenings, but the wholo of thet lives.” a ow Americans relia "what this means ses no bona id politcal arty Would dare (0 mske such demands upon ts members.» Speaking Tor the Communist Party, USA, in his Manual on Organization, J. Peters explains: ‘A profeingelrovluticnst ls rody to go whenever and whesover the Party eee eens Garltay te letatatrening tho Bary, the wade ie aaa ug omar f he Frys egy py 6 en i rT oes ty gender ad organi of te uncpioyed 2008 Proc these comades tho Party dance everyting. "Tey assent Barty malgnttets th nat foal socelons nad ocr onal pelea ae ae ee ‘Panty member’ profesional revoluionct in this snee, oa IMPORTANGE OF THEORY None of ouir ‘American, political parties is co fanstically bound by dogma as is the Communist Party, which is devoted to the theories of Marxism-Leninism-Stelinism. sriefly this dogma is based upon the following false conceptions: oe Ty That all phases of American life, industry, education, reli- on, polities, the press, radio’ahd films,’ even family life, are Sominnted primarily by-an irreconcilable ‘lass, strugels between the capitalists and the workers, ie 2, ‘Phat our system, of free capitalist enterprise (which has produced for the American people. the highest living ‘standards in the world), ‘has.aetually outlived its ‘usefulness and miust be de- stroyed. 3. Phat the system of communism (with its clave labor camps, Iow living stendards, and one-party, diétatorship over every phaso of human life) is superior to and must take the place of our sys- tem of free enterprise, thus abolishing the class struggle for all tims . 4. ‘That American democracy is not @ government of, by, and for the American people but a capitalist dictatorship, which must be destroyed. 5. That this change to communisth and a classléss society ean. be brought ‘about only by the violent ‘overthrow of the capitalist tem and our form of government. ‘ 6. That, the Communist Party is destined to.cary out this historic mission. : 7, That Communists owe their highest and unreserved loyalty to the Soviet Union, whore the Communist system has been finally established." For tactical reasons ‘these conceptions may be slightly modified by the ruling hierarchy-or disguised to avoid legal proseoution, but. the basic principles remain the sum and are roturnad to when tdmporary emergency hes passed. ‘Thus, the Communist Party, USA, advocated cooperation with the capitalists and with American democracy when Russia, faced destruction from Adolph Hitler, only to return to its former hostility to capitalism when the war was over and Hitler. was destroyed. ot{2 rem comMUNIsi PARTY of THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘Phis eliain of dogmas the freme! of referencé' by whieh thie: Oom- amunist interprets the ‘world around him and maps out'his behavior. It providas him with clear perspective of his present and future attles:” Tt indicates the goal toward which ho is striving and which justifies every moons ‘from-treason to. murder. “Tt offers a Poworful political myth inspiring Communists with fanatical zoal. A FULI-IIME ORGANIZATION “4 Armiorioan political: partico aro usually ‘active during election cain- paigns..; Their primary funetion 3s; to elect this or that, candidate {o.offce, . Betweon campaigns activity is at a low edb. ‘The Communist Party functions at all times of the yetr, every day of the wea, and at all hours of the day. Tt is a full-time organization thi 'b not restricted to election compalgns, Tt persiatenthy sede to permeate every phase of Aimerican life for its own subversive purpose. Communist agents-may bo found wherever and whenever There is an opportunity for: Communist propaganda or the promotion of civil strife, whether it be the factory, the union; the church, the sebool, or the neighborhood. ents SUPERSENSITIVITY ON ORGANIZATION -MATTERS: No political party in this country: ever was s0° supremely ‘eohiseious of Woo Becchaaiey of unguntzetion ag Une Commanigh Party. ‘hic w 2 demonstration of its quasi-military charaeter." Like an army, it peys marked attention. to what makes the wheels go round and to Organizational techniques, ‘The Communist International has pub- ished considerable literatire dealing specifically with party organiza- tion. ‘rom time to time the party has published special organs, Known as the Party Orgenizor and later as Contact, as well 5 pamphlets and articles, desling with purely organizational probloms ahd intended only for the eyes of party members, Every convention ‘and meeting of the national committeo of the Communist Party is devoted in some part to organizational questions, | Voluminous make tial and direetives on such matters have been sent to this, cointry from Moscow for the use of the American Party. In 1935 the party Published its Manual on Organization by J. Peters, after he had spent Fears-of study im Moscow, Every Communist unit and front Srganization bas its organizational director, a post peouliar to this type of organization. DESIED TO CONTROL OR DESTNOY OTHER ORGANIZATIONS Our political parties respect other organizations and, ad 2 rule, make litte effort to interfere with their internal affairs or to control them, ‘Traditional politial partios do, not generally penetrate other litical parties, The reverse is true in the case of the Communist arty. © "Coramiunists look upon all organizations not under‘ their control as instrumentalities of the enemy, of tho ruling,class. ‘This holds true for the Government, the unions, civic end professional organizations, fraternal “organizations, women’s groups, youth groups,,relisfous groups, and even political partics. In warfare it is standard practice‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13 to penetrate enemy territory and dislocate its machinery or capture fe Strongholds.. ‘Phe Communist Party, while ib safeguards ite own, ranks against penetration, “does not hesitate to inilteate other tions. Min letter to a comrade written in September 1002, dealing with organizational problems, Lenin called for an organization which ‘sayst bo conepiratoial internally” and “ramified externally” with “foolers” stretched far and widespread, As such an organization the Communist Party alternates its strategy between a soft poliey toward those whom it considers currently useful and « policy of militant opposition toward those whom it considers as current obstacles. DECEPTION As A METHOD Fully aware that if it appeared openly in its true guise as a bridgo- head of a hostile, foreign dictatorship, the Communist. Party, USA, would. attract; little, support, its methods ere based primarily upon Goocption, ‘This approach is inherent in the Communist movement ‘and was laid.down, by Lenin in his work “Left-Wing” Communism: ‘An Infantile Disorder, first printed in Russia in April 1920, in which hhe declares: Tt is necessary to agree to-any and every sacrifice, and even-if need be—to resort {0 ail sorta of devices, manoeuvres, Aad lege! methods, to evasion and Subterfuge. ** * Heuce the Communist Party, proBoviet always, nevertheless calls itself the party of Jefferson, Jackson, and Lincoln. ‘Tt operates behind tho sconos of tho Progressive Party’ and the American Labor Party. Its members resort to aliases and deny their aflistion. It, builds up numerous front organizations with attractive labels to ensnare the unwary in its various campaigns. Tts leaders do not hesitate to deceive their own members as to the party's reel nature and purposo. ALWAYS ON THR OFFENSIVE Well-intentioned but naive individuals are constantly deploring the fact that Communists rudely reject their amenble advanecs for good will and, cooperation, They are wont to blame themselves or our ‘own national policy for lack of response to their friendly overtures. ‘hey do not understand that the Communist Party, USA, looks upon. itself as being in tho nature of a reoonnalssance ad cominando foree operating in enemy territory in behalf of the Soviet fatherland. In aecordance with tits concept, just as in the ease of an actual military detachment of s hostile, foreign foo based upon American soil, correct military stratozy would call for a constant offnsive against us. 20 the Communist Party stays conslantly on the offensive against all who refuse to do its bidding. This approach is clearly outlined by Lenin in his Works, volume VI, page 201: “Des ene ho hi of vey arm ping: ot etre ears [ona ey suequtn hovevr small but ai, © + tthe modo of Danton, ‘encore do Faudecel(audsclty, audsctty, mx audseigy. . : Unaware of the philésophy behind Communist tactics, unsophisti- cated and softhearted liberals are sometimes stunned by the barrage‘TEE COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13 fo penetrate enemy tomsitory and dislocate jts machinery or xptute its strongholds, The Communist Party, while it safeguards its own ranks against penetration, does not hesitate to infiltrate other ‘organizations, @ lottr to 9 comrade writion in Soptombor 1002; dealing with orgonizational problems, Lenin. called for an_onganization which “aust be conspiratorial internally” and “ramified externally” with “feelers” stretched far and widespread. As such an organization the Communist Party alternates its strategy between a soft policy toward those whom it considers currently usefal-and a policy of militant opposition toward those whom it considers as current obstacles. DECEPTION AS A MBTHOD Fully aware that if it appeared openly in its true guise as a bri hoad of a hostile, foregn dictatorship, the Communist Party, ts, would attract: little support, its methods are based primarily upon deception. ‘This approach is inherent in the Commmnist movement fand was laid down by Lenin im his work “Left-Wing” Commomisn: ‘An Infantile Disorder, frst printed in Russia in April 1920, in which ho declares: It is noosssary to agree to-any and every saerfice, and even--if need be— roatr ta asia of dovieay, Sanosivn aad eg etSods, fo eves and ‘subterfuge. = Hence the Communist Party, pro-Sovict always, nevertheless calls itself the party of Jefferson, Jackson, and Lincoln, It operates behind the scones of the Progressive Party’ and tho American Labor Party. Is members resort to aliases and deny their afliation. It builds up numerous front organizations with attrective labels to ensnare the unwary in its various campaigns. Its leaders do not hesitate to deceive their own members as to the party's real nature and purpose. ALWAYS ON THE OFFENSIVE Well-intentionod but-naive individuals are constantly deploring the fact that Communists rudely reject their amicable advances for good will and cooperation, ‘They are wont to blame themselves or our own national policy for lack of response to their friendly overtures. ‘hoy donot understend that the Communist Party, USA, los upon ‘teolf as being in-the nature of a reconnaissance and cominando force operating in enemy territory in-behalf of the Soviet fatherland." In accordance with this concept, just as in the case of an actual military detachment of a hostile, foreign foe based upon American soil, correct military strategy would call for a constant offensive against us, so the Communist Party stays constantly on the offensive against all who refuse to do its bidding. This approach is clearly outlined by Lenin. in his Works, volume VI, page 201: ‘Thé defensive is the death of every armed uprising; is lost before it mezsures iteet with its enemies, Surprise your antagonlsts whie,telefores are seattoring, Droparo now cucceseea, however stall, but dally; "= * * in the words of Danton, The" ereatest master of revolutionary polley y6¢ known, ds Peudece, de Paudace, ‘oncote de Faudace! "(auscly, adaeity, mone mudaelty) Unaware of the philosophy behind Communist tactics, unsophisti- cated and softhearted liberals are sometimes stunned by'the barrago{4 THU COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA of invective which greets their well-meant advances, They are un- ‘mindful of Lenin's elfot to arouso among hs followers 2, “paslon for political denunciation,” @ field in whieh ho was a master. ‘This will Explain why a Communist always sms to entry a chip on his shoulder. this note of belligerence is echood by J. Peters in the Communist Parly, USA, Manual on Orgonization whore he indicates thet the party— 2 Unit as « whoto and every individusl member of the Unit should be known iy ‘Worker io the sist of town a Cettom Sghesrs re ‘The party operates on the theory that “Ho who is not with us, is inst us.” a PLANNING AHEAD Within, the Communist Party, USA, every step is planned in detail from the smallest’ club of unit in the United States to the highest echelons of the international Communist apparatus in Moscow— sometimes months oF yeats in advance. Nothing is loft to whim or circumstance. In part this is a refloction of the quasi-military char- hoter of the party. In part it is a cartyover from the Russians and thot passion for planning. ; ‘For example, a number of Communist Jenders now in thé foréiront of the revolutionary movement in the Far Bast were educated and opt “on foo for years in Moscow until the'right moment. ‘The pro- ‘am. of the Cominunist International adopted by its sixth congress F102 stands today as @ definitive guide upon which present-day potiyiteg, of he Communist movement in all parts of the woskd are seed, Ta the eurrent struggle of democracy against the Communist based Te enti ee mule to oveloge iil fang fect, Henoa the heed for a diligent study of standard Communist literature by all its ‘opponents RED BLE Despite the fact that it has brought misery and slavery whorevar it hes established its power, no American political party is as fervently imbued with its mission as is the Communist Party. ‘This-conceit extends down to ils rank-and-fle members, encouraged and stimu- ated by Communist leaders throughout the world. ‘Tho Party— ‘said Lenin in his “Left-Wing” Communism; An Infantile Disorder ¢ highest form of the ease organization of {it should Toad a hair sore oe i came: thn rola oud le “We Communists,” declared Joseph Stalin at Lenin's funeral. in 1924, “are people of a special mould, "We are made of special material. ‘We tre those who comprise the army of the great proletarian strate- et the azmy of Leni. ‘Thoro is nothing higher then belonging to this army.” ‘Although the Communists have been repudiated by labor through- out the world, Communist Party literature is replete with referenoss to itself as “the leader and organizer of tho proletariat,” “the van~ guard of the Working clas,” oven reaching the point where 1 characterized as ‘tho mnost complete bearer of the great achievements of nsf coutries of the rise of the human mind and its mastery of oem as ‘ ‘(TEE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 15 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY By and lange American political parties. are loose organizations in which individual accountability is at's minimum, ‘The Communist ‘Party member, on the other hend, is never a free agent, Fle is held strictly responsible for his acts by his party: superiors. ‘This is a continuing process which places every party member and lender on the anxious seat at all times, ‘As Lenin pointed out in his work What-Is To Be Done? in Feb- ruary 1902, reprinted and accepted: as mandatory by all Communist Parties over since, party members— ‘are keonly alive to thelr responsibility, knowing from expérionice thet in order G58 TGF Sn sndesabio tember, guns of true ovalutionaies wil Flop at nothing. ‘Be strossed the fact tha such an organization “punishes with merciless severity every abuso of duty by a comrade, + * * | Ponaltce im- pposed have run all the way from censvre.or expulsion to murder. conTRon BY BLAGEMAT ‘Outside of the Communist movement, especially in naive liberal oiveles, there is a provailing illusion that Communist discipline is primarily based upon high idealism and conviction. . However, tho chief conspirators in the Kremlin are not so impractical 28 to rely ‘upon such fortuitous and changing factors.” ‘They have too much at stake, Thereforo-a much moro roliablo instrumont is employed, snameiy,, blackmail With ‘the-aid of extensive files continuously ted, showing overy personal foible and misstep, every devi- ation: from’ the ‘party line, the threat ‘of compromigo’or exposure affords an alternative moans of insuring obedioneo, : ATMOSPHERE OF DISTRUST ‘The Communist Party is permented with.an atmosphere of distrust toward overy individual party member. ETence mombers and lenders are subject to a process of continuous checkup, totally at variance with procedure in our political parties. ‘This is done.through annual or more frequent regitretions, intomel purges and demands, for reports, Members. are expected to attend classes regularly. and to keep abreast of official party literature in order to guard egainst any possible defection from the current: party lino, A DIVISIVE PARTY Wherever ths Commiunist Party makes its appesrance, it serves as a foros for division and friction, following tho theory of divide and Tule, Thus it gecks to alienate the United States from its. potontial allies. “Internally ,it thrives upon. promoting: clashes: Between eth- ployer end emplojee landlord end tenant, white and Nogro, native orn and, foreigner, Catholic, Protestant, and Jew! between the American people snd their Government, and within every non- ‘Communist organization.16 | THE COMMUNIST PARTY OP THE UNITED BTATES OF AXEMRICA ATIITUDE TOWARD THE GOVERNMENT. AND AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS Political parties .as. we. know theri in American lifé may differ sharply with each other. ‘The party not in office may criticize. the surrent. administration unsparingly.. But fundamentally both the Democratic and Republican Parties are loyal to out form of Govern- ‘pent as it is presently. constituted. Not so’ with the Communist arty. Running like # red thread through Communist teachings from the ‘yery inception of the movement is the note of total hostility to our form of government. For example, the following points are included among. the. fundamental tasks of the Second Congress of the Com- munist, International delivered July 4, 1920: the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie [capital] the confiscation ‘of tte prop- ‘rly, the destruction of the whois of the bourgeois stato apparatus {rom top fo Soltote”perlamentars, Judioll, miltary, Deresuaretio, Wamustatirer mu ‘cpa, ot. In «© similar vein, William Z. Foster, present chairman of the OPUSA, has writien in his book, Toward Soviet Americs Capitalist, govornmonts havo nothing in commen with proletarian govern- ments = > "in the revolutionary struggle they are suasiod an Soviet fovern: ents established * 8p BD. ie M. J. Clgin a former member of the central executive committee of the CPUSA and'an editor of the (Communist) Freiheit, stated succinétly in his book, Why Communism, the exact uzposé of the Communists in entering legislative bodies.” He said,.““We go to the law-making institutions, not to tinker theni up for the benelit of the capitalists, but to be.a monkey wrench in their machinery *. * *” ‘As shown by experience in countries which are under the heel of a Communist dictatorship, the Communists dlsplay the same implacable bostility toward all non-Communist parties and institutions. ‘Thus, William Z, Foster's pledge in regard to what he envisages under the dictatorship of the proletariat in the United States cannot be lightly dismissed. In this work, ‘Toward Soviet America, he declared: Under the, dictatorship all the coptalist parties Republican, Demosratc, Prourctivo, Socialist, otowill be liuidated, tae Commenie erty funcrioning alone es the Party of the tolling tasees” Likewise, Wil be dscived all ote ‘Organisations that are potion! props of the bourgeois rule, incuciig chasgbers ‘of'gommerce, employors aasocietone, rotary clubs, Amevioan Legion, Sf G. Ae nd ich falecnl odor the asda, Os Feiss sks, Knights of Columb ‘THD END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS Our American political parties may clash over issues or public office. Nevertheless there is a certain, code of othics, of loyalty which is gen- erally recognized and adhered to. ‘The Communists have 0 such scruples. ‘They believe that ethies should be completely subordinated to the class’ struggle, that is to say fo the Communist movement. According to the Soviet Short Philosophical Dictionary, * ‘Moral’ is only ‘that which facilitates the destruction of the old: world,”” which Means out democratic world and particularly the United States, “Moral”, according to this conception, “is only that which strengthens the new,’Communist regime.” “Again, Lenin has said to Communist youth, “Our morality is entirely subordinated to the interests of the ‘lass struggle.”‘rab COMACUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITWD STATES OF AncERICA 17 Specifically this sheans that Communists consider themselves justi- fiod in violating any and every ethical code in the interest of what they consider © “higher” cause. Having been defeated by a legit mate majority. vote they will refuse to recognize it and press their gfigial contention. Having beon expelod from an_onganization, they will try to penetrate through other channels. Solamn azroo. ments ate, to them, merely soraps of paper. CONFORMANCE TO PATTERN Political parties as we kiow them vary in character from State to Stiate and from country to country. The Communist Party conforms strictly to pattern with some slight variations for purposes of local camouflage, ‘Those who understand the main outline and underlyin principles of the party in one country or locality, who are familiar wit ‘the party line from Communist publications, ean readily understand and follow the identical pattem of the party as it appears everywhero, and even prediet it. RDVOLUTIONARY MINORITY It is impossible to understand the nature and activities of the Communist Party, USA, without appreciating the fact that it is Ruimarly g rerolutionany minority soaking to: perpetrate tho overs Lvov of the, Nation by Insurrectionary menns dioted at the most sonsitive and strategie strongholds of our Government. In other words the Communists do not accept as final or decisive the verdict of the peaceful ballot based upon majorities and public persuasion, ‘hey rely ralher po, forceful means beyond dh purview of our legal lection machinery. ‘This has been dealt with in some dotail in House Committeo on Un-American Activities report on The Com- munist-Party of the United States as an Advocate of Overthrow of Government by Foree and Violeneo, and the report of the Senate Internel Security Subeommitiee giving “documentary proof that the Communist Party, USA, toaches and advocates the overthrow and destruction of the United States Government by foree and violence.” In his collected works, Russian Edition, volume XIV, part 2, page 270, Lenin formulated this strategic approach in his thesis on insur- reetion, which has been emphasized by Joseph Stalin, which roads in part as follows: Accumulate preponderance af fore st the, decisive place, at the decisive moment. © # + ey to take te andany by curprse ° PO In his Foundations of Leninism, Stalin presonted the same thought from a somewhat different angle’ when he ealled upon the Commu- nists— fouls a aay heen moment eat gl ink i the chan of evnta wish 208 Snable ‘us to control the whole chain and prepare tie ground for ‘he aohiovomont of strategic success Horace Given a highly interdependent civilization vulnerable to physical dis- location at many points, given the tremendous power of modern science ‘at the disposal of subversive forces and given the numerous frictions prevalent in any democratic society, one can readily conceive the potentialities for the creation of chaos inherent in a group which is constantly probing for our weak spots and endeavoring to capitalize upon them with the maximum destructive effect,3 THER COMMUNISM PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES-OF AMERICA ORGANIZATION OF ‘THE COMMUNIST. PARTY, USA COMMUNIST RIFRAROHY _The basic organization of the Communist, Party is thd club oF sranch, ‘This may be based on a territorial imitation, for instance ombracing a. community or rural area, or may be limited to employees ofa lange industrial plant oF of a single industry within a city or town. Tach club is controlled by an executive committee or burest consist- ng of the chief officers. A group of clubs or branches in given area sim turn controlled by & section committee. 8 the State committee or a district committee including two or more States, above which is the national committee of the party. In recent lays the party organization has been subdivided into smaller con- piratorial groups. | j rate "A reading of the-Communist Party constitution will not disclose the semuoture of the party as it actually functions. Such documents are }rawn up for public consumption end disguise and not for real practice. A conspracy Could not well be axpepted pula 8 coe of procedure hich fis grown wp aud become ingrained in the organitation 08 0 ‘hatter of usage rather than statute, ‘Tor example, the Comrounist Party constitution, in order to give the sarty o semblance of democracy, declares that “The highest body of ihe state organization is the State Convention.” And further, “The dighest aa ‘of the Party is the National Convention.” Since 3tate and National conventions are held every 2 years or leas often, itis manifest that the party is not and cannot be run from day te day: by conventions. ‘The conventions are merely rubber stamps for decisions of a small core of policymakers including a Moscow repre- sentative oporating behind the scenes. ‘We shell present below the various stages in the structure of the ity: as found in J, Peters’ The Communist Party—e Manual on Bresnization, published in July 1035, as compared with the present streamlined Yersion from the, constitntion, of the Communist Party of the United States of America, published in September 1945, bot of which are consciously misleading: Pomune! MANUAL, 100 ‘consTITONION, 1616 alt Membership Desting SB History Moting aly 3 ip Me A Membership Se Settion ores Sot ueationed Section Committee Not meationed Seeron Convention Notmentionea District Hares Baboor Disses Board Diriiet Commitee Stats or District Commitee Dieiict Convention Stata or Dist Convention PaaS Berea of Central Committee National Hoare "Gorauniat not mentioned) Setarag ot mentioned) castrel Committee ‘alin Commies Mtisnal Conveation National Convention Botta Seurotariat of the Communist Not mentioned ‘starnationsl Presigium ‘of the Communist Inter- Not mentioned jomamittee of the Communist Not mentioned Taternational World Congress of the Communist Not mentioned Yaternational‘THE: COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 19 One must not be misled by the formal outyward structie of the party, behind which a publicly unacknowledged but nonetheless ‘actual network operates, For example, a section committee can sond its representative to any subordinate club, with power to determine decisions of the club or its executive committee. Similarly the secretariat of the national committee oan send its ropresontative with overriding powers to sny unit of tho party, In the same manner the ‘Moscow headquarters of the Communist movement sends representa- tives like Gerhard Eisler who have undisputed say over the decisions of the national committee and the staff of the national office in its day-to-day activity. ‘Thoso prectices are not even mentioned in tho party’s constitution. consPIRAcY Az WORK On October 18, 1952, the Senaée Internal Security Subcommittee heard the testimony of John Lautner, former member of the National Review Commission of the Communist Party, U.8. A., and oad of its New York State Review Commission. - This particular feature of the Gommunist Party finds no parallel im politica parties. According to Mr. Lautner, this body's principal function was— to safeguard party disipline, to vigiantly scck out end ferst out any enti-party. ‘loments in uo suske, of the party, to carry ont investigations and for exputsion or any for of Asoipiine party members who don't too the Ene, ‘After the indictments of certain party leaders, tho, “throo system” of conspiratorial organization was adopted, which is described. by Lauimer, who was assigned to earry out phases of this reorganization, 13 follows: ‘The patty leadership appointed the top ooerdinating committee. The sooralsatng camiitocotastod often penoies *'* Onowas bead ofthe then, Ee "ras Mie’ potlel exson ne ep. © 9 "The then aa the organisational ‘pron and fhe third one waa the union mass-organiaation person, Now, dheoo three people were assigned, ened one of them, t2 appoint throe other petss below him 6a he noxt ove "Sone appa one, oo, tes Pe Teak see the same thing, © & +, (Noms. 0 stands for organicer, for polit: *P dows not know O or Ten the lower fovels "He nows only the three persons toat‘he appotntod, “0 dood nat know ihe P's ands on tho lowor lovely He nly knows hs 0's, So, ere you have a stuetion whore one party Teeder knows Es wo astoclate in Ain telapcl, and the thres that he appoieted bolow. Allin i ati mee vouido'e Row mote than six party embers ia Bi Poly, up aud down. 2 8 "yo my own personal knowledge there was the top coordinating committe; that a,b feel wan andthe tind ove, 375 Wb fousth love, Si and tho Sth Spoaking boforo tho subcommittos of the House Committee on Appropriations on December 8, 1953, J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Fodoral Burom of Investigation desarbed the eurent organization of the Communist Party in the following terms: No longer aro Communist Party mombership cards tesved; msintooance of membership records are forbidden; eotacks of rani aud fle motabers aro limited From ® to #—the baste club unit.’ Mest of the local headauarsere nave been di continued nd party eoords have boa destoyed. "No evenise mooiines are mitted in headguartars without sini! momberg presen. Conventions and Feige meetings aro ed tothe aeote minum. ‘he tas Gt te taephove ad ‘No dontaot had with families or friends; contacts betweon functionaries are have amanged through frequently obanged intermediaries; false dxivers Leen20 THD COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘been obtained; assumed names hava been adopted; modification of physical ap- ‘pearance hus Been effected, such eo dyeing Bale ‘end eyebrows * * *. ‘They have removed conspicuous means of personal indontitcation such as tnoles; they have elfested a new manne: of walking, have changed thotr dress standards, TaSt avoided old habits and oven have avoided old viees, and have avoided appear ‘nee in publie places where their recognition would be probable. “G.ey eommunicate through couriers and avold the use of written communica: tions,” They bavo instituted loyalty tests for sil prospective underground pet ‘SGmsl, “hey sotate the underground personnel to avoid detection * * *. hoy appear eutzide of bideouts only at night * * *. ‘They we cifforent automobiles, and the cars frequently are rogistered in ictitions pamet-ang not names of party members; the lieenge plates are frequently changed; Tsey havo wsod extreme precutions in regard to surveillance, making repli ‘and fegqueut changes of coaveyances, enteriag and leaving subweys and buses Just before the doors close, and doubling beck on their course. MOSCOW REPRESENTATIVE . ‘The keystone of the Communist Party hierarchy within: the United States is the representative of the Communist. International or its sent oquivalent, the Information Bureau of tho Communist and orkers’ Parties, otherwise known as the Cominform. ‘The statutes of the Communist International adopted at its sixth congress in the Summer of 1928 formally authorize the sending of such representatives Yo affiliated Communist Parties. - Although the Communist Inter- national was allegedly dissolved in May 1943, witness ‘before the Committee on Un-American Activities have disclosed in terms. of their experince that these statutes are still fully operative in actual fact although not openly ecknowledged. ‘Article III, section 22 of these statutes declares that— Tho E, ©. G. 1. (Bxocutive Committe of the Communist International) and stg Wibatdtoe havo fae right to soad thelr representative to the warigas Sookiong itp Proeldian ist eterntionel Such reprosactativos roseive thelr Testrueiions fete Commune [Ue fous ies Presidiviy and are responsible to thers for their Fe tae ee oratatlves of tho E, G.-C. 1, have the right to pertiipata in ae ener rret Party bodiea 9, vell 89 of the local organteations of the Bec of the Cen ee cuak © © They may, © * speak in opposition to Sects 2 neyermitie of the given Section + * * Hf the ine of tho, Contra, Racca ool diventes trom the structions of the B.O. Goi. * * * Comltger a aUesC2E, Prozdium also bave the git to send instructors to the ‘Talons Setions of the Communi Ineeraatona. ‘Appearing on September 8, 1939, before the Special Committes on Un-American Activities, Benjamin Gitlow, former, member of the exeoutive committee of the Communist International, former member of the political committee of the Communist, ‘Party, USA, and one ‘time its candidate for Vice President of the United States, described the powers of theso representatives or “reps” es they are femiliarly called: ‘k representative of the Communist Intemational to the Ualtad States during Areas he Gaited States was the boss of thoparty * * * He sutomatically Bese Pounber ofall ths leading committees of the party in the Unitod States Decne fJaled in ies eliperatigns and enjoyed @ vote ou mattors that wore and. patiinaled Jo had to do waa to Waposo bis powar and mandate as & Yee SEO cative, aud en Bie wiew ‘would proval, Generali, Ameria SodsteRee never ould take a Poition Im eppaniion to the representative of {he Communist Tntoretlonal Seven years later on November 22, 1948, Louis F. Budenz, former : ing editor of the Daily Worker and «.member of the national ‘committee of the Communist Party, USA, confirmed this picture‘Tm COMMUNIST PANTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 21 when ho described the activities of Gerhard Hisler, elias Hans Berger, alias Edwards. ‘The letter had been introduced to Budenz by Kugeno Dennis, former general secretary of the party, as the “equivalent to a representative of the Communist Intemational.” Mr, Budenz de- clared that— 1 oficial repretentative of the Communist International isthe chief communieae Ean ofc Wha rags tn line of the pty over, nto Ena ie Sed wh fa ‘edaition to that, is vented with & earth authority to facerveno th pasty affairs {fh fuages thes neccesary. Mr, Buidend waa notified by Dennis that he would “occssionally re- Geive instructions and commtinications from thie Fens Berger” aise for Gerhard Eisler. Budonz described how Hisler (Berger) verbally flayed Daily Worker Editor Clarenco Hethaway “for almost half an hour.” “In'the Communist of May 1044, leading thooretieal organ af fhe Communist Party, USA, Wislar (Borger) publity castigated ‘William Z. Foster, thon chairman of the party. In neither case did those Ameriean Communist chieftains dare to reply. In the November 1943 issuo of the Communist, “Hans Borger” wrote an article entitled “Remarks on the Discussion Concerning the Dissolution of the Communist International,” the purpose of which ‘wes to inform American Communists thot “internationalism still lives.» 1n The Communist of November 1042, Bsor, posing s an American, explained the significanes of “Twenty-five Years of Soviet Power.” "He was for some time the brains behind Joseph Starobin, foreign editor of the Daily Worker, whom he employed es his mouth: piece. This will give some idea of the tromendous. power wielded over the American Communist Party by its Moscow-enointed com- Others who haye served in this capacity in the past include: G. Yelotsky; Josoph Pogany, alias John Schwarta, alias John Popper, alias John Switt; Boris Reinstein; 8. Gussov, alias P. Green, alies Drabkin; Y. Sirola, alias Miller; Arthur Hiwert, alias Braun, alias Brown, alins Bergor; Pollitt; Philip Dengel; B, Mikhailov, alias George Willinzne; Carl B, Johnson, alias Scot, alias Jonsen;. '.-- Petarsest ‘Marcus, alias M. Jenks; F. Marini, alias Mario Alpi, alias Fre Brown; William Rust; ‘Willi Muenzenberg; Louis Gibarti; Raissa Irene Browder; Raymond Guyot; Boris Isakoy, alias Boris Williams. ‘At times two or moro such commissars will be here simultaneously, each being assigned to some special task or campaign. ‘There i method in Moscow's designation of foreign, eommissars fr tho American party as revealed by Jacob Golos, in charge of under- ground activities, in an interview with Louis F, Budenz in his bio- graphical work Men Without Fucos; ‘An American might bo a ynintern man in such countries as’ China and the Philippines,” declared Golos, “He will never yield to any homesickness for those ands, nor will he think of his family there in a moment of weakness.” He added, however, that "for this country the C. L. (Comintern) man and the G. 1. agonts under him will always be non-Americans—and noneitizons if at all possible.” MOSCOW, THE SEAT OF POWER In describing the Communist hierarchy from the lowest club to the very pinnacle of power, we have endeavored to doal with the realitios22 THE COMMUNIST: PARTY OF THD UNITED STATES-OF AMERICA of thie fuxftng, congpraoy_ as, disdored by indi 7 Shmeshed: therein, rather than to take seriously.the current official ‘Yersion of Communist organization which is foisted upon. those gullible Znd ignorant enough to give it credence. Tlluminating detail is found in the testimony of Joseph Zack Kornfeder, former member of the central executive committee ‘of the Sormanigt Party, USA, a former member of the, Anglo-American secretariat of the Communist International, later its ‘representative in Colombia and Venezuela. ‘He testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activi- ties on Augast 9, 1949, in regard to 2 dispute in the American party Betoun the pro-Stlnist fusion headed by Willam 2; Foster and peered -Stalnist faction headed by Jay Lovestone. ‘This dispute sheared Tong ago, in 1028. Nevertheless, the pattern of. behavior which it reveals-is important in helping, us understand a. structure whieh hag not changed fundamentally since then. We: quote from ‘Mr. Kornfeder’s testimony: "The reuon why Stalin, ae wall 02 Moloto and other lade of tho Raman ois sein, Stalin ts wel, ton tie fartion fight fa the United Bias Sa ar eer Eh Soaneey of utmont importance inthe ta Sere onesie e clatle base yy eocuing oat, abciote scheme of SRY, ToT ee dani Bang of tho Uuted Sat ™ 2 SE ne eto AIP tala phen ofthe Oph anit th hae Stata, ponorally, creied Gi mucist Fay. led by Jay Lvesone. + ° %, Te FINO, te A ee Stor oem paviipute ay tomers 0! dhe fhe windup $28 Poveitone sn otber satura of the oprah comity of genes at dene Pe ang with Laventone * ¥ * Ue apooth Ss ADE Sac Bresdiam on May 4, 1029 Tn volume XI of the hearings of the Committee on Un-American ‘Acthriges (pp, 7112 to 7124) are printed two spoeches made by Stalin ‘on May 6 and 14, 1929, and in which he setively intervened in the oF ane yf the Ameriean Communist Party to the’point of presenting an ultimatum to the American delegation. He declared that— I the comrades ofthe American delegation appt our terms—good and wel Haseeno tor for thet, ‘Then Stalin recommended that Comrades Lovestone and Bittelman, Tenders of the Ameriean party, “must be recalled and, placed at the Uieposal of the Comiatern,”” Subsequent to this meeting, Lovestone disposal of ary expelled from his post as executive secretary of the Communist Party, USA, and the rival fection was installed in the leadership, despite the fact that his voting strength had represented ‘over 90 percent of the party membership. ‘in a previous convention. ‘Bittelman was shifted out of the United States to duties abroad. ‘Whore qo seek open statutory justification for Stalin’s relationship toward the Communist Party, USA, are chasing a will-o’-the-wisp. Tay congpiracy, the reel Soutes of powe: fe Bot inherent in any statutes, Sinco the elimination of the recalcitrant faction in 1929, Stalin's power over the Communist Party in America wes'sufliciently ae eed unchallenged, as to make it unnecessary for him to opealy Feeere no Trom that time on, his intervention has been more covert, gperating ehind a screen of agents completely submissive to his rdding.‘THE COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’ 232 Tt may well be asked how Joseph Stalin was in a position to keep aac of the activities of bis Communist satellites in the United States, ‘Recording to Mr. Kornieder, Stalin maintained e personal secretariat, ‘each member of which.was assigned to a, spocific area... At the time Mr. Kornfeder was in Moscow, affairs in America, were under the ‘supervision of one B./Mikhailov, the sceretary on American affeirs, Who visited the Uniied States in.1930 under the name -of George Wiley "to take charge of the puree of, Lovestoneitas. In 1959 Helena Stasova was Stalin's soctotery for German questions. ‘According to Mr. Kornfeder, this streamlined body of secretaries ‘outmoded the ecmbersome machinery of the Communist International nd thus enabled Stalin to exerciso more complete and direct control over his international Red network, oe "ihe details of this mochatiism will not be found in any public Com munist pronouncement either here or-ebroad, ‘The subordination of the CPUSA to Stalin personally is, however, implicit in the telegram signed in behalf of ité nationsl committes by ‘William Z, Foster as chairman, and Eugene Dennis og genoral secratary of the Communist Party, USA, on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Joseph Stalin and» publishod in the Daily Worker as rocently.as Decomber 21, 1049, from which we quote in part: : ‘Duan Contnann Seat: On your 70th birthday the National Committee ofthe Commun, Party, USA. * *-gends You Beartiest congratulations aad warmest ‘poulings #+ Like the Commauzista *#* ail lands, wo hall your more than 60: Fears of sterling leadership * = *. : i ‘According to this télegrami, victory in World War II was agcribable not to the joint offorts of the slice and particularly the United States, but rathor to the guidance of the “Grest Bolshevik Party, built: by you fand Comrade Lenin, and, since Lenin’s death, continuing under your leadership to guide itself by the principle of Marxism-Leninism hich you have safeguarded and enriched.”” ‘The telegram closes with th Wish “Long life to you, Comrade Stalin, and to your great and endurin contributions to world peace, deniocracy;. and Socialism.” COMMUNIS? PARTY. MEMBERSHIP Aceustomed as we are:to-the methods cmployed by. our traditional: political parties with openly acknowledged membership, membership Tecords andabooks, we Americans might, expeet: to find documentary proof of such membership in the caso of Communists, \Naively unaware of the:conspiratorial nature of the Communist, Party, we might demand the production of a. ps mombership cafd or other: documentary evidence before wo will believe that, an individual is a Communist. Thus we might contribute. to. our own. confusion, accentuated by the consistent denial of party membership on the. part of those charged. ~~ "The Comniunist’Party,. USA, has progressivel lined its’ membership records to the point where no membership cards aro issued at the present time. Dues records are maintained in code,, ith each member. assigned @ number, in accordanee with the following’24, ‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY.OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, [sort or. | ov. eo Honmonnnn On every occasion before congressional: committees, in the courts; or. before grand juries, Communist Party. officials have refused to Gisclose-party memnbership lists, In fact: they have claimed that no such lists exist, In June 1049 dour officials of the Communist Party of Log Angeles were sentenced to, jail for refusal to disclose such lists to a Federal grend jury... Nevertheless all signs point not only to the existence of such lists, but, to the fact that the Communist Party, ‘maintains an extensive dossier on ench of its member. ved ands fo Teason hat the party could not maintain «sound books eaping system, induding rocords of dues payments, without accurate records for each individual party member. It must be remembered, that the party’s aecounts are regularly supervised by both its national review commission and by Communist headquarters in’ Moscow. On Janiary 17; 1950, for cxample, the Daily Worker announced the the expulsion of John’ Lautner, a inember of the New York State review commission: of. the Communist Party... Priuting his photo- graph, the announcement caid that “Loutnor himself i an enemy, agent of long standing. : : In March 1950 Matthew Cvetie appeared as a witness before the Committee on Un-American, Activities, having served as undercover agent for the FBI within the Communist Party in Pittsburgh for a number of years. Immediately following his appearanco before the committee, the Daily Worker published, on March 3, 1950, a digest of three documents purporting to show, that Cvotic had assaulted his wife's sister “with force and-violence.”. ‘The documents included (1) the indictment, (2) 9 court order directing him to make financial restitution to the ‘elloged victim in this caso, and (3) the deeision to nolle pross the case. » : ‘Testifying on September 30, 1989, Joséph Zack Kornfeder, former member of the contral executive committee of the Communist Party and at one time in chargo of its trado-union activity, declared: 1 ma once asd to supply an engineers cist, who would personaly havo uatltcations capable, and! lotus aay, alk to other enginocrs higher nthe proe fession than himeol, in this instance, spoefialy, eertain engiceors of du Pont, Tae asked to do that by, Max Bouadht, who wae then in charao of this Phase of ‘thelr secret eativity. Wel, I poommended certain individual A former member of the Communist, Party,,a writer, has told in e letter of his experience in checking on the record of a’ former Com munist Party’ member, in connection with a certain article ho was’ writing for « Communist magazino in 1939. ‘The writer was called to the New York office of Charles Dirba, then head of the control com- mission or disciplinary board of the party. We publish a, few signifi- cant excerpts from this letter:‘TEtb COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 25 im of this story about ——— having been a Communist THe produ a back al sone Ringel looked, as T recall ie ike-« large lodge oP popes footing irouan te: lanlly, he eam on what was, apparently. a nots about Henig ee T ronembor ft that — Teoh a Communist in somo ety ia ‘esas fevers! years ago. ‘Thus it would appear that, the national headquarters of the Com- gaunist Party was im posession of merabership ists for Texas, There is every reason to beliove that such records ave still maintained, in secret, of course, and that copies are forwarded to Communist head- quartéss in Moscow. : Since the Communist Party, USA, is part of a world orgonizati operating under central divgetion and overywhere in accordance with @ uniform pattern, the testimony of Igor Gouzenko, former civilian guiployee at the Soviet mbasey in Ottawa i signiiéant, We quote from page 88 of the report.of the Canadian, Royal Commission, pub- ished June 27, 1946, referring to biographical data dealing with Sam Carr, national organizer of the Communist (Labour-Progrossive) Party of Canada: A. On every Communist there fsa file at the Comintern tn Moscow; for every CConimunlat fs ho whoo World there ts w Alo at the Coraitern te Meare. © * (Qr"Pho Comintaro was suppored totteve been abotied efor 20457 ‘Supposed to bo aboliiod ta 1043, but ibis not oo." * According to Gousenko; the registration card kept in, the 1945 dossier in the Soviet Embessy on Sam Car, stated alter the mimeo- raphed heading “Biographical Data,” the following typed entry, in ‘assign: “Dotailed biographical information is available in the Centre in‘ biographicl study, Thie Ts My Story Louis PF. Budi im his biographical study, This Is My Story, Louis F. Budenz, former managing editor of the Daily Worker and former member of the national committee of the Communist Party, described in detail the party’s method of keeping individual records: ‘Records are kept of each member in any Kind of Key post just ae they would eo Tite Sagubed be aby slber eplonge agama, Want smaaher erp now post, ho ust B15 a cotapote new biography. ‘This ls dheeked for new date find so {6 observe i 1 dilersfrom the onto previously Aled. Tn hs biogrophy Tie fs required to list his relatives, whare they were bam and now live, their occu BasloySnd hk ato yh im Tee pra and tab sory ys "wen~-previous marriages if any, is cailéyon and his arrests" * "He ‘ull also give a complove socounting of hie Snanelalgotourees, he average salary o‘has received throughout his working life any bonds or other property he ever {wed nnd what bo now owns, H angehigg: * ® His Party record mast be elven in detail" (p.233). With this infomation in ite hands, the party ig in, position to blackmail any possible recalcitrant and to exercise highly potent moans of porsonal pressure, g OFFICIAL QUESTIONNATRES Communists have been most. vociferous in condemnation of what they term Government prying in connection with loyalty inyestiga- tions, Belov wo prosont a quostionnaire which party funetionaties wore required to fill out in 1946. If any Government agency in this country would dare to infringe on the privacy of ite citizens to such 4 degree, it. would be denounced from coast, to coast by the leftwing press as violative of oivil liberties, But so fer as we know no Com= munist, nor any civil liberities advocate, has ever protested against stse1—0-—926 THN COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNIDAD STATES OF AMERICA this Communist questionnaire as an invasion of the privaoy of an American citizen. "Through such methods as this compulsory quoe- tionnaire the party is in a position to know every possible uso to which each party member ean be put by the Commnitmist conspiracy, Naw Your Stare Rivinw Coxssstow Conaronten Parry, U. 8, A. Members of County Cominitece ond County Panetionarie, not members of Coun'y Meier of Section Commitees and Section Fuetingrsi, nol membre of Seton Duan Coreann: Below you ‘will find a questionnaire to be used 08 @ guide in ‘writing your biography. “Plesse bo advised that the Commission wants s Gotated Bea fec teil om you, ong hat iene to now yo ax well as you ‘Know yourselt, Please as much paper as necessary (on one side only) and be ‘sseured that this document will be tested im strict confdence and’ properly safeguarded. 1, Pensoxat, Baowakooxo— ‘Your name and all pseudonyms end nioknames over weed in the Party or other= ite of birth: place of birth (city, county & State); Rameerand doles of Puthplass id cocrftion nod peltoe!amtation of your parpnta; same for pour brotlers and ter ‘Four own trader occupation; pce of employment, ll occupations and places of grployment forthe pat ten jeans ‘Your wife's maiden nome (or your husbands fst name), the date sind place of ‘igor et bit essupaton and ace of suaply ee Sasi yar cide and pve nforsation at to Bus ages end date and place of presen’ empleymet. Youa Veteran af any wars, such as World War I, 1, Spain and foreign ware 2, Eovoan1on— ‘Basra your formal euaton; public school, hgh school and ealges ‘eane thd sehgols and dient Ube years of aiteddae end dasreeseootvod; Deserbe your Party miveaion, wit sols attended end sows seeds Give 8 summery of your self-study, naming tho Marxist books you have 3% Communes Panrr— Give the date and place (ity, county, section, club) of your joining the Partys By whom reoruied; his pretent whereabouts and poles ead foil b ‘"Desorbe your Party activites stating al funotione held in branches, postions entice, et, giving dates and locating the orgadtastions By” counts, ots wa Sawn ‘None all convention and eonferenoes you have attended as delgate or obtorver (sigte wie) and a ssbeomentiecs you have served os ‘Neina si yout recruits into the Party, giving ther present whereabouts and funotons ad well sr thls socal and oxtupetioanl backgroud” "Siar ohediae tig ave proent In the Party andi they cropped out g? Nesse Your veatives and lov flende Who tee or were moubers of the Party ent hereon i pret coastal estima ati, jesribe your prevent function or past n the Party, how long Held dees ar aieratsgaimerde that you many fea better Gitod fot, what would you wane % fave ou ever tad any personal or policl ditiulties fa the Pasty? Were zou ever evolved in dlasiginay aotiok™wvhors, whan aad give the dspoaton 4. Mass Oncasszartoss ano Souvcorns— ese hm nets Yo ro are ce inn mi of Grade Glee dates, ports sat aedviies a a en eee Dasslie the sirugeles you have pardsipated in (trikes, lockout, mace end Party domonstrations eta)‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 27 ‘Wore you ever arrested; where, when, on what charges, give the dlsposition of ‘thg cate OF canes. 'g you aro at procont, a full time functionary in a mase organization, desorlbe our oes aad functions. ‘Somapay or organiza What Hod of vor do you want to dot ‘What Kinds of work have you done ip 5 & 1, Do you work wis 0, Are theo any pecut 10, Ma atin 12, Neumbed of ehiiven fhnation?, 20, Have sou oi walids fate Tammy, et? 21, What ae our sls, hobbies Be Gan you ty 3 Gs Soa debe = ae a rereee 38. ian, Wht seboois OF 4 Ie Your aparin i Rae BY, Are you a veteran?28 ‘THM COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMUBRICA 15, Are you willing and able to work 85 en open Communist In the neighbor ‘hobe = a oes # nee ie is Sasa aS te penta ns RaPae a Blatigits rece oot aera Cade Or ogee oh Wyevale eg SE Bexvou'a sub Aten 5. astern Of dis Party? “Gin you = Sonsetlicat ‘Borastimes ‘66. Have ‘82, Lf not, whre do you buy Sener get. abet lenstnoteon| sebue et Se “Suse ead (tare, Baael, Lanta ad i work au vent fa whether yoU've read all ot part of the ef ailets, ete pet Commaunist ia the 176. De you thine y neighborhood or working in a mass or | Weanew member, who reerulted yout Sag a8 on 0 iantion’ ‘name oily, and olab fund” sha wontivan: "79, Amount? 180, If you have been a member of any of these organizations for more than three ‘Rontho, state past activity and function.28 THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 655. Are you willing and able to work as an open Communist in the neighbor re -zau wing ps ci 38 Ie nob i aot ne you kaown 9 & Gaanmnunict as ‘iilon, onthe fob, among your fend, ot) 38, Do you read the Daily Worker regularly? 50: Bo Jou rend the Worker tozuleriy?, Sau subscription so ether or Bot So paper (what newsstand) 2. 1 you do eubserib, why not 66: Bo'you read Poston! Aftnks negilanjt———--“Soqetimest 84 Have yous sub to P, A ‘85. Wnt other Commmaist parodiaals €6 ren eur? tment 66, Do you read carve pa 8%, Whit other papers and perlodieas do ‘onetime 6. Have ‘1. If not, witere do you buy ‘What basi ‘Stalio) De 72. What kind of course are you interested in? TS. What nights bava you free on whieh to attend a cass Te, Intorosted in daytitae or wookend class! 76. What kind of branch of section work are you interasted in dotbg’ (Press, esavassing, education, literature, eseareb, leaflets, et.) Do you think You ean function ig Tneighborhood or Working in’ mass organization’. TT, anew member, who recruited you? (First name "78, Con you take's Fogalar donation to the sastalning fund? (365.8 month ‘and 80, If you have beeo « member of any of theso organizations for more than three ihonts, state past activity aud function. =‘THE COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THU UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 29 81."It you have belonged to say of theae or other organtzntios inthe past, stato ‘hen, Wer, activities and postions ‘Als Wy Jou droppad oBt. 82, Hoi (List individuatly) - 88. Ailogether, about how many uights w week or moth d0 ‘ngs and activities in each of tose organizations! puns Beginning, with, ts constitution adgpted May 27-81, 1938, and thereafter, the CPUSA no longer publishes a table of membership dues, ‘The 1945 constitution simply says “Initiation fees and dues shall be paid according to rates fixed by the National Convention,” while giving no figures. This is done in the interest of secrecy for fear that e publicly announced table may give a elue from which an accurate estimate of party memborship may be, calculated. ‘The Party Voice, volume 1, No. 5, August, 1983, published by the New ‘York State Communist Party, shows that on July 1, 1983, the Na- tional Committee of the Communist Party, USA, instituted the fol- lowing monthly dues schedule: Grempled sad yout. Members eavutog up 0 $40 weal Members earning $41°200 west Morabers earning 861-880 wee Members earaing $81-8100 weskty. Merabers earning over $100 weekly MAILING Lists ‘The extent and interlocking character of mailing lists maintained by the Communist network is disclosed by the fact that those whose names appear ou mailing lists of one front organization, suddenly and without solicitation receive mail from another. An envelope sent out by the National Council of Amorican-Soviet Friendship has used the stencil of the Voice of Freedom Comimittes, ‘The New York World ‘Telegram of January 17, 1946, described how a housowife from Wolof, N. J., solicited literature from the National Federation for Constitutional ‘Liberties and thereafter began receiving under the same stencilled address unrequested printed matter from the National Citizens Political Action Committee, the National Couneil of Amari- gan-Soyiet Hriendship, Inc., and the Committee for a Democratic Policy Toward China.’ On August 9, 1049, Mz. Blair Sease, a mem= der of local 601 of ‘tho Communist-dominated United Hlecttical Radio, and Machine Workers of America, which has boon expelle rom the C1O because of this domination, testified before the Commit- ‘ee on Un-American Activities on the party's aceass to mailing lists, ag follows: Mr Tavanwen, What about the Communist Party literature; do you reesive it yourself through the mat? eee piss. | have and 1 stil do at tes, Me Thvmsiisa. Do other members oft union also receive it? Mr, Suzan, T kaow other members ia the local who have Communist literature railed to theis homes. © = Mr Tavaxiea. What explanation fe tere for members of the union who are not members of the Communist Party soseiviog this lerature’ ‘Mr, Soaab. T have no expiaoation for it other than the fact that it seems ovi- eat thas by some means the membership lista of the stewazde’ counel are avail=30 THS COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA able to the Communist Party, because if there are errors in thé sddresses of diy Gnioa members, the same errore aro mide’ fn vending out the Communit erature Under these eiroumstanoos it is inconesivable that the Communist Party would not maintain a roster of its own members, ‘The Communist Party is most scrupulous in the way it checks upon and husbands its forces to insure the maximum utilization of every ounce of available cooperation end support and to guard ageinst pos- sible loses." or this purpas rigorous registrations of ll party mem ters are conducted regularly. As J. Peters indicated in ‘The Com- munist Party—A Manual on Organization, “The party leadership must know its forces, must be able to assign each one to the place ‘here ho is most suitable and most needed.” In this respect he'cites ‘with approval Lenin’s counsel to the party leadership: Not only to aiiviso * * * but seally eonduct the orchostra, one must know ‘qxactly who le playing first or second Addie, and where, what-ioetrumont be wos {aught whore and how, where aud'why hé plays out of tune, (when the muse Beals Yo be trying to tho oar) gndwhat chexgoe should be nde inthe orchestra soar (a remedy the disonanee * =" sorbate ‘BVIDENCE OF PARTY MEMBERSHIP ‘The’simpie evidentiary test of a Communist Party.card will not ‘suffice for proof:of metaborship,- Nor will the legal fictions incor porated in the official Constitution of the Communist. Party, USA, sorvo as a fruitful guide. ee 2 ‘An excellent guide. to. determine Communist Party membership is to be found in seotion 5 of the Communist Control Act of 1954: Sno. §, Ia determining memberblp or partelpation ip the Communit Party or ney Sune Silat Ss Weed i Si’ Act Sr Enowledgs ofthe purpsos ot SEs af neck peiy of ongotaton th [ayy wade facution® from the Seer icing elacaee ff renenscy as fo ether tho aeouaed poron: “Gy Ha ens led fo b'kndwlsign at a eaber In aay book or fay of tho onder Srfespondentt ot ang Siher docoment ofthe organisation’ SSG) "iat ade ipa cobsnuion to be onan odin wens loses oa any’ ote for "Huds ia sje othe dispel the rgasianton any fora nee outed orders, plaus, or dzetives of sny kind of the orgaalstion; &) Eos oe hare nt ead maseangery ‘correspondent, organizer, or so ote pel i bala of foe ovgunaons 6) Has contorted with officers or other members of the organization in bebalf of Say plan or exterpinoof the ergaatraion, GF Ras been accepted to Lis pwlodge a an offleer or member of the oryant- sll atone fob led upon for sis by che cower ees os RIN on ipotan on ony Ser vay commas by eal ss Be, sign, gr snag otha form of Yotamunleation order, directives, or plans of 3 Be reputed documents, pampblls, lots, books, or aay olier type of publlerdion'in bebalt of tue objectives and punposes ofthe ‘organization; SNe ated, cipped, desusteds dbtibutad, deliver or ty ony, other Hel teai: daeed toss mses propaga of xy adi aie orpanssion, ii) niled, eounsed or a any ofker way imparted information, wué- goltions, resommendations 19 oftoare or members af the orgaciaalion oF to 305 She deh bel a echoes ofthe ongenton (ln Innate by worden oma ng ok any other way = villares co eat oe! in’any mane and to any roe th Blons ous, Shjestve, or pups ofthe organeation fi) Ms Ped other ‘eng Pactlpated sa the activites, planning, actions, objecves ot parposs ofthe orgasioaion‘THEE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED.STATES OF AMERICA 31 ‘Tho enumeration of the above subjcete of evidence on membership or pastels Tp Bie Communist Bay ei fer" reuaon a "ove dee vldénee on membership and partiepation as herein stated, “7 SWS S¥Pleet of For an intelligent appraisal of tho forces at work in behalf of the Communist movement in the United States, it is necessary to undor- stand the various categories favolved, i appraciate the shade of diet. ‘ence betsreen eategories and to deal with them accordingly, resogniz- ing, however, that each category constitutes a definite secusity risk ‘operating. in the interests of a foreign power. | It should also be re- membered that these categories are not static, that party members aro shifted from one to another like pewns on the Red chessboard, The following would constitute a rough classification of these categories: 1, Open party members.—This would include individuals whom the pariy ns found ft expedient o destgnate publicly as party member, such as party officials, candidates for public offies, official representa tives and writers for the Communist press. ‘The existence of this zgup is escential fo maintain tho fiction that tho Communist Party, ISA, is an open “political party of the American working elass.”” ‘The party has been compared to an, iceberg with one-third sbove the water and two-thirds submerged. ‘Though theso proportions are not accurate, the open party, members constitute its visible portion. Since the submerged soctor is considered more important, members Of the open party can be commendeorod at-soy tine in the earvioo the underground. ‘The testimony of Louis F, Budenz, Whittaker Chambers, and Elizabeth Bentley has shown that men like Jack Stachel, Max Bedacht, and J. Potors functioned simultaneously in both the open and the underground apparatus. Well-known party members will suddenly disappear from, publie view to be engulfed by tho underground, whose ordors have distinct priority. 2, Seiteoncealed party membere.—Most party metubers are known as such to their fellow members in the party club, union, front organ- ization, or place of employment. Within the pecty they operate tunder one or more aliases, making no avowal of party membership Publicly. This type of membership ean be established by a inembe ship eard of former days or record, evidence of payment of dues, attendance at closed meetings, association with Communists in party enterprises or campaigns, soliciting new members or appearing in any otter oficial eapecty representing the party. 3. Members at targe.—Party members who occupy important posi- tions in government or organizations where knowledge of their afi ation would be an obstacle to party purposes, are made members at fange. "They do not ettend Communist Perty._moctings and ere gontacted solely by an omissary assigned to recsivo dues, distibuto literaturo and directives. __ 4. Members of the underground apparatus. —For reasons of secrecy ie may ot imes be necessary to withdraw an individual entirely from any eontact with tho open Communist Party. " Whitinkor Chambers, Elizabeth Bentley, and John Sherman, for example, woro withdrawn from the open party to work in the tmderground.” Other members of the: Communist. underground, apparatus may never have been nombors of the legal pasty. An individual designed for thio Purpose may: even submit a publie resignation under the-direction of his party superiors. On the other hand, @ member of this epparatus may be a purely technical assistant with no traco of party sympathy32° PAE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA °AN operative ctive in the United States may have no direct responsibility to the CPUSA. He may be linked ‘with some. special frm. of the Soviet Government and bo dizectly responsible to it, sue i tho Soviot Miltary Tntalizenc, dhe Sovit Foreign, fice, or the Supreme Eeonomie Council. "In each ease his responsibilities to the Soviet agency have complete priority over any consideration of the domestic Communist Party. - 3. Nonparty Commrunisis,—Certain sympethetic persons find it inadvisable of inexpedient to join the Communist Party. For ex- famplo, a person of great wealth or prominence may be in fall sympathy with the party; but ho may be, unviling or unable to attend moo or carry out all Communist duties, But he agrees to abide by the party's Wishes and submit to its discipline. | He may be a businessman Who deponds upon the Soviet Government for commercial favors. Ho Jnay bea polean o union ofa ho could not be elated to oon without the votes controlled by the Communist, bloc, In some eases Sampulsion may be employed to whip the individual into line ‘Communist Party supporters—There are other individuals to be distinguished from the above group who sre in no sense under Com- munist discipline, but who voluntarily and Imowingly support the ‘Gommunists. in one ox moro ways such as voting for Communist candidates, signing of Communist election petitions, donating money for the party or its press, supporting campeigns in behalf of the party of individual known Communists, supporting organizations sponsred by the Communist Party, defeng of om yumi lgal cases foing organizational and political favors for the party, ot witing for tho Communist press... In each case the subject is fully aware that ho {s supporting the Communist Party or one or more of its members or one or more of its directly espousod activities. ‘The usefulness of such non-Communists is demonstrated by the example of Raymond Boyer, vgelthy and noted Canadian chemist, who descubed imsolf as having “worked in organizations in which there were Communists tnd in which I know there were Communists, and I have worked v Glosely with Communists, but I havo never held s purty eard nor pai caus "A memorandum found in the Soviet Himbony teshis services 18 follows: ‘Gives fol information on explosives and chomieal plants. + * * (Gs toma RSF 5. : c RDX is an explosive porfeoted in Wngland in 1942. He also fur- ished information regarding the pilot plant at Grand Mere, Quebec, for the production of urenium. ‘the FELLOW TRAVELERS 1. Fallow travelers —As differentiated, from the above categories, fellow traveler may be defined as an individual who from time to time support one or amare organizations or campaigns ‘operating under the jndirect and usually unpublicized initiative and, control of the Com- munist Party or its representatives. Here we must point out. three distinet types... (a) Conscious flow travelers.—A. conscious fellow traveler. is one sho affiliates with or supports one or more of these groups with full Enowledgo of its character. Wor the most part, such persons are‘THM COMMUNIS PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA “33 ‘motivated by a deine gympathy for the Soviet Union or the Com- munist Party or both, Here again we must. dilferentiate between ‘two groups under this heading: é () Consistent follow traelrs.—Among. thos» whe support or afilinte with such organizations or eampaigns are those who on no oecasion take issue with the Communist Party or its ausitary organizations, ‘They have a consistent record of such aftiintions or sympathy throughout all changes of the party lina, and despite the fact that such onganizations have been publicly’ exposed is communistic. Gi) Unreliable fellow travelers.—Oceasionally there is defection among the fellow travelers who, support tho Communist, Party or its auxiliary organizations. This may be due to disillusion- ment as to the real nature of the Soviet regime or antagonism toward such actions os the Stalin-Hitler Pact or disgust with Communist methods in.a particular organization. ‘The sincerity and depth of the individual’s conversion mey be measured by the individual’s subsequent behavior. If he supports no pro- Communist organizations or campaigns subsequent to his first break, it may be assumed that this bronk is sincere and thorough. 1, however his name is be found supporting ach organizations ox emipaighs at a Inter dato, it may be properly condiuded that hhis breale was neither genuine nor substanti (2), Unwitting fellow travelers. —It would be only fair to indicate that individuals have supported Communist-inspired onganizations in the belief that auch onganizations ware accomplishing some meritorious, social purpose. ‘They may have had not the faintest notion as to the organization's Communist character, they may even be anti-Commu- nist, Tn other words, they may be outright dupes, Such nam s are not usually found in organizations of an outright Communist ebarscter. Nevertheless, the Communists weleome their financial snd moral support, : ¢ Communists aro perfectly frank in admitting tho usofulness of the fellow traveler. F. Brown, an agent of tho Communist In- ternational who operated in the United States in the 1930's, who was also known as Alpi and Marini, has testified to that fact in the Daily Worker of August 25, 1937, page 2, where he declares: Ts is no exaggeration to stato thet besides the 85,000 Communist mombem ‘there ere today tens of thousands of individuals who are active in every field of the progressive movement, carrying out the Line of she Pasty in practice, ‘Thoy work shoulder to shoulder with the Party members, follow tho Party fins Pe poate kee ee ‘hich ‘the Communists aro tn tho foretront. "=" #"We must point oute Hist, that their actual work i appreciated by the Party; second, that we consider thet ‘work Communist worl and want thom to conta HOW 70 JUDGE 4 FELLOW TRAVELER Fs It is possible to set up dofinite standards for judging. 2 flloir trayoler’s devotion to the Communist Party and the Soviet Union, which must be taken into consideration in jndeing his loyalty to the ‘United States, \‘This seale is not hard and fast. It cannot bo applied Puschenicelly. Tt must be utilized intelligently with an eyo to the history of the period, our current relations with the Sovies Union, the age of tho individual at the time of his affiliations, and possible changes in his views. It should be recognized that an individual who has passed through cortain experiences with Communist organi-$4 THE COMMUNIST PARTY OP THE UNITED STATES OF ASIERICA zations and who hes bein thoroughly:and completely disillusioned, fan be of considerable value in counter mmbnist machina- tions. ‘To adopt an attitude of “once a fellow traveler, ‘always a fallow traveler,” is to place an obstacle in the path of the reeducation of such individuals and to make it-undesirable for an individual to desert their ranks. ‘The following points should, therefore, be Kept jnvmind in judging a fellow traveler 1. “ho umber of his esaelations with Communist-osntrolled onganizations. The, importance of the post or posts he occupied in these rgenizaions (Tho Communiea ‘commonly limit such posts to fndividuals who are either party members or who possess the party's confidence, though sometimes “big names” are pushed Up front as protective colatation.) '3. Tho extont of his activity. : 4, Tho importance. of such organizations in the Communist setups 1b. His adherence to these organizations despite public exposure 5 of their Commimist character. 6, His standing in the Communist press, which operates under strotast Mosapw and panty censorship ; "7. His standing in Communist organizations: ‘3, His publioctatements:and writings regarding the Soviet Unién, the Communist’ Party, individual Communists and Comuunist-initiated-campaigns and organizations. 9. His personal associations with Communists or sympathizers, “EXVENT. OF COMMUNIST PARTY MEMPERSHIP ‘Tho latest estimate of Communist Party membership by the Fed- eral Bureau of Investigation is about 22,663, _ ‘The most recent break- down by States is based upon a membership of 31,608 in 1951, os drawn up by tho FBI. Covimunist Parly membership by States, 1951‘TetH COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES O-AMERIOA “35 ‘To, show the growth ofthe party, it'is interesting to addhere a review of the total party membership over'a period of years as given by Bool Browder, sts general seorotary until 1945, in his paraphlet ere Do We Go From Here? under the pseudonym Amerious.. His references are undoubtedly to open party members, Mr. Browder’s figures would show that the party membership had increased ‘over 4 times from the depression year of 1932 ta 1945, ‘Cheinges in the volume of memberahip of CPUSA Election roturns for 1928, 1932, 1986, and 1940 show how many Yolers actually supported the Communist: Party: presidential candi dates, except: in the States where the party was not admitted on the ballot, “In 1932 this figure was approximately soven times the arty membership figures as given by Browder. In 1940, during the 'ghly uapopalar Stalin-Hitler pact, it closely approximated the party iembership figure, ou-a one-vote-per-party-member basis. ‘The Progressive Party backing Henry A. Wallace was publicly gupported by the Communist Party. In thid connection the Senate Intemal Seeusity Subcommittee recsived on October 7, 1954, the testimony of Matthew Ovetic, a former FBI informant who’ had worked his way into the Communist Party of western Pennsy!vania, becoming a member of its organizational, educational, and finatos committees as well as its nationality, political, and trade-union com- missions. We quote him in parts Now, we were drscted, in a directive which was read to ui in the Communist Party headquarters, based ‘on the Communist International of 1085, where all Communist Parties in the worid wero ordered to set up in the various soumtties ‘and this included the American Communist Pariy—1 coalition party of Gomera aists and ‘Progressives * * © The primary steps which wore taken dusien tas oars after 1045 to consummate this objective-vand this Was at early ae the Lee Part of 1045, in a report which was given by William 2. Fasten, tg thes aakional chairman of the Communist Petty i whieh he streseed that ove of the big objec, {ives of the Comasunist Party isthe soting up of a soaition party in thet Usted Staies + * Aud as a result of this report of Willam Z, ‘Vostes, subsequentie 42 pitmninacion inowe as the Brogrsave Party of the United Stabe waslorgane al committee of the Communist Patty, ‘and as a momber of this committee T was one of tae eight tanking momers of &e Communist Party for the western Ponneyivania district, ‘The Progeessive Party, which later you will recall "in the 1048 campaign, bad presidential coodileiey was set up by the organizational commitice and alco the political commission el the Communist party. I myself sat in ovens of meetings whore Wve set up tse Progressive Party *'* * The persoane) that moved aroand within dhe Hamer [FOFk of the Progressive Party in key positions wore assigned out of the Comenanint Party ofico * *'* In other words, it was controlled by planted, ley, Communist ‘agents, who had absolute control of the Progressive Party: ¥ # 2 sanded, meting in Commins Party Retdguarien, whore wo dicyed Gardidates who would be put up for office in the Progremive Party, “Aad the final deicrmining factor of who the eandidates would be wes decided vight in the hhendquartats of tho Communist Party *36 THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1 geoill, wry vividly sitting in several meetings ia, Communist. Party Reade yadern #'6°T and Lyecall why tbe denon to ijpert Henry Wallace and Gies wate sas magor, That sree booauso thoy were two men who, were wiling £9 Fea with tho Coimmunist Paréy in tnis coalition party + * ® a i tou wo hed on 9 or 8 oscasione mootings in Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- And, {00 Tory Wallaes and’ Glen ‘Peylor spoke, the fune-rasiog 80- tia, whe Lickel -celee-aotivites, In connection with theeo. meotngs were Hra'aghd out of tho headquarters of the Comanunit Party» * ‘On the same day, Jobn Lautner, a former member of, the review commission of the OPUSA, testified regarding the party's efforts to {SSroole out from its isolation” by forming the Pro he declared: ‘Teenshled the Communist Party to reach into ranks, into setions of the Ameri: a eomtneOS SO which thay could pever hve reached befor, and it Opened Fane ow posable for the Communist Party throughout tbe country Te eina Gherpuaky to cazzy on & Communist eotogieal carnpaign in the labor so ent’ x bie tredounion movement * * * In aadition to that, because rae eee eeueary fof the Communist Party to pat forth it own pational cand FeDo ieee aad hpi eorved that very stme Purpose for the Communi Party. ae In the light of the above, itis interesting to-note the distribution of ‘the popular vote for Wallace in 1948, totaling 1,137,057, Pojruls vote, 1948, for Provident earns Compe’ hy thy Unt Po from et and anol otra (6 of Dats 2 684 gressive Party, and v2, 2a rm ug is 2 andl ie rr ae 18 eh te 13 : a ‘@ te e 1 = = 2 ig = a8 . ag 2 Tren ran ha Won Almas 00‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 37 Presidential election returns by Slates for Communit party candidates HOW TO MBASURE COMMUNIST INFLUENCE Communist influence cannot be estimated properly merely by gomparing its votes or membership with those of political parties. ‘Thoso who declare that the Communist Party is no menace bocause its membership and voting strength constitute only fraction of a percent of the total membership and voting strength of major political parcies are deluding themselves and others. ‘This, approach is the root cause of @ mistaken policy which has already done considerable harm and which may bring even, more disastrous results. ‘The simplicity of this approach is born of shoor ignorenco of the problom, ‘Bach party member or sympathizer must be evaluated in terms of his political, social, and economic weight and influence and the fet that he has the backing of major foreign power. ‘The collective influence of this group cannot be judged a5 a mere arithmoticel sum of members and sympathizers, since one arm of this conspiracy lends support to and supplements the other in a highly synchronized manner.38 THIN COMMUNIST PARTY OF THR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘We must keep this in mind in ‘estimating the influenes of this tightly onganized, coordinated, and aggressive group and its combined effect tupon an sinorphous, comparatively unorganized mass of people who aro, for the most patt, blissfully unaware that they are being worked upon by @ conscious, conspiratorial group with a clear-cut policy. re must remember that in a highly sonsitive and articulated society like ours, its not difficult to cause havoc by a strategic dislocation, Communists make a practice of séeking out such points of vantage, "Thus u party member or sympathizer may be an oficial of labor union with thousands of members which can tie up a given com- munity or industry. He may be an unpublicized Government official tho prepares meiteranda on poley afeting the ents, Nation. He ey, be an atomic scientist with access to highly secret information vilal to our security. He may be a writer, a preacher, or a radio ‘commentator with @ vast audience, He may'be a script writer whose fim or radio message, Voiced by » popular star, reaches millions, He may be an actor whose popularity is exploited by the periy to ‘sponsor its front om fons and public appeals. He may be,an artist with e mags following in tho art world. He may be the descend- fant of some well-known family tracing its ancestry to the days of the ‘American Revolution, whose name adds glamour to Communist ‘enterprises... He thay be the leader of a tenants league or a community Grgatization. He may be the idol of a racial or foreign language group. Ynveach case the individual’s influence radiates lo ever-widening circles with an elect similar to that of a stone thrown into a pool. RESIGNATIONS AND’ EX:COMMUNISTS Government agencies are sometimes confronted with cases in which individuals claim that they have resigned from the Communist, Party. ‘Under no cireumstances should such a statement be accepted at its face valuo, Party members have been known to use this devico when they are convineed that their provious Communist affiliations re Known end provable, In other cases, as for instance in connection ‘ith the eigning of non-Communist affidavits, the party wil instruct mombers who are trade-union officials to formally resign while ro- maining under party discipline. It should be remembered that party membership is hot looked upon. ss a possession of the individual, but strictly a possession of tho party, to give, withhold, or retract. "The arty does not recognize any voluntary resignation. ‘Those who fall From the good graces of the organization aro expelied. "Tho attitude of the world Communist organization toward resigna~ tions is reflected in section 80 of the Statutes of the Communist Inter national from which we quote in part: Resignation from ‘office by individual member’ or groups of members of ‘central Commnttous ofthe vavious Sections is regarded as ciaruptlve of tho Com, Jnunist meyement, Leading posts in the Party do bot belong to the oooupant of Ghat post, but Yo the Communist International aa'a whole. ** ™ Cartain tests may be made to determine the legitimacy and sin- cerity of a resignation, No one of them should be considered as com- plete and decisive. ‘They should be judged in terms of the pattern Of the indica’, pro-Communist or ant-Communist ebavog since the resignation. ‘The following questions may properly be asked in connection with each designation: Does the individual have @ carbon‘TEM COMMUNIST PARTY OF THN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 39 ‘copy of his resignation? What, was the real motive of the resigna- tion? Was he or the Communist Party or one or more of its con- trolled organizations in & position to benefit thereby? What, was the attitude of the Communist press toward the action? Do his views, writings, readings, associations, and general attitude indicate that he is still loyal to the perty line or thet he has, in fact, repudiated it? Can he corroborate this claimed repudiation of the party with written evidence or the statements of known anti-Communists? ‘The indi- vidual’s record with the FBI since his resignation is, of course, im- portant, A test of the individual's sincerity is his willingness to, ex- pose his associates in the renks of the Communist conspiracy and its methods of operations. Unwillingness to do this may indicate some remnants of loyalty to tho party, At the samo time, it should bo medo clear by Government agencies that such information is looked ‘upon as valuable contribution to the security of tho country and apt os the Communists would have it regarded, as an act of petty lebearing. ‘There are definite cases on roeord whore withdrawals from tho party ze apparently under party instructions, number of known Com- munist union leaders have signed non-Communist affidavits in order to be in a position to avail themselves of the machinery of the Na- tional Labor Relations Board, During World War IT, Imown Com- munists, who were members of the Armed Foress, were allegedly given a leave of absence in order to make them eligible for commissions. ‘Phis did not prevent them from faithfully following the Communist Party line and from holding official positions in the Communist Party. after the close of the war. Such instructed withdrawals are clearly suspect. iMlective countermeasures against the worldwide Communist con spiracy require an intelligent attitude toward the ox-Communists both Here and abroad. “In the event of actual armed eonilict with the Soviet, Union, psyeholagea! warfero will play en important part in determnining victory, We must know how to, win over the forces of a possible enemy. We must develop skill in handling those we havo succeeded in, diafecting, Tne sense, our handling of the ox jommunists in this country gives us valuable preliminary ‘which should be higily usefuf in the event of an actual conflict. policy of once-a-Commimist-elways-2-Communist would be disastrous, iven a dictatorship, guarded by its ruthless secret police, with its 1p million seve labors, with ts 100 milion peasants groaning under the yoke of collectivization, with low living standards and general dissstisfaction, there is every reason to believe that the proper type of psychological warfare could do much to disaffect Communist forces, to shorten a war, and save many lives, A wrong approach would retard the process of disaffection and strengthen the hand of the Communists. It must be remembered. in this connection, that by using unsound methods the Nazis repelled millions of Russians who deserted in the last war, and thus solidified the forces of the Red army. ‘Within our own borders it is estimated that it takes from 10 to 20 investigators to Koop 1 eubjoct undor constant surveillance. With. perty membership of 22,008, ond of least 10 times that numberof sym pathizers, it would take e secret police of close to a million to maintain ‘4 constant’ surveillance of this group. ‘This is utterly contrary to our democratic traditions and would mean the setting up of an enormous40 Tels GoxmroNter pakity ov THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘American ‘Gestapo or MVD. Within the, limits of its resources, the FBI is, of course, doing a magnificent job. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that in combating a conspiratorial organization includ- ing, directly or indirectly, at times, within ite orbit, more than half a million individuals and st the same time exerting ‘its efforts against {rime of every conceivable type, the WBI is confronted with a stupen~ Gous task Hence the necessity of relying upon all available informa tion which can be obtained from ex-Communiste. : Tt Js eometinies askod, “How do we know the reformed Communists « have actually reformed? How do we know thet they are not secret zgents of Joseph Stalin?” Such questions may be based upon sheer ignorance of the problem eoupled with a desire to disguise that ignorance by the assumption of an attitude of apparent supercaution Without any spoefe foundation. “They may be based upon 8 stubborn Mnwillingness to face hard and unpleasant facts, On the other hand, they iay be the result of a Communist plant intended to cast doubt ‘upon those who can best expose them, rom the Communist view. Point itis exedlent strategy, to confuse opponents and dieerodit Thost. effective witnesses. "This shallow skepticism toward ex- Conntiuinists is sometimes found in circles which have been consistently apologetic and defensivo toward the Communists, "The answer to the above questions, of course, is that intelligence and commonsense are toquired in dealing with both Communists ‘nd ox-Communists. ‘There is no substitute or short cut. The fect of the matter is that, in judicial end deportation eases thus far, ‘fcluding the cases of Alger Hiss, Harry Bridges, the 11 Communists Jeaders, Harold Christoffel, and “many others, the testimony of ex-Communists has demonstrated a high level of credibility under FHgqrous cros-exsminaton and vestigation, "8Those who do not understand the Communist underworld are apt to misunderstand all that js involved in turing ‘against the Com- Thunist Party. It is not nearly so simple as repudiating a political party. ‘AS indicated aboye, Corimunist headquarters maintain an elaborate dossier on each jndividual party ‘member to be used as a club against any possible defection. dely circulated smear campaigns directed ‘against anyone who attacks the party or its constituents serve as @ powerful deterrent. ‘Those who have earned their livelihood by grace of the Communist machine, in 8 Communist-front organization Or through one of its unions or publications, are immediately penalized by this vast apparatus. “ihe history of the international Communist movement is replete with cases in which dissidents have been assassinated or have mysteri- ously disappeared. Former Soviet Intelligence, Ohief Walter G. ‘Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel in the early for Geor, ", Alberts, an opponent of Communists in the maritime ield, was found dead on board the steamship Point Lobos in 1941, beaten with blunt instruments and hacked with knives. Juliet Stuart Poyntz, & leading Now York Communist, suddenly vanished without 0 trace in the late thirties.- Laura Law, whe is threatening an exposé of the party in the State of Washington, mysteriously, disappeared. ‘The purging and liquidation of 1 Communists is @ common ‘occurrence in countries behind the Iron ‘Curtain and in the Sovist ‘Union. It thus takes some courage for an ex-Communist to defyspec COMDEONIGR PARTY OF "HKE UNTIED STATES OF antEacA “41 nefasious machine. Under .the cireumstaness, ex-Communiste Ripe expecta to prefer obscurity and safety. : {be expecta five which impela an ex-Communist_ t testify in ox pofore a congressional committees spit of the rss ‘which he or eterteh te is simple, 10 sseribe at toe mare deste for ney A this may be tuo in tue rare cego of « Mutisow: (DVt sino possible that. arson ‘who has been disillusioned with Com- tio Pons gnd who is fully convineed that this mevement. i we aly antisocial and anti-American might be moved Dy 8 (ess serenely Yip country from, what he now realizes Co be 0 rapt ‘and ding danger, baving now determined te crusade 28, devotedly. for Ae oe Lo once did for a movement which zislod ang deceived May moe has indicated this js the actual motivation inthe 5 ret Tomer Communists who have given testimony ageinst party. PRT ack, “Flow ‘ean you, believe on ex-Communist whe dime iS resorted to Hes tnd deceit and who bas boon wilieg ie hall with a, movoment whieh demands outright disloyalt} Dy GEES States in behalf of the Soviot, dictatorship, and whi ‘bo United S'ahco from treason to murder in support of ite efforts” dones every Gryestion property, itis necessary t0 understand the newt Sak the Communist moral code is built up.« In thie cesses we to quote as this point the report of the Condit auctor anion of duno 27, 1940, which dealt with, Communist Jee lenges, in which individuals ware conditioned Dy # ser of Gyreburses, In ‘view of the highly epordinated fn: disciplined dy com the international Communist movement, tis practice ‘st be viewed as typical: rhe sours of study in the “cal” undermine eradualy the evel ¢f othe, cures ol thom, ite ones ony Someta 9 ing man or Woman Weaed sa thot, as tbat ie revegted by the ‘eet ot cio Inter thee of glo O04 Pen ely rl ot ric osteo erp ne iy critical cial, Gele\ee fe society This pase of the,preparstion fee itade toward, Western co an earrent air, cenigned to furthor ® erst Indes ward the ideals of domoeratie society. i ie sorlCT e designed not to promote docial ‘ie tg weaken the loyalty of the group #2 Fut oye, goes an oreanirod idootrnte Eine al thet tacit Pj the svuy-grgep meer ost a eaeulted rei ne luo of the prozmgnan fm foreign Ste, CAL (stp ie"coanuapet te mopgcis Commuait SUSE PS, ewe books on Hain el ected source sna tobe gradual develo aoe aks he ot ot yess coe of aneere OFAN, sek of tne of ve aya toy tae study grooms come adores ns «gin by fecling that Canadian society i pot ‘democratic or not equaliearla, enough abo by tec nt Canaan = mfr apart of ost of tha ova ‘bdr ea aro sradunly Wr. huereneg to naznr fant lbet coun hey gusts, Appar yeti oF ogatianzan eae Canad, i ack fcl ins of es Se ons fn any cas to la dais Fae Eien sense of ataroatlogsl tp ary the Canacinn avmpacise Am eects Wein at yay ast Af, Grafs conan ional to dary # etetarnmtona deals eabjetie Sty ec ei ty Se ie ae ed “easly inked ie net oho of sti fora Sata, wh He 2a Intensive CrP ofthe uationel iterests of eat foal itis and with hp ron conse. ot Penn Delis eoupiout the world * * * sigue2 THB COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ‘A further objective, pursued {rough the study-group is gradually to inculeato es oe eB ie Comhtnlt Baty oth ct Samples ooodenes to Fete tae ci Tieoughc contansaipten ae fadoutefation SERS, on he iiportanto of organisatfon ae such, and by Uh grail efention im jeimihd of the How aden or ezmpathng of ga overilng mcrl gece of issalty to the Party”: This “loyalty o the Party" in du courte takes the piano Bo eb na gt fo carla ogy to crtain pine proesed by tho "Tio indoctrination courees in the study groups aro apparently caleuated rot aly to inculcate ssh depres of “loyalty fo the Party and obedience 0 the iy? but tonal is tetmind of che adherent the view that loyelty and obsdie ceo the leadership of ti organiaadon taleo procodonco over his loyalty to ‘Mundin, entities him to dlsresard hig gatho of allegiance and seereoy, ad thts Toys is integrity asa ohtaen. ¢ ¥ * (pp. 12-70). In other words, the Communist is indoctrinated with a standard of sealy(o the Soviet Union sila o that which moves the Aueriean didicr to justify killing an enemy, spying and lying to accomplish the homy's defeat Nevertheless, this mdsvidual a may bo por sell honeat, moral and yprigt citizn in his doalngs with his tellow ten, , Honoe it ie conosivable that once he fully and sincorely opudiated his Communist moral eode the individual could and woul imultancously repudiate tho type of behavior which it justified, Failure to understend how to handle the ex-Communist and. how o malre full uso of his inside knowledge of the Communist conspiracy aay result in costly errors for the United States, RECRUITING No political party in the country is as aggressive in recruiting now embers as is the Communist Party, nor as eystematic. J. Peters in ‘is Manual on Organization lays down the principle thet “Continuous laily recruiting is the basic task of every Unit and each individual ember of the Party.” “Recruiting is compalsory with ouch party mombor, who is expected o fulfill his share of tho quota assigned to his club or section in regular arty Recruiting Campaigns. These campaigns are usually concen- rated upon workers in the basic. industries, upon Negroes, whom he party considers as useful, explosive tinder in promoting social Niolon ad upon influential pooplo in various walks of life) ach varty member is expected to keep a list of prospects whom he is ex- jected to cultivate systematically, under specific party direction. In cer pamphlet he ‘Communist ‘Party and. You, Botty Gannett, \ssistant Organization Secretary of the CPUSA, makes the following uggestions: Communist must constantly help to educate his fellow workers, through the ile and distribution of Commun tterature, securing subsoriptions. for tie Sosatannise press, sudividoal dsguasions, sud tazough tsiuenelng the most mile fant workers to icin the Communist Party * FF make dew frends, especially in your shop, your usion, your organiza- sonore newhonhaad ek youve, Yo wil ud aor Gomme os our iar pace sip you bring them nearer 10 Our Sry, Use this matenal constantly“ i your bate aid, Tris algo true thet tho party has 9 tremendous turnover es converts recome disillusioned and drop out. Hence the importance of at- ‘raoting new gullibles.THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ~43 ‘The following account of tho recruiting of an American Communist is to be found in Life for January 5, 1048: He joined the party in 1985, when he wae 20 years old. It wasn't simple, 1 joining the Demoarutle party or the Elks." Ty fag the reward for three Yours of ‘Work, study and obedioneo to dieipline * * "Te bogan when ho was still a Bign-school sttdent, in Chicago, a8 social pleasure and what he thought thea to bp intellectual adventure * © * ‘There ‘were parties, plonios, beach suppers, all Wish fonge and Inger, abquiions aa acing gle * OL courte {ves another tide fo allthis. There wore tasks, Hie ones at fret, more important ‘ones ator. - He distributed literacure at mass mectinge, walked iy a hunger march, find ft mas zather fun, oven a ite exeting, Ho didnot notiog haf ho was boing ‘watahed by the aldermen, watohed for ality and obediznce +" Soom he Was Teeny ue Wesker Root then vacingy nk One o two veaingy be ‘worktd on pealyaotiviteswrapping’ newapapery ath print soz, atoning ‘ass mendes, picketing the mats meetings of cthar orgationtions ©" * Alte ‘ite moat the Worker’ Sahool he could spot a supporter,” a “diversions” ria “dlacentar” ina tonversation on the weather * * © Ite hiea Ris member i the party = + * WHAT MAKES 4 COMMUNISY TIOK? : ‘The question is often asked,.“What inakes dn individual join’the Communist Party in the first, place?” No single answer will suifice, In each ease ther may bo a different motive or « mixture of motives. In some cases they are the result of normal psychological factors. Sometimes there are distinctly, abnormal features involved. It is necessary to understand these Inotives and factors if we aro siccoss- fully to deal with the problem. A trite explanation offered by the ill-informed is that: commiinism is a product of inequalities’ under our social. system., Hence, these people anguo, if wo will alleviato these conditions, wo will never have to worry about communism, Since it is manifestly impossible to devise a social system in which everybody will be satisfied, this would mean that we should meokly fold our arins end accept cominunism in our midst as a necessary evil for which wo oursel¥ee aro chiofiy to blame, In tho seoditd place, this approach overlooks the fact that millions of dollars spent on cleverly devised Communist propaganda, a bound to have some effect in any society, no matter how relativel contented, especially when supplemented by the activities of thousands of ardent zoalots. Tho misory theory of communism rins contrary to the actualfucts in our country. New York State, for example, has spproximately 50 percent of the total Communist’ Party membership and leads the ‘country. Yet itis second in tarms of per capita income as well as pez ‘eapita school expenditures. California is socond with approximately 16 porcont of the total party membership and yet it is fourth in terms of-per-eapita income and sevonth:in terms of per eapite. school. ex- penditures. Similarly, Illinois is third in membership, standing with Approximately 5 percent and yet it is sixth in per capita income and ind in torms of money spent for eehools. ‘Conversely, Mississippi is lowest in the seale of Communist Party membership but is also lowest in per capita income, ‘The misery theory of communism does not jibe with these figures nor with tho fact that such wonlthy porsong as Tredric Vanderbilt Pld, and prominent members of the Hollywood film colony, bave, been found to be members of.the Communist Party. Indeed the misery, theory of communism is exactly what the Communists would have us believe, in order to mislead us.44. < vy COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A corollary to this theory is that, workers, are attracted to-the Communist Party in tho hope of improving their lot economically. Despite Russia’s claim to be a, workers’ republic, the Communist movement, by its disruptive tactics end support of Soviet slave labor ‘camps, has aroused the deepest hostility of labor. Labor has, there- fore, expressed hittle desire to migrate to the so-called workers’ Para dise. Both the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of ‘Industrial Organizations are today bitterly fighting the Communists. In his report, to the plenary session of the national committee of the CPUSA held on March 23-25, 1950, Henry Winston, organizetional secretary, deplored the party’s “central woalcness in the fight to win ‘the workers” and declared that in-its effort to win Support for Henry A. Wallace’s Progressive Party the union “rank-and-fil generally” did not respond.. He emphasized the fact that “the coalition tactic our ‘Party worked out with the 1948 convention was not full; ‘unfolded in the shops.” Thus the Communist Party has little ‘ground: for the label of “proletarian.” "Tt would seam, on the contrary, that a large percentage of the party consists of mission-minded intellectuals who have constituted them es the exponents of the interest of labor, which wants no part of em, ‘William, Bledsoe, former editor of the Screen Guild Magazine in Hollywood, has brilliantly described: the reactions of wealthy movie stars and writers in his article entitled “Revolution Came to Holly- wood,” which appeared in the February 1940 issue of the American Mercury, These cases aro by no means typical of the industry at the present time. 1 saw Social Consclousiees quicken and oome to a boll in actors, writers, and .‘The Communist International has given clear directives to the ‘American Communist Party’ to concentrate ‘upon large industrial jlants. It has even indicated what specific’ industries'should be made the targét. For example,’ the Party: Organizer of February 1933 declared: ‘The Communist Intemational in January 1931 ralsed for our Party thé’ heed ‘of concentrating on the most decisive industries (mine, steel, textile, suto, marine) fh hve laeeet districts *'* * (p. ). ‘The same issue of the Party epantzer, ‘even pinpointed the cities sélected, indluditig Pittsburgh; ‘Cleveland, Detroit, ‘and Ohicago, so that the party might “firmly’'root itself in tho decisive ‘industrics.” ‘Sinco that’ timo; those objectives iave been broadened considerably to include more key indusirial cities, 3 ‘In Political Affairs for May 1950, Henry Winston presents his report to the plenary meeting of the national committeo of the Communist Party, USA, in which he points up the necessity for ‘a. maximum rogis- tration of party members in the following basic industries: Auto, electrical, steal, coal, rubber, and railroad, ‘What is the purpose of this concentration upon key industries? Again we must turn to, the Communist International for a cleat and forthright reply. ‘Its resolution on imperialist war adopted at its ‘sixth. congress in'the summer of 1928 is still the basic line today. Presented as the “main task in the struggle against imperialist war defore it: breaks out” is the following: Faotory and tzade union aotivity must bo oancontrated primacy in the indusirios ‘ehish forve fie mobilization for and gonduge of war, iko the metal industry, Fee ee eens eeaport & © hBideby sdernith other seyotitiona mass sctions (emonsiraions, eke in minlions works tageporé sites, et. ‘ho goueral strike * + isan extremely Important wespon* >> ‘The thirteenth plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International in December 1933 summed it up most suceinetly when it called upon afilisted Communist parties to “concentrate their forces in each country, at the vital parts of the war mechine of im- falism.” In Communist jargon, all countries which are anti- lommunist are labeled as “iniperialist.” : ‘Despite the fact that workers as'a group’find communism repulsive, it must be remembered that the Communist Party makes'it an active practice to colonize key industrial plants with aggressive, often college- ‘trained Communists who have been thoroughly mdoctrinated and rep-52 THB COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNYTED STATES OF AMERICA parod in, party. training schools. » The presence of one such trouble- Annker, io Ingo establishment can: be the source of considerable turmoil. Operating secretly within a given plant fo avoid detection, the pasty member receives every possible outside aid through what is known as “concentration,” defized by J. Peters as the ultilization of “all availe able fowss ‘an orgenizations to poetrats the selected factory” ‘Distribution of the Daily: Worker, of leaflets, open air meetings at the ieotory gate, are all handled by party members on the outside, house- * wives, students, ete. Leading party members are assigned to advise those who are inside.” Front organizations supplement their offors. J. Poters, signing himself J: P., stressed the importance of this task in the Party Organizer for Febréary 1983, as follows: ‘That District and Section Commitiaes mast conser their fest pale! responat- bility to thoso unius whe re concentrated on the important plants, ‘This means ‘hai ail the problema, in the concentration worl, aust be tisca up in the reapeote five committee, a clear fine of policy developed * * "-cotarades should be ‘ssigued to Delp tho units to sarry ou the work. * * If is incumbent upon the Communists operating inside the plant: to exploit “even tie most elementary grievances in the shop” and develop “pertal siruggles around those demands.” ‘Those strugues strikes ete, are not to be limited to the particular plant but must be broadlene to involve other plants and to involve the workers in.eonilict with the oligo and the government generally. : : ‘Tho Communist cell also functions as a source of information for Soviet military intelligenee.. In the same issue of the Party Organizer, F, B. or Fred Browa, alias for Alpi, an agent of the Communist Inter: national, is most specific on this point ‘An tihmodiate task for the shop nucle, for individual Party members working 4g shops, metal plants, chetmial factories, shipyards ‘on the watortront, lato keep ‘their cyes open and gee what is being shipped, what stops are boing taken by the Eostes for ihe transformation of eactey: 3 Heat eforia must be made to atop the # It is of moro than passing significance in this connection that the man who. was promoted to the small ruling secretariat position of national secretary of the Communist Party, USA, Js none other than Gus Hall, ‘alias for Arva Mike, Halberg, Arvo Gust Halberg, Arvo Kustaa Halberg, Gasper Hall, John Hollberg, and John Howell. He has boon convicted under the Smith Act. According to sworn testi- mony before the eity solicitor of Warren, Ohio, in 1987, he was tho leader of a borabing squad which obtained dynamite and hitroglycerin gud which vag assigned by Hall to blow up and destroy property of ‘the Republic Steel Corp, the homes of nonstriking workers, railroad property including rgoks and bridges, hoge tanks of highly volatile enzol, & municipal dam controlling water supply and the municipal electrie ‘light plant (hearings before the Special Committee on Un- ‘American Activities, November 4, 1938), The selection of Gus Hall fa ono of the top leaders of the party is éxtremely significant. ‘Meetings of the shop club are called secretly—never by written communication and usually by word of mouth. Even phone ealls are avoided. Meetings may be held in homes or in the local office of a Communist-contzolled union or sympathetic organization. If, a meeting room is rented, it is not hired in the name of the party. The work is divided up among the chairmen, the finaneial secretary in‘THE COMMUNIS? PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES.OF AMERICA 53 charge of dues, the organizational director in charge of recruiting and mooting arrangements, the press director in charge of Daily Worker gales and distribution as well as other Communist literature, edica- onal divector in charge of study classes and propaganda meetings, ‘As a rule, these mectings are held in the evening, once every week or two. No minutes aro kept, and financial records are Kep’ in code. Directives are presented orally from tho next higher body by a. per- sonal représentative, For conspiratorial purposes, it may be neocs- sary to divide up the members in a very large plant, into separate clubs by departments. For some time, the OPUSA published a confidential o1 called the Party Organizer, later known as Contact, which was devoted to givin guidance to party members on matters of organization. Al- rough this magazine is no longer published, its advice is currently relevant with the exception that it is now issued orally instead of in writing. The March-April 1932 issue of the Party Organizer, in describing correspondent C. B.’s experionces in the Bothlchem Steel mill at Sparrows Point, Md., declares: Grievances of fie workers oro, sais that ean bo developed into roars ‘Bomes of trike if thoy are earefuly bandied. Tae question what to do will ‘i ithe spmak ¢-*"¥ Revolutionary workers have'the tek of developg the rovance (2 the highest love. A study is made of the nature of the alleged: “grievance,” the de- partments and workers affected. A leaflet is distributed dealing with tho “‘griovance.”” The correspondent continues: Tine on Monday wil be espestlly “hot” fest boeeuse of the grievance s Reda boone of ti recat ak Che lett; tind Wf our oottntdes pase Hepsi in tho conversation andrei the aglealion t0)a Highs” love thers fro" great poseluties for singling out, goed prospecte for &. gtiovance ‘erouD, ‘ven'o the stent of bringing workers vgn from the ey line to thelr gwu hms Srringing them to-a desguatod place tha. was mentiaved for this occasion whore eyo sale road would oot Si to ape workers ee Ta ‘This account was followed by another signed by J.B. who deseribed the party's activity against a new boss in the Fisher Body plant: Immediately ator thi situation was roported a vory mall leat, on thia aeatiar was isuod ‘Ths leaflet wae distributed da this pardoular Gepartment in Yerigus places syeh as machines, Jookers, and all other" spots where the worker ould exaly sea them At luneh tine ove party comme started dselas the {eaiot ‘dna ho tryed that a grievance commtten should bo organized. "Tho corm. zBistee tent to the superintendent demanding thes the bos bg removed. = * = ‘When tho whistle blow, noue ofthe workers tesurned to work. = * = The activity of the shop club is not limited to the exploitation of minor grievances but is consciously integrated into current, Commu- nist international policy. During World War II these shop chibs wore allegedly dissolved as a token gesturo from our Soviet. allies. ‘Today Communist partios throughout tho world are emphasizing, as their chief issue at the present time, the drive to immobilize the dem- gcratic countries through a peace offensive. Literature distributed js slanted to give the impression that the United States is controlled by warmongers while the Soviet. Union is referred to.as “peace loving.” ‘The party is quite flexible in its organizational forms. In somo cases, industry clubs are formed including members from a given industry represented in a certain are, concentrating upon local factories and union activities.54. THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATUS OF AMERICA commuNITy oLUBS ‘The bulk: of the party membership is to be found in the community clubs, These clubs serve a number of essential functions: (1) as, a local politieal dynamo contact and sparking point to stimulate ‘activity in local front organizations, unions, mass organizations, and neighborhoods generally (2) as a support and aid to nearby shop clubs; @) as a channel for intelligence information for officials at the party center.. These clubs usually operate under some protective cover. ‘In determining the size of the community club, the party is ceught ‘on the horns of a dilemma. On the one hand, if it would attract public attention and support, it must hold public meet and encourage large attendance. On the other hand, it is compelled to resort to conspiratorial secrecy by the fact that its activities in the present periioc inoressingy demand defiance of the law, outright dis- loyalty to the United States and sacrificial loyalty to the Soviet fnion, thus arousing the ire of the public and subjecting it more and more to stern punitive legal measures, Tho party has definitely chosen the second alternative especially since 1945, dividing the ‘community clubs into small groups of about five. Public meetings ‘are held under the auspices of some convenient front organization not under the party. - Tn his Communist Party—A Manual on Organization, J. Peters has indicated the type of issues to be exploited by street or town units, including unemployment relief, the high cost of living, sanitar ‘conditions, sales tax, civil rights, police brutality, injunctions, He Another important tae of the Street and Town Unit i to help the Shop Units in is torritorp and near to it * *'* for example, ayntematic ale of the Dally Worker in front-of the factory; or eystomatic holding of ehop-gate meetings; die- tMbution of leeets or shop Dapers from ths outelde. ‘he Boot Unit oan aso fielp the Shop. Unit do open work around the fecory, in the stostear and bus Stallone, # + Tho Sizes Unit supports actively aad takes part tn tp trike Sttacle of he fesbory oer and also mobiles the nelghornood for sep- Dork furnishing reserves for the picket line, conducting demonstrations, elleting Sinko relief, eta, Again by way of illustration, wo eta nn artile in, Contact fae Sep- tember 1947 by Oleta Yates, cheirman of the San Francisco County of the Communist Party: Clubs must think in terms of moving peoplo—ten, twenty, one hundzed or yo hundred-—in protest delegations, picket les, demonstrations or other forms of trate. ‘The Daily Worker of April 26, 1950, cited, as an omulatory exemple for its Communist readers tho fact thet “20 men and women were found guilty of ‘disorderly conduct’ last week on a charge that grew out of a demonstration at the 44 Stanton St, Welfare Department center three weeks ago.” : ‘A representative list of Communist community clubs in the city of ‘Now York as shown in the Daily. Worker in the middle 1940's follows:THE COMMUNIST PARTY OP THD UNITED STATES OF AMMRICA 55 tone oscors—sentnd | Bree, ee EOP ae iat a BE ten | BRIER ee Se en oes eect ee ion Pea Cn SEES alhagw yr da oe | SEAS Ganowy SEER CAR Reet, sane cies cue teas ee Hes ae SF oan | ie Se at om Giub to Dahitt Gab Be na Bee Mee Bechet ta See hs FEE uum Rare th) Bares Eee Bee ees nes Range ees ES oe He Ghcels | FARES, irate ES aw Gee opens). Heese S ioraenomane Rees es a ee eens SERS aoe es EIRSEE AIS, HE wo os ta ras Ua 8, ESSE ims He ees Heese ewes ESBS oan om FE cei He oe ed oe peace eee Sees Belge Sie Ce es Beas G5s ce Ee Ge ay |, ES es etedeey ‘Buthenburg B Club Krumbein Club (Crown Hts) gues ES bee a, Epics te cup cx mom vou) Eevanaiace cas ae on | GEE Gs ony a, ee east es wee VNR eson Hae BEES re ues) swan Se E crap san iemegywco rainy Ue ue ema He, Reneoe eles EEE ES egnn BET cup Bay 20th St. Club New Uirecht Oiab (Bath Beach)56 TB COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA aooxurn—eontinued aaxuatnax—eontinucd Qvoane Oiub Club 8 (Lower Manhattan W Pathe Cie Sieh fdtene ia Parkvilio Gb Gb 21 Cretsen pean! Sip G3 Eb 65 {Carmen erimaa Clik lb 68 (Ga Plaza Club (Borg Hal) eb 80 : Project Clu (@ A. D) Goluesbus Til Cloby Restaurant Workere Club Grawford Ghub Riverside Club (Dore Hal). Gaiters Club ams Bt. Club (Bath Beach) Gaoon Chub Btilweti Club (Coney isiand) Drieser Cha 6 Bione Ave, Club Bry Goods Olub ‘Tompkins Club Dyckman Club ‘20th Ave: Chub (Bath Beach) Bast Hariom Youth Club heer Cab (Bats Bea) Eos Alay Cho” elneas Cl Tb Se, Club (Lower Chases Willamasbargh Youth, Ciub Santer Guu (Liseoln 39 ‘Wille Milton Youth Cia Bint B.D.Chub Winthrop Club ‘Freedom Cub Garibaldi ‘Club (Lower Manhattan wawmazran ante tae ‘Audubon North Club men, Youth Cia ‘Avddubon South Grats Gross Agult Club "atin Grub Harri Tubman Cab Biodaky Club (5 A. DQ Hillside Club Cawood) Brodsky Clu @ 4, D3 Hizpano Cla Greats “Club (Lower Manhattan J. Connolly Ciub (Wash, Hts.) en oreo ae oti byaoescon interns aus inher ot 3! ESI omy Bag Seen ees oe ite HEE ca oy ge, ety gs gaa ee Se Hate, neh Be i ct saumy — eceunal Sh See Svan BP ave mnson ta) Si cu i eee ets Bo Ga Ee ee eet) SE Fenty cen iSe Be Teme mao ahve Se aor cont Be Se enna tod Suhre Sh BEE one Macatin Woo Yee ae GS ei Tee ae aoe Ten ee Club 7a Youth Club(THE COMMUNIST PARTY:OF-TEE: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 57 ounnxs Astor Youth Club ohn Williamson, Chub ‘Reverne Cub Tunper Vatiey Crab ‘ato Chub Long iatend City Chad gos Searpeth Cheb Giub Meg Mee’ Cls Giup Mot Midale Vilage Ciub Gorons Youth Ci me Gouzty School Club ero Vete Clab Yar Rockaway M Club Sid eetok Club Bresdan Club Harts Chub (Rockaway) ige Club Hires Club Ville Mitten Club (loli) Holle Giub Woodside Cheb Yoo ti Gb SECTION commrrEe, ‘Pho section committee, headed by the section ongiinizer or chairman, supervises and direots the work of the shop and community elubs in givon arco. ‘Theis done through meetings of the club chairmen end ‘ough section ropresentetives sent to the meetings of the various clubs, Its officials parallel those in. the clubs: chairman, organina- tional secrotary, edueatioial director, press director, financial socrotary, ete,, who work on a volunteer basis, Speciian sections in New York City include the following with addresses as of 1946: ‘Tompkins Seuare Food Workirs Tower Machattsh peas omer West Side, 490 Stxth Ave,, Phone 7th 1. 1, West ‘Gk 50808 Lower “West ‘Side, 430 Sixth Ave, Jolferoon, 20) W, 2a 8t., TR 49962 “SH 50896 Unity, Center, 2744 Broadway, PH 7th A.D. Bast 38, Watertront, 200 W. 25th St, CH 41947 Qholses, 200 W. 25th St, CH 41688 Tallan, 27S Bleecker St, Cit 2: East Mdtoyn Bact Side (Oise), 154 Cliston St Lower Bast Side, 224 Second Av West Bide, 73. dt St Hank Forbes, 201 Second Ave 0088 East Hazlom, 171 B, 116 St, BD 42018 Yorkville, 350 B, 81st St, Lower “Harb, 1549 Motion Avo, Lower Halehts, 493 W. 145th St. ‘BA 2-7550 Washington Hights aRooxnrs, et Fgh at tA nah 4 te Ae BEET TE Ble ise, mm HESREAES me Soon eT eee Fort, Greono, 190 Tompkins Avo, EV Brownsville, 375 Saratoga Ave. 47183 East New Yorks, 806 Butter Ave, Beglord Stuyvesant 1289 Atlantic Ave, 12th AD, 305 Church, Ave ‘BT 5-068 Waterfront, 808 ath Ave, GR 9-9784 6th A.D, 190 Tompkins Ave,, BV 4- Boro Hall, 260 Fulton St, MA 5-0008 7188 Coney Island, 328 Mormiaid Ave. Brighton, Bench, 3200 Coney Island Flatbush, ‘$48 Piathush Ave. ve, Dis 6-814 ‘Williamsburg, 190 Tompkins Ava, EV Bastorh Parkway, 1188 President St, 47183 "RP 3.0730, Midwood Industral, 260 Fulton St, MLA 6-9004 Kings Metal s1go1*—60— 958 THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF TEE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA comm Rego, Astra, 47 Sclyay Avi! North Shore, 012 N, Boulevard Bunnyélde, 4014 Queens Bg.” est 1901 Boton Rand Morssnl, 1, 107 8, J 8-145 PORE sWinktaalicdrs,x04-2780 Kingsbridge 20: Kihbrgo Ra sree Oiaalie AeTOLS ey Medex WE Er ipuee ees Ib oaalG Sree eR Ue AME OE T886 Menuet’ 40P B foomont ves ER Homan Se RUN Arar OL saul "SRY Parkohester, 1600 Westchester” Ave, "TT 2-4805, According to J. Peteis’ Manual, “The Section is made up of a num- ber of Shop, Street or Town Units'in a given territory,” under the lead of the section committee. ‘The size of the territory of the sections, the members of the section’ committce and the section organizer ot chairman, are all subject to the decision of the next higher committee, £,, the district committeo or State committee: Hore again decisive Suthority emanates from the top. ‘The séction committee usually consists of from 9'to’L1 members, ~ : Cy punilgn on oman onainiayons The district covers «portion of the country: (a -part.of 1," or 1, 2 nd sometinies 8 States, depending upon the industies, on tho size of the membership, ete.).” Thus it will bo noted that district 2 covers all of the Stato of Now York, while district 1 includes Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshiro, and Rhode Island. Pennsylvania, on the other hand, is divided up between district 3 including eastern Pennsylvania and Delaware, and district 5 including western Ponn- sylvania, tho coal and stool centers. : In an effort to befog the publie mind, the Communist Pacty:consti- tution declares that— ; ‘The highest body of the'state o¥genisation is the State Convention, which shall convene at least once every two Sears § fact, Communist conventions aro perfunctory affairs ‘with little decisive power. In a fulltime conspiracy it is manifest that day-to-day decisions could not be left to a, biennial convention. ‘Actual power resides at all times in # stall secretariat of 3 or 5 within the distriot or State committoo, which may bo overruled at any time by a representative of tho national committee or the Communist Intemational (aow the Cominform), In its tum the district or State committee and its officials are subject to approval by the national committee. It usually consists of from 15 to 19 members, ‘Phe following chart gives the chain of Communist command from tho Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the smallest Communist unit in the United States. It attempts to sunmstriae the opinions. of mimerons formes members of the Comm: nist Party of the United States and the Soviet Union as to the structure of the international Communist movement.‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 59 ===] st ca locgeieniot Yorn = eters tren Tuccation! Poni Spann Teigstion rae wees ay ghee sore wens trteratsona tomcrstis Fay erie |) jot ft inthe : eur. see, cra] ee arian Fant Sea Seer rc dine Psd) corttate HESEAE PREF Stet See! ety nistiong Soe, Organiser, Oras saci, fre directa NATIONAL commrrrna, , The national committes which is clocted by the national convention ‘in accordance with slate proviously eubmitted by the party leaders subject to the approval of current Moscow represontative, usualh consists of from 30°to.35 members. All its members are not made60 THU COMMUNIST PARTY.OF THE UNITED STATES'OF AMERICA public. . According’ to’ thie party, constitution, this committeo “or {mines and superviees ite various departments dnd committees; puides fnd directs all the politiéal-and organizational work of the Party; ‘loots oF rernoves. editors of its press who work under its leadership and guidance; organizes and.directe all undertakings of importance to tho entire Barty ; administers the national troasury.” ‘The national ‘committee meots about every 4 months, its members being distributed fs organizers in the various districts throughout the country, . The, ational committes elects a national board of about 11 which is resic dent in New York City, and meots about once a. week. ‘Tho national board in jurn selects a secretariat of 3 to S including the chairman, tho executive secretary ond other members of the national head- muacters staif, who run the party from day to tay. “In each case it should be remembered that recommendations fot each post come from the top down, the highest echelons boing subject to recommendation ‘and approval irom Moscow itself, ‘There are'no rival candidates or ‘contests for office. Phe actual furietioning of the national committee and its smaller, ruling notional board of politburo (a-term copied straight from the Communist Party of tho Sovict Union) is not in aecordance with any presoribed constitutional procedure. Tt is totelly at variance with routine practices in other political parties or in fact in traditional ‘American organizations in general. It is even extremely doubtful whether the ronlk and file Communist Party member has the vaguest Botton of what is going oa in the uppor eles of hls onganization, ‘Wo shall try to give e true picture of the “broadest inner democracy” of which the party-boasts.: - ? ‘DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE Because of its jquasi-military and conspiratorial character, the Communist Party, USA, pays considerable, attention to the matter of discipline. ‘The nationsl convention elects! a national, review commission, formerly known as the control commission, which is strictly limited to ‘tested’? mombers of the party who have been active for at least, S-years. - What the party constitution does not:say, however, is that niombets of this commission are closely interlocked with the under- (ound suparsius ofthe party and with Sovit military intl neo. jecause of this in some instances it commands greater authority than the national committee itself. Among those who have been members of this commission in the past are Charles Dirba, alias Moore; XK. Rada; Jacob Mindel; Charles Krambein, former Comintern emissary jailed for passport. fraud; and Jacob Golos, revealed in testimony, by Elizabeth Bentley and Whittsker Chambers as the hoad'of on underground xing of the Communist Party. Current practice has been not to reveal the names of the members of the Teview commission. This commission has charge of all disciplinary procedure throughout the party,-and,is entrusted with the custody ‘of the party’s secret recor ‘What matters are-the subject of disciplinary action decording to the party constitution? One count is “conduct or action, detrimental {otis working: elas.” "Considering itglt 4s:the “political party of the «American. working lass,” it remains for. the. party officials to‘TECH COMMUNISI PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 61, interpret this highly: elastic category of offenses. ‘The: opinions of responsible labor officials are not asked. Another offense ts conduct or action detrimental ‘to the interests of the Party,” another vague classification, Punishable also is any. violation of the docisions of party committers, Under these broad categories of party offeuses the civil rights of party members are extremely tenuous. In his book, From Bryon. to Stalin, William Z. Foster, party chairman, describes the expulsion of members of the central executive g¢ national committee for a variety of reasons, uitely foreign to the ‘American political scene. Salutsky, Lore, and Askeli were expelled in 1923-24 as “contrists.” J. P. Cannon’ and others were expelled in 1928 as “Trotskyites.” Jay Lovestone was expelled in 1929 for “right opportunist tendencies of a semi-Social Democratio character” and because he violated a decision of the Comintern, Earl Browder’s expulsion of February, 5, 1946, was based on changes of “factional activity,” attacks on the leadership of the French Communist Party, ond “roviioniem of Marxism,” and “obstructive passivity,” ‘Tho penalties which may beinvoked for these offenses are (1) Private censure; (2) publie eonsure; (3) removal from commitieos; (4) removal from alll responsible work; (5) expulsion from the party. We might add a estogory of self-consure... In 1920 aftor tho expulsion of Jay Lovestone as general secretary of tho party, and in 1945 after similar setion against Karl Browder as gonersl secretary, party leaders has- toned to admit thelr errors in support of these leaders snd to publicly repudiate them, LBADERSIIP ouLr In order to insure unquestioning obedience to its mandates, the international Communist movement inculcates complete subservience toiits “lender.” ‘Thus Joseph Stalin was referred to in such superlative terms as ‘the leader of progressive humanity,” “the great defender of peace,” “grent successor in the cause of the immortal Lenin,” the “unifier of peoples,” “the great military leader of modern times,” ‘greatest strategist of our cra,” “symbol of heroism and glory,” and 80 on. | On a smaller sealo the gamo atmosphere of slavish adulation per- mentes the national committeo of the Communist Party, USA. Tes- timony to this effect comes from William Z. Foster, himself, the pazty’s chairman, In his article in Political Affairs for September 1945 Foster states frankly: ‘With his geoat personal prestige and his excestive dagresof authority, Browder’s ror iad come practitly to ny in our Party a He had row ainont Into a dictator. Tlis euthority regehed sugh a point that bis word had become ‘Virtually unctallengeable in our Party. iis policies and writings finally were ‘cepa ltmost unerteally by the leaders end the general membership. Browder gr “Iie raecctontuated bY the deiug of pet Nourgoosalation, pai ‘Bongedeg and hemo that was constantly poured upon hin by out keder= jonstantly grasping for more power, Comrado Browder had largely liquidated fe politcal uctons of the Party's nding bodies.” He nabitually by-passed fatlonal Board in poliey making * * ®. “Phe National Comiltige, also hail gredually lost all real political power. Tt sgssembled; i listened to Browder's proposals; it aflimed them; and ie dispersed ‘p the distticts to impress the poliey upon the membership. "Of genuine political ‘eouscion tere was none Whatever in the National Committee, Similarly, our recent National Conventions ‘were hardly better than the National Committee62 Tizp COMMUNIST PANTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA esting ith til forpat endorsiment of Browsers reports, 10! pol ‘pestis th ey rma adoraent Pla ences ese MO Pen nase ae Salt ptt ae ic ih Bare aersim de olby over as othe ta ‘Of course, Fostor strives to create the impression that Earl Browder ‘was individually at fault for this state of affairs. “Nowhere does he admit that the nimosphere he desoribes'is typical. ‘The fact remains that. although Browder was general’ eecrotary from’ 1930 to 1945+ with the knowledge and approval of his Moscow superiors, Fost who had been loud in praise of Browder’s “insight and. vision,” hailing him’es the “heroic lgader. ‘of the people,” did not dare to change: hhis tue publicly: until, 1945 -after, the French Communist leader, Jacques Duclos, had damned Browder in the name of the interna- ‘tional Communist. hiorarchy. - Following the ejection of Browder, Foster Was quick to pay his homage to his successor, Eugene Dennis, quoting, him with deeper respect. Dennis, according to. Foster in the Daily Worker. of May’ 15, 1950, “symbolizes the just’ cause of Pence ‘democracy, and socialism” and is si ‘out as “the foremost. eader of our'party.”” a SPIRIT OP PREVAILING FEAR ‘The truth igthat thé-same Communist leaders who are the per- sonification of defianes bofore-congrossionel committees and-the courts of the land, who pour a steady stream of vilification upon. Tepresentatives of ‘the American Government, are paralyzed .with fear before the emissaries of the Soviet dictatorshig “In the September 1045 issue of Politiéal Affairs, Foster openly admitted that the chairman of the party would have faced expulsion had ho made public his lott to the nasonal commition of January 1944 in which he dared to take issue with Browder, then the current Moscow favorite.’ Inthe Communist of April 1044 Foster's views re openly ctstighied Pofora tho entre party by Ceshard Fil, en lien. “Foster submitted meckly and without protest, simply beeause Eisler possessed the blessing of Moscow. Tb is indeed hard to reconcile the rebellious fire-eater of the Daily Worker,and of congressional committees’ hearings with the submis sive Mx. Foster before his Moscow superiors, Speaking in Foster's resenco before the American commission of the Executive Com- Inittee of the Communist, International on May 6, 1929, Joseph Stalin was unsparing in his castigation of his American Gatleiter. ‘We quote hig speech in part: ‘ho Foster Grozp acts to diapay it laity to fe, CRSU, (Cpmmanst patty of the Sovak, Unio) Sod frosiasn He at “stati.” Good ad well’ +t # "ine Foster Group rants to demonstrate its closeness to the Com fara. * + * Good and well £ *'* Let the Muscovites know how wo Americans fan play.on the Hxebangs, * * * But Comrades, the, Couintern is aot an Bx hange The Comintern fe the holy of holies of the yorsing dass. ‘The Comintern {nuetr therefore, ot be Yaten for'an exchenge. +t MTG charaoterie shat in welling to his foade Comrado Foster refers to that conversation ar somelivag mysierious, as somesbing about which one must no® ‘oud. © = > What could thare'be 90 mysterious in my conversations with age Foster? +" “did Foster speak to, me about? He odmplainod of the factionaliem and tnprineipled character of Comeads Lovestone’s kroup. © * * Ty adinitted that Gonads Tovestone's groupie guilty of these ‘igressions. * *.* From hi,‘THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 63 Conrad, Foster cones ty, he snes onaaiag tat Carmpatbin with he enter) Minor ee Te at which Comrade Foster WiSHIE) ese SRE too REALITY How did Mr, Foster, a froo-born American, react to this humili- ating dressing down from a, foreign potentate? ‘Thera is no. trace of any teply to this tirade by Mr. Foster. | His attitude toward Joseph Stalin was, however, clearly expressed in answer to @ Government question in connection with the trial of the 11 Communist loaders and was published in'a special supplement to the Worker of September 25, Jo4g, "Ho was asked whether he was presont and joined in th fol lowing greeting to Joseph Stalin at the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International in Moseow in July 1935: ‘To Comrade Stalin, Leader, Teacher, and frend ofthe prolaterat and oppressed of the whole world # ito adress usolves to you, Comrade Stain out ede rc oat nde tho rae inlet prea sad imitators and more fowests the 8. 8m RR os Sou ’Ctuade Stalin the leader of ti tellers i all eounteos, gaze fll of hope gad love. * = * You Ihave taught and re touching us Communists tho Bolahevdk art of uniting unghale= ‘ble Odelity to prinetplos with closest contact with the masses, © = Goritade Bats, tat the Gomumucste wil stays and eeesyere be Taga eS ‘he end to the great and invineio banner of Mars, Engels, Leni, and Stalin. He replied: 1 wa not pron of thie articular demonstration but I icied i the sprit of Stand endorsed it. »'* * 1 Thought such man deserved the ovation that he got In fact this bootlicking servility rans in a never-varying thread through all of Foster’s utterances after Stalin took over power. It is worth noting by way of contrast, that Foster has repeatedly denounced he chosen, heads of hie wn eolnty as imperialists and Warmongir Hore is choice sample, from the Dally Workor of Januacy 12, 1048, age 3: One of the pustancng trata of President roman a polit ender ls domtgogy. He is @ Toaclionaty who covers isle polteien with fait Horas cold bloody Indulgs In tering omies tothe maser, wih Bo preparation! foe war and tho agarose pushing of big byloes imperil al hidden under words of angele peace this was the heart of Prosdait Pramas’ Report. And a sister hear ie wane ® In his standard work, the History of the Comimunist Party of the United States, William Z, Foster has this to say: = © When one cot of capital: demagogues—Truman, thomaseives, cepialism knows iow torso ip another set—icenhower, Relaivan, ete-—to keep bourgzois iusions alive among tho tolling masses (o. 408)- Tn his testimony before the Committee on Un-American Activities on November 26,1946, Louis F. Budens famished onother example of the paralyzing fear which porvades the upper strata of the CPUSA. The incident involved Gerhard Fistor, alias Edwards, and Clarence Hathaway, then editor of the Daly ‘Worker, a member of the party's top political committee or national board. Budenz, who in late 1945 was managing editor of the paper, described what took placo al an editorial board mooting he attended: 1 sane nto, at mosting of tp tora bean of tw Dally Worker * ren To aud behold to my sirprito a walked Man. Kawardey ke didnot even Introduce’ himsslt to the editorial boerd, but in ho, walked Aad pnoceoded 40 fay Hatharay for almost an hour, decatiog him to be unit to bo\edivor f the ‘Taft, ete—atserodit64 max communist PaRty.o¥ tim UNITED STATES OF ANGERICA Dally Worker, that he was more Interested in his pioture on the front page than Fees Inrunning the paper” a(t shouid bo run, polleatly. And 1 was amazed af this beoause of Hatenway's portion, as represented by the dally press ab fat Hine aa on of he hig thee running the pty Bat Bawa came In, Bied Watkawuys and Aathavay Gd not do anything byt al ere wilh a lly {rin and ad fo Wako tas iounelng. Pha wae w ofueation fo we if ‘Mr. Budenz continued his testimony with the caso of Harry Gannes, late foreign editor of the Daily Worker: : Fro was about to be convicted of false paesports when he died of a brain tumor. “His denth ‘was hastened by fear and wamry.- T worked fa the same office with Him of tho time and know that moet of hie trouble was not fear of Annerice, no? Tent of an Amerlcaa, prison, but fear of people back of him in the Communist conspiratorial apparatus. He feared he’ would. have to divulge somo. of tho Eiwy aigures ite whom he Worked for the Kremlin. No party official, no matter how high his status, was apparently ‘exempt from this fear complex. Mr, Budenz declared in his testi- mony, “I havo seen Earl Browder look like he was struck with a most ‘intense {right on more than one occasion, and Jack Stachel Tooks as though somebody was chasing him all the timo,” Tt would seem, therefore, that whereas the lower layers, of the BE, Meat be ntivated’ primarily by ideologies! devotion, its ‘igher echelons are driven by an overpowering fear of a far-reaching ‘conspiratorial network from which they cannot extricate themselves even if they desire to do so—a cold-blooded machine which is merciless toward even the slightest infringement of its drastic ukases. COMMUNIST PARTY, USA, AS A PUPPET Despite the fact that the party constitution specifies the national convention as “the highest authority of the Party”, actual practice discloses that the coat of real authority lies neither with the convention nor with the national committee which it supposedly elects, but with ‘Moscow. ‘The House Commitieo,on Un-American Activities entered into considerable deteil on this point in its report on ‘The Communist, Party of the United States as.an Agent of a Forcign Power, published in 1947 as House Report No. 209. We elaborate this Point by an examination of party behavior sincs November 16, 1040 when the CPUSA disafiilinted from the Communist Internation: “for the specific purpose of removing itself from the terms of tho so- called Voorhis Act” (H. R. 10094) and subsequont to the alleged dis- solution of the Communist International on May 80, 1043. Political Affairs, formerly known es ‘The Communist, is the official theoretioal organ of the CPUSA. Its editoriel board includes such. topflight members of the national eommitteo as V. J. Jerome, Abner " Berry, Alexander Bitteliman, Jack Stachel and Max Weiss. It is published’ under the supervision of the national committee for the purpose of supplying the members of the party with political directives for the coming month. It is, therefore, of the highest significancs that the issues of this suthoritative magazine contain in almost every jsouo articles on tho outstanding éurrent issues by, prominent writers for the Communist press of the U, 8. S. It.” Thus the CPUSA graphically demonstrates to its members tho truth of the statement which appears in the Daily Worker of March 5, 1939, that— ‘The Communist Party of tho Soviet Union always wag and always will be a ‘model, an example for the Communist partice of all eountries.TA COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 65 SOVINT WRITERS WHOSH ARTICLES HAVE APPEARED IN THE COMMUNIS?, LATER KNOWN AS POLITICAL APPAIRS, THRORWTICAL MONTELY MAGAZIND OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY, USA. 1040 Ackerman, A-—Lenin at the Second World Congress’ of the Communist’ Tnter- "aational, 030-949, Ootobar. in, M.—"The Renaissance of Nationalities and the Consolidation of Ni in tho U. 58, Ry 996-875, April, Fuernberg, ¥.—A Brilliant Manual of Bolshevik Tactics, 749-762, August. Kosiachenko, G—The Basle Principle of Soctalism, 1038-1034, November Lande, G. G— Dynamic Changes in tae Population of the Sovct Unto, 1081— Lenin, '. T-—On the World Imperialist War, 510-817, June; The United States ‘of Burope Slogan, 17-20, January. Mendelsohn, 1—-On Lenin's Classio Work, “Imporiatism, the Highest Stage of Capitalsns,” 173-170, Febraary. Mitin, M.—the Power of Stalinist Prediction, 141-148, Februnty. Statin, Joceph—How Doss Socisl-Demooracy Understand the Na‘ional Question? 710-738, Avgust, Yaroslavsty, Emiiian—On Bourgeois and Bourgeois-Demooratio Revolutions, “49-97, January. soul Gorodetsicy, E-—The Patriotio War of 1918 Agatnet the German Invaders of the ‘Uiraing, 1001-1107, Bevember, ror, BReview of *Baletis of Natur,” by Frederick Engel, 83-88, eusangr, CeongeSoace and Time—Foms of the Bsstnce of Matter, 7= Bb, Apel; 488-407, May 508-70, Fane, 692-050, July, Leuin, Vet imperiinon gad the Bhltin the Soealbt Movement, 151-164, tung Te Panis by fu, asd-b7,Ooteber, Stall, Josephe—Vietory Wil Bo Ours’ 673-677; Angush, igen Algzanror, rogaty Delay tn Tntating the Beeod Pront May Spel! Diter, Molotor, Va M=Speceh of the Occasion of the Signing of the Soviet Bish Mutua Aatatanar Trenty, 75-576, July, Sta Josph-Orter of ths Day cn May Bay, 1942, 402-407, June; On Use Ante Hitler Calition of te Waited Nations, £91106, fuly, Lavi te tonny Cooslay {1 Setond Front, 357, November; The U8. Wand oo Anglo Sayles Aceraes Fgh Ailanee, 9684975, Deoumbers Order af the Day te tee stad Ate sek fhe Soviet Boos nthe Geran of oo veny- 2th, Aunivegary the Osisder Revelitign 972°905. Deoeber,” Laer Up Assreatad Foes Reyes ‘eotative Honey C. 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