AY ow i Pennsylvania Long Ago “6 We, Iroquois Nations, compose but one cabin; we maintain but one fire. °° Mohawk Orator, 1654 When you summarize, you retell briefly what you have read, using your own words. ‘As you read this chapter, summarize what you learned. ‘© Idemtify the main topic of each lesson. + List what and who is involved, and where, how and why these events occur. + Summarize what you read. Tope RevEacte oes eeS PA 2-1Early People in Pennsylvania SUMMARIZE L. As you read, summanae ng ago, early people migrated into what is now infarnation about early Pennsylvania. These Native Americans lived mostly by gathering /peoplein Ponnsytvaria wild plants and by hunting. After many generations, Native BIG IDEA Americans began to lead more settled lives. Native American groups were the frst penple to ive in what is now Early People and the Environment Pennsylvania —Agriculture changed the way early people lived. To care for VOCABULARY craps, peaple began to slay in one place and form villages. Ofte, they chose to live alongside a river or stream. Native American culture groups grew from these villages. The first people to live in what is now Pennsylvania were the Allegwi people. They lived in what is now western Pennsylvania near the Allegheny River. The word Allegheny comes trom the Allegwi peopie. The Allegwi used many resources from the forests and rivers. They traveled to trade. The Allegwi were careful not to take chances when dealing with other Native Americans. They were said to be strong warriors who guarded their villages closely. How did agriculture attest ways of life for early people? & SUMMARIZE dugout Peacemaker © The Meadowcroft Rockshetter in a8 A ‘western Pennsylvania contains. the remains of some of North America’s earliest cultures. Visitars can see remains of tools and campfires used by early people.These copies of Delaware wigwants show how the Delaware used natural materials to build their homes, e People in the north and west fer copper. They zs used copper to make tools and jewelry. The Delaware also made pottery, beads, and feather ornaments. The Delaware were known as skill ful warriors, They were one of the first native groups to come into con- tact with Europeans. Leaders often served as PESCEMISKETS, or people who helped settle differences. They sometimes helped settlo differences among other Native American groups. The Delaware tribe was divided into three main cians—the Turtle, the Wolf, end the Turkey. Each clan had a peace chief and a war chief. At one time, the Delaware were the most powerful tribe in the Northeast. The largest Native American group lived in the east near the Delaware River. They were the Lenni Lenape (tensee len*aH=pay) and are known today as the Delaware people. Like the Allegwi, the Delaware hunted nearby forests and fished in nearby waterways. The Delaware built large villages of shelters Known as wigwams. Delaware women grew crops, such as corn, squash beans, and sweet potatoes. They made clothing out of deerskins and decorated it with beads, f feathers, and porcupine quills. f Delaware men carved Sugouts, canoes made from trees and used | to travel on rivers. The Delaware How did the Delaware get traded with Native Americans Susquehiannock com from one place to another? PA 2-3Native American Place-Names Many place-names in Pennsylvania come from Native American words, For example, the word Monongahela (muhenahneguheHeE*luh) wes a Native ‘American name for the river, It meant “high banks breaking off and falling down at places.” The Native American word Pocono means “stream between ” Some places are morican leaders the mountains. named after Ns The city of Aliquippa is named for a Native American queen (right) whe lived in the 1700s, The name Lackawanna is an Algonquian word that means “where the streams meet.” Lackawanna is a county in northeastern Pennsylvania. The borough of Connoquenessing is in westem Ponnsyly ds EVANS CITY=5 ——— CONNGOQUENESSING FROM THE INDIAN “A LONG WAY STRAIGHT” Vises) eS The Delaware people spoke an Algonquian (alsGaHN+kwee-uhn) language. They were greatly respected by other Algonquian groups of the Northeast. Many thought of the Delaware as grandfathers. This was because many groups had Delaware ancestors) (The Delaware honored their elders and believed that with age came wisdom. | Villages were governed by a council of male leaders chosen by the aldest women. SUMMARIZE How did Native Americans use natural resources? Village leaders wore a single eagle feather Z : o ‘Who were the first people to in their hair to show their important role. live in what is now Pennsylvania? (ESVED Why were the Delaware thought af i uaa a a prarsttaee? @ vocasi Why were Delaware leaders called (peacemakers? How were © CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT members chasen? Delaware counee i The Iroquois People N ative American cultures included many different groups. Each group shared a common language and way of life. Today, ed sos en cies k wioas os vamune wrscwenn) | Co geeaicize ‘As you read, summarize information about Iroquois A Common Language ways of fe. There were many Native American groups that spoke the BIG IDEA Iroquois language. At one time, Iroquois was the mest common The Imquois shared a language in the Northeast. However, the different Iroquois commen culture and groups did not always get along government The Susquehannock (suhsekwuhsHANsahk) people and the Erie people were both Iroquois groups. They fought each other in -- AUG EABUEARYE many wars. The wars left few people alive. Yet both groups pakrel y loaghouse continue ta be remembered in Pennsylvania today. The & . i extended family Susquehanna River, Lake Erie, and the city and county of Erie a confederation are named for these Native Americans. (ERIS) How are Native American groups remembered in Pennsylvania? @) SUMANARIZE ‘Many Native American groups made pots and used them to store food (below). During the the Susquehiannocks wore involved in c with other native groups. PAZSPeople of the Longhouse The different Iroquois groups shared a common way of life, Their villages were often large, with several hundred people living in a single village. Each village was sur- rounded by a well-built Palisade, or fence made of tall wooden poles. Within the palisade, the people lived in longhauses—iong, narrow buildings with a curved roof, Iroquois women built the Jonghouses. They used wooden poles cut fram young trees. The poles were bent into a frame that was covered with bark. At each end of the longhouse was a door. Ih the center, there was a cooking fire. Holes in the roof let smoke escape. Longhouses were big. Some were more than 100 feet long! Most were about 50 The Three Sisters feet long and 20 feet wide. The large size allowed the home to be shared by an extended family. Children, parents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents make up an extendéd/family, Otten, parents and children shared an area within the longhouse, The Iroquois thought the longhouse was the most important part of their culture. They called them- selves Haudenosaunee (hoh-dee-noh-sHoH-nee), which means "people of the longhouse.” ‘The Iroquois depended on agriculture, hunting, and trade. Iroquois women planted corn, beans, and squash. They called these foods the Three Sisters. Men fished nearby waters and hunted deer and other animals to eat in winter. Children helped with the planting, and older boys learned te hunt and fish. ‘Why were longhouses large? “* Piaco Several culture groups lived on the land that became Pennsylvania. © Which native culture had the most land? CUCU SULT: [Ei Poorty nan — Present sonser‘The painting faboved of an Iroquoia shows many langhouses enclosed by palizade, raquots leaders (ight) moet cdo a longhouse to siake decisions The | For many years, neighboring peoples battled one another. To end the fighting among themselves, they joined together. At first, five northern groups—the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca—agreed to form a confederation. In a confederation, separate groups form a single government in order to work on commen problems. A sixth group, the Tuscarora, later joined the confederation The confederation was known as the Iroquois League. ‘A Grand Coundil of leaders met to make decisions affecting all of the groups. Each group had a single vote on the Grand Council. A special council of “peace chiefs” settled larger differences. By joining together, all the people were stronger. Why did the Iroquois form a confederation? ( SUMMARI @ BIGIDEA What did the different Iroquois groups have in comman? o VOCABULARY Write a scntence about the importance of the [enghouse in Iroquo's culture. CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT Who were the members of the Iroquois League?”The First Europeans Arrive sumanize A ‘As you read, summarize the bout 500 years ago, ships carrying European explorers information about European sailed to North America. About 100 years later, England started a explorers and settlers permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia. One of the English BIG IDEA settlers explored lands north of the Chesapeake Bay. European countries ‘struggled for control of land ‘and trade in North Amica Cultures Meet Captain John Smith of Virginia may have been the first European to arrive in what is now Pennsylvania. Smith wrate of meeting Susquehannock people in 1608. One year later, in 1609, explorer Henry Hudson sailed into part of Delaware Bay. At the same time, an explorer named Etienne Brulé (aysteesEN brusLa¥) came from France to learn about the land and the native people here. Brulé traveled the length of the Susquehanna River. Hudson was English, but his ship and crew were Dutch, They were from the European country of Holland, also called the Netherlands. Hudsoris crew met with an Algonquian group near the north. ern part of the Delaware River. All the lands Hudson explored were aimed by the Netherlands. The Dutch were leaders of trade in Europe. They hoped that there would be/ business opportunities in North America, (GSTED Who were the first Europeans to arrive in Pennsylvania? ‘SUMMARIZE This modem copy of Henry Hudson's Halt ‘Moon is closely based on the original ship. Hudson's boat was designed tocanya ‘crew of 20,European Colonies In 1624, the Dutch built 2 permanent settlement, They called the settlement New Amsterdam, and they called the colony New Netherland. Today, they are New York City and the state of New York. By 1626, hundreds of settlers had arrived at New Amsterdam. The immi- grants brought illness and diseases. Native Americans could not fight these diseases, and millions died within a few years. Many ‘others died in battles with Europeans. In 1638, settlers from Sweden founded the colony of New Sweden. They chose Tinicum (THenih*kum) Island for their main settlement. It was on the Delaware River, near what is now Philadelphia. By the mid-1600s, only a few Native American villages remained near New Sweden. Yet, leaders of New Sweden signed treaties with the Delaware who still lived in the area. The settlers and their Native American neighbors got aiong well ‘What colony was founded at Tinicum Island? Liat meus ae Ontario — John Smith, 1608 => Hony Husson, 18) — Biinnne Bru, by 1802 en Sweden, Nese oo Naw Nether, ness ot Present border ee8ae, Movement Several European explorers 2 came to Pennsylvania in the early 1600s. -@ What body of water did Jobin Smith aw travel on to gotto Pennsylvania? “This painting the first meeting between Native ‘Americans and ‘settlers from Swvedin in 1638 PA29 ¢mn Se a [ins a =) aT This log cabin is the only remaining cabin trom New Sweden, Swedish settlers cleared the land and used the lags ta Build cabins, They also made stools and chairs from the logs. Conflict wi New Netherland In the late 1640s, Dutch traders set up. trading posts along the Delaware River. Leaders of New Netherland wanted to control all trade in the area Competition for trade tumed to conflict in 1654. The governor of New Sweden led an attack on a Dutch trading post. New Netherlanc’s governor, Peter Stuyvesant (st¥evuh-suhnt), led colonists to defeat the settlers of New Sweden. New Sweden and its people became part of New Netherland. Few Dutch settlers moved to the area. In 1664, the English forced the Dutch to surrender New Netherland. The English renamed the colony New York. By 1680, fewer than 700 Europeans were living in what is now Pennsylvania. (GST How did conflicts tead to English control of Pennsylvania? ER) SUMMARIZE Why did European Gap) ower come wo North Anerca? IEA Why did Europeans want to control trade in North America? CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT Why was there conflict between New Sweden and New Netherland? © o HISTORY What caused the deaths of sary Native Americans in the 1600s?The First Africans Arrive Pare from West Africa and Central Africa were with the Europeans who sailed to North America. One African man spent years exploring parts of North America. He is known by his Spanish name, Estevanico (es-tay-vahn-EE-koh). Africans in the Northeast When Henry Hudson first sailed into Northeast waterways, crew may have included Africans. The Dutch were among the first Europeans to use trading routes from Africa to North America. The Europeans needed many settlers to build their colonies. However, settlers had to pay shipowners for their passage. Most, people did not have enough money to pay, Some Europeans offered people a paid passage in exchange for a work contract. Workers were freed at the end of the contract, usually seven years. These workers were called indentured |servants. The first Africans to settle in the Northeast were probably indentured servants. Why did people become indentured servants? @ SUMMARIZE LESSON © sumac As you ead, summarize ‘what you learn about carly ‘ASricane living in North America BIG IDEA Africans first came 10 Pennsylvania with European settlers, indentured servant apprentice This register of indentured servants lists the names of young men and ‘women who left London to work Pennsylvania, ‘Maryland, and Jam; PA 2-11Africans in New Sweden Africans arrived in New Sweden as carly as 1639. They were enslaved people from ‘West and Central Africa The Africans were forced to work for European colonists without pay. The lack of workers caused ‘the colonists to use enslaved Africans to do much of the work. | Many Africans were like Anthoni Swartz, who was born in what is now Angola. As a young man, he was captured, enslaved, and brought to New Sweden. Swartz proved to be a valuable part of the colony. Alrican Tribes (i west ari [central aoa ATLANTIC OCEAN ‘Gui of Guinea tA, carly enslaved Africans in Pennsylvania. Which groups came trom Central Africa? Pasa PA 2-12 Location This map shows the hamelands of Swartz learned different languages. In addition to his native African language, he spoke Swedish, Dutch, English, and Algonquian. All were helpful in doing business in the early colonies, At first, Swartz was the only African living in the settlement of Fort Christina, New Sweden, Because of his skill in communicating, Swartz was sent to work for the governor at Tinicum. No one knows. if Swartz was freed when the Dutch took over the colony. Where did the first Africans in New ‘Sweden come from?Be rsyaie ae Alice of Dunk’s Ferry 1626-1802 Character Trait: Trustworthiness Alice was bom an enslaved African American in 1686, in Philadelphia. She was the daughter of one of the from B. enslaved Africans who arrived in 1684 ades. She worked for more than 40 years, collecting tolls and managing the ferry boats at a Delaware River crossing. Late in her life, Alice shared stories of meeting important people Willian Penn. She was kr suchas wn for her honesty and her shar memory. Many early histonans spoke with Alice to lean about the early days of the colony, Alice lived to be 116 years old. More Africans Arrive in the Colonies There were already many Africans in New Netherland. The Dutch brought enslaved Africans to work in the colony. Some were farmworkers. Others were highly skilled blacksmiths and carpenters In time, a few enslaved Africans gained their freedom. Together, they built a small, free African community. They bought land. Many joined the official church of New Netherland, the Dutch Reformed Church. Laws in the colony kept enslaved children from learning to read and write. Free black children could be educated, They often worked as Sipprenticas (uh+pRen*tuhseiz), people who work for others in order to learn a trade MULTIMEDIA BIOGRAPHIES. ist The Learning Site at wiwrvbareourschool- come ‘loam about other fama people, In 1664, the English took control of New Netherland. All of England's colonies used enslaved workers. Some settlers on the Delaware River began to trade with Dutch or English merchants for enslaved Africans. (CRIED what gains did enstaved Africans win when they became free? @ SUMMARIZE SUMMARIZE How did indentured servants settle in the colanias? @ BIGIDEA How did Aficans come to tive in the earty colonies? @ VOCABULARY How were enslaved work ars and indentured Servants different? @ HISTORY How did the Atmean colonist ‘Anthoni Swartz help the govemor ot New Sweden?SYLVs Poa) DID YOU KNOW? Nearly 180 million ears CSc a in Pittsburgh, is Or rea RU oe Ou) es pee) SUES at Native American Paths to Modern Highways Sometimes Native Americans needed to travel long distances overland. To do this, they used well-traveled footpaths that crossed mountains and rivers. When European settlers arrived in what is now Pennsylvania, they followed Native American paths and built settlements on the frontier. Today, many of Pennsylvania’s most used highways follow rautes that were once Native American paths. Mert hs Poe ct Ley ned Coens Copia) Brae Laer Coro eee ee} emai perce rtNative Americans traveling between Shannopin’s Town and the village of Shackamaxon used two main paths. The Ray’s Town Path went from what is now Pittsburgh to present-day Harrisburg, The Old Trading Path continued on to present-day Philadelphia. European settlers widened the paths into roads for their horses, oxen, and wagons. In 1741, people began to call the Old Trading Path by a new name, the Great Wagon Road. Today, the road is a part of Interstate Highway 76, but most people call it the Pennsylvania Tumpike. Ce Cera ee Cy settlers built Harris Use the library or Internet to research highways near your home. Choose one and make a time line of events fram its history. Include names the highway has had from early seulement to the present day. Share your time line with your classmates Visit The Learning Site at .. wwwharcourtschool.com mse to learn about other places of interest.Summarize Copy the graphic organizer onto a sepa- rate sheet of paper. Use it to write a summary of the first people who lived in Pennsylvania and how they interacted with the environment, Key Facts Topic THINK AND WRITE Write a Journal Entry Imagine you are a settler in New Sweden. Write a journal entry to describe what your life is like in the new colony. USA Mere VUE ag Use each term in a sentence that helps explain its meaning. @ aagout |p. Pa 2-3) © pescomaner, (p. eA23) © falisade (9. PA2-6) © songnouse fp. ra 2-6) © confederation (p.PA2-7) © apprentice ip. Pa 213) PA 2-16 Review and Test Preparation pt aorVan Coe) Answer these questions. @ What is another name for the Lenni Lenape? © Which native culture group did the Erie people belong to? Write the letter of the best choice. © Who was Anthoni Swartz? A the governor of Tinicum B an explorer C an African brought to New Sweden D the governor of New Sweden US ed ater ea © How do we know that Native Americans used trade? @® In what ways did Native Americans depend on the environment? @® Why do you think free African Americans wanted their children to learn how to read and write? PERFORMANCE Make a Flier Create a flier that someone in Europe might have used to encourage people to move to New Sweden.