INTRODUCTION OF CROSS BARS IN COLUMN STEEL REFT.

DETAILING

Steel reinforcement bars are normally divided into primary and secondary reinforcement as given below.
However there are also other minor uses.

1. Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance
needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads.
2. Secondary reinforcement is also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement and is
employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized
resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature
changes and shrinkage.
3. Steel rebars are also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing
enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area.
4. Steel rebars may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to
accommodate their loads.

Steel has an expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete. If this were not so, it would
cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from
the temperature of the setting. Although steel rebars have ribs that bind it mechanically to the concrete, it
can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often accompanies a larger
scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, steel rebars are either deeply embedded into
adjacent structural members (40 to 60 times the diameter), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around
the concrete and other steel rebars. This first approach increases the friction locking the steel rebars into
place, while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete.

Placing and fixing of reinforcement into the forms for the structure is one of the most important aspects of
the construction of a structure. Cover has the most significant effect on the long term durability of reinforced
concrete and therefore of the structure. Excess cover should be avoided as micro cracking due to bending
stress can result in the growth and development of cracks and resulting corrosion of reinforcement or
member loss due to spalling. The correct cover is required to ensure that reinforced concrete members meet
their specified design requirements.

THE STIRRUPS WHICH ARE PROVIDED TO PROVIDE SHEAR STRENGTH AND FLEXURE
STRENGTH TO THE BEAM. THE BASIC IDEA IS ABOUT INTRODUCING A CROSS BAR OF
DIA. LESS THAN THAT OF THE STIRRUP IN EACH STIRRUP THEREBY CONSIDERABLY
INCREASING THE SPACING OF THE STIRRUPS(ABOUT 50- 60% MORE).
IT IS BELIVED THAT THEABOVE CHANGE IN DETAILING MAY BRING SOME RELIABLE
RESULTS TO THE BEAM AND COLUMN PHYSICAL PARAMETERS.

OBSERVATIONS:

a) Ultimate strength os the beam and column =

b) Cracking pattern =
c) Steel usage reduction if any =
d) Comparision of strength with actual detailed column vs cross bars introduced column =
e) Distinguishing the cracking pattern =
f) Comparsion of stress and starin =