Magnetism, Inductance and

Transformer Theory and

Practice
City and Guilds 2330 Level 3
Presented by: Rob Pettit
Unit 1 Outcome 4
 Contents
Magnetism.
Inductance
static, dynamic,
self and mutual.
Calculations.
Transformers.
Efficiency.
 Magnetism
Magnetic lines of force
are invisible and have
no physical existence.
Magnetic lines of force
help us to visualise
magnetic effects.
This magnetic force is
called MAGNETIC
FLUX measured in
WEBER(s) (Wb)
(pronounced veyber).
Magnetic flux has the
Greek letter
(pronounced as PHI).
rules of magnetism
The following rules apply to
ALL magnets, from the
smallest to the largest,
natural or electro.
- Lines of flux NEVER cross OR
touch each other.
- Lines of flux ALWAYS travel
North to South.
- Lines of flux ALWAYS form
closed loops.
- Lines of flux ALWAYS act like
elastic bands trying to
shorten themselves. This
action can be used to provide
motion.
- Lines of flux are ALWAYS
concentrated at the poles.
- Like poles ALWAYS REPEL;
unlike poles ALWAYS
ATTRACT.
 Magnetic Fields
The STRENGTH of a
magnetic field is
known as MAGNETIC
FLUX DENSITY
measured in TESLA(s)
(T).
Magnetic Flux density
has the Greek letter B.
Magnetic Flux Density
is dependent on
Magnetic Flux (Wb)
and Area of iron core
(m).
Magnetic attraction or repulsion
 Electromagnetic force
A conductor, lying at right-angles
in a magnetic field will move if
current is passed through the
conductor.
The direction of current and the
orientation of North and South
poles will determine the
DIRECTION of force.
This is the same principle for both
MOTORS and GENERATORS.
We use Flemings LEFT hand rule
for motors and flemings RIGHT
hand rule for generators.
Current flowing TOWARDS you is
indicated by a SPOT on the
conductor (shown).
Current flowing AWAY from you is
indicted by a CROSS on the
conductor (shown).
In either case the DIRECTION
of the magnetic field AROUND the
conductor is as shown.
 Magnetic Flux Density calculation
Magnetic Flux Example; a coil
Density (B) induces a magnetic
formula is; flux of 740 Wb
into an Iron core of
area 260mm.
Calculate the
B tesla Magnetic Flux
area Density (strength)
in the core.
 solution

6
740x10
B 6
2.85T
260x10
This magnetizing coil has a Magnetic Flux Density of 2.85 Teslas
Flemings Left and Right hand rules
Force (N) = BIL
B=magnetic flux
density (T)
I=current flow in
conductor (A)
L=length of conductor
(m)
Left hand rule for
motors and right hand
rule for generators.
 Movement

Depending on the direction of North to south AND the direction of current

flow in the conductor, the conductor will MOVE either UP or DOWN.
Magnetic lines of flux will take the EASIEST route from N to S.
The conductor has ROTATING magnetic field around it the direction of
rotation is dependent on the DIRECTION of current flow. (cross = away
from you, spot = towards you).
The N to S magnetic flux would rather follow the flow of the rotating
magnetic field.
This leads to MORE lines of flux appearing either above or below the
conductor.
As a result if there are MORE lines under the conductor it will move
UP.
If there are MORE lines over the conductor it will move DOWN.
Motion from Magnetism
A coiled conductor carrying
current, has similar properties
to a bar magnet.
Coiling the conductor around
a soft iron core increases the
flux density (strength)
significantly.
By controlling the current
through the coil, the
electromagnet can itself be
controlled.
This is the basis for motors,
solenoids and relays.
The magnetic forces are
shown on the solenoid coil
here.
 Solenoid
A solenoid is an electromagnetic
switch.
The metallic plunger can be made
to move when current is applied
to the coil.
A spring in the solenoid will
return the plunger to its original
position when current is switched
off.
Solenoids can be push or pull.
Note: coils can quickly burn out
if the solenoid is activated
WITHOUT the plunger.
Generator
Michael Faraday
discovered that if a
conductor cuts magnetic
lines of flux, an emf is
induced into the conductor.
The amount of emf
induced into the conductor
is proportional to the
speed with which the
conductor cuts the lines of
flux.
Induced emf (v) = BLv
This is the principle of an
electric generator.
Flemings RIGHT hand rule
is used for directional
information.
 Calculation of Induced emf
(voltage)
emf=BLv (volts) Example; a
B = magnetic Flux 4500mm conductor
Density (Teslas) moves through a
L = length of magnetic flux
conductor (metres) density of 2.85T at
33m/s. Calculate
V = velocity the induced emf.
(metres/second)
 solution

emf 2.85x4.5x33 =423.2v

This simple generator would induce 423.2 volts into the conductor
 Induction
STATIC INDUCTION.
- This is static electricity or
triboelectricity.
- It can be caused by
FRICTION.
- Lightening is an extreme form
of static electricity.
- It is caused by the friction
between ice particles in
clouds.
DYNAMIC INDUCTION.
-This is where an object with
electrical and magnetic
properties can induce a
voltage into another object.
- Dynamic means movement.
The movement here is current
flow or motion of a conductor
in a magnetic field or a
moving magnetic field.
- This is the principle of a
generator, motor of
transformer.
- Care should be taken
regarding Dynamic Induction
in supposedly dead
conductors in close proximity
to large live AC power cables.
A voltage may be induced into
the dead cable.
 Self-Inductance
A coil around an iron core will
induce a MAGNETIC field into
the core when current flows.
When current is TURNED OFF,
the magnetic energy
contained in the core CANNOT
simply disappear.
Newtons law on the
conservation of energy
states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed. It can
only be changed from one
form to another or transferred
from one body to another.
The total energy WILL
however, ALWAYS remain
CONSTANT.
This single Inductive coil is
known as a CHOKE. Found in
many discharge lights.
Back emf (self inductance)
In the circuit shown here,
electrical energy from the battery
is converted to magnetic energy
by the coil when the switch is
closed.
When the switch is opened, the
circuit is broken and the
magnetic energy stored in the coil
converts back into electricity
(back emf) and briefly lights the
attached neon lamp.
A neon lamp would normally
require more voltage than the
battery alone could supply, to
light it.
Back emf can be MUCH higher
than the voltage level it took to
make it but does not last long.
 Inductance (Self) formulae
Self Inductance (normally
referred to a simply
inductance) is measured in
Henry(s) symbol L
L ( Henrys)
Inductance is a property of a
coil in which a current flowing
I
through it is able to establish
a magnetic field and store
magnetic energy. N 2 1
Back emf can be calculated if emf (volts)
the number of turns on the I 2 I1
coil are known, and the
change in flux and the change
in current.
Back emf can also be
calculated if the Inductance is
known, and the change in L I 2 I1
current and the time it takes
for the change to occur.
emf (volts)
t2 t1
 Calculation examples
Calculate the Inductance of 250x10 3
a coil with a magnetic flux L 0.5H
of 250mWb with 500mA 500x10 3

flowing in the coil.

Calculate the emf induced
into a coil with 150 turns 150 80x10 3 50x10 3
when a magnetic flux emf 9v
3
change from 50mWb to 500x10
80mWb in 500mS.
Calculate the back emf
induced when a coil of 3.5 0.2 0.6
3.5H has a current emf 3
15.55v
90x10
changes from 0.6A to 0.2A
in 90mS.
Mutual-Inductance
Two (or more) coils placed
in close proximity have the
potential for mutual
inductance.
Current flowing in one coil
will produce a magnetic
flux. This flux links to the
other coil (either through
an iron core or through the
air). This action will itself
induce a voltage in the
second coil.
The two coils have
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE.
This is the principle of a
TRANSFORMER.
 Inductance (mutual) formulae
Mutual Inductance (normally
referred to a simply as
inductance) is measured in
Henry(s) symbol M NA 2 1
Mutual Inductance is a
property of a pair of coils (or
M (henrys)
more) in which a current I B1 I B 2
flowing through one coil is
able to establish a magnetic
field in one coil, that then
induces a magnetic flux and
secondary voltage in the
second coil.
Back emf can also be M I 2 I1
calculated if the Inductance is emf (volts)
known, and the change in
current and the time it takes t2 t1
for the change to occur.
 Calculation examples
The secondary winding has
400turns. If current in the 3 3
primary winding rises from 400 10x10 5x10
2A to 6A and the flux M 1.25mH
changes from 5mWb to 6 2
10mWb. Calculate the
mutual inductance (M) that
links the coils.
Two coils have mutual
inductance of 4H. When
current in the primary coil
changes from 2.4A to 1A in 4 2.4 1
0.6s, calculate the emf emf 9.33v
induced in the second coil. 0.6
 Stored Energy in a magnetic field
Magnetic flux collapses and turns
into back emf whenever an
Inductive circuit switch is opened.
This can cause arcing on switch
contacts or cause damage to
components.
Although the back emf high
voltage is useful in circuits such
as Discharge lighting (see
picture), suppression is required
to prevent the Neon starter
contacts from arcing (damage).
In the same way a diode has
been installed across the relay
coil contacts to prevent damage
to the coil (see pic).
Suppression is sometimes known
as RF (Radio Interference)
suppression. This can often be
heard on an FM radio when a
fluorescent lamp is switched.
 Stored energy calculation
Energy (W) = LI
Energy (W) = Joules
(J)
L=Inductance (H)
I=current flowing (A) 1
EXAMPLE; a W x 5x10= 25J
transformer has coil
inductance of 5H and
2
carries a 10A current.
Calculate the stored
energy.
Transformers
Transformers work by
DYNAMIC Induction.
Transformers can change an
AC voltage into another AC
voltage.
A transformer has NO
physical electrical connection
between windings only a
MAGNETIC link (called FLUX
linking).
Secondary voltage is NOT
connected to the Primary
voltage (see motor-generator
picture for similarity).
Transformers come in a
variety of designs and sizes.
Size usually relates to POWER
capability.
Iron-cored Transformers
Used for POWER
applications.
Can step-up OR step-
down an input voltage
depending on number of
windings on secondary coil
compared to primary.
Construction is fairly
simple, with copper coils
wrapped around a Silicon
Iron core.
Windings are bare copper
insulated with lacquer.
Transformers should NOT
be overloaded or the
insulation resistance of the
windings will fail.
 Losses - Copper Loss
Transformers can be very efficient
machines. Large substation transformers
are +95% efficient.
However, there are always some losses in
machines and transformers have TWO
types of losses Copper and Iron.
Copper Loss is energy lost through heat
generated by current in the windings. It
can be reduced by using good quality
copper.
Copper loss can be calculated. P=IR
(watts).
 Losses Iron Losses
EDDY CURRENT LOSSES.
- Losses due to the magnetism
cutting through the iron core
during mutual induction which
causes CURRENT to loop
around the core indefinitely.
This is lost.
- A solid block of Iron has low
resistance overall, so this
current can be higher.
- Laminating the core increases
its resistance by effectively
dividing up the solid low
resistance core into lots of
higher resistance wafers or
laminations each lacquered
and insulated from one
another. This helps reduce
the trapped currents.
HYSTERESIS LOSSES.
- This occurs in the Iron core of
the transformer.
- As magnetic flux changes with
the supply frequency, a small
amount of magnetism is left
behind. This is a loss as it
requires magnetic energy to
neutralise it!
- By making the core a little
less magnetic less
magnetism will be left behind
as the magnetic flux changes.
- SILICON is added to the Iron
to help reduce Hysteresis
losses.
 Transformer Efficiency

output power
efficiency ( ) (x100%)
input power + Cu loss + Fe loss

EXAMPLE
- A transformer delivers 8kW of power but is
rated (uses) 10kVA. Cu (copper) loss is
0.3kW and Fe (iron) loss is 0.45kW.
Calculate the efficiency (%).
 solution

8
efficiency ( ) x100 = 74.4%
10 + 0.3 + 0.45
74.4%
Transformer designs

3-phase
power

Toroid core
 Autotransformer
Uses a COMMON
winding on a core.
A tapping is made
along the winding to
form the output.
Due to the DANGER of
having a dangerous
voltage (i.e. supply)
appearing on output
during a short-circuit
fault, ONLY slight
voltage change is
recommended.
 Transformer calculations
P=primary winding
S=secondary winding Vp Np Is
V=voltage

N=turns Vs Ns Ip
I=current

EXAMPLE: a transformer Vp 1000

has 1000 turns (p)
200 5000
and 5000 turns (s). If
output voltage is Vp
0.2 0.2x200=Vp
200v, calculate input 200
voltage (Vp). Vp = 40v
 example
A transformer has
Is = 10A and 1000 Np Is
turns (p). If input Ns Ip
current is 50A
calculate number 1000 10
of turns on Ns 50
secondary winding 1000 1000
0.2 Ns
Ns 0.2
Ns 5000turns

end