BRAIN WAVES

Our brains ability to become flexible and/or transition through various brain wave
frequencies plays a large role in how successful we are at managing stress, focusing on tasks,
and getting a good nights sleep. If one of the five types of brain waves is either overproduced
and/or under produced in our brain, it can cause problems. For this reason, it is important to
understand that there is no single brain wave that is better or more optimal than the
others.

Each serves a purpose to help us cope with various situations whether it is to help us
process and learn new information or help us calm down after a long stressful day. The five
brain waves in order of highest frequency to lowest are as follows: gamma, beta, alpha, theta,
and delta.

5 Brain Waves: Frequencies To Understand

Before I get into specifics, it is important to realize that when I refer to a certain brain wave, I
am implying that a particular brain wave is dominant. Throughout the day in your waking
state, your EEG will display all 5 types of brain waves at the same time. However, one
particular brain wave will be dominant depending on the state of consciousness that you are
in.

For example, if you are awake, but have really bad ADHD, you may have more slow wave
(alpha and/or theta) activity than beta waves. During sleep usually there are combinations of
the slower frequencies, but even gamma has been found to be involved in rapid-eye
movement (REM). Below is a brief description of each brainwave state, but a more in-depth
understanding can be derived from the book Getting Started with Neurofeedback.

Gamma Waves
These are involved in higher processing tasks as well as cognitive functioning. Gamma waves
are important for learning, memory and information processing. It is thought that the 40 Hz
gamma wave is important for the binding of our senses in regards to perception and are
involved in learning new material. It has been found that individuals who are mentally
challenged and have learning disabilities tend to have lower gamma activity than average.

Frequency range: 40 Hz to 100 Hz (Highest)

Too much: Anxiety, high arousal, stress
Too little: ADHD, depression, learning disabilities
Optimal: Binding senses, cognition, information processing, learning, perception, REM
sleep
Increase gamma waves: Meditation

Beta Waves
These are known as high frequency low amplitude brain waves that are commonly observed
while we are awake. They are involved in conscious thought, logical thinking, and tend to
have a stimulating affect. Having the right amount of beta waves allows us to focus and
complete school or work-based tasks easily. Having too much beta may lead to us
experiencing excessive stress and/or anxiety. The higher beta frequencies are associated with
high levels of arousal. When you drink caffeine or have another stimulant, your beta activity
will naturally increase. Think of these as being very fast brain waves that most people exhibit
throughout the day in order to complete conscious tasks such as: critical thinking, writing,
reading, and socialization.

Frequency range: 12 Hz to 40 Hz (High)

Too much: Adrenaline, anxiety, high arousal, inability to relax, stress
Too little: ADHD, daydreaming, depression, poor cognition
Optimal: Conscious focus, memory, problem solving
Increase beta waves: Coffee, energy drinks, various stimulants

Alpha Waves
This frequency range bridges the gap between our conscious thinking and subconscious mind.
In other words, alpha is the frequency range between beta and theta. It helps us calm down
when necessary and promotes feelings of deep relaxation. If we become stressed, a
phenomenon called alpha blocking may occur which involves excessive beta activity and
very little alpha. Essentially the beta waves block out the production of alpha because we
become too aroused.

Frequency range: 8 Hz to 12 Hz (Moderate)

Too much: Daydreaming, inability to focus, too relaxed
Too little: Anxiety, high stress, insomnia, OCD
Optimal: Relaxation
Increase alpha waves: Alcohol, marijuana, relaxants, some antidepressants

Theta Waves
This particular frequency range is involved in daydreaming and sleep. Theta waves are
connected to us experiencing and feeling deep and raw emotions. Too much theta activity
may make people prone to bouts of depression and may make them highly suggestible
based on the fact that they are in a deeply relaxed, semi-hypnotic state. Theta has its benefits
of helping improve our intuition, creativity, and makes us feel more natural. It is also involved
in restorative sleep. As long as theta isnt produced in excess during our waking hours, it is a
very helpful brain wave range.

Frequency range: 4 Hz to 8 Hz (Slow)

Too much: ADHD, depression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness
Too little: Anxiety, poor emotional awareness, stress
Optimal: Creativity, emotional connection, intuition, relaxation
Increase theta waves: Depressants

Delta Waves
These are the slowest recorded brain waves in human beings. They are found most often in
infants as well as young children. As we age, we tend to produce less delta even during deep
sleep. They are associated with the deepest levels of relaxation and restorative, healing sleep.
They have also been found to be involved in unconscious bodily functions such as regulating
heart beat and digestion. Adequate production of delta waves helps us feel completely
rejuvenated after we wake up from a good nights sleep. If there is abnormal delta activity, an
individual may experience learning disabilities or have difficulties maintaining conscious
awareness (such as in cases of brain injuries).

Frequency range: 0 Hz to 4 Hz (Slowest)

Too much: Brain injuries, learning problems, inability to think, severe ADHD
Too little: Inability to rejuvenate body, inability to revitalize the brain, poor sleep
Optimal: Immune system, natural healing, restorative / deep sleep
Increase delta waves: Depressants, sleep

WHAT ARE BRAINWAVES?

At the root of all our thoughts, emotions and behaviours is the communication between neurons within our
brains. Brainwaves are produced by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating
with each other.

Brainwaves are detected using sensors placed on the scalp. They are divided into bandwidths to describe their
functions (below), but are best thought of as a continuous spectrum of consciousness; from slow, loud and
functional - to fast, subtle, and complex.

It is a handy analogy to think of Brainwaves as musical notes - the low frequency waves are like a deeply
penetrating drum beat, while the higher frequency brainwaves are more like a subtle high pitched flute. Like a
symphony, the higher and lower frequencies link and cohere with each other through harmonics.

Our brainwaves change according to what were doing and feeling. When slower brainwaves are dominant we can
feel tired, slow, sluggish, or dreamy. The higher frequencies are dominant when we feel wired, or hyper-alert.

The descriptions that follow are only broadly descriptions - in practice things are far more complex, and brainwaves
reflect different aspects when they occur in different locations in the brain.

Brainwave speed is measured in Hertz (cycles per second) and they are divided into bands delineating slow,
moderate, and fast waves.
INFRA-LOW (<.5HZ)

Infra-Low brainwaves (also known as Slow Cortical Potentials), are thought to be the basic cortical rythms that
underlie our higher brain functions. Very little is known about infra-low brainwaves. Their slow nature make them
difficult to detect and accurately measure, so few studies have been done. They appear to take a major role in
brain timing and network function.

DELTA WAVES (.5 TO 3 HZ)

Delta brainwaves are slow, loud brainwaves (low frequency and deeply penetrating, like a drum beat).
They are generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep. Delta waves suspend external awareness and
are the source of empathy. Healing and regeneration are stimulated in this state, and that is why deep
restorative sleep is so essential to the healing process.

THETA WAVES (3 TO 8 HZ)

Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. It acts as our gateway
to learning and memory. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals
originating from within. It is that twilight state which we normally only experience fleetingly as we wake
or drift off to sleep. In theta we are in a dream; vivid imagery, intuition and information beyond our normal
conscious awareness. Its where we hold our stuff, our fears, troubled history, and nightmares.

ALPHA WAVES (8 TO 12 HZ)

Alpha brainwaves are dominant during quietly flowing thoughts, and in some meditative states. Alpha is
the power of now, being here, in the present. Alpha is the resting state for the brain. Alpha waves aid
overall mental coordination, calmness, alertness, mind/body integration and learning.

BETA WAVES (12 TO 38 HZ)

Beta brainwaves dominate our normal waking state of consciousness when attention is directed towards
cognitive tasks and the outside world. Beta is a fast activity, present when we are alert, attentive, engaged
in problem solving, judgment, decision making, and engaged in focused mental activity.

Beta brainwaves are further divided into three bands; Lo-Beta (Beta1, 12-15Hz) can be thought of as a 'fast
idle, or musing. Beta (Beta2, 15-22Hz) is high engagement or actively figuring something out. Hi-Beta
(Beta3, 22-38Hz) is highly complex thought, integrating new experiences, high anxiety, or excitement.
Continual high frequency processing is not a very efficient way to run the brain, as it takes a tremendous
amount of energy.

GAMMA WAVES (38 TO 42 HZ)

Gamma brainwaves are the fastest of brain waves (high frequency, like a flute), and relate to simultaneous
processing of information from different brain areas. It passes information rapidly, and as the most subtle
of the brainwave frequencies, the mind has to be quiet to access it. Gamma was dismissed as 'spare brain
noise' until researchers discovered it was highly active when in states of universal love, altruism, and the
higher virtues. Gamma is also above the frequency of neuronal firing, so how it is generated remains a
mystery. It is speculated that Gamma rhythms modulate perception and consciousness, and that a
greater presence of Gamma relates to expanded consciousness and spiritual emergence.

WHAT BRAINWAVES MEAN TO YOU

Our brainwave profile and our daily experience of the world are inseparable. When our brainwaves are out
of balance, there will be corresponding problems in our emotional or neuro-physical health. Research has
identified brainwave patterns associated with all sorts of emotional and neurological conditions. more...
Over-arousal in certain brain areas is linked with anxiety disorders, sleep problems, nightmares, hyper-
vigilance, impulsive behaviour, anger/aggression, agitated depression, chronic nerve pain and spasticity.
Under-arousal in certain brain areas leads to some types of depression, attention deficit, chronic pain and
insomnia. A combination of under-arousal and over-arousal is seen in cases of anxiety, depression and
ADHD. more...

Instabilities in brain rhythms correlate with tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggressive behaviour,
rage, bruxism, panic attacks, bipolar disorder, migraines, narcolepsy, epilepsy, sleep apnea, vertigo,
tinnitus, anorexia/bulimia, PMT, diabetes, hypoglycaemia and explosive behaviour. more...

Elevator door
Some elevators use multiple infrared transmitter/receiver pair of sensors. Each receiver can detect when the
corresponding transmitter has been obstructed by an object, and automatically trigger the opening of the door.

Also, some elevator doors are built with mechanical safety edges to detect physical contact and open the door.

The doors have an infra sensor

Another type of sensor is the infrared sensor. Infrared sensors use infrared technology to
open automatic doors. The infrared sensors are able to detect a change in temperature. When
the sensors detect a temperature that is warmer, representing a human, it will activate the
opening and closing mechanism of the door. Infrared sensors are usually used as in primary
sensor in automatic door systems.
Another type of motion detector that doesnt use infrared technology uses ultrasonic waves or
microwaves instead. Like bats, the sensors generate pulses of ultrasonic waves or microwave
energy to judge at detect if there is an object is in the way. If there is an object in the way,
the ultrasonic waves and microwaves will bounce off the object. The motion detectors use the
time taken for the ultrasonic wave or microwave to arrive back to determine if there is an
object in the way.

CAR HORN
Electric horns use the principles of electromagnetism to operate. A typical vehicle horn
system comes with a steel diaphragm, a contractor and an electromagnet

Pressing down on the horn triggers the electromagnet, which in turn causes the diaphragm to
move. When the diaphragm has reached its maximum point, the contractor turns off the
current momentarily, allowing the diaphragm to return to its original position. The current is
then restored and the process repeated in a continuous cycle. The rapid back and forth
movement of the diaphragm is what results in the sound.

Alternate:

To produce a sound when the horn is pressed, an electromagnet is used to cause a steel diaphragm to move.
As the current is applied to the electromagnet, the diaphragm moves toward the magnet. When the diaphragm
is moved to its maximum point toward the magnet, a connection is released, temporarily disconnecting the
current and allowing the steel to relax. Once this happens, the electromagnet applies current, again moving the
diaphragm toward the magnet. This cycle repeats evenly and causes the diaphragm to oscillate back and forth
producing the sound of the car horn.

ADIDAS SHOES

Each foot strike requires the cushioning system to compress and rebound and after about 200 miles the
cushioning system in most shoes has started to lose its resiliency. As the cushioning system wears, the
body begins to absorb more of the impact force, this puts additional wear and tear on the joints,
ligaments and tendons. Paying attention to the lifespan of your shoe's cushioning system is important
to avoid an overuse injury and keep your body healthy so you can enjoy the lifetime benefits of an
active and healthy lifestyle.

There are several variables that could alter how long your shoe will last. For example, running on a
soft surface such as a trail or treadmill will be easier on your shoes than running on hard surfaces such
as roads or sidewalks. Also if you wear your shoes for exercise only they will last a lot longer.
Alternating between two pairs of shoes is another good way to increase the life of the shoe.

Most running shoes will last up to 500 miles. If you know on average what you typically run a week
the chart below will help you figure out roughly when it will be time to invest in a new pair. Be sure to
check with a member of our experienced staff to see what shoe best fits your unique foot!

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
 MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

Microprocessor assimilates the function of a Microcontroller can be considered as a small

central processing unit (CPU) on to a single computer which has a processor and some other

integrated circuit (IC). components in order to make it a computer.

Microprocessors are mainly used in designing Microcontrollers are used in automatically

general purpose systems from small to large and controlled devices.

complex systems like super computers.

Microprocessors are basic components of Microcontrollers are generally used in embedded

personal computers. systems

Computational capacity of microprocessor is very Less computational capacity when compared to

high. Hence can perform complex tasks. microprocessors. Usually used for simpler tasks.
 MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

A microprocessor based system can perform A microcontroller based system can perform

numerous tasks. single or very few tasks.

Microprocessors have integrated Math Microcontrollers do not have math coprocessors.

Coprocessor. Complex mathematical calculations They use software to perform floating point

which involve floating point can be performed with calculations which slows down the device.

great ease.

The main task of microprocessor is to perform the In addition to performing the tasks of fetch,

instruction cycle repeatedly. This includes fetch, decode and execute, a microcontroller also

decode and execute. controls its environment based on the output of

the instruction cycle.

In order to build or design a system (computer), a The IC of a microcontroller has memory (both

microprocessor has to be connected externally to RAM and ROM) integrated on it along with some

some other components like Memory (RAM and other components like I / O devices and timers.

ROM) and Input / Output ports.

The overall cost of a system built using a Cost of a system built using a microcontroller is

microprocessor is high. This is because of the less as all the components are readily available.

requirement of external components.

 MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

Generally power consumption and dissipation is Power consumption is less.

high because of the external devices. Hence it

requires external cooling system.

The clock frequency is very high usually in the Clock frequency is less usually in the order of

order of Giga Hertz. Mega Hertz.

Instruction throughput is given higher priority than In contrast, microcontrollers are designed to

interrupt latency. optimize interrupt latency.

Have few bit manipulation instructions Bit manipulation is powerful and widely used

feature in microcontrollers. They have numerous

bit manipulation instructions.

Generally microprocessors are not used in real Microcontrollers are used to handle real time

time systems as they are severely dependent on tasks as they are single programmed, self

several other components. sufficient and task oriented devices.

NeuroSky, Inc. is a manufacturer of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technologies for consumer product
applications, which was founded in 2004 in Silicon Valley, California.[1][2][3][4] The company
adapts electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) technology to fit a consumer market
within a number of fields such as entertainment (toys and games), education, automotive, and health.[5][6]
NeuroSky technology allows for low-cost EEG-linked research and products by using inexpensive dry sensors;
older EEGs require the application of a conductive gel between the sensors and the head. The systems also
include built-in electrical noise reduction software/hardware, and utilize embedded (chip level) solutions for
signal processing and output.[2][6][7][8]
Neurosky primarily works as an original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, collaborating with industry partners,
developers, and research institutions to deploy the technology into their own products and systems.[1][2] When
NeuroSky has released direct-to-consumer products, such as the MindSet and the MindWave, they are
typically designed for maximum flexibility of use through third party and open source content.[9]
Neurosky Mindwave Mobile on ear Bluetooth headset

10,000

eBay India

Emotiv Systems is an Australian electronics innovation company developing technologies to evolve human
computer interaction incorporating non-conscious cues into the human-computer dialog to emulate human to
human interaction. Developing braincomputer interfaces based on electroencephalography (EEG) technology,
Emotiv Systems produced the EPOC near headset, a peripheral targeting the gaming market for Windows, OS
X and Linux platforms.[1] The EPOC has 16 electrodes and was originally designed to work as a brain-computer
interface (BCI) input device.[2]
The company was founded in 2003 by technology entrepreneurs Tan Le, Nam Do, Allan Snyder, and Neil
Weste. However, doing a search of business entity name on Emotiv Systems at the business entity registry of
the California Secretary of State http://kepler.sos.ca.govreveals Emotiv Systems has ceased to exist, and,
therefore, it should not be mixed up or confused with the currently active U.S. bioinformatics
company Emotiv founded by Tan Le in 2011 http://emotiv.com/about-emotiv/ in which Nam Do, Allan Snyder,
and Neil Weste have no ownerships nor roles.

Degrees of freedom, in a mechanics context, are specific, defined modes in which

a mechanical device or system can move. The number of degrees of freedom is
equal to the total number of independent displacements or aspects of motion. A
machine may operate in two or three dimensions but have more than three degrees
of freedom. The term is widely used to define the motion capabilities of robots.
Serial and parallel manipulator systems are generally designed to position an end-effector with six degrees of
freedom, consisting of three in translation and three in orientation. This provides a direct relationship between
actuator positions and the configuration of the manipulator defined by its forward and inverse kinematics.
Robot arms are described by their degrees of freedom. This number typically refers to the number of single-
axis rotational joints in the arm, where higher number indicates an increased flexibility in positioning a tool. This
is a practical metric, in contrast to the abstract definition of degrees of freedom which measures the aggregate
positioning capability of a system.[1]

Six degrees of freedom (6DoF) refers to the freedom of movement of a rigid body in three-
dimensional space. Specifically, the body is free to move forward/backward, up/down,
left/right (translation in three perpendicular axes) combined with rotation about three
perpendicular axes, often termed pitch, yaw, and roll.