1-Dr.

Abdul Qadeer Khan:

Abdul Qadeer Khan known as A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani
nuclear physicist and a metallurgical engineer, who
founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's
atomic bomb project. Khan founded and established the
Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, serving as
both its senior scientist and Director-General until he
retired in 2001. Khan was also a figure in other Pakistani
national science projects, making research contributions
to molecular morphology, the physics of martensite
alloys, condensed matter physics, and materials physics.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Khan was born in 1936 in Bhopal, British India, into an
Urdu-speaking family who were originally ethnic
Pashtun. His mother, Zulekha , was a housewife. His
father, Abdul Ghafoor, was an alumnus of Nagpur
University and an academic who served in the Indian
Education ministry then permanently settled the family in
Bhopal State after he retired in 1935. After the partition of
India in 1947, his family emigrated from India to Pakistan
in 1952, and settled in Karachi, Sindh. Briefly attending
the D.J. Science College, he enrolled at Karachi
University in 1956 to study physics. In 1960, he
graduated with a degree in physics with a minor in
mathematics, while his degree concentration was in solid-
state physics.
For a short time, Khan worked for the city government as
an inspector of weights and measures. In 1961, he went to
Germany to study metallurgy at the Technical University
in Berlin but made a transfer to Delft University of
Technology in the Netherlands in 1965. At Delft, he
obtained an engineer's degree in technology in 1967 and
joined the Catholic University of Leuven for his doctoral
studies. Supervised by Dr. Martin Brabers at Leuven
University, Khan received a D.Eng. Degree in
metallurgical engineering in 1972. His doctoral thesis
dealt and contained fundamental work on martensite and
its extended industrial applications to the field of
morphology.
ATOMIC BOMB PROJECT:
In 1974, Abdul Qadeer Khan went to Pakistan and took a
taxi straight to the Prime Minister Secretariat. The session
with Bhutto was held at midnight and remained under
extreme secrecy where Qadeer Khan met with Bhutto,
Munir Ahmad, and Mubashir Hassan the Science
Adviser. At this session, he enlightened the importance of
uranium as opposed to plutonium, but Bhutto remain
unconvinced to adopt uranium instead of plutonium for
the development of an atomic bomb. Although Bhutto
ended the session quickly, remarking: "He seems to make
sense." Early morning the next day another session was
held where he focused the discussion on HEU against
plutonium with other PAEC officials presented. Even
though, he explained to Bhutto why he thought the idea of
"plutonium" would not work, Qadeer Khan was
fascinated by the possibility of atomic bomb. Many of the
theorists at that time, including Munir Khan maintained
that "plutonium and the fuel cycle has its significance",
and insisted that with the "French extraction plant in the
offing, Pakistan should stick with its original plan."
Bhutto did not disagree, but saw the advantage of
mounting a parallel effort toward acquiring HEU fuel. At
the last session with Zulfikar Bhutto, Khan also advocated
for the development of a fused design to compress the
single fission element in the metalized gun-type atomic
device, which many of his fellow theorists said would be
unlikely to work.

In 1975, Khan finally joined the atomic bomb program,

and became a member of the enrichment division at
PAEC, collaborating with Dr. Khalil Qureshi a physical
chemist. Calculations performed by him were valuable
contributions to centrifuges and vital link to nuclear
weapon research. He continued to push his ideas for
uranium methods even though they had a low priority,
with most efforts still aimed to produce military-grade
plutonium. Because of his interest in uranium, and his
frustration at having been passed over for director of the
uranium division (the job was instead given to
Bashiruddin Mahmood), Khan refused to engage in
further calculations and caused tensions with other
researchers. He became highly unsatisfied and bored with
the research led by Mahmood; finally, he submitted a
critical report to Bhutto, in which he explained that the
"enrichment program" was nowhere near success.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH:
During his time in the atomic bomb project, he pioneered
research in the thermal quantum field and the condensed
physics, while co-authored articles on chemical reactions
of the highly unstable isotopic particles in the controlled
physical system.[59] He maintains his stance to use of
controversial technological solutions to both military and
civilian problems, including the use of military
technologies for the civilian welfare. Khan also remained
a vigorous advocate for a nuclear testing program and
defence strength through nuclear weapons. He has
justified the Pakistan's nuclear deterrence program as
sparing his country the fate of Iraq or Libya. In his recent
interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan maintained that he has no
regrets for what he did and maintained that:

[P]akistan's motivation for nuclear weapons arose from a

need to prevent "nuclear blackmail" by India. Had Iraq
and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been
destroyed in the way we have seen recently.... If
(Pakistan) had an [atomic] capability before 1971, we
[Pakistanis] would not have lost half of our country after a
disgraceful defeat.

Abdul Qadeer Khan, statement on 16 May 2011,

published the Newsweek.

ACHIEVEMENTS:
NISHAN-E-IMTIAZ ,HILAL-E-IMTIAZ