Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Montenegro's
Energy Efficiency Program in Public Buildings (EEPPB)
Project implemented by
STUDENT HOSTEL NAME: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Contents
1. Audit Information ................................................................................................................. 4
2. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1. General .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2. Main basic data of the building ............................................................................................... 5
2.3. Overview of measures ........................................................................................................... 6
2.4. Energy and CO2 savings ........................................................................................................ 7
2.5. Advantages of implementation of energy efficiency measures ............................................... 7
3. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Background ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.2. The Project Development Process ......................................................................................... 8
4. Project Organisation............................................................................................................ 9
5. Standards and Regulations ............................................................................................... 10
6. Building State Description ................................................................................................ 11
6.1. General conditions ............................................................................................................... 11
6.2. Data about the building ........................................................................................................ 20
6.3. Heating system .................................................................................................................... 29
6.4. Ventilation system ................................................................................................................ 32
6.5. Domestic hot water system .................................................................................................. 33
6.6. Fans and pumps .................................................................................................................. 34
6.7. Lighting system .................................................................................................................... 34
6.8. Other equipment .................................................................................................................. 35
7. Energy Consumption......................................................................................................... 37
7.1. Methodology for energy consumption calculation................................................................. 37
7.2. Measured energy consumption ............................................................................................ 38
8. Potential for energy savings ............................................................................................. 40
9. Energy efficiency measures .............................................................................................. 42
9.1. List of measures .................................................................................................................. 42
9.2. Measures ............................................................................................................................. 43
10. Environmental benefits ..................................................................................................... 58
11. Design, Implementation and organisation .......................................................................... 59
11. Financing............................................................................................................................ 60
12. Operation and Maintenance .............................................................................................. 60
Annex A: Extract from ENSI Software ....................................................................................... 61
Annex B ....................................................................................................................................... 67
1. Audit Information
Programme: Energy Efficiency Program in Public Buildings (EEPPB)
Name of the dormitory: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera Kotor
Address: Dobrota bb - Kotor
Period of audit: October 2012
Contact Person
Name: Branko Ivardic
Position: Director
Tel: +382 69 041 480
Fax: +382 32 330 254
e-mail: sdomkotor@t-com.me
2. Summary
2.1. General
The energy audit for Student hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor has been elaborated on the basis of the
methodology and general assumptions established for the Energy Efficiency Program in Public
Buildings (EEPPB).
The main calculations have been performed with the specialised software developed and adapted
for Montenegro by ENSI - Energy Saving International AS.
The calculation of the expected energy savings is based on the baseline case that corresponds to
indoor thermal comfort conditions, lighting levels and other related parameters, as they are defined
by the relevant standards.
The project aims to improve energy efficiency and comfort conditions in the target buildings under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and Sports (primary, secondary and special schools,
kindergartens and dormitories). The overarching goal of development policy of the Program is to
contribute to global climate protection and sustainable development of Montenegro. It is expected
that the Program will have a positive impact on employment and income generation during the
current economic and financial crisis.
The energy efficiency measures package includes improvement of the thermal shell as well the
introduction of a new boilers and equipment in the boilerroom including instalation of solar system
for preparing DHW and replacement of incadescent luminaries.
In addition, it is recommended to introduce tailored operation and maintenance system and
routines to ensure suitable operational conditions in the building and to keep the operation costs,
including energy, as low as possible on a permanent basis. This should include energy monitoring
routines based on ET-curve and manual, and training of O&M personnel.
Note:
For the investment and the corresponding savings to be valid, all measures should be
implemented as one project. The figures have an accuracy of 10% in terms of energy savings and
25% in terms of investment costs. However, based on auditors experience, expected variation of
investment costs is 10% for most of the proposed measures.
Funds that are provided for the schools through EEPPB are not only intended for energy efficiency
measures, but also for the measures that are not energy efficient, but provide appropriate comfort
conditions as defined by the regulations and best practice. Identified non-energy efficient and
renovation measures as well as the required investments are listed in the following table:
Non-energy efficient and renovation measures
Investment []
Renovation of toilets in the hostel building 40.000
Replacing of water-tap above lavatory in rooms 16.000
New lightning-rod installation 5.000
Renovation and painting of inside walls and ceilings 20.000
Total all non-energy efficient and renovation measures 81.000
Improvement of comfort level, due to higher temperature (20C) in winter, higher surface
temperature (walls, windows, etc.) and avoidance of draft effects due to tighter windows
Energy saving
Long term cost savings due to reduced heating costs
Esthetical improvements
3. Introduction
3.1. Background
The detailed energy audit at Student hostel "Spasic-Masera" - Kotor has been performed in the frame
of the Energy Efficiency Program in Public Buildings (EEPPB) that is financed by funds of the
Government of the Federal Republic of Germany through KfW Entwicklungsbank as well as KfW own
funds. The Programme is managed by the Ministry of Economy, Sector for Energy Efficiency,
Montenegro. The Ministry of Education and Sport participates in the Programme Coordination Board.
The aim of audit was to identify and analyse energy efficiency (EE) measures that would reduce
energy consumption, energy costs and greenhouse emissions, ensure more efficient operation and
maintenance of the building and its energy installations and, in parallel, ensure that after the
implementation of the measures indoor conditions will be maintained at the appropriate levels as
defined by the regulations and good practices.
The EEPPB allows part of the investment to be used for renovation works that are not directly related
to energy efficiency such as improvement of sanitary installations, elimination of water leakages, etc.
In this respect, the audit had to identify and propose the necessary renovation works to ensure
appropriate hygienic and other conditions for the users of the building.
The proposed measures, if approved, will be designed in detail, financed and implemented through
the EEPPB.
2. Scanning
Scanning
Improvement
Potential
5. Implementation Implementation
6. Operation Operation
4. Project Organisation
The existing Student Hostel building was built in 1973/74. It is located in Dobrota, on inclined terrain,
and looking by vertical, it consists of basement, ground floor and four mezzanine type floors
interconnected by stairs. The entrance is located on the south-west side of building.
Within the basement, the following facilities are located: laundry, boiler room, workshop, store spaces,
as well as entertainment rooms.
As far as ground floor is concerned there are administration offices and kitchen with restaurant, while
the rooms on the floors are used for accommodation of students.
All rooms are directed towards northeast-southwest side.
Photos 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d provide views of the hostel building.
Photo 2a: Student hostel building southwest Photo 2b: Student hostel building southeast
side (main entrance) side
Photo 2c: Student hostel building northeast Photo 2d: Student hostel building northwest
side side
The building was partly damged after the bad earthquake in 1979. After some time, damages on the
outdoor and separation walls, columns, chimney and some other parts of the building were repaired.
Due to increasing accommodation requirements, additional floor superstructure above each
mezzanine floor was constructed in 2000, so that within the exsisting area of cca 1355m2, additional
40 two-bedrooms with belonging bathrooms were built.
A part of doors and windows was replaced during the period between 2001 and 2012.
Lighting was also partly reconstructed in the entrance hall and corridors and replaced with the new
fluorescent lights instead of incandescent light bulbs.
Photos 3a and 3b provide views of the restaurant and view of the hostel from the part of flat roof.
Photo 3a: View of the restaurant Photo 3b: View of the hostel from the part of flat
roof
The Table 6.1 presents a summary of the area and the volume of the building of the Hostel. Tables
6.2a - 6.2f provide an overview of areas in the Hostel/Net values (relevant to these six tables are the
layouts presented in the Figures 2a - 2f).
The average height of the ceiling of each floor of the Hostel building is about 2,6 m.
The average height of the basement and ground floor is about 3,5 m.
Table 6.1. Summary of the area and volume of the floors of the Hostel
Parameter Total Heated
Unit
Student hostel Building area area
a Area of the basement m2 597,0 522,0
b Area of the ground level m2 1.084,3 1.049,4
c Area of the I floor m2 715,5 715,5
d Area of the II floor m2 719,3 719,3
e Area of the III floor m2 664,9 664,9
f Area of the IV floor m2 393,9 393,9
6 Staircase 14 14
7 Corridors 24 24
8 Hall for table tennis, darts, billiards 119 119
9 Toilets for laundry 8,5 8,5
10 Health club 44 44
11 Toilets for caffe and health club 26 26
12 Warehouse 12 0
13 Room for free activities, TV, club 120 120
Total 597 522
The following table provides a summary of the main operating data of the Hostel.
Table 6.3 Summary of the main operating data of the Student hostel
Number of buildings 1
Gross Area 5.115 m2
Conditioned Area 4.065 m2
Conditioned Volume 10.780 m3
General Conditions
Additional information:
Building is in good condition in terms of maintenance. Walls are well preserved, but with poor thermal
characteristics. There is no insulation on the walls and on the floor.
A certain number of windows has been replaced by a new ones, while the old windows are from the
time of construction and are in the poor condition.
Boilers and boiler room equipment are dilapidated.
Temperatures
The rooms on the basement and groundfloor are heated by boilers using light fuel oil. Rooms on the
floors are also heated by the radiators, but also all rooms are equipped with different electrical
heaters, which are used without rules.
The boilers turn on at 06:30h and off at 10:30h, depending on the atmospheric conditions, then again
turn on at 16:30h and off at 20:30h. Boilers are in operation every day during the heating season, and
for preparing DHW also outside the heating season.
Actual Indoor and Setback temperatures are shown in the above table (required for the ENSI
Software). They were gathered from discussions with the Hostel principal and checked for
consistency with the ENSI software.
6.2.1. Walls
General evaluation of the existing condition (poor, acceptable, good) poor
Total area (m) 2.519 U value (average) (W/mK) 2,26
Reinforced concrete walls (30%) on both sides plastered with cement mortar,
Wall construction W1 Insulation NO
filled with hollow clay blocks (70%) of the total thickness of =25cm.
Wall construction W2 Cement mortar+hollow clay blocks (=20cm)+cement mortar (tot=25cm) Insulation NO
Wall construction W3 Mortar+siporex blocks =20cm+mortar (tot=25cm) Insulation NO
Wall construction W4 Wooden parapets+cement mortar (tot=10cm) Insulation NO
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Wall area (m) 588 425 604 470
Wall construction (W1) W1 W1 W1 W1
U-value (W/mK) 2,35 2,35 2,35 2,35
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Wall area (m) 125 115
Wall construction (W2) W2 W2
U-value (W/mK) 1,90 1,90
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Wall area (m) 50 60
Wall construction (W3) W3 W3
U-value (W/mK) 1,40 1,40
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Wall area (m) 42 40
Wall construction (W3) W4 W4
U-value (W/mK) 2,25 2,25
Additional information:
The exterior walls of the building are built with brick, thickness of 20cm in combination with reinforced
concrete piers and canvas that come out of flat of the facade. The walls are plastered on both sides
with cement mortar thickness of 2,5cm. The total area of the wall of this structure is 2.087m2. The
calculated value for this structure of the wall is 2,35W/m2K.
The structure of the wall on the floor of the annex is different, so they are on the northwest and
southeast side walls of brick block 20cm thick on both sides plastered with cement mortar thickness of
2,5cm. The total area of the wall of this structure is approximately 240m2, and the calculated U value
is 1,9W/m2K.
The north-east and south-west walls were made of blocks siporex thickness of 20cm on both sides
plastered with cement mortar. The total area of the wall of this structure is approximately 110m2, and
the calculated U value is 1,4W/m2K.
Part of the facade is made of wooden parapets beneath the windows in the rooms, in the northeast
and southwest. Total area of the parapet is 82m2, and the calculated U value is 2,25W/m2K.
The total area of facade walls is 2.519m2, with average U value of 2,26W/m2K.
ENSI Template adapted for EEPPB Page 20
STUDENT HOSTEL NAME: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
In general, the walls are in poor condition from thermal point of view. It is recommended to apply
thermal insulation, as there is none now.
Existing wooden parapets should be torn down and new should be built from the solid material.
On the north west side of the building, on the area where the chimney is located, on the top floor
during the rainy season comes to leaking. It is therefore necessary on set up this part of flashings to
repair or otherwise.
The content of the next four Photos 4a - 4d, is related to the walls of the dormitory (facade).
Photo 4a: Dormitory building southwest facade Photo 4b: Dormitory building southeast facade
(main entrance)
Photo 4c: Dormitory building northeast facade Photo 4d: Dormitory building northwest facade
6.2.2. Windows
General evaluation of the existing condition (poor, acceptable, good) poor
Total area (m) 556,85 U value (average) (W/mK) 2,82
Material type W Wood, PO Old PVC, PN New PVC,
Frame/sash type S single, D coupled
Glazing type 1G single glazing, 2G double glazing
Area of Total Material Frame Glazing
Orien- Size (a x b) Quantity Solar1 U-value
one area type type type
tation factor g
a b m pcs m (W, PO, PN) (S, D) (1G, 2G) W/mK
NE 1,5 1,5 2,25 45 101,25 W D 2G 0,64 3,2
NE 1,4 1,6 2,24 2 4,48 W D 2G 0,64 3,2
NE 0,8 0,8 0,64 11 7,04 W D 2G 0,51 3,2
NE 2,0 1,35 2,70 1 2,70 W D 2G 0,32 3,2
NE 1,5 1,5 2,25 19 42,75 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
NE 1,5 1,5 2,25 12 27,00 PN S 2G 0,48 2,2
Total 185,22
Area of Total Material Frame Glazing
Orien- Size (a x b) Quantity Solar U-value
one area type type type
tation factor g
a b m pcs m (W, PO, PN) (S, D) (1G, 2G) W/mK
SE 0,65 1 0,65 2 1,30 W D 2G - 3,2
SE 1,5 1,5 2,25 5 11,25 W D 2G 0,16 3,2
SE 1,45 0,7 1,02 2 2,04 W D 2G 0,44 3,2
SE 0,8 1,6 1,28 5 6,40 W D 2G 0,32 3,2
SE 0,8 0,8 0,64 3 1,92 W D 2G 0,32 3,2
SE 1,5 1,5 2,25 3 6,75 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
SE 1,4 0,6 0,84 1 0,84 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
SE 1,5 1,5 2,25 6 13,50 PN S 2G 0,32 2,2
SE 3,15 2,5 7,88 4 31,52 PN S 2G 0,48 2,2
Total 75,52
Area of Total Material Frame Glazing
Orien- Size (a x b) Quantity Solar U-value
one area type type type
tation factor g
a b m pcs m (W, PO, PN) (S, D) (1G, 2G) W/mK
SW 1,5 1,5 2,25 43 96,75 W D 2G 0,64 3,2
SW 1,5 0,75 1,13 3 3,39 W D 2G 0,64 3,2
SW 0,8 0,8 0,64 12 7,68 W D 2G 0,21 3,2
SW 1,5 1,5 2,25 16 36,00 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
SW 1,5 1,5 2,25 20 45,00 PN S 2G 0,64 2,2
SW 0,85 2,5 2,13 6 12,78 PN S 2G 0,48 2,2
SW 1,85 2,5 4,63 1 4,63 PN S 2G 0,48 2,2
Total 206,23
Area of Total Material Frame Glazing
Orien- Size (a x b) Quantity Solar U-value
one area type type type
tation factor g
a b m pcs m (W, PO, PN) (S, D) (1G, 2G) W/mK
NW 3,0 1,6 4,80 1 4,80 W D 2G 0,21 3,2
NW 0,8 0,8 0,64 2 1,28 W D 2G 0,16 3,2
NW 1,5 1,5 2,25 5 11,25 W D 2G 0,16 3,2
NW 1,5 2,5 3,75 1 3,75 W D 2G 0,16 3,2
NW 3,15 2,5 7,88 5 39,40 PN S 2G 0,32 2,2
NW 1,5 1,5 2,25 1 2,25 PN S 2G 0,32 2,2
NW 1,5 2,5 3,75 5 18,75 PN S 2G 0,16 2,2
NW 1,4 0,6 0,84 2 1,68 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
NW 1,5 1,5 2,25 3 6,75 PO S 2G 0,64 3,0
Total 89,91
1
For the calculations in ENSI, the corrected values of solar factor g were used, because of the external influences, shadows
from parts of the buildings and trees and contribution of the non-transparent surfaces on the doors, so this factor is different
on various sides of the building. The average value of the solar factor g is 0,48.
ENSI Template adapted for EEPPB Page 22
STUDENT HOSTEL NAME: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Additional information:
The dormitory building has windows on all its sides. Photos from 5a to 5f provide a view of the various
windows and skylights on the building.
At the object, depending on the material framework there are two types of windows, windows with
wooden frames harnessed with two glasses in the window and PVC frames with double-glazing.
Windows with wooden frames were set up at the time of construction (1974 year) and partially on the
floors some of the wooden windows were changed with PVC ones (about 30%).
Windows with wooden frames are with double-glazing and air space of 20mm. Windows are with
internal rolling shutters with wooden boxes, which are not in operation on about 50% of the windows
(Photo 5e). Below this type of windows are wooden parapets (Photo 5f).
Place of connection of the frame structure and glass is of poor quality because of dilapidation (Photo
5a, 5b). Glass on some windows of this type on the groundfloor is broken and instead of glass, the
wooden board is placed. The total area of this type of windows is cca 267m2. The windows are old
and in poor condition and should be replaced with new windows together with rolling shutters where
they existed before.
Older windows with PVC frames, approx 95m2, built in 2000 during the time of upgrading the floors,
and this type of window is present on all floors. These windows are of poor quality and have poor
thermal characteristics and should be replaced.
Newer windows with PVC frames were installed in last several years. They are in good condition and
have satisfactory thermal characteristics. This type of windows is located in the hallways and on the
part of the building above the administrative premises. Their area is about 143m2 and their
replacement is not required.
The estimated U value of the window with wooden frame is 3,2W/m2K, with old PVC frame is
3,0W/m2K while the U value of the new windows with PVC frames is 2,2W/m2K.
Photo 5a: Typical wooden windows on the hostel Photo 5b: View of wooden parapets
building soutwest side
Photo 5c: Wooden windows on the hostel Photo 5d: New PVC windows on the southwest
building southwest side side of the Hostel
ENSI Template adapted for EEPPB Page 23
STUDENT HOSTEL NAME: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Photo 5e: Wooden box with internal rolling Photo 5f: Wooden windows with wooden
shutter parapets
6.2.3. Doors
General evaluation of the existing condition (poor, acceptable, good) poor
Total area (m) 151,04 U value (average) (W/mK) 3,6
Additional information:
The doors at building were also partially changed. Depending on the material frame there are metal
without glass, wooden, with and without glass, new PVC and Al doors.
Replacement of wooden doors is recommended, while changed new PVC and Al doors replacing is
not required.
The doors at the entrance to the first floor on the southwest side were changed few years ago with
new PVC, which are in good condition. The doors at restaurant was replaced in 2011 with a new Al
ones, and their replacement is not required.
Metal and wooden doors, with a total area of 64.37 m2, which are located on the ground floor of the
building and they were never changed since the time of construction. They have poor thermal
characteristics and need to be replaced.
Photos from 6a to 6c provide a view of the various doors on the building.
Photo 6a: Entrance of the Hostel new doors Photo 6b: New doors to the restaurant area Al
with PVC frames frames
6.2.4. Roof
General evaluation of the existing condition (poor, acceptable, good) acceptable
Total area (m) 1.355 U value (average) (W/mK) 0,85
Roof/wall/ceiling
Ribbed reinforced concrete panels, with bituminous hydroinsulation and cement
Construction R1 Insulation NO
screed, finishing with a final layer of the concrete slab, total thicknes =25cm
Construction R2 Sheet + mineral wool ( = 10 cm) + sheet (on metal construction) Insulation YES
Roof type RF1 Attic; roof type RF2
Roof H
directly above
heated space
Average temp, in
-
attic space (C)
Height (m) 2,0
Roof type (RF1, RF2) Dimensions Area Thickness Construction U-value
RF1 m m m Type (R1, R2) W/mK
Flat roof - 435 0,25 R1 1,90
Additional information:
The roof above the floors is attic two-levels with surface of 920m2 surface, constructed during
additional floors superstructure. Above the restaurant and partly above the kitchen, the roof is flat and
with area of 435m2.
The roof superstructure of attic roof is constructed of steel girders (Photo 7b), while roof cover is
made of metal sheets insulated by mineral wool of =10cm thickness. The seilings are made of
plaster boards (photo 7c), laid down on metal profiles sub-structure. Generaly, the attic roof is in
pretty good condition. It should be necessary to inspect a cause of leakage (condition of gutters) and
repair a part of roof where chimney is located (alongside the pary where metal sheet flashing exist).
The flat roof is passable and constructed of reinforced concrete slab+cement screed+concrete slab,
and it is in rather good condition, exept minor damages at the wall and flat roof joints where it should
be necessary to lay down the metal sheet flashing (Photo 7d and 7e)
Area of flat roof is 435m2, while flat area of pitched roof is approximately 920m2 and the average U-
value is 0,85W/m2K.
On the roof, there is radioactive lightning rod that needs to be replaced by a new one.
Generally, the roof is in acceptable condition.
It is necessary to apply thermal insulation on ceiling of flat roof.
Photo 7a: Pitched roof above the floor Photo 7b: Appearance inside the attic
Photo 7c: Appearance of ceiling on last floor Photo 7d: Appearance of flat roof above
restaurant
Photo 7e: Flashing on the joint between the wall and flat roof
6.2.5. Floor
General evaluation of the existing condition (poor, acceptable, good) acceptable
Total area (m) 1.355 U value (average) (W/mK) 0,90
Additional information:
The floor is composed of a charged buffer+concrete floor+screed+terrazzo (in the halls) or ceramics
and terrazzo. The average U-value of the floor is 0,90W/m2K. The total floor area is 1.355m2.
The floor is in good condition and floor insulation is not recommended in this report because of the
high investment costs and low improvements in terms of energy savings that could be achieved with
such measure.
Photo 8a: The ceramics floor in the corridors on Photo 8b: Appearance of floor in the restaurant
the ground floor
2
Estimated value, the estimate is made based on the fact that 90% of users of the rooms (total of 117 rooms) use electric
heaters of average power of about 1,5 kW.
ENSI Template adapted for EEPPB Page 29
STUDENT HOSTEL NAME: Student Hostel Spasic-Masera - Kotor
ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Heating pipes in the boiler room are insulated. Distribution system is not equipped with balancing
valves and on existing valves, some small leakages are notices during the DEA. Over last several
years, due to deterioration, a failure rate on the piping network in boiler room have been increased, in
the form of water leakage, both on heating network and domestic hot water supply system ( Photo 12,
13 ). About 5 10% of heating units, within piping network, have been cut off.
There is no chemical water treatment system, and the water is supplied to the system from the city
water supply network.
For combustion products exhausting, the masonry chimney on north side of building is used.
For DHW heating, two water heaters of 4000 l are used.
The radiators heating system was designed to operate within a range of 90/70C, without planed
additional floors superstructure. The radiators are of cast iron ribbed types whitout thermostatic
valves. In the accomodation rooms and partly both in bassement and ground floor, the radiators were
replaced with the new ribbed ones (Photos 15,16). The radiators in floor corridirs havent been
replaced.
The system is operating in the folowing way: the hot water from boiler, through boiler pipe branch, is
distributed to the heating splitter and water heater for preperation of sanitary hot water. From the
heating splitter, hot water is distributed to the final users.
The boilers are set to start at 6:30h and work until about 10:30h, and again on 16:30h until 20:30h.
Both boilers are switched on until hot water temperature reaches 80C , when one of the boilers is
switched off and again switched on when it is necessary.
Apart from radiators heating, as an additional heating sources are used by students in the rooms and
as a rule they use electric heaters.
Bearing in mind an age of one of the boilers (instaled in 1985.), wich is in a poor condition and with
used heating and as result reduced heating capacity, most belivebly due to blockage of exhaust gas
pipes within the firebed and lime scale on internal boiler surface, as well as because of deterioration
of piping network (for DHW) in the boiler room, it is stongly recommended to replace both boilers and
complete instalations in the boiler room with the new more efficient ones.
It should be also necessary to add heating units wich used to be disconnected.
Finaly more efficient ventilation in the bioler room should be provided.
It is necessary to clean tanks and suction and if need other repairs in system for fuel delivery.
Photo 9: Boilers "TKT Toplota Zagreb" Photo 10: Burner on old boiler
Photo 11: Boilers for preparing DHW Photo 12: Distribution system for DHW
Photo 13: Distribution system for DHW Photo 14: Part of the system where the leak
occurs on valves
Photo 15: A broken pipe network to one of the Photo 16: Apperance of collector and distributor
heating body of hot water
Photo 17: Type of old radiator in corridors on Photo 18: Type of new radiator in the rooms
floors
Distribution system
Max. capacity of DHW system (litres/hour) 4.000 Max. capacity of DHW system (kW) 300
Condition of distribution system Poor
Material of pipes Zinced pipes
Condition of thermal insulation No thermal insulation
Material of thermal insulation -
Leakages Partialy on some valves
Storage tank/accumulator volume (litres) 2x4.000 Storage tank water temperature () 60
Cold water supply temperature () 10 15 Hot water delivery temperature () Less then 60
DHW Consumption
Installed showers (pcs) 80 Installed taps (pcs) 152
Use of showers (times/week) 600 Floor washing (times/week) -
Shower consumption (l/min) 7 Hot lunch (portions/day) -
Installed bath tubs, (pcs) - Cold lunch (portions/day) -
Total volume of bath tubs (litres) - Hot water with T > 70 -
Use of bath tubs (times/week) - Max. use of DHW per hour (W/m) -
For apartments: Average area per ap. (m) No. of persons per apartment 2
Additional information:
To provide domestic-sanitary hot water, the common system is used, similary as for heting purposes.
To hot water heaters of 4000l capacity are used for DHW preparation.
The water is heated up to 60C and thermostats are used for temperature control. When water
temperature reaches 60C, thermostat and control va lve prevent inflow of heating water.
The water is heated in electric water heaters both during the winter and summer seasons.
Additional information:
Existing indoor lighting system in rooms and restaurant consists of lighting fixtures (luminaries), with
incandescent light bulbs.
Lighting system in hallway and corridors of floors is reconstructed partially a years-two ago, so
incandescent light bulbs replaced with fluorescent luminaries (2x36W). In the corridors of top floor did
not reconstruct.
Outdoor lighting is natrium halogenated reflectors.
Around 20% of incandescent light bulbs is missing.
It should be necessary to replace the exsisting incadescent fluor-compact lights and install electricity
saving bulbs.
Photo 17: Incandescent light bulbs on corridors Photo 18: Fluorescent luminaries in corridors on
on top floor first three floors
Various Quantity Unit capacity Total capacity Avg. power Op. period In operation Comments
unexploitable (pcs) (W) (kW) (W/m) (h/week) since (year)
Washing machine 5 13.000 65,0
Drier for laundry 2 3.000 6,0
Loundry ironing 3 2.330 7,0
Workshop equipment - - 6,0
Burners 2 850 1,7
Equip. in boiler room - - 1,5
Total 87,2 16,0
Various unexploitable
Total, average power (W/m) 16,0 Operation period (h/week) 90
Max, simultaneous power (W/m) 114,0 Operation period (weeks/year) 51
Additional information:
There are various high voltage units in the building, such as for laundry and kitchen necessities. Apart
from large number of electric aparatus, the cooker, ceper and burbeqe are instoled in the kitchen,
using liquid petroleum gas as heating source. Diagram No. 2 shows aproximate percentages of
individual consumers of total electricity consumption.
7. Energy Consumption
7.1. Methodology for energy consumption calculation
The methodology for DEA defines the following typical cases relevant for the calculation of the energy
consumption and the energy savings:
The case of measured values: This case involves an average annual consumption of fuel and
electricity, according to the data recorded in bills for the last few years.
The current (calculated) case: The current case is defined by:
Actual (measured or estimated) room temperatures, estimated actual air infiltration, actual level
of lighting, etc.
Outdoor weather conditions integrated in ENSI software
Actual dimensions, U-values, schedule of works, the number of people, etc.
Baseline case: This is the current case, The only difference is that it is calculated based on
standard indoor temperatures and lighting levels, as defined in the regulations. Boiler efficiency, air
infiltration rate, U-values and all other technical parameters have the same value as the current
case.
The heating system is unbalanced, and in some rooms the indoor temperature is low, (1315C),
while other rooms are heated better, but below norms. Consequently, the average temperature in the
building could be around 15,5C.
To achieve design indoor temperature (19C) in the coldest rooms by increasing the supply water
temperature with the same unbalanced heating system, the result would be too high indoor
temperatures in other rooms. Thus, the average indoor temperature in the example building would be
about 20C. This could be used as the baseline for the calculations of energy savings from energy
efficiency measures.
By using 20C, the calculated baseline energy deman d is higher than the measured energy
consumption.
To achieve 19C in each room, the heating system sh ould be hydraulically balanced and thermostatic
radiator valves installed.
The calculated savings will correspond to the difference between 20C and 19C. Since the current
average indoor temperature is 15,5C.
The case with measures: This is, in fact, a baseline case with new values for technical parameters
resulting from the undertaken energy efficiency measures. It includes lower U-values of elements that
will be insulated, a lower rate of infiltration in case of enhancement of windows, improved efficiency,
etc.
According to methodology, the baseline case is used as the basis for calculating energy savings.
The expected energy saving is the result of comparison of energy consumption between the baseline
case and the case with measures.
It is believed that the energy savings calculated by using the above-mentioned methodology involves
two components:
The actual measured savings resulting from the reduction of fuel and electricity consumption;
Savings accompanied by the increase in comfort, which will be checked after the
implementation of measures.
For each energy saving measure a net saving in kWh/year is determined. Also a net saving in /year
is presented. It has to be taken in mind, that the net saving in /year strongly depends on the applied
energy price.
Calorific values
Energy carrier Calorific value Unit Comments
Light Fuel Oil 9,9 kWh/l Light fuel oil
The "present tariffs" and calorific values are used in the further calculations.
Diagram 3: Monthly electricity consumption (kWh) for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011
3
Agreed electricity price.
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ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Diagram 4: Monthly water consumption (m3) for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011
Water consumption is extremely high-the average for the last three years amounts to 19.829m3.
Comparing the average annual cost for fuel oil, electricity and water for the last three years, it is seen
that the percentage of water costs in the total costs presents the biggest amount 45.040 (40,25%-
Diagram 5).
In the following table, the overview of recommended energy efficiency measures including the
investment of each measure is presented:
In addition, it is recommended to introduce tailored operation and maintenance system and routines
to ensure suitable operational conditions in the building and to keep the operation costs, including
energy, as low as possible on a permanent basis. This should include energy monitoring routines
based on ET-curve and manual, and training of O&M personnel.
Note:
For the investment and the corresponding savings to be valid, all measures should be implemented
as one project. The figures have an accuracy of 10% in terms of energy savings and 25% in terms
of investment costs. However, based on auditors experience, expected variation of investment costs
is 10% for most of the proposed measures.
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Funds that are provided for the Hostels through EEPPB are not only intended for energy efficiency
measures, but also for the measures that are not energy efficient, but provide appropriate comfort
conditions as defined by the regulations and best practice. Identified non-energy efficient and
renovation measures as well as the required investments are listed in the following table:
Non-energy efficient and renovation measures
Investment []
Renovation of toilets in the hostel building 40.000
Replacing of water-tap above lavatory in rooms 16.000
New lightning-rod installation 5.000
Renovation and painting of inside walls and ceilings 20.000
Total all non-energy efficient and renovation measures 81.000
NOTE:
In the next pages, including the measures, the relevant cost savings have been considered for the
case of the boiler operating with light fuel oil, (0,098 /kWh). For measures related to electricity
savings was used 0,12 /kWh.
9.2. Measures
4
This measure (Energy management) also include the education and training of employees and users of the building
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ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Figure A. Typical inverted thermal Figure B. The various layers in the case of inverted thermal and hydro
and hydro insulation in a flat roof insulation. Attention to the edges of the roof and the water drainage points
The proposed thermal insulation material is extruded polystyrene boards with at least 8,0cm thickness, with a declared
thermal conductivity =0,033W/mK or less (EN 12667). For the purpose of this audit, a value =0,035W/mK is considered,
taking into account the actual operation conditions, that differ from laboratory measurements. Other properties:
declared compressive strength at 10% thickness deformation 250 kN/m2 (EN 826)
density 32 kg/m2 (EN 1602)
long term water absorption by immersion up to 1,5 Vol % (EN 12087)
The introduction of the roof insulation in the existing situation of the roof should be as follows:
If necessary, one layer of typical lightweight concrete should be installed for achieving the required slopes for the
removal of rain or other waters from the roof. It might be combined with the last protective layer (see below).
A complete hydro-insulation will be applied. It should be also attached properly in the vertical elements of the roof,
Installation of the thermal insulation material, properly fixed on the roof/terrace.
One layer of typical lightweight concrete of appropriate thickness should be installed for covering and protecting the
insulation (thermal and hydro).
There may be need for the involvement of a civil engineer to check the building structure, considering the weight of the
new insulation system and installation of solar panel system (insulation and possibly some additional weight to keep the
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ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Figure C. The various layers in the case of conventional thermal and hydro insulation.
Attention to the edges of the roof and the water drainage points
The proposed thermal insulation material is expanded polystyrene boards with at least 10,0cm thickness, with a density of
at least 20kg/m3, with a declared thermal conductivity =0,037W/mK or less (EN 12667). For the purpose of this audit, a
value =0,040W/mK is considered, taking into account the actual operation conditions, that differ from laboratory
measurements. Other properties:
compressive strength at 10% deflection 100 kN/m2 (EN 826)
density 19 kg/m2 (EN 1602)
The introduction of the roof insulation in the existing situation of the roof should be as follows:
If necessary, one layer of typical lightweight concrete should be installed for achieving the required slopes for the
removal of rain or other waters from the roof. It might be combined with the last protective layer (see below)..
Installation of the thermal insulation material, properly fixed on the roof / terrace.
A complete hydro-insulation will be applied. It should be also attached properly in the vertical elements of the roof
One layer of typical lightweight concrete of appropriate thickness should be installed for covering and protecting the
insulation (thermal and hydro).
There may be need for the involvement of a civil engineer to check the building structure, considering the weight of the
new insulation system (insulation and possibly some additional weight to keep the thermal insulation in place).
The new obtained value is U=0,36W/mK (maximum).
Note:
Investment includes removal of existing layers of flat roof, up to the concrete roof structure, dismantling of the gutters and
allits ellements from the flat roof.
U= 0,36 W/mK
Calculation of savings (by ENSI Key Number Software)
Energy savings: 5,65 kWh/myear
4.065 m 22.958 kWh/year
0,098 /kWh 2.250 /year
Total investment 26.100
O&M expenses per year (+/-) - /year
Net savings 2.250 /year
Economic lifetime 20 years
Simple Payback Period 11,6 years
Measure 5: Replacement of boilers and equipment in the boiler room and pipeline (distribution system)
Existing situation
To cover the transmission and ventilation losses in the object are used two hot water boilers from the manufacturer
"Toplota" - Zagreb, types "TH 25 TV" and "TK 30", with total nominal capacity of 600 kW (Photo 9). Boiler TH 25 TV is in
operation from 1985 year, while the boiler TK 30 is in operation from 2001 year. Boilers are also used for DHW
preparation.
For the combustion of light fuel oil are used two-degree "Weishaupt" burners (Photo 10).
The system is equipped with a control unit that is done through a thermostatic control of work of boilers and is dependent
on the temperature of water in backflow loop.
For the circulation of hot water, "Grundfos" circulating pumps are used.
For storage of fuel, there is a storage tank, which is located in the basement in a room next to the boiler room.
Heating pipes in the boiler room where insulated. Distribution system is not equipped with balancing valves and on
existing valves there, some small leakages are notices during the DEA. Over last several years, due to deterioration, a
failure rate on the piping network in boiler room have been increased, in the form of water leakage, both on heating
network and domestic hot water supply system ( Photo 12, 13 ). About 5 10% of heating units, within piping network,
have been cut off.
Distribution system is not equipped with balancing valves and on existing valves, some small leakages are notices during
the DEA. There is an imbalance of hydraulic piping network.
There is no chemical water treatment system, and the water is supplied to the system from the city water supply network.
The radiators heating system was designed to operate within a range of 90/70C, without planed additional floors
superstructure. The radiators are of cast iron ribbed types whitout thermostatic valves. In the accomodation rooms and
partly both in bassement and ground floor, the radiators were replaced with the new ribbed ones (Photos 15,16). The
radiators in floor corridirs havent been replaced.
The system is operating in the folowing way: the hot water from boiler, through boiler pipe branch, is distributed to the
heating splitter and water heater for preperation of sanitary hot water. From the heating splitter, hot water is distributed to
the final users. The boilers are set to start at 6:30h and work until about 10:30h, and again on 16:30h until 20:30h. Both
boilers are switched on until hot water temperature reaches 80C, when one of the boilers is switched off and again
switched on when it is necessary.
GEN = 77% A = 95% DS = 94%
Description of measure
Bearing in mind an age of one of the boilers (instaled in 1985.), which is in a poor condition, as well as because of
deterioration of piping network (for DHW) in the boiler room, it is stongly recommended to replace both boilers and
complete instalations in the boiler room with the new more efficient ones.
Boilers should be on light fuel oil and put and installed in the existing boiler room.
Boilers should be low temperature (90/70C) total capacity cca 300kW (according to power budget calculated in ENSI
software cca 260kW at tout= -1C) and efficiency =93%.
The new boiler should be up-to-dated, low temperature and three-way one, equipped with Therm-Control start up
assembly, which protects temperature reductions of initial hot water below dew point of flue gasses on heated boiler
surfaces.
Feed water temperature control is envisaged depending on outdoor temperatures, room temperature and return water
temperature using motor operated three-way mixing valve. If necessary, adjust electric installations to the new
circumstances.
It is need purchase, delivery and installation:
- Two stage light distilled oil burners,
- electronic frequency regulated circulator twin pump for radiator heating, with integrated controller, pressure
control option at the suppression,
- compact water softener,
- expansion membrane vessels,
- electric motor wafers,
- manometers, thermometers,
- collectors and distributors,
- fittings (regulation,safety and other valves, microprocessor regulators, water sensors, weather sensors)
- steel pipelines with insulation,
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ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Measure 6: Hydraulic balancing of the heating system and installation of thermostatic valves
Existing condition
In the object, the heating units are radiators (working fluid is hot water from the boiler). On radiators thermostatic valves do
not exist. Radiators in the rooms are changed.
Tindoor = 20 C
Description of the measure
Installation of thermostatic valves with strengthened thermostatic head for public institutions, filled with gas.
Valves should also have the option of temperature locking within a narrow range of temperatures so that only the
custodian using special tools could set them.
Note: Thermostatic valves should be set in such way that the temperature in classrooms is 20C and in other
heated rooms in line with valid standards (corridors - 18C, meeting rooms 15C, toilets - 15C, etc).
The investment includes removing of existing valves, delivery, installation and setting up new Thermostatic radiator valves
(TRV).
Tindoor = 19 C
Calculation of savings (by ENSI Key Number Software)
Energy savings: 4,32 kWh/myear
4.065 m 17.570 kWh/year
0,098 /kWh 1.722 /year
Total investment 7.175
Net savings 1.722 /a
Economic lifetime 20 years
Simple Payback period 4,2 years
capacity of the tank with heat exchangers within it, microprocessor device for system regulation, expansion vessels,
circulation pumps for working fluid, one or more circulation pumps for expendable sanitary water, temperature sensors,
valves and corresponding piping are installed.
The components that a solar system has to contain:
o collectors collector fields collector loops,
o tanks,
o heat exchangers,
o circulation pumps for working fluids,
o circulation pumps of hot expendable sanitary water,
o expansion vessels,
o additional heat sources, electric heaters or some other conventional,
o heat sources,
o solar regulation - regulators,
o vertical outgoing and retur piping of working fluid which connect collectors with tank,
o horizontal piping of working fluid on the roof for connection of collectors,
o horizontal piping of working fluids connection of tank, expansion vessels, pumps,
o piping for supply of hot expendable sanitary water to the user,
o upper and bottom temperature sensors on the tank,
o temperature sensors on collectors,
o safety, non-return and other valves and fitting,
o insulation
o working fluid mixture of water and glycol.
DHW consumption = 220 l/m2a
Calculation of savings (by ENSI Key Number Software)
Energy savings: 22,26 kWh/myear
4.065 m 90.487 kWh/year
0,098 /kWh 8.868 /year
Investment:
Solar installation: 122 m2 x 450 /m2 = 54.000
Preparation of design work: 3.000
Total investment 57.000
O&M expenses per year (+/-) - /year
Net savings 8.868 /year
Economic lifetime 20 years
Simple payback period 6,4 years
Measure 2: Replacing of ceramic tiles, wash basins and water-taps above the wash basins in rooms
Existing situation
All old rooms in the hostel have lavatory and old type of water tap (Photo 19)
Description of measure
It is recommended to replace ceramic tiles (2-2,5 m2 per room), wash basins and water-taps above wash basins in
rooms with new with single lever mixer and integrated perlator.
Total investment 16.000
Photo 17: One of the toilets Photo 18: The condition of sanitary equipment
Energy carrier
Light fuel oil Electricity
Present situation (kWh/year) 552.207 468.779
After EE and renovation measures (kWh/year) 96.966 440.223
Savings (kWh/year) 455.241 28.556
CO2 emission coefficients (kg/kWh)1) 0,264 0,617
CO2 emission reductions (kg/year) 120.184 17.619
CO2 emission reductions (t/year) 137,80
1)
In line with instructions for ENSI software.
It is recommended that design engineers, in the design stage, take into account all the parameters
that are recorded and highlighted in this Report.
In drawing up terms of reference, it is necessary to be familiar with this report and for any doubts
consult the auditors
who carried out the review of the hostel building and
who compiled this report or
who proposed the implementation of energy efficiency measures related to renovation of the
buildings and facilities in order to increase the comfort of staying in hostel facility.
The project is necessary to provide, in accordance with technical regulations and standards, all work
required to develop external thermal insulation of the facade and insulation of the roof (hydro and
thermal), and hardware (windows, doors, heating system, etc) that is certified and has the designed
parameters for thermal transmittance and other properties and capacities.
Especially it is recommended:
The use of measuring devices that are built to have ports for communication with a computer
(preferably MODBUS Protocol shall)
On the branches of heating systems, automatic balancing valves to be installed in order to balance
the temperature in the heated spaces.
Thermostatic valves should also have the ability to lock in a narrow temperature range and that
they can be adjusted only by a handyman special tool.
Thermostatic valves should be adjusted so that the temperature is 20C in the classroom, in other
rooms that are heated to be under the applicable standards of 18C for halls, 15C for meeting
rooms, 15C toilets, etc.
External thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) should have European Technical Approval
(ETA) according to ETAG 004 (European Technical Approval Guideline 004).
The six-chamber PVC windows with the double glazing of which the one with the low emission
coating, with a maximum U value of 1,5W/mK. The minimum required solar factor of glazed
surfaces g=65%.
The new windows on all sides need to be reduced by a small amount, in order to allow adequate
insulation of the space between the windows and walls and the existing beams and columns (the
thickness of the insulation in the side of the windows can be lower than the one in the walls).
Pay attention to the specification of lighting to prevent large fluctuations in prices offered in the
tender.
Include isolating valves in the boiler room.
Incorporate local valves to control the temperature of water returning from the network and avoid
the return of water from the network at a lower temperature than is recommended for selected
boilers and avoid condensation and corrosion in boilers and extended service life of boilers.
The availability of the Instruction Manual for the heating system.
The provision of adequate protection from freezing of the parts of the hot water system which is
located in an unheated space and which is not adequately insulated (if any),
Firing the boiler as required, during critical low outdoor temperatures, when the Hostel does not
work, if the designer estimates that such an action is necessary.
It is also recommend that the designer anticipates and prescribes procedures for the operation and
maintenance, which would inter alia include all the recommendations in this report, as well as staff
training.
11. Financing
The project will be financed by the EEPPB,
There are three main aims of establishing routines for operation and maintenance:
Operation; daily, weekly and monthly activities that are repetitive within a one-year period for building
and technical installation systems that shall satisfy given functional demands and requirements.
Maintenance; all activities and efforts put forward in a period of more than one year.
Repair; repairing what has been broken or damaged back to its original standard or quality.
Figure 1.2 shows calculation of required energy for heating of the hostel
Column Actual shows current situation in terms of the building usage. It includes thermal-physical
properties of the building and joinery, buildings response to draught intrusion, state of equipment and
installations, and measured boiler and heating system efficiency. Values are calibrated according to
average electricity consumption and based on overall consumed electricity and total floor area, based
on which it was conclude that average temperature in the building is lower than the requested.
Column "Baseline" shows consumption in the building in its present state but under normal thermal
comfort circumstances (classrooms temperature 20C, and temperature in other rooms between 15-
18C, i.e. average temperature in the entire buildi ng is 19C).
Column "Measures" shows parameters that quantify proposed measures on the building (thermo-
physics, installations and rated conditions). Difference between consumption at current state under
rated conditions (Baseline) and new conditions (after the measures measures) is saved energy
initially allocated for heating.
envelope and installations substantially changed the curve in terms of lower value of required thermal
energy at the same outdoor temperature.
Annex B