Knowledge and Process Management

Volume 22 Number 1 pp 4150 (2015)

Published online 24 January 2015 in Wiley Online Library
(www.wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/kpm.1461

Research Article

Design Knowledge Protection of Design

Process Orientation and Law Object
Orientation
Rain Chen*
Department of Creative Product Design, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

The design process determines not only whether a product can be successfully developed but also the sequence of
design tasks of designers as well as the resource inputs and design outputs of a company directly. Nonetheless,
designers are often unaware of the importance of legal protection of design during the design process, and
consequently, the infringement of the intellectual property of others is often unrealized until the mass production
stage. In the study, the researchers used design process theory modeling and practical design processes to draw out
a standard product design process and to determine the check points of intellectual property rights of design process
orientation (DPO) and law object orientation (LOO). DPO, on the one hand, is design process based and allows
companies to search for legal protection and suggestions according to a specic design process. LOO, on the other
hand, is law object based and allows companies to quickly identify the required intellectual property laws and design
knowledge protection suggestions. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

INTRODUCTION mechanisms. Third, for companies, the design chain

The design process can signicantly affect product
design; it determines the sequence of design tasks
of the designer, the cost of labor and time, and the
quality of the product of the design. Because it is
important for business organizations to choose the
right design process, many studies have examined
ways to enhance product design processes (Hsiao
and Chou, 2004; Rungtusanatham and Forza, 2005;
Lin et al., 2008) to improve the outputs and the value
of their design.
The conventional design process is focused on the
design chain, and the following features can be seen
in design chain models proposed by researchers
(Zeng and Gu, 1999; Chen and Chen, 2004). First, al-
though the input and the output ends of design pro-
cesses may vary depending on the need and other
factors of design, the input end is basically about
problems, while the output end is about solutions.
Secondly, it is important to consider key steps
within the process and the corresponding external
*Correspondence to: Rain Chen, Department of Creative Product
Design Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology,
Taiwan.
E-mail: ocean@mail.stust.edu.tw
is only one component among all value activities,
including planning, design, manufacturing, market-
ing, and service chains. To make a design process
complete, one has to consider not only the design
chain itself but also whether the design chain can
be t into other value chains nicely.
It can be found from those design-chain-based de-
sign processes that these conventional processes dif-
fer depending on the type of task (Lee et al., 1997;
Burns and Vicente, 2000; Skepper et al., 2000), and
furthermore, there is often a serious lack of informa-
tion management. Although many processes have
already included the checkpoint concept (Wang,
2005; Aitchison et al., 2009), the majority of them
(Braha and Maimon, 1997; Howard et al., 2008;
Camelo and Mulet, 2010) still ignore the idea of in-
tellectual property right (IPR) protection.
The study modied the design process to make
it appropriate for the corporate design chain
(a companys design department) and the operation
model of design companies. Moreover, at each step
of the design process, there is a checkpoint for IPRs
to help designers convert their work to concrete IPRs
step by step in a design project. Even if there is no
corresponding IPR at a specic process or stage, this
checkpoint mechanism is still helpful for designers

Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

42 R. Chen
in terms of knowledge management. In view of pos-
sible intellectual property infringement lawsuits, the
following objectives were set for the study: (i) The
design process theory modeling will be combined
with the practical design process; (ii) the standard
product design process (SPDP) will be dened; (iii)
the design knowledge protection of IPRs will be de-
veloped based on SPDP; and (4) design knowledge
protection will be reviewed by law object.
Because the process of design can be used in a
variety of domains, such as the circuit design, the de-
sign process in this study is focused on product de-
sign. Depending on the dened scope or corporate
structure, the design process proposed by scholars
and companies may differ. In order to develop an
all-purpose design process, the investigators had
made sure that the proposed design process covers
the core of the majority of product design.
STANDARD PRODUCT DESIGN PROCESS
Because design is under the discipline of engineer-
ing, the study used engineering index (EI) as the
main database for the literature search. The latter
half of the design processes are commonly linked
to the manufacturing chain, and because design is
part of the engineering discipline, the investigators
can obtain quite comprehensive literature informa-
tion from the EI database. The study used keywords
for literature search and checked all design-process-
related studies from journals between 1969 and
2013. A total 562 papers were collected.
In this study, the design process is focused on the
process of product design. Therefore, other types of
design processes (e.g., circuit board design) were
excluded in this study. From all relevant papers, the
investigator selected 43 of them that are more relevant
to the product design and reviewed these studies
(Table 1). To further understand elements constituting
the design processes presented in these 43 journal pa-
pers, the investigators compared the major owcharts
of these studies to extract the process elements.
To combine design process theory modeling
with practical design processes, the investigators
interviewed three designers who, on average, have
more than 8 years of practical experience in the
product design domain. Suggestions collected from
the interviewees are summarized as follows:
(i) The basic process of product design comprises
strategy, conceptual, detail, test, and produc-
tion steps.
(ii) Commercial design has to be careful with IPR
infringement throughout the design process. It
is especially true for cultural creative products.
(iii) Technologically speaking, product design has
a higher entry barrier, and moreover, a design
concept is likely to be interpreted differently
by different companies As a result, plagiarism
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
is rarely a key concern at the initial stage of the
design process.
(iv) Incidental copying is unlikely to happen be-
cause rstly, product design can be very expen-
sive because of costs, such as the model-making
cost. Secondly, relevant industries tend to know
the differences among competitors pretty well.
(v) Because the carrier of commercial design is
restricted to the two-dimensional type, com-
mercial design is more likely to experience in-
cidental similarities or have identical ideas.
(vi) The design journals or the research and deve-
lopment journals commonly used by designers
are more a sort of formality. They cannot pro-
tect design or creation effectively.
(vii) The design process theory modeling and the
practical design process do not vary signi-
cantly, but each company may adjust the de-
sign process according to its own conditions,
such as the number of designers and the type
of projects (e.g., conceptual projects or projects
for improvement).
Next, the study listed every process element
found from the previously mentioned 43 papers on
a piece of card. Next, experts were asked to use
the KJ method in which all process elements were
rst disassociated from each other and then con-
verged into a new design process. Lastly, the inves-
tigators dened SPDP as comprising the following
ve major stages: strategy, conceptual, model, test,
and production. Refer to Figure 1.
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE PROTECTION OF
DESIGN PROCESS ORIENTATION
For designers to have a good control of the design
outputs at each stage of the design process, the
investigators prepared a list of design-process-
oriented IPR table based on as follows: (i) IPR-related
design outputs; (ii) conditions of document disclo-
sure and condential afdavits; (iii) descriptions of
the attributes of applicable laws and rights; and (iv)
design knowledge protection suggestions (Table 2).
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE PROTECTION OF
LAW OBJECT ORIENTATION
After testing the previous process, the investigators
found that one design output can be protected by
different IPRs. Among the various IPR laws, Patent
Act (PA), Trademark Act (TA), Copyright Act (CA),
and Trade Secrets Act (TSA) are practically and
most directly related to design and creation.
Each of these four acts has its dened law objects.
PA can be divided into invention patents and
design patents. The law objects of PA are creation
of technical ideas, shapes, patterns, colors,
Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm

Table 1 A summary of design processes and process elements
No. Title
1 A creativity-based design process for
innovative product design
2 Coordinating product design, process
design, and supply chain design decisions
3 Using AHP and TOPSIS approaches in
customer-driven product design process
4 A science-based approach to product
design theory Part Iformulation and
formalization of design process
5 An adaptive design process generated by
the integration of systematic design process
and design patent protection mechanism
6 A case study of the use of ergonomics
information in a heavy engineering design
process
7 A participantobserver study of ergonomics
in engineering designhow constraints
drive design process
8 High touchergonomics in a conceptual
design processcase studies of a remote
controller and personal telephones
9 A review of the design process for
implantable orthopedic medical devices
10 Modular design process for a micro motion
actuator
11 A multi-relational and interactive model
for supporting the design process in the
conceptual phase
12 Describing the creative design process by
the integration of engineering design and
cognitive psychology literature
13 The design processproperties, paradigms,
and structure
14 A framework for incorporating the
prevention of Lyme disease transmission
into the landscape planning and design
process
15 A model for capturing and representing
the engineering design process
16 A taxonomy of models used in the design
process
17 An approach to solve contradiction
problems for the safety integration in
innovative design process
18 Development of an integrated-collaborative
decision making framework for product
top-down design process
19 Hierarchical modeling of the VLSI design
process
20 Icarusthe design process of a conceptual
vehicle
21 Intelligent reasoning assistant for
incorporating manufacturability issues
into the design process
22 Optimal testing strategies in overlapped
design process
23 Top-down design process for gate-level
combinational logic design
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design & Law Orientation of Design Protection 43
Process elements Author(s)/Year
Data collection and classication, Hsiao and Chou (2004)
evolutionary thinking, and so on
Coeditor receives submission, Rungtusanatham and
coeditor evaluates submission, Forza (2005)
and so on
Identication of customer Lin et al. (2008)
requirements, determination
of importance degrees by
customers perception, and so on
Design specications, synthesis, Zeng and Gu (1999)
and so on
Problem, analysis, and so on Chen and Chen (2004)
Establishment of need, design Skepper et al. (2000)
specication, and so on
Start of anthropometric analysis Burns and Vicente (2000)
of existing design, received
anthropometric data specic to
the local population, and so on
Identication of functional Lee et al. (1997)
requirement, identication of
operational constraint, and so on
Feasibility, design, and so on Aitchison et al. (2009)
Actuator specication, functional Wang (2005)
analysis, and so on
Environmental input, purpose Camelo and Mulet (2010)
function, and so on
Analysis of task, conceptual Howard et al. (2008)
design, and so on
Market needs, conceptualization, Braha and Maimon (1997)
and so on
Can the vector or pathogen Ward and Brown (2004)
habitat be modied, can host,
vector, or pathogen habitat be
modied, and so on
Design reaction, design reaction Gonnet et al. (2007)
and separation and so on
Discover, reframe, and so on Mendel (2012)
System development, unit and Houssin and Coulibaly
integration testing, and so on (2011)
Product functions, physical Li and Zhao (2009)
structure, and so on
Betravional, structural, and so on Hekmatpour et al. (1991)
Ergonomic, computer-aided Simoes (2001)
design (CAD) modeling, and
so on
Producibility analysis, process Sanchez (1997)
planning analysis, and so on
Concept design, concept tests, Qian et al. (2010)
and so on
Use logic descriptions to obtain Sandige and Member
Boolean function or their (1992)
complements in SOP form, and
(Continues)
Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
44 R. Chen

Table 1 (Continued)

No. Title Process elements Author(s)/Year

write the functions in design

form, obtain the signal lists,
and so on
24 A design process based on a model Function, goal, and so on Kaindl and Member
combining scenarios with goals and (2000)
functions
25 A formal basis for design process planning Structural specication, Jacome and Director
and management behavioral specication, and (1996)
so on
26 A new and generalized methodology to Determine no. of stages, user Chong et al. (2002)
design multi-stage gear drives by input; determine gear ratios,
integrating the dimensional and the random search; and so on
conguration design process
27 A study on the design process of noise Initial design, noise reduction Kim et al. (2012)
reduction in induction motors using nite element analysis,
and so on
28 An extended model of design process of Customer domain, functional Houshmand and
lean production systems by means of domain, and so on Jamshidnezhad (2006)
process variables
29 Communication roles that support Design context, technical and Sonnenwald (1996)
collaboration during the design process scientic knowledge, and so on
30 Creativity in the design process: Problem-space dimension, Dorst and Cross (2001)
co-evolution of problemsolution solution-space dimension, and
so on
31 Disassembly and recycling cost analysis Model input, calculation, and Fan et al. (2013)
of waste notebook and the efciency so on
improvement by re-design process
32 Early integration of safety to the System representation, Sierla et al. (2012)
mechatronic system design process by the simulation, and so on
functional failure identication and
propagation framework
33 Fuzzy agents for product conguration in Domains expertise, customers Ostrosi et al. (2012)
collaborative and distributed design process requirements, and so on
34 Improving the aircraft design process using Conceptual design, CAD Reed and Afjeh (2000)
web-based modeling and simulation denition, and so on
35 Integrating design for remanufacture into Used products, remanufacture, Hatcher et al. (2013)
the design process-the operational factors and so on
36 Integrating digital manufacturing and Initialization, simulation, and Papakostas et al. (2011)
simulation tools in the assembly design so on
processa cooperating robots cell case
37 Integrating safety into the design process Safety department, project team, Hasana et al. (2003)
elements and concepts relative to the and so on
working situation
38 Multi-level design process for 3-D preform Generate guess starting shapes, Thiyagarajan and
shape optimization in metal forming dene design parameters, and Grandhi (2005)
so on
39 Knowledge-based modeling for detailed Performance parameters, user Kavakli (2001)
design processfrom analysis to interface, and so on
implementation
40 Object-oriented intelligent computer- Retriever, modier, and so on Marefat (1993)
integrated design, process planning
and inspection
41 On the implications of design process views Design denition, simulation Mahdavi and Suter
for the development of computational procedure, and so on (1998)
design support tools
42 Reengineering the project design process Project administration, mission Casani and Metzger
analysis and engineering, and (1995)
so on
43 The design process of a self-propelled oor Ergonomics, required Safarzadeh et al.
crane functions, and so on (2011)

computer-generated icons, and graphic user inter- oral and literary works, musical works, dramatic
faces. The law objects of TA are words, designs, and choreographic works, artistic works, photo-
symbols, colors, three-dimensional shapes, motions, graphic works, pictorial and graphical works, au-
holograms, and sounds. The law objects of CA are diovisual works, sound recordings, architectural

Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
 Design & Law Orientation of Design Protection 45

Figure 1 SPDP

Table 2 Design process orientation and corresponding intellectual property rights

(B) Conditions of
document disclosure (C) Descriptions of the
(A) IPR-related and condential attributes of applicable (D) Design knowledge
Code design outputs afdavits laws and rights protection suggestions

S1-1 Undisclosed Undisclosed company Trade Secrets Act Persons handling the
internal documents but with Article 2: companys internal
company condential afdavit The term trade secret as used in information documents
documents (e.g., project proposals) this act shall mean any method, with economic values
technique, process, formula, have signed a condential
program, design, or other agreement to protect
information that may be used in important internal
the course of production, sales, or information from
operations, and also meets the disclosure.
following requirements:
(i) It is not known to persons
generally involved in the
information of this type;
(ii) it has economic value, actual or
potential, because of its secretive
nature; and
(iii) its owner has taken reasonable
measures to maintain its secrecy.
S1-2 Disclosed Disclosed company Copyright Act Safeguard the date and
company documents with a value Article 5: creation process of
documents of originality (e.g., For the purposes of this act, disclosed documents,
project proposals) works shall include the which can be used as a
following: ligation proof later.
(i) Oral and literary works
(ii) Musical works
(iii) Dramatic and choreographic
works
(iv) Artistic works
(v) Photographic works
(vi) Pictorial and graphical works
(vii) Audiovisual works
(vii) Sound recordings
(ix) Architectural works
(x) Computer programs
Article 10 bis:
Protection for copyright that has
been obtained in accordance with
this act shall only extend to the
expression of the work in
question, and shall not extend to
the works underlying ideas,
procedures, production processes,
systems, methods of operation,
concepts, principles, or discoveries.
S2 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
S3 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2

(Continues)

Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
46 R. Chen

Table 2 (Continued)

(B) Conditions of
document disclosure (C) Descriptions of the
(A) IPR-related and condential attributes of applicable (D) Design knowledge
Code design outputs afdavits laws and rights protection suggestions

S4 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
C1 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
C2 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
C3 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
C4 Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2 Same as S1-1 and S1-2
and S1-2
M1-1 Physical (i) An undisclosed Patent Act (PA) Select a specic patent
models creative work and Article 21: category (functional or
(ii) a creative work may Denition of invention: appearance) based on the
be easily cracked or Invention means the creation attributes of the physical
copied by competitors of technical ideas, utilizing the model for patent application.
laws of nature. For functional attributes,
Article 121: choose the invention patent
Denition of design: Design for protection, and for style
means the creation made in attributes, choose the
respect of the shape, pattern, design patent for protection.
color, or any combination
thereof, of an article as a whole
or in part by visual appeal. For
computer generated icons (icons)
and graphic user interface applied
to an article, an application may
also be led pursuant to this act
for obtaining a design patent.
M1-2 Physical (i) A creative work Same as S1-1 Same as S1-1
models undisclosed but with
condential afdavit
and (ii) a creative work
may not be easily cracked
or copied by competitors
M2 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 Same as Article 121 of Apply design patent
PA of M1-1 protection
Same as M1-2 Same as M1-2 Same as M1-1 Same as S1-1
M3 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 Same as Article 21 of Apply invention patent
PA of M1 protection
Same as M1-2 Same as M1-2 Same as M1-1 Same as S1-1
M4 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
T1 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
T2 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
T3 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
P1 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
P2 Same as M1-1 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2 Same as M1-1 and M1-2
and M1-2
P3

works, and computer programs. The law objects of
TSA are methods, techniques, processes, formula,
programs, design, and other information that may
be used in the course of production, sales, and oper-
ation. Table 3 shows the law-object-oriented IPRs.
This table can be used by designers to check rele-
vant intellectual property laws based on their
design outputs. Companies can also use Table 3 to
nd out appropriate laws and suggestions for de-
sign knowledge protection.
Table 3 can be used for companies to quickly nd
the IPR laws for a specic design output. Compa-
nies can also determine which law can provide the
best protection based on their IPR strategies or

Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
 Design & Law Orientation of Design Protection 47

Table 3 Law object orientation and corresponding intellectual property rights

Patent Act (PA) Trade

Secrets
Invention Design Trademark Copyright Act
Code Law object patent patent Act (TA) Act (CA) (TSA)

PA1 Creation of technical ideas

PA2 Shape
PA3 Pattern
PA4 Color
PA5 Computer-generated icons
PA6 Graphic user interface
TA1 Words
TA2 Designs
TA3 Symbols
TA4 Colors
TA5 Three-dimensional shapes
TA6 Motions
TA7 Holograms
TA8 Sounds
CA1 Oral and literary works
CA2 Musical works
CA3 Dramatic and
choreographic works
CA4 Artistic works
CA5 Photographic works
CA6 Pictorial and
graphical works
CA7 Audiovisual works
CA8 Sound recordings
CA9 Architectural works
CA10 Computer programs
TSA1 Method
TSA2 Technique
TSA3 Process
TSA4 Formula
TSA5 Program
TSA6 Design
TSA7 Other information
that may be used in
the course of
production, sales,
or operations

attributes of the design output. Some suggestions
for companies about choosing laws for design
knowledge protection are presented as follows:
(i) For using PA for design knowledge protection,
one has to be aware of the following matters: (i)
During patent database search, it is important
to check for novelty, which is essential for paten-
tability; (ii) the patent application should be
submitted to the intellectual property ofce of
the desired country with the invention patent
or design patent application form and descrip-
tion ready; (iii) before obtaining the patent,
the company should try its best to prevent dis-
closing the creative work. By doing so, novelty
will not be lost if the application date is missed
accidentally; and (d) PA and TSA cannot be
used jointly. Choose either PA or TSA.
(ii) For using TA for design knowledge protection,
one has to be aware of the following matters: (i)
The company has to do trademark database
search rst to ensure that the trademark has
not been registered by others; (ii) the trademark
registration can be submitted to the intellectual
property ofce of the desired country with the
trademark application form ready; (iii) it is im-
portant to collect as much evidence as possible,
for example, trademarks used on the shipping
order, packaging, and products, to demonstrate
that the trademark has been used on the mar-
ket in order to increase the approval rate of
the trademark.
(iii) For using CA for design knowledge protection,
one has to be aware of the following matters: (i)
According to CA, creators simultaneously pos-
sess the right to a creative work, and copyright
owners should try their best to publish the
works or to acquire the legal date proving the
time that the work is completed and (ii) the de-
sign journal or other relevant design drafts

Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
48 R. Chen
should be kept as evidence for any infringe-
ment lawsuit in the future.
(iv) For using TSA for design knowledge protec-
tion, one has to be aware of the following mat-
ters: (i) Companies should adopt necessary
condential measures, such as condential
agreement, or have important information kept
by various people and (ii) TSA and PA cannot
be used jointly. Choose either TSA or PA.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The investigators searched for various design pro-
cesses from academic journals. After integrating
suggestions from experts from the industry, the in-
vestigators developed and redened SPDP to con-
tain ve major stages: strategy, conceptual,
modeling, test, and production, corresponding to
PA, TA, CA and TSA, respectively. In the future, de-
signers can search for appropriate IPR laws accord-
ing to SPDP and the attributes of the to be protected
creative work (Figure 2).
The design knowledge protection of design
process orientation (DPO) is developed based on
the design process, and the aim is for companies
to identify appropriate laws and suggestions for
design knowledge protection based on the specic
design process. Nonetheless, this approach may
not be applicable for companies that do not use
any design process. In this case, design
knowledge protection of law object orientation
(LOO) can be applied to list out the law objects
of PA, TA, CA, and TSA LOO. Once a denite
Figure 2 Overall design knowledge protection of design process orientation and law object orientation
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
design output is generated, the company can
quickly identify the corresponding intellectual
property laws and suggestions for protecting the
design (Figure 3).
The study found that as follows: (i) From the
perspective of legal protection, invention patents
and TSA may overlap. Fortunately, it is legally
stipulated that only one of them can be adopted
for protection. As a result, companies have to
choose one for design knowledge protection. (ii)
Design patents and TA may overlap too, but current
laws permit them to be both applied. As a result,
companies can exibly use the feature strategically.
Design process orientation is design process
based, and an advantage of it is that designers or
companies can identify suitable protection laws or
suggestions for a specic design process. LOO, on
the other hand, is based on the original statutory
protection object, and the advantage is that the
protected object is better dened, allowing de-
signers and companies to quickly nd out relevant
protection laws and suggestions.
The study proposed design knowledge protection
of DPO and LOO. The main objective is to discuss
concrete design outputs from design processes and
corresponding IPR laws from the perspective of
practical design. Whether it is DPO or LOO, one
should be aware that not every creative output has
the value for protection. Designers should assess
the creative work based on the efcacy, cost, and
strategies of protection and consider the basic
attributes (e.g., industrial property rights versus
cultural property rights) of the four sets of
intellectual property laws before making a choice.
Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm

Figure 3 Attributes and focus on intellectual property rights
REFERENCES
Aitchison GA, Hukins DWL, Parry JJ, Shepherd DET,
Trotman SG. 2009. A review of the design process for
implantable orthopedic medical devices. The Open
Biomedical Engineering Journal 3: 2127.
Braha D, Maimon O. 1997. The design process: properties,
paradigms, and structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems,
Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 27(2):
146166.
Burns CM, Vicente KJ. 2000. A participant-observer study
of ergonomics in engineering design: how constraints
drive design process. Applied Ergonomics 31: 7382.
Camelo DM, Mulet E. 2010. A multi-relational and
interactive model for supporting the design process in
the conceptual phase. Automation in Construction 19:
964974.
Casani EK, Metzger RM. 1995. Reengineering the project
design process. Acta Astronautica 35: 681689.
Chen A, Chen R. 2004. An adaptive design process
generated by the integration of systematic design
process and design patent protection mechanism.
International Journal of General Systems 33(6): 635653.
Chong TH, Bae I, Park GJ. 2002. A new and generalized
methodology to design multi-stage gear drives by inte-
grating the dimensional and the conguration design
process. Mechanism and Machine Theory 37: 295310.
Dorst K, Cross N. 2001. Creativity in the design process:
co-evolution of problem-solution. Design Studies 22:
425437.
Fan SKS, Fan C, Yang JH, Liu FR. 2013. Disassembly and
recycling cost analysis of waste notebook and the
efciency improvement by re-design process. Journal of
Cleaner Production 39: 209219.
Gonnet S, Henning G, Leone H. 2007. A model for
capturing and representing the engineering design
process. Expert Systems with Applications 33: 881902.
Hasana R, Bernarda A, Ciccotellib J, Martinc P. 2003.
Integrating safety into the design process: elements
and concepts relative to the working situation. Safety
Science 41: 155179.
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design & Law Orientation of Design Protection 49
Hatcher GD, Ijomah WL, Windmill JFC. 2013. Integrating
design for remanufacture into the design process: the
operational factors. Journal of Cleaner Production 39:
200208.
Hekmatpour A, Orailoglu A, Chau P. 1991. Hierarchical
modeling of the VLSI design process. IEEE Expert 6(2):
5670.
Houshmand M, Jamshidnezhad B. 2006. An extended
model of design process of lean production systems
by means of process variables. Robotics and
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 22: 116.
Houssin R, Coulibaly A. 2011. An approach to solve con-
tradiction problems for the safety integration in innova-
tive design process. Computers in Industry 62: 398406.
Howard TJ, Culley SJ, Dekoninck E. 2008. Describing the
creative design process by the integration of
engineering design and cognitive psychology literature.
Design Studies 29: 160180.
Hsiao SW, Chou JR. 2004. A creativity based design
process for innovative product design. International
Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 34: 421443.
Jacome MG, Director SW. 1996. A formal basis for design
process planning and management. IEEE Transactions
on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and
Systems 15(10): 11971211.
Kaindl H, Member S. 2000. A design process based on a
model combining scenarios with goals and functions.
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part
A: Systems and Humans 30(5): 537551.
Kavakli M. 2001. Knowledge-based modeling for detailed
design process from analysis to implementation.
Automation in Construction 10: 399416.
Kim DJ, Jung JW, Hong JP, Kim KJ, Park CJ. 2012. A study
on the design process of noise reduction in induction mo-
tors. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 48(11): 46384641.
Lee MW, Yun MH, Jung ES, Freivalds A. 1997. High
touch: ergonomics in a conceptual design process case
studies of a remote controller and personal telephones.
International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 19: 239248.
Li YL, Zhao W. 2009. Development of an integrated-
collaborative decision making framework for product
Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
50 R. Chen
top-down design process. Robotics and Computer-
Integrated Manufacturing 25: 497512.
Lin MC, Wang CC, Chen MS, Chang CA. 2008. Using
AHP and TOPSIS approaches in customer-driven
product design process. Computers in Industry 59:
1731.
Mahdavi A, Suter G. 1998. On the implications of design
process views for the development of computational
design support tools. Automation in Construction 7:
189204.
Marefat M. 1993. Object-oriented intelligent computer-
integrated design, process planning and inspection.
Computer 26: 5465.
Mendel J. 2012. A taxonomy of models used in the design
process. Interactions DOI: 10.1145/2065327.2065343,
8185.
Ostrosi E, Fougeres AJ, Ferney M. 2012. Fuzzy agents
for product conguration in collaborative and
distributed design process. Applied Soft Computing 12:
20912105.
Papakostas N, Alexopoulos K, Kopanakis A. 2011.
Integrating digital manufacturing and simulation tools
in the assembly design process: a cooperating robots
cell case. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and
Technology 4: 96100.
Qian Y, Xie M, Goh TN, Lin J. 2010. Optimal testing
strategies in overlapped design process. European
Journal of Operational Research 206: 131143.
Reed JA, Afjeh A. 2000. Improving the aircraft design
process using web-based modeling and simulation.
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation
10(1): 5883.
Rungtusanatham M, Forza C. 2005. Coordinating product
design, process design, and supply chain design
decisions Part Atopic motivation, performance
implications, and article review process. Journal of
Operations Management 23: 257265.
Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safarzadeh D, Sulaiman S, Aziz FA, Ahmad DB, Majzoobi
GH. 2011. The design process of a self-propelled oor
crane. Journal of Terramechanics 48: 157168.
Sanchez JM. 1997. Intelligent reasoning assistant for
incorporating manufacturability issues into the design
process. Expert Systent with Applications 12(1): 8188.
Sandige RS, Member S. 1992. Top-down design process
for gate-level combinational logic design. IEEE
Transactions on Education 35(3): 247252.
Sierla S, Tumer I, Papakonstantinou N, Koskinen K,
Jensen D. 2012. Early integration of safety to the
mechatronic system design process by the functional
failure identication and propagation framework.
Mechatronics 22: 137151.
Simoes JAO. 2001. Icarus: the design process of a
conceptual vehicle. Materials and Design 22: 251257.
Skepper N, Straker L, Pollock C. 2000. A case study of the
use of ergonomics information in a heavy engineering
design process. International Journal of Industrial
Ergonomics 26: 425435.
Sonnenwald DH. 1996. Communication roles that support
collaboration during the design process. Design Studies
17: 277301.
Thiyagarajan N, Grandhi RV. 2005. Multi-level design
process for 3-D preform shape optimization in metal
forming. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 170:
421429.
Wang YL. 2005. Modular design process for a micro
motion actuator. Mechatronics 15: 793806.
Ward SE, Brown RD. 2004. A framework for incorporat-
ing the prevention of Lyme disease transmission into
the landscape planning and design process. Landscape
and Urban Planning 66: 91106.
Zeng Y, Gu P. 1999. A science-based approach to product
design theory Part I formulation and formalization of
design process. Robotics and Computer Integrated
Manufacturing 15: 331339.
Know. Process Mgmt. 22, 4150 (2015)
DOI: 10.1002/kpm
Copyright of Knowledge & Process Management is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without
the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or
email articles for individual use.