Grammar:

Chapter 1: Noun, pronoun, articles

Chapter 2: Adjectives, adverbs, comparative
Chapter 3: Verbs (infinitive, passive voice, gerund, present/past participle)
Chapter 4: Tenses
Chapter 5: Conjunctions and preposition
Chapter 6: Modifiers and abridgment
Chapter 7: Agreement
Chapter 8: Noun phrase [appositive phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase], Verb phrase,
Chapter 9: Adjectival phrase, Adverbial phrase, Prepositional phrase, Participle phrase
Chapter 10: Simple sentences and compound sentences (Include: parallel structure)
Chapter 11: Complex sentences
Chapter 12: Compound complex sentences

NOUN

A noun is the word that refers to a person, thing or abstract idea. A noun can tell you who or
what.

There are several different types of noun:-

1. Common nouns
Common noun is a word that names people, places, things, or ideas. They are not the names
of a single person, place or thing.
A common noun begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.
For example:-
People:-
man, girl, boy, mother, father, child, person, teacher, student

Animals:-
cat, dog, fish, ant, snake
Things:-
book, table, chair, phone
Places:-
school, city, building, shop
Ideas:-
love, hate, idea, pride
 Countable and uncountable nouns
Nouns that refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or plural) are countable
nouns.
Nouns that refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances, feelings and types of
activity (can only be singular) are uncountable nouns.

2. Collective nouns
A collective noun is a noun that can be singular in form whilst referring to a group of people
or things.
Groups of people - army, audience, band, choir, class, committee, crew, family, gang, jury,
orchestra, police, staff, team, trio
Groups of animals - colony, flock, herd, pack, pod, school, swarm
Groups of things - bunch, bundle, clump, pair, set, stack

The use of "of"

We often say a group of things, such as a bunch of flowers, or a host of golden daffodils.
Some collective nouns can stand alone, such as "Britain has an army", but if the collective
noun "army" is used to mean something other than an organized military force, you can say
things like "an army of women" or "an army of ants", and even "an army of one".

Plural or singular?
When a group is considered as a single unit, the collective noun is used with a singular verb
and singular pronoun.
Example - The committee has reached its decision.

When the focus is on the individual parts of the group, British English sometimes uses a plural
verb and plural pronouns.
Example - "The committee have been arguing all morning." This is the same as saying "The
people in the committee have been ...."
However, if you are talking about more than one committee, then you use the plural form.
Example - "Many committees have been formed over the years."

A determiner in front of a singular collective noun is always singular: this committee,

never these committee (but of course when the collective noun is pluralized, it takes a plural
determiner: these committees).
3. Proper nouns
Nouns that refer to people, organizations or places are proper nouns, only proper nouns are
capitalized.
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the words which name specific people,
organizations or places. They always start with a capital letter.
For example:-
Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:-
Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones ...
The names of companies, organizations or trademarks:-
Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - WWW
Given or pet names of animals:-
Lassie Trigger Sam
The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns:-
Paris - London - New York - England - English
Geographical and Celestial Names:-
the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars
Monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:-
The Taj Mahal - The Eiffel Tower - Room 222
Historical events, documents, laws, and periods:-
the Civil War - the Industrial Revolution - World War I
Months, days of the week, holidays:-
Monday - Christmas - December
Religions, deities, scriptures:-
God - Christ - Jehovah - Christianity - Judaism - Islam - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah
Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:-
the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex -
Hoover
4. Compound nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound
nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives.
Example:
The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them
together they form a new word - toothpaste.

The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them together they
form a new word - blackboard.
 In both these example the first word modifies or describes the second word, telling us
what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the second part identifies
the object or person in question.

Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of words:-

Noun + Noun toothpaste

Adjective + Noun monthly ticket
Verb + Noun swimming pool
Preposition + Noun underground
Noun + Verb haircut
Noun + Preposition hanger on
Adjective + Verb dry-cleaning
Preposition + Verb output

The two parts may be written in a number of ways:-

1. Sometimes the two words are joined together.
Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room = bedroom
2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen.
Example: check-in
3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words.
Example: full moon
5. Gerund
Nouns that are formed from a verb by adding -ing are called gerund
A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing.

Article (The and a/an

The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and
sometimes some).

Use of the definite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the
noun's referent (because it is obvious, because it is common knowledge, or because it was
mentioned in the same sentence or an earlier sentence).
 Use of an indefinite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener does not have to know
the identity of the referent.

Definite article
A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It
may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely
specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
The children know the fastest way home.
The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the
much more general observation that:
Children know the fastest way home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general, perhaps all or most of them. Likewise,
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it
has a markedly different meaning from
Give me a book.
which does not specify what book is to be given. The definite article can also be
used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:
Indefinite article
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the
listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise
identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement
about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number 'one', as its
primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even
if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a
consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European).
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.