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BY H. W. LEE, S. W. KANG A N D D. S. U M
ABSTRACT. The transverse crack in thick the partially melted zone. The cause of Experimental Procedures
plate welding is discussed with respect to hot cracking in the partially melted
deposited metal. In recent years, many of zone is the combination of grain bound- Test Panel
the new steel developments such as ary liquation and stresses induced by
thermo-mechanical controlled process both solidification shrinkage and ther- The size of the test panel was 2000
(TMCP) have been intended to improve mal contraction during welding (Refs. mm long x 1800 mm wide x 50 mm
weldability. When TMCP steel is used 3, 4). thick. The panel was fabricated from
to achieve high strength with lean The transverse crack, a type of cold EH32 TMCP higher-strength hull steel
composition, the weld metal is more crack, occurs perpendicular to the axis of (as shown in Table 2), to provide test
likely to suffer hydrogen cracking than the weld interface. It generally occurs at conditions similar to actual construction
the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the base temperatures below 200C (392F), ei- conditions - - Fig. 1. To magnify fabrica-
steel. Weld metal hydrogen cracking is ther immediately upon cooling or after a tion-related weld residual stresses, the
even more likely if alloying is necessary period of several hours. The time delay welding jig and test panel were fillet-
to match the strength and toughness of depends upon the type of steel, the mag- welded together.
the base metal. This is primarily due to nitude of the welding stresses and the hy-
the more highly alloyed weld metal's drogen content of the weld (Refs. 5-7). Test Weldments
increased susceptibility to hydrogen However, most of the literature on trans-
cracking (Ref. 1). verse cracks published thus far differs The specimen sections were welded
One type of cold crack, referred to as in layers as shown in Fig. 2. To compare
when compared to the appearance of
a transverse crack, is caused by the com- the residual stresses and the position of
transverse cracks in actual construction.
plex interaction of the diffusible hydrogen occurrence of the transverse cracks, the
In this study, two EH 32 steel panels
supply, tensile residual stress and suscep- were welded to resemble actual con- sections were welded under the follow-
tible microstructure. This form of cracking ing conditions:
struction conditions. The appearance of
generally is not encountered when weld- 1) Below 30C (86F) of preheating
transverse cracks, hardness, impact, mi-
ing plate sections less than 10 mm thick. crostructure and residual stresses were and interpass temperatures.
However, when thicker sections (50 mm then determined for two different weld- 2) Preheating and interpass tempera-
or more) are welded, welds are subjected tures of 100-120C (212-248F).
ing conditions.
The preheating temperature of 100C
to more rapid cooling accompanied by
more severe cooling stresses (Ref. 2). was obtained from the Yurioka (Ref. 8)
report shown in Fig. 3 (using Table 2,
50-mm-thick steel plate, Ceq 0.34). The
Introduction
test specimens were welded at 100-120C
in consideration of ambient temperatures.
The various cracks that can occur in KEY WORDS
The panel was welded according to
weld joints according to welding condi- Diffusible Hydrogen AWS A5.29 E8OT1-K2 specifications,
tions and processes are classified as Intergranular (IG) using the flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
"cold crack" and "hot crack" according Magnetic Particle process (1.2 ~ diameter, electrode exten-
to occurrence temperatures. Inspection sion of 25-30 mm); welding parameters
Hot cracking, such as solidification Microvoid Coalescence are shown in Table 1.
cracks and liquation cracks, are the (MVC)
most severe problems associated with Quasi Cleavage (QC) Chemical Composition/Strength
Residual Stresses
H. W. LEE is with the Welding Research Team Stress Intensity Factor A spectroanalyzer was used to deter-
of Samsung Heavy Industries, Koje City, Transverse Crack mine the chemical composition of the
Korea. S. W. KANG and D. S. UM are with base and weld metal. Mean values of the
the Research Institute of Mechanical Tech- three specimens were then recorded in
nology, Pusan National University, Korea.
Table 2.
Impact Test
Fig. I - - Schematic diagram of weld panel. The surface residual stresses along the
weld metal centerline (~ direction) were
measured using the Rosette gauge hole-
drilling method after the specimen was
cooled completely.
I- D
fusible hydrogen.
(%) C Si Mn P S Ni Mo V Ti TS YS El
(kgf/mm 2) (kgf/mm2) (%)
0.18 0.10- 0.90- 0.040 0.040 0.40 0.08 0.10 0.02
EH32 TMCP max. 0.50 1.60 max. max. max. 45-60 32.0 20.0
max. max. max.
Base metal 0.09 0.38 1.35 0.015 0.005 0.03 0.02 0.002 0.02 52.8 38.0 31.0
Weld A 0.04 0.29 1.05 0.012 0.017 1.32 0.02 0.017 0.01 69.4 63.7 22.8
metal B 0.04 0.29 1.03 0.013 0.016 1.31 0.02 0.018 0.01 66.3 61.4 23.4
250
(~c) H.~ = 5=~/100~ WM
-- H.I. = 1.7Klknm
Ambient~ = 10"(2
~ 150
1 1
~ 100
,/
0 ~'75 75 60 50 40 30 25 20 15 S. lOrnm
10mm
5O
Fig. 5 - - Macrostructure of weld joint near section C - C'. A - -
Preheating/interpass temperature below 30C; B - - preheat-
ing/interpass temperature 100-120C.
Fig. 4 - - The position of Charpy V-notch impact test specimen.
Hydrogen-assisted cracking is a
severe problem in the welding of thick
steel plate that occurs when the follow-
ing three factors are simultaneously pre-
sent: diffusible hydrogen in weld metal,
high stress and susceptible microstruc-
tures. The hydrogen dissolved in a weld
metal is proportional to the square root of
the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas.
The following sources of weld metal
hydrogen are considered in FCAW (Ref.
10):
1) Moisture in flux
2) Moisture in CO 2 gas
3) Organic substance in flux
4) Hydrogen in wire steel and steel
plate
5) Moisture in atmosphere
6) Extraneous hydrogenous material,
e.g., moisture, grease and paint
W
Hydrogen dissolved in a steel matrix
is diffusible, thereby causing hydrogen
embrittlement. The weld metal hydrogen
content is generally expressed by the
content of diffusible hydrogen. The three
methods of measuring diffusible hydro-
Fig. 7 - Microstructure o f weld j o i n t B (preheating a n d interpass temperature 1 0 0 - 1 2 0 0 . A - - gen contents are:
Base metal; B - - grain-refined zone; C - - grain-coarsened zone; D - - weld metal.
1) Glycerin method (Hjl s)
2) Mercury method (Hi]w)
3) Gas chromatograph method (HG_c)
Will
0 The test results of these three methods
Because of the relatively high cooling to form fully instead of grain boundary fer- are related as follows (Ref. 11):
rate and the large grain size in this region, rite and Widmanstatten ferrite.
acicular ferrite rather than blocky ferrite More amounts of acicular ferrite can HHw = 1.27Hji s + 2.19
formed at grain boundaries-- Figs. 6C and be observed in Fig. 7D when compared
7C. Figure 7D is an optical micrograph to Fig. 6D. HG_C = 2HjI s + 0.3
taken from the deposited weld metal area
revealing grain boundary ferrite, Wid- Residual Stressesof Weld Joints where Hil w, HG_C and HjIS are the weld
manstatten ferrite and acicular ferrite. To metal diffusible hydrogen content per
improve mechanical properties such as Welding induces high residual 100 g of deposited weld metal.
tensile and toughness, acicular ferrite has stresses in the vicinity of the weld. The The hydrogen contents, which de-
300
v
-
UJ
200
(A)
0
t
u~
7O
100
50 !
~ 10
---O-- preheating/interpass temp. below 30"C ] I I I I I
i
-
J
" "0"" p r e h e a t i n g / i n t e r p a s s tem p. 100-120"C
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
ol I I I I [ I I Temperature (C)
A B C D E F G
(B)
Fig. I 0 - - Results o f Charpy V-notch impact tests for weld metal.
/
Q
~ 16000
~ 200
W
'I" 14000
-soo -4oo ooo 4.oo 8oo ~2oo
o,oo
[ I I I I
2 4 18 48 72 Distance from the weld interface (ram)
Exposure Time (Hour)
pend on welding conditions, were mea- sorbed energy of preheating and inter- depends on the preheating/interpass
sured by the glycerin method and are pass temperatures of 100-120C in weld temperature, and when the preheating/
shown in Fig. 9. These data indicate that joint B are higher than preheating and interpass temperature is low, the weld
welds made with the FCAW electrode interpass temperatures of 30C in weld metal becomes more susceptible to
have hydrogen contents of approx- joint A, due to higher cooling rate. transverse crack.
imately 3-4 mL. Most diffusible
hydrogen escaped within 2 h after weld- Hardness Traverses Distinction of Crack Position
ing as shown in Fig. 9. However, when
welding conditions were changed, there Figure 11 shows the hardness tra- In weld joint B, when preheating and
were no significant hydrogen contents. verses 10 mm away from the weld sur- interpass temperatures were 100-120C,
face. When the preheating/interpass no transverse cracks were detected.
Impact Properties temperature is below 30C, the value of However, transverse cracks were de-
hardness (HV) in deposited weld metal is tected for the specimen welded with pre-
Figure 10 shows the Charpy V-notch 10-15 higher due to the rapid cooling heating and interpass temperatures
impact test results for weld metal. Ab- rate. The hardness of the weld metal below 30C in weld joint A.
Fig. 12 - - MPI results of transverse cracks for 35-mm weld joint A (depth below weld top surface is shown at top right-hand corner).
| lJi~I I IlliIIIII
[I}l[,l'il[!ll}flllLllIi[llillIItillIl!iiill
~' ~a ~ 9o I N n
B I I
(r- ~ ^ nm
, ; 2
(G (H) 28.0 mm
Fig. 13 - - MPI results of transverse cracks for 50-mm weld joint A (depth below weld top surface is shown at top right-hand corner).
References