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6
740x10
B 6
2.85T
260x10
This magnetizing coil has a Magnetic Flux Density of 2.85 Teslas
Flemings Left and Right hand rules
Force (N) = BIL
B=magnetic flux
density (T)
I=current flow in
conductor (A)
L=length of conductor
(m)
Left hand rule for
motors and right hand
rule for generators.
Movement
This simple generator would induce 423.2 volts into the conductor
Induction
STATIC INDUCTION. DYNAMIC INDUCTION.
- This is static electricity or -This is where an object with
triboelectricity. electrical and magnetic
properties can induce a
voltage into another object.
- Dynamic means movement.
The movement here is current
flow or motion of a conductor
in a magnetic field or a
moving magnetic field.
- It can be caused by - This is the principle of a
FRICTION. generator, motor of
- Lightening is an extreme form transformer.
of static electricity. - Care should be taken
- It is caused by the friction regarding Dynamic Induction
between ice particles in in supposedly dead
clouds. conductors in close proximity
to large live AC power cables.
A voltage may be induced into
the dead cable.
Self-Inductance
A coil around an iron core will
induce a MAGNETIC field into
the core when current flows.
When current is TURNED OFF,
the magnetic energy
contained in the core CANNOT
simply disappear.
Newtons law on the
conservation of energy
states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed. It can
only be changed from one
form to another or transferred
from one body to another.
The total energy WILL
however, ALWAYS remain
CONSTANT.
This single Inductive coil is
known as a CHOKE. Found in
many discharge lights.
Back emf (self inductance)
In the circuit shown here,
electrical energy from the battery
is converted to magnetic energy
by the coil when the switch is
closed.
When the switch is opened, the
circuit is broken and the
magnetic energy stored in the coil
converts back into electricity
(back emf) and briefly lights the
attached neon lamp.
A neon lamp would normally
require more voltage than the
battery alone could supply, to
light it.
Back emf can be MUCH higher
than the voltage level it took to
make it but does not last long.
Inductance (Self) formulae
Self Inductance (normally
referred to a simply
inductance) is measured in
Henry(s) symbol L
L ( Henrys)
Inductance is a property of a
coil in which a current flowing
I
through it is able to establish
a magnetic field and store
magnetic energy. N 2 1
Back emf can be calculated if emf (volts)
the number of turns on the I 2 I1
coil are known, and the
change in flux and the change
in current.
Back emf can also be
calculated if the Inductance is
known, and the change in L I 2 I1
current and the time it takes
for the change to occur.
emf (volts)
t2 t1
Calculation examples
Calculate the Inductance of 250x10 3
a coil with a magnetic flux L 0.5H
of 250mWb with 500mA 500x10 3
output power
efficiency ( ) (x100%)
input power + Cu loss + Fe loss
EXAMPLE
- A transformer delivers 8kW of power but is
rated (uses) 10kVA. Cu (copper) loss is
0.3kW and Fe (iron) loss is 0.45kW.
Calculate the efficiency (%).
solution
8
efficiency ( ) x100 = 74.4%
10 + 0.3 + 0.45
74.4%
Transformer designs
3-phase
power
Toroid core
Autotransformer
Uses a COMMON
winding on a core.
A tapping is made
along the winding to
form the output.
Due to the DANGER of
having a dangerous
voltage (i.e. supply)
appearing on output
during a short-circuit
fault, ONLY slight
voltage change is
recommended.
Transformer calculations
P=primary winding
S=secondary winding Vp Np Is
V=voltage
N=turns Vs Ns Ip
I=current
end