Orthographic Projections

September 2017 Semester

Lesson Outcomes

By end of the class, you will be able to:-

Explain orthographic and multiview projection
Identify the six principal views
Create multiview drawing by sketching
Apply standard line practices

Open 2
Review
Types of sketches

Isometric Oblique

One point perspective Two point perspective

Projection
A projection is defined as a representation of an object on
a two dimensional plane.
The projections of an object should convey all the three
dimensions, along with other details of the object on a
sheet of paper.
The elements to be considered while obtaining a projection
are :
1. The object
2. The plane of projection
3. The point of sight
4. The rays of sight
Projection Methods
Attributes of Projection Methods
Projection Method Lines of Sight One Principal Application
Plane Parallel to
Plane of
Projection
Linear Perspective Converging: Sometimes Single view
- One-Point inclined to plane of pictorial
- Two-Point projection
- Three-Point
Oblique Projection Parallel: Always Single view
- Cavalier inclined to plane of pictorial
- Cabinet projection
- General
Orthographic Parallel: Never Single view
Projection normal to plane of pictorial
Axonometric projection
- Isometric
- Dimetric
- Trimetric
Multiview Projection Parallel: For all principal Multiview
- Third Angle normal to plane of views drawings
- First Angle projection
 Example of Orthographic projection

a). Isometric

b). Object enclosed in a glass

box

c).Orthographic projections
 Orthographic drawing
Definition: A parallel Drawing can be
isometric, oblique or
projection technique multiview drawing
in which the plane of
projection is
positioned between
the observer and the
object and is
perpendicular to the
parallel line of sight.
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observers eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection
Multiview Drawing
Definition: Set of 2D drawing to accurately
represent a 3D objects.
Six principal views: Front, Top, Left side, Right
side, Bottom and rear

11
Multiview Drawing (Cont)

Unfolding the glass box reveals

The six principle views

Normally only 3 views are required to

describe an object!
 QUADRANTS
The x-axis and the y-axis divide the co-ordinate plane into four regions.
These regions are called as Quadrants.
Orthographic Projection Systems

Dihedral angles
formed by
intersection of
vertical and
horizontal planes
at right angle

Dihedral angles
First-Angle Orthographic Projection

Used by most of the World, including Europe

and Asiatic countries.
The object is placed in the first quadrant
The object is between the viewer and the
projection plane.
 Principles of 1st Angle Projection System

Principle of obtaining Principle of obtaining

the view from the front the view from the top

Principle of obtaining the view from the left

Principles of 1st Angle Projection System

Relative positions of the three views and the symbol

 b) Placement of the three principal
views in first-angle projection

c) Symbol for first-angle

a) Location of object in first-angle projection projection system
system
 Third-Angle Orthographic Projection
The object is placed in the third
quadrant and projected into the
planes.
The plane of projection is
located between the viewer and
the object.
It is extensively used in United
States, Great Britain and
Canada
Standards Australia
recommends using third angle
projection system.
 b) Placement of the three
principal views in third-
angle projection

c) Symbol for 3rd angle

projection system
a) Placement of object in third-angle projection
Glass box approach
for multiview drawings
Unfolding the glass box
at the hinges
 The six principal views (glass box unfolded)
Note:
- The most commonly used orthographic views are the FRONT, TOP and SIDE.
- The FRONT view is the primary view.
1st and 3rd angle Projection
1st and 3rd angle Projection
Relative Position of views (1st vs 3rd Angle)

Relative positions of six views in

Relative positions of six views in third angle projection
first angle projection
1st and 3rd Angle
of Projection
Comparison
1st and 3rd Angle
of Projection
Comparison

28
 Orthographic projection rule

Rule 1: Alignment of features

Every point or feature in one view
must be aligned in any adjacent
view. 45 deg

Rule 2: Distances in related

views
Distances in any two points of a
feature in related views must be
equal.
Video Orthographic Views
 Planes/surfaces
parallel to the plane of
projection appear in
their true size and
shape
 Planes/surfaces which
are not parallel to the
plane of projection are
foreshortened.
Planes/surfaces which
are perpendicular to the
plane of projection
appears as line.
More than one view is
required to fully
describe most objects.
Relationship between orthographic views

Mitre Line to establish relation

between views
Relationship between orthographic views

Use of compass to establish the relationship between views

Multiview Drawings

A multiview drawing provides two or more

views (orthographic projections) of an object
to represent its shape.
Depending on their complexity, objects may
require two, three or more views for complete
shape description.
The most commonly used orthographic views
are the front, top and side.
 Creating multiview drawing
1. Block the overall height,
width and depth for
each views. Start with
Front view, then top
view and side view.

2. Lightly block major

features in each views

3. Use construction lines

to project features to
other views. Use miter
line (45 deg).

4. Add hidden lines and

other details.
 Creating multiview drawing

Minimum number of views

Most descriptive views, least hidden lines

Hidden line
Multiview Drawings
One-view drawing

Parts made of flat sheet of material

having uniform thickness, such as
gaskets, washers and spacers, are
represented with one view
supplemented by a note describing
their material and thickness.
Selection of Views
Most objects can adequately be described by
three orthographic views; usually the FRONT,
TOP and SIDE views.

Consideration should be given to the choice and

number of views used so, when possible, the
surfaces of the object are shown in their true
size and shape.

The exact number of views is dependent on the

complexity of the object.
Guidelines to select and present the orthographic
views
1. The front view should be the most natural position of
use, if the object does not have a predefined front
view. It is the most descriptive view with:
the longest dimension
the fewest hidden lines
the most stable position.
2. Select the sequence of views with the fewest hidden
lines
3. Label the views for example, FRONT, TOP and
SIDE
 Guidelines to select and present the orthographic
views
4. Use proper line types to express different features of the
object.
Object or visible lines (thick continuous) to describe the visible
surface or edge of the object.
Hidden or dotted lines to represent invisible features.
Centerlines are used to show and locate the centers of circles
and arcs. Centerlines are also used to show the centre axis of a
circular form.
As and when required, make use of other line types, such as
Construction lines, Extension lines, Dimension lines. Follow the
correct precedence sequence.
5. Leave adequate space between the views for labels and
dimensions
6. Draw the views necessary to describe the object
Projection of Circular and Inclined
Surfaces

Observe the contours and their projection shown

Cylindrical Shape

Orthographic view of cylindrical shape

Drawing conventions

Hidden lines

Open 45
 Drawing convention

Hidden features Center Lines

Chamfers
Chamfering refers to the
process of cutting away the
inside or outside corner of
an object to remove sharp
edges.
Chamfers are provided to
facilitate assembly.
Chamfers are used as a
slight angle to relieve a
sharp edge.
Fillets and rounds
Fillets and rounds are rounded intersections between the
planes of a part that are generally used to ease
machining corners or to allow patterns to release more
easily from castings and forgings.
A fillet is an inside rounding
A round is an external rounding on part.
Fillets and rounds contd

Observe how curved surface joins smoothly a flat surface

Circular features
Circular features appear circular in one view only.
Hidden circles, like hidden edges of flat surfaces, are
represented on drawings by a hidden line.
Circular features, such as holes, appear round, if the
line of sight is perpendicular to the circular feature.
Circular features on inclined surfaces

Circular features on inclined surfaces appears

as ellipse
Creating ellipse using miter line
Examples of orthographic views of solid primitives
Examples of orthographic views of solid primitives
Multiview Drawing-Examples
 Examples of orthographic views

Note that
arrows indicate the direction of sight when looking at the
front view
All projections are in third-angle projection system
System of Projection Symbol

There are some variations in the orientation

of the projection symbol used in different text
books and drawing documents.

This is shown in the following slides

Note:
In firstangle projection, the projection symbol shows the cone with its large
end open toward the circles.

In thirdangle projection, the projection symbol shows the cone with its large
end away from the circles.

Drawing symbols for First- and Third-Angle Projection

ISO symbols for third and firstangle projection systems
Exercises

On a sketching paper (with 1 mm SQUARES) draw

the three orthographic views (FRONT, TOP & SIDE)
of the parts shown in the next slides.
Follow third-angle projection system .
ARROW indicates the direction of FRONT view.
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Brass step
CI Bracket
CS Bracket
Safety Bracket
References

Bertoline G.R., Wiebe, E.N., Hartman, N.W. And Ross,

W. A. (2010). Fundametals of Graphics Communication,
(6th ed.): McGraw Hill.
Madsen, D. A., & Madsen, D. P. (2011). Engineering
drawing and design (5th ed.): Delmar Publishers Inc.