Introduction

to
Industrial Safety
and Health
Issues
CHAPTER 1
EDITED: Rahani AR
 Introduction
Accident Undesired circumstances which give
rise to ill-health or injury, damage to property,
plant, products or the environment; production
losses or increased liabilities.
Incident Undesired circumstances and near
misses which could cause accidents.
Ill health Acute and chronic ill health caused
by physical, chemical or biological agents as well
as adverse eects on mental health.
 Introduction-
terminologies
Hazard The potential to cause harm. Harm
including ill health and injury, damage to property,
plant, products or the environment, production
losses or increased liabilities.

Risk- Means the likelihood that a specied

undesired event will occur due to the realisation of
a hazard by, or during work activities or by the
products and services created by work activities.

Safety- The control of accidental loss.

Other important terminologies;
- Safety management
- Safe
- Safe management work
- Safety assessment
- Unsafe condition
- Safeguard
- Safety movement
- Unsafe act
- Accident report
- Unsafe behavior
- Hazard control
- Safety plan
- Safety process
- Software safety
- Software hazard
Other important terminologies;
- Safety management - accomplishment of safety through the eorts of others
- Safe - protected against any hazard
- Safe management work - accomplishing safety by using persuasive approaches &
information in a closed-loop-system
- Safety assessment - qualitative/quantitative determination of safety
- Unsafe condition - any condition that will result in an accident
- Safeguard - barrier guard, device or procedure developed to protect people
- Safety movement - desperate need for cooperative movement (WWII)
- Unsafe act - act that is not safe for an individual/employee
- Accident report - documents that records ndings of an accident investigation, the
causes and recommended measures
- Unsafe behavior - individual conduct unsafe to himself or others
- Hazard control - means of lowering the risk from exposure of perceived hazard
- Safety plan - implementation details of how safety needs of a project ito be
accomplished
- Safety process - series of procedures followed to enable all safety related
requirements of an item to be identied and satised
- Software safety - freedom from software related hazard
- Software hazard - software condition prerequisite to an accident
 OSH Concept
Hazard/ Danger
Observable or predicted from knowledge

Risk
Not directly observable - probability of harm to
system elements being realised from exposure to
hazards and danger.

Harm
Damage to system elements - long or short term

Accidents
Injuries, Ill Health and Damage

 !

Reasons for Preventing Accidents

Moral / Humane- No-one comes to work to be

injured or killed

Cost - Accidents cost organisations money.

Legislation - Organisations have a legal obligation.

 !

Accidents at workplace in Malaysia

Source: www.dosh.com.my

 !

Statistics of workplace accident (States)

Source: www.dosh.com.my

Recent Accident !

Source: www.dosh.com.my
Accident
Disasters

International
Bhopal, India 1984 worst industrial disaster
(3k died, 0.5mil injured, 38k partially injured, 4k disabled)
Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986 level 7 exposure
(31pax died)
Piper Alpha, 1988 worst oshore disaster: oil platform
accident (167 died)

Local
Bright Sparklers, Sg. Buloh (1991)
Gas Processing Plant Fire, Kertih (2002)
Middle Distillate Plant Explosion, Bintulu (1997)
 Bright Sparkles Tragedy.
Sungai BULOH 1991

VIDEO : Bright
Sparkles Tragedy
 Bright Sparkles Tragedy. !

Sungai BULOH 1991

7 May 1991 Bright Sparklers Fireworks disaster

Bright Sparkles Sdn The Bright Sparklers Fireworks
Bhd re occurred in Malaysia on 7 May 1991.
[1][2] The Bright

Sparklers Fireworks Factory in

Explosion of 200 tons Sungai Buloh, Selangor caught re and
of sulfur caused a hugeexplosion.[1][2] Twenty six
people were killed and over a hundred
Hiroshima Sg Buloh people were injured in the disaster.
[2] The explosion was strong enough to

The incident killed 22 rip the roofs of some local houses, and
people and injured 103 ended up damaging over 200 residential
others properties.[3]

The Bright Sparklers Fireworks re-
Sungai Buloh
!
 A Malaysian unit of Royal Dutch Shell said yesterday, it had shut down a large plant on Borneo island after an explosion injured 12
people and caused extensive damage.

The explosion occurred at about 10:50 p.m. (1450 GMT) on Thursday at Shell MDS (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd's 400,000-tonne middle
distillate synthesis plant in Bintulu town in Sarawak state.

"The plant has been shut down for safety and security reasons as well as for damage control and assessment," Shell MDS said in a
statement. Two of the plant's 12 tanks caught fire after the explosion, the company said.

Fire at one of the tanks, which was filled with naphtha, was put out on Friday, while the blaze at the other tank, which stocks
kerosene, was expected to die out later in the day, it said.

"The fire at two product tanks following an explosion at the SMDS plant last night is now under control and is not in danger of
escalating," it said.

" The remaining eight product and two sludge tanks are being cooled off to prevent any further possible spread," it said. The plant is a
joint venture between Shell Gas BV, Petroliam Nasional Bhd (Petronas), Mitsubishi and the Sarawak state government. It makes
products ranging from distillates to waxes, and daily production averages 1,200 tonnes.

"Investigations will be carried out once the plant has been rendered safe. It is believed that the damage is extensive," the statement
said without elaborating. A Shell spokeswoman in the capital Kuala Lumpur said the plant converted natural gas into liquid
hydrocarbons. More than 150 firefighters were at the plant and another 70 were on their way from the state capital Kuching, the
company said.

Twelve people were injured in the explosion, including five soldiers apparently stationed at a camp near the plant and two employees
of a nearby industry, it said. All but two of the injured were released after outpatient treatment at a local hospital. Two Shell MDS
employees, one with a broken wrist and the other with a cut to the head, were in stable condition in hospital.

"Employees have been told to stay at home and remain accessible," Shell MDS said.
 Highland Towers
collapse 1993
 Flow Chart of Occupational
!

Safety and Health in Malaysia

Government of Malaysia

Ministry of Human Resources

Department of Occupational Safety and Health

(DOSH)
National Institute of Occupational Safety &
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Health (NIOSH) (OSHA)
Responsibility of DOSH !

STANDARD SETTING

The standards on safety, health, and welfare had to be reviewed, drafted, and
nalised from time to time. This ensured that the prepared standards were
relevant to the safety and health conditions of the workplace.

a. Policy Study

Studies on existing OSH policies were conducted from time to time to assess
the extent to which these policies had achieved their original objectives.
Changes would be made, if necessary, to ensure that the goals and the practice
of selfregulation among employers and employees were achieved.

b. Drafting Regulations, Guidelines, and Industrial Codes of Practice

The Department had and currently in the process of amending the new
industrial Regulations, Codes of Practice, and Guidelines. This was intended to
assist the industry in complying with and fullling its responsibilities as an
employer, as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
Responsibility of DOSH contd !

The Department carried out Enforcement activities that

enforcement activities aimed at
ensuring the safety, health, and were carried out by DOSH
welfare of workers and other
persons from the hazards of include:
work activities, as required
under the following Acts: a. Approval and
Occupational Safety and Authorization
Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
b. Registration
Factories and Machinery Act
1967 (Act 139); and
c. Certication
Petroleum (Safety Measures)
Act 1984 (Act 302).
d. Inspection

e. Investigation
 NIOSH !

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

The responsibilities are as follows:

Provide training

Provide Examination

Information Services

Research and Development

Consultation
 Application of OSHA
!

Manufacturing Finance

Mining and Quarrying Insurance

Construction Transport, Storage and

Communication
Agriculture,
Hotels and Restaurants
Forestry and Fishing
Real Estate and Business
Utilities Service Sector

Wholesale and Retail Public Service and

Trades Statutory Authorities
 Scope of OSHA !

Includes all working personnel except:

Armed Forces

Crew of Merchant Ships

 Objectives of OSHA !

To secure the safety, health and welfare of

persons at work against risks to safety or
health arising out of the activities of persons at
work

To protect persons at a place of work other

than persons at work against risk to safety or
health arising out of the activities of persons at
works
The needs for safety & general
engineering goals
i. reduce accidents

ii. Control or eliminate hazards

iii. Develop new methods & techniques to

improve safety

iv. Maximize returns on safety eorts

v. Maximize public condence w.r.t product &

service safety
 Next Structure
1.1 Act
1. 1.2 Regulation
3. OSHA 1994 Introduction 1.3 Guidelines
(Act 514) to legislation
system

3.1 Objective and applications in 10

sectors of industry
3.2 Philosophy of OSHA and OSHA
framework
3.3 General Duty of Employer 2. FMA 1967 Regulation
3.4 Duties of Designers, Manufacturers, (Act 139)
Importers and Suppliers of Plant
OSHA in
3.5 General Duties of Employee and Malaysia
Protection for Employee
2.1 Occupational Health
3.6 Safe System of Work and Good
Engineering Practice
2.2 Occupational Safety
3.7 Powers of DOSH Inspector
3.8 Notice of Prohibition/ Improvement 4. Petroleum
and Penalties Act 1984
3.9 National Council for OSH (Act 30)
3.10 Safety and Health Committee
3.11 OSHA Regulations
3.12 OSH Orders Transportation
3.13 OSH ICOPs/ Manuals by Pipelines