Escolar Documentos
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Cultura Documentos
Geoffrey Steadman
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v
This book, just as its counterpart Ritchies Fabulae Faciles, should be on the bedstand
of every intermediate Latin student. The volume is a graded reader of Roman legends
and biographies, which the modern authors Frederick Sanford and Harry Scott heavily
adapted in part from Livys Ab Urbe Condita Books 1 and 2 and in part from Charles
Lhomonds 1779 De viris illustibus urbis Romae a Romulo ad Augustum. The
purpose of the stories is to give students who have already completed their study of
elementary grammar with additional practice before reading authentic Latin in
Caesars Gallic War. Sanford and Scotts book begins with the travels of Aeneas,
continues with accounts of the seven kings and the heroics of the early Republic,
traces the main figures of the Punic wars, and finishes with several short biographies
including those of Caesar and Cicero. For the sake of economy, I have decided to
include only half of the readings of the original book and end with the account of the
invasion of Gaul in 395.
The Latin stories in this commentary were first published in 1919 by Sandford and
Scott in a volume called A Junior Latin Reader, which contained just the Latin text
with a complete vocabulary in the glossary. In 1922, the authors greatly expanded the
volume to include brief grammatical notes and vocabulary on the same page as the
Latin text. The book was republished once again in 1929 under a new title, A Second-
Year Latin Reader. In 1992 Gilbert Lawall and David Perry copied these same stories
verbatim and added their own vocabulary and grammatical notes in a textbook
entitled Fabulae Romanae. To my knowledge, the authors of Fabulae Romanae do
not credit Sandford and Scott or their textbook as the source of the Latin stories.
The aim of this current edition is to make Sandford and Scotts stories even more
accessible to intermediate-level Latin readers. To accomplish this goal, I have
adopted the best features of Clyde Pharrs Aeneid. Facing each page of the Latin text
is a single page of commentary divided into halves. The top half includes all of the
corresponding vocabulary that occur fourteen or fewer times in the book, arranged
alphabetically in two columns. The bottom half is devoted to grammatical notes,
which are organized according to line numbers and arranged in two columns. One of
vi
Page
lim in Asi erat urbs antqua, quae Troia appellta est. Eam 1
urbem Graec decem anns obsdrunt tandemque cprunt.
Priam rge flisque interfects, urbem dlvrunt. Sed Aens,
qu inter clrissims dfensrs urbis fuerat, cum paucs comitibus
ex urbe effgit; cum profugs ex omnibus partibus cogisset, in 5
taliam migrre constituit.
Post septem anns vnit in eam partem Italiae ubi erat urbs
Laurentum. Ibi cum Troin praedam ex agrs agerent, Latnus rx
Aborginsque, qu ea loca tenbant, agrs dfendere parvrunt.
Sed Latnus, postquam in colloqui orginem multitdinis ducisque 10
1 eam urbem: this city; a form of is, ea, id 5 cumcogisset: when; plpf. subjunctive
before a noun that it modifies is a of cg, cgere: translate this verb in the
demonstrative and can be translated as tense in which you find it
this, or that. 8 cum...agerent: while; impf. subj. ag
2 decem anns: for; acc. duration of time praedamageret: i.e. drive cattle. We
tandemque: -que, and attaches to the end immediately imagine praeda, loot, as a
of a word and is equivalent to et tandem treasure chest of gold or silver, but in the
3 Priam rgeinterfects: abl. abs. ancient world cattle was a moveable
4 inter: among; translate as between with form of wealth and often the source of
two items as among with more than two plunder, as it is in the passage above.
fuerat: plpf. sum.
1
1b. Aeneas
Aborgins, -um m.: Aborgines, 2 imple, -re, -v, impltum: to fill (up), 2
adventus, -s m.: arrival, approach, 2 talia, -ae f.: Italy, 3
aggredior, -, -gressus: go to, attack, 2 laetus, -a, -um: happy, joyful, glad, 3
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3 Lvnia, -ae f.: Lavinia, 3
ante: before, in front of (acc.); adv. before, 3 Lvnium, - n.: Lavinium (town), 2
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: learn, know, 3 metu, -ere, -u: to fear, dread, 2
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4 ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
dspond, -ere, -spond: to betroth, 2 Rutul, -rum m.: Rutulians (a Latin tribe) 3
discrmen, -crminis n.: crisis, peril, 1 Troin, -rum m.: Trojans, 4
fma, -ae f.: fame, report, rumor, reputation, 3 victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 2
dem, eadem, idem: the same, 2
11 Aen: Aens is a 1st decl. masc. noun 15 su: gen. sg. of the reflexive possessive
e: from is, ea, id; although the placement at adjective suus, -a, -um modifying the gen.
the beginning of the clause suggests that e sg. nminis; since the antecedent of a
is nom. pl., the verb dedit hints, correctly, reflexive is always the subject, translate this
that e is dat. singular adjective as either his, her or their own
12 quamLvnium appellvit: called (x) 18 multitdine et opibus: inand in...; in
(y); this verb governs a double accusative respect toand in respect to abl. of
construction: the first acc. is a dir. object respect often limits and clarifies the
whereas the second is an acc. predicate meaning of an adjective, in this case,
13 uxris: i.e. Lavinia, mentioned in line 11, the verbal adjective crescentem
Aeneas first wife and mother to the son 19 laet: happily; happy, adjectives in the
Ascanius was Creusa, who was lost and nom. are often translated as adverbs
killed as the family tried to escape during tulrunt: pf. of the irregular verb fer,
the fall of Troy ferre, tul, ltum
14 cui: to whom; dat. sg. ut: so that; purpose clause + subjunctive
15 Latnum: i.e. Latinus, king of the Latins 20 Aborgins: i.e. the native inhabitants (ab
aggressus est: pf. aggredior, the passive from, orgine the beginning/source), in
endings in the dictionary entry indicates that this case, the Latin people
this verb is deponent and therefore should e-dem: abl. sg., dem, eadem, idem
be translated in the active voice
2
1c. Aeneas
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4 dc, -ere, -dx, -ductum: lead out, draw, 1
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, against, 4 moenia, -rum n.: walls, 2
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3 reperi -re -pper -pertum: find, discover, 1
copia, -ae f.: abundance, supply; troops, 1 victor, -ris m.: conquerer, vanquisher, 2
dfend, -ere, -nd, dfnsum: to defend, 3
21 utramque: acc. sg., from adj. uterque ut: just as; as, a common translation
cumposset, tamen: although; cum, when ut is followed by the indicative mood
when followed by an ablative is very often 24 enim: for; translate at the beginning of
the proposition with; however, when cum the clause: enim is postpositive, i.e. it is
is not followed by an abl., it is clearly an always placed after (post) the first word in
adverbial conjunction introducing a cum- the sentence; since the prepositional phrases
clause. When a cum-clause is followed by are treated as a single unit, enim is placed
the word tamen in the main clause, the cum after the entire phrase
clause is concessive and cum should be 24 poturunt: from possum
translated as although mult: a substantive, an adjective which
s: acc. sg. reflexive pronoun, the functions as a noun: if masculine, add the
antecedent is the subject word men or people, if feminine, add
22 posset: impf. subjunctive of possum women, if neuter supply things
(infinitive posse + 3rd sg. ending t) eum: that; acc. subject. in indirect
23 vict sunt: pf. pass. vinc discourse, from is, ea, id
3
2. The Founding of Alba Longa
4
3a. Romulus and Remus
1 Ex hc fli: i.e. Rhea Silva, While tradition 6 tenu: abl. sg., recall that 3rd decl. adjectives
claims that she conceived the children with are i-stem and will have an -i' in the abl. sg.
Mars, Livy suggests that she was assaulted where 3rd decl. nouns have an -e
by an unknown man but chose to claim 7 sc enim: for; enim is a postpositive
Mars as the real father. and should be translated first
nt sunt: pf. deponent nascor est trditum: it; trditum est, impersonal
2 ut: as; a common translation when the verb use of the pf. passive, hence the neuter -um
is in the indicative mood 9 eam: her; i.e. the fem. sg. lupa
necnec: neithernor Ab: by; abl. of agent
4 inc: pass. inf. of inici (in + iaci) 10 duct sunt: note that this pf. passive
iussit: pf. of iube comes from 1st conjugation dc, -re and
Forte: by chance; an common adv. formed not 3rd conjugation dc, dcere
not from the adj. fortis, -e, brave, but from Cum prmum: As soon as...; When first...
the noun fors, fortis, luck, a common alternative translation; prmum is
5 e qu: those who; they who nom. pl. an adverbial acc.
from is, ea, id
poterant: impf. possum
5
3b. Romulus and Remus
adolesc, -ere, adolev: to grow up, 3 initium, - n.: beginning, initiation, entrance, 1
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: lose, let go, 3 iussus, -s m.: order, iuss by order, 1
Amlius, -i m.: Amulius, 4 latr, -nis m.: robber, 2
apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3 ldicrum, - n.: spectacle, game, sport
celebr (1): celebrate, visit frequently, 1 move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4 ob: on account of (acc.), 1
compar (1): prepare, collect, 1 onustus, -a, -um: loaded, burdened, 1
dd, -ere: to give over, surrender, 1 pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
dvid, -ere, -vs, -vsum: divide, separate, 4 sc: thus, in this way, 4
Faustulus, - m.: Faustulus (shepherd), 1 supplicium, -i n.; punishment, supplication, 2
gemin, -ae, -a: twin, 2 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: hand over, give, 3
incs (1): to accuse, complain of, 2 venor, -r, ventum: to hunt, 1
11 coeprunt: they begin; the verb coep, ad: for; ad + acc. often expresses purpose
coepisse, coeptum, as its dictionary form 18 puers: that; acc. subject in indirect
reveals, is a defective verb: it is perfect in discourse
form but present in meaning apud: at the house of; a very common
in: against translation for apud + acc.
praed: the loot is often cattle not treasure 19 s: reflexive, the antecedent, as often, is
12 pstoribusque: and among the shepherds; the subject of the main clause and not the
dat. of interest or indirect object subject of the indirect statement
13 quoddam: a certain; indefinite pronoun mtusaperit: Faustulus is still the subject
14 in: against percul: by; abl. of cause
14 captumtrdidrunt: In English, we mtus: moved; i.e. having been upset,
prefer to use two main verbs, cprunt et move very often denotes emotion rather
trdidrunt, whereas in Latin, the Romans than physical motion
typically employed one finite verb and Rmul: dative indirect object
made the first action into a participle. Forte: an adverb, from fors, fortis and not
Puers: that; acc. subject in indirect fortis, forte
discourse 20 frtrs gemins esse: that; ind. disc.,
16 gisse: g- is the pf. stem for ag, agere; with the verb sum, esse the second acc. is
Since the praeda are most often cattle, it is an accusative predicative noun
sensible to use a verb that means drive comparns: nom. sg. pres. pple
6
3c. Romulus and Remus
7
4a. The Founding of Rome
aets, aettis f.: age, lifetime, time, 3 pere, -re, peri: to pass away, perish, 2
amcus, - m.: friend, 2 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 3
augurium, - n.: augury, divination, 2 potior, -r, pottum: to possess (abl.), 1
cad, -ere, cecid, csum: to fall, 3 prior, prius: before, earlier (comp. prmus), 4
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3 qucumque, quae-, quod-: whosoever, 1
duodecim: twelve, 3 reg, regere, rx, rectum: to rule, be king, 1
fma, -ae f.: fame, report, rumor, reputation, 3 sex: six, 1
gemin, -ae, -a: twin, 2 sc: thus, in this way, 4
illd, -ere, -ls, -lsum: mock, ridicule, 1 trnsili, -re, -u: to jump across or over, 2
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4 tor, t, sum to use, employ, enjoy (abl.), 2
moenia, -rum n.: walls, 2 verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 3 vultur, -is, m.: vulture, bird of prey, 1
ostend (1): show, display, 4
8
4b. The Founding of Rome
Asylum, Asyl n.: Asylum; refuge, 1 mni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3 Paltium, -i n.: Palatine hill, 1
causa, -ae f.: reason; caus, for the sake of, 2 praetextus, -a, -um: bordered, 1
centum: hundred, 1 profugi, -re, -v, -tum: flee, escape, 3
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 3 sella, -ae f.: chair, 1
curlis, -e: curule, 1 sentor, -ris m.: senator, 1
duodecim: twelve, 3 sum, sumere, sumps, sumptum: to take,
honor, -ris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3 take up, 2
nsigne, -is n.: badge, decoration, mark, 1 toga, -ae f.: toga, 3
lctor, lctris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 2
9
5a. The Sabine Women
10
5b. The Sabine Women
11 intent: i.e. focused; a predicate adjective indigntinem: anger, outrage; this word
in: upon describes the resentment of being treated in
12 sign dat: abl. abs. a manner not (in-) worthy (dignus-a-um) of
rapere: to kidnap; or to snatch, Although ones status in society
the derivative denotes sexual assault, the 16 idfactum esse: that it; acc. subject in
Latin verb rapi denotes the act of grabbing ind. discourse referring to the kidnapping;
or stealing, and that is all that is implied is Since the ind. disc. is in secondary sequence
this passage. The inf. should be translated as a plpf.
virgins: maidens; a common term for an passive
unmarried young woman superbi: because of; abl. of cause
13 clmants: pres. pple. modifying parents 17 inquit: he says; Romulus is speaking
Rmnsviolvisse: that; acc. subj. directly to the women in the 2nd person
and pf. inf. governed by clmants plural. The verb is used only in the context
hospitium: i.e. the rules of hospitality: a of direct discourse and is always placed
guest should not steal from his host within the speech itself.
14 nec: andnot; apply the negative to the v: abl. sg. of the irregular noun vs
main verb habbant 18 mult: much; abl. degree of difference
raptae: kidnapped; see note 12 above minus: comparative adverb
autaut: eitheror perturbt: PPP as a predicate nom.
d: concerning raptrum (fminrum): see line 14
meliorem: greater; elsewhere better, the 19 eius iniriae: of this injustice; partitive
comparative of bonus, -a, -um
11
5c. The Sabine Women
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4 ns: we, us, 3
aude, -re, ausus sum: to dare, venture, 2 optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
cad, -ere, cecid, csum: to fall, 3 r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
caelestis, -e: celestial, heavenly; subs. gods, 2 pell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive, beat, 4
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3 posterus, -a, -um: following, next, 2
cnfestim: at once, immediately, 3 precs, -um: prayer, entreaty, 1
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
dolus, - m.: trick, deceit, 2 back, 4
hinc: from here, hence, 3 renov (1): to renew, make new, 2
Hostlius, - m.: Hostilius, 2 Stator, -ris m.: the Stayer (of Jupiter), 1
Hostius, -i m.: Hostius, 1 tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4
implr (1): to implore, beg, beseech, 1 templum, - n.: temple, 3
infer, -ferre, -tul, -ltus: bring in, wage, 3 vol (1): to fly, 1
Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 4 vove, -re, vv, vtum: vow, swear, 2
move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
21 novissimum: the last; or most recent, declension: nom. Jupiter, gen. Ivis, dat.
superlative adj. Iv, acc. Ivem, and abl. Ive.
ab: from; abl. of source 26 crdns: nom. sg. pres. pple crd
ortum est: pf. deponent orior precs sus: that; acc. subject in ind.
quod: which; relative pronoun disc.; sus is a possessive reflexive adj.
mult: far; by much, abl. of degree of audts esse: pf. pass. inf. in ind. disc.
difference 27 optimus (et) maximus: supply and
22 in monte Capitln: Although described 28 caelest: abl. sg., 3rd decl. adjectives
as a mountian, the Capitolium is actually a are i-stem and will have an -i' in the abl. sg.
large hill and so we translate this phrase as where 3rd decl. nouns have an -e.
on the Capitoline Hill. This adj. does not modify iuss.
dol: abl. of means iuss: nom. pl. PPP (pf. passive pple), iube
23 poster di: abl. of time when 29 ausae sunt: pf. deponent of semi-deponent
cnt sunt: pf. deponent cnr aude: only the pf. tenses are deponent
24 exercits: a 4th decl. noun: the long-u 30 utimplrrent: so thatmight;
indicates that the word is not nom. sg. purpose clause, impf. subj.
25 Iov Statr: To Jupiter the Stayer; dat. virs: husbands; a common translation
ind. obj., The name Jupiter has an irregular mt: having been moved; i.e. emotionally
12
5d. The Sabine women
31 nn modosed etiam: not onlybut also trgint: trgint modifies cris; numbers
modo is an adverb distinct from the noun above trs, three, do no decline;
modus, mod 36 cris: to; dat. ind. obj.; tradition claims
dubus: abl. pl., duo, duae, duo is and 1st that each curia was named after one of the
and 2nd decl. adjective whose abl. and dat. Sabine women kidnapped by the Romans
forms are bus (masc.) and bus (fem.) Tatius: Although not mentioned earlier,
32 faciunt: make (x) (y); governs a double Tatius was a Sabine king and was ruling
acc.: the first acc. is a direct object while the jointly with Romulus
second is a predicate 37 Anns sequentibus: abl. abs. with a pres.
33 Quirts: nom. predicate, translate after pple
appellata est 38 bella secunda: favorable wars
Curibus: a single city with a plural name, 40 qudam tempore: at; abl. of time when,
just as Athens and Los Angeles again, the indefinite pronoun qudam
quae urbs: which city; relative adjective Camp Mrti: a plain just northwest
35 populdvs: abl. abs. outside of the walls of Rome, where the
in: into army trained.
13
5e. The Sabine women
14
6a. Numa Pompilius
Arcus, - m.: arch; bow, 2 nstru, -ere, -x, -uctum: to build, equip, 1
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4 interrgnum, - n.: interregnum, 1
clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4 istus, -a, -um: just, 1
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 2
Curs, ium m.: Cures (Sabine town), 2 mora, -ae f.: delay, hesitation, hindrance, 1
dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry off, offer, 2 optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
dvnus, -a, -um: divine, 2 peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
dominus, - m.: master, 1 pertus, -a, -um: experienced (in) (gen.) 2
facti, factinis f.: faction, party, 2 Pompilius, - m.: Pompilius, 2
firm (1): make strong, strengthen, support, 2 porta, -ae f.: gate, 3
habit (1): to inhabit, dwell, live, 2 recs (1): refuse, give a reason against, 3
hmnus, -a, -um: human, humane, 3 sine: without (abl.), 3
Inus, - m.: Janus, 1 veter, vetera, veterum: old, experienced, 2
index, indicis m/f: sign, indication, 1
1 ortum est: pf. deponent orior 6 e tempore: at that; abl. of time when
factins: The Romans did not have Curibus: in; locative, place where
political parties in the modern sense, and so istissimus: superlative adj. istus
factions is perhaps to best translation. 7 pertus: an adj. that governs a gen. object
2 suae factinis: gen. e: dat. sg. indirect object, is, ea, id
3 interregn sect: abl. abs., The pf. pple omnium: subjective gen. pl. modifying
for a deponent verb, sequor, is often consns
translated having Xed. An interregnum is 8 Is: i.e. Numa
a period of time between (inter) kingships 9 ire lgibusque: abl. of means
(regnum) when they select a new king. Arcum: this arch was simply a large
gessit: possessed, carried on; pf. ger doorway (two posts and a horizontal lintel)
4 multsfacts esse: that; ind. disc. with two gates (portae) in the center
pr: in place of, instead of 10 arcus In: predicate nom. following
5 vsum est: it seemed; it has been seen, the appeltus est
passive of vide is a linking verb commonly (arcus) apertus: (when) opened, the gate;
translated as seem. Optimum is neuter sg. supply the missing nominative arcus
predicate nominative. (arcus) clausus): again, supply the noun
15
6b. Numa Pompilius
16
6c. Numa Pompilius
auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4 nl, nlle, nlu: notwish, be unwilling, 2
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn, reverse, 4 quadrgint: forty, 3
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, worship, 3 sacerdtium, - n.: priesthood, 1
deinceps: one after another, successively, 1 vert, -ere, -s, -rsus: turn, change, 1
imitor, imitr, imittum: imitate, copy, 3 viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, attack, 4
ms, mris m.: custom, manner, law, 3
17
7a. Tullus Hostilius
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4 intend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: stretch, aim, 1
aets, aettis f.: age, lifetime, time, 3 morior, mor, mortuum: to die, 2
nxius, -a, -um: anxious, 2 pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 3
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4 prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
concurr, -ere, -curr: clash, fight (with), 1 signum, - n.: sign, signal; standard, 3
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3 spectculum, - n.: spectacle, 3
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, select, 2 tern, -ae, -a: three each, 1
dispr (gen. dispris): unequal, unlike, 3 trigeminus, -a, -um: triplets, 2
rig, -ere, -rx, -rectum: raise up, lift, 2 Tullus, - m.: Tullus, 2
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4
1 Num mortu: abl. abs. Recall that the pf. aettevribus: inin; in respect to
pple of a deponent verb is translated: in respect to, An abl. of respect often
having Xed. limits and clarifies an adjective.
fercior: comparative adj. 6 vribus: abl. from vrs (not vir, vir), the
2 quam: than pl. of the irregular noun vs, vs
prmum: first, first of all; adverbial acc. ill (sunt): ellipsis, supply the linking verb
ortum est: pf. deponent orior 7 ad: for; ad + acc. often expresses purpose
3 proeli: abl. of means. Instead of fighting 8 acis: armies; or battle lines. This word
the entire army, both sides chose to have describes the long line of troops stretching
a few, selected soldiers fight and decide the from left to right when an army fights.
outcome of the war. rect: attentive
5 Forte: by chance; adverb from fors, fortis 9 anims intendunt: i.e. focus their attention
utrque: abl. uterque sign dat: abl. abs.
necnec: neithernor
18
7b. Tullus Hostilius
adiuv (1): to support, help, assist, 3 pr, paris: equal, similar, even, 3
circumsist, -ere, -stet: to surround, 1 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3 priusquam: before (than), sooner than, 2
congressus, -s m.: encounter, assembly, 2 proper (1): to hasten, 1
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3 respici, -ere, -spex, -spectum: to look to, 1
cnsequor, -, sectus: follow, go after, 1 secundus, -a, -um: following, favorable, 3
const, -re, -stit, -stitum: stand (together) 2 singulus, -a, -um: one by one, separate, 1
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4 sps, -e f.: hope, 3
integer, -gra, -grum: untouched, unhurt, 3 subit: immediately, straightaway, 2
intervallum, - n.: distance, interval, 1 supersum, -esse, -fu: to remain, survive, 1
mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4 tertius, -a, -um: third, 1
obsecr (1): to beseech, implore, entreat, 1 vulner (1): wound, injure, 1
11 prm congress: at; or in abl. of Critis: i.e. the two brothers still
time when running at a distance toward the first
vulnert (sunt): ellipsis, supply verb 16 utferant: that; an indirect command
12 Eum qu: this one who; i.e. the sole with pres. subjunctive fer
remaining Roman. Often a form of is, ea, id 17 magn clmore: with; abl. of manner
cannot be translated as a personal pronoun 18 tertius (Curitius): see the box below
and must be translated as a demonstrative 19 alterum: another
cnt sunt: pf. deponent, cnor 19 cnficit: finishes off; i.e. kills
13 Cumfgisset: cum-clause with plpf. super-erant: impf. supersum
subjunctive, as often, translate the verb in necnec: neithernor
the same tense in the indicative 20 spvribus: inin; in respect to
paulum: a little; adverbial acc. in respect to, An abl. of respect often
14 magns intervalls: with; abl. of manner limits and clarifies an adjective.
constitit: pf. In Latin, verbs that mean to vribus: abl. from vrs (not vir, vir), the
stand (still) often mean to stop as well. pl. of the irregular noun vs, vs
Context will indicate which translation is Alter: One man
more suitable. superiribus victris: because of; abl.
in: against of cause
19
7c. Tullus Hostilius
caed, -ere, cecd, caesum: kill, cut down, 1 spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4 sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn, 2 victoria, -ae f.: victory, 1
frang, -ere, frg, frctus: break, shatter, 1 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3
iace, -re, -u: to lie, lie low, 2
21 alter: the other man; alteralter is often anim: in; in respect to abl. respect
translated the onethe other 23 iacentem: the (one).; i.e. as he was lying
defessus vulnere (erat): supply a verb, dead, Hortius stripped him of his armor
abl. of cause
20
8a. Ancus Marcius
aedific (1): make a building, build, 2 neps, neptis m.: grandson, decendent, 2
caerimnia, -ae f.: ceremony, rite, 3 nunc: now, at present, 2
Capitlnus, -a, -um: Capitoline, 3 s, ris n.: mouth; face, 3
carcer, -eris m.: prison, 1 stia, -ae f.: Ostia (port town of Rome), 1
collis, -is m.: town, 3 Pompilius, - m.: Pompilius, 2
coniung, -ere, -iunx, -iunctum: join, 1 prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
exst (1): to stand forth; exist, 1 quartus, -a, -um: one-fourth, 1
ftilis, -e: fetial; diplomatic, 1 religi, -nis f.: ritual observation, rites, 1
habit (1): to inhabit, dwell, live, 2 sacerds, -dtis m. f.: priest(ess), 4
Iniculum, - n.: Janiculum hill, 3 sc: thus, in this way, 4
indc, -ere, -dx, -dictum: declare, appoint 1 Sublicius, - m.: Sublicius (a bridge), 1
mand (1): to entrust, give, commit, 4 trdc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: lead over, 2
Mrcius, - n.: Marcius, Ancus Marcius, 1 trns: across, over (acc.), 3
mare, maris n.: sea, 1 usque: up to, until; all the way, 1
negtium, i n.: task, business, occupation, 2
2 Utnstituerat: as; or just as, a this is the proper name for the bridge
common translation for ut + indicative 7 sub: at the foot of
sc: so; corresponding to ut 8 imperium: just as rgnum, imperium can
3 quibus bella: by which; abl. of means refer to power or, as here, to the physical
quibus id: to whom this; dat. ind. object extent of the power
5 Bellsgests: abl. abs. usque ad: up to, right up to; note that
cvs: i.e. the Latins mare is acc., not abl.
Rmam: to Rome; locative, place to which 10 Anc rgnante: abl. abs.
6 qu collis: which hill; relative adjective nmine: by name; a popular abl. of respect
Ponte Sublici: with the Pons Sublicius;
21
8b. Ancus Marcius
aquila, -ae f.: eagle, eagle standard, 1 paultim: gradually, little by little, 2
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus: take away, pertus, -a, -um: experienced (in) (gen) 2
carry away, 3 pilleus, - m.: cap, 1
augurium, - n.: augury, divination, 2 postquam: after, when, 4
caelestis, -e: celestial, heavenly; subs. gods, 2 potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2
Corinthius, - m.: Corinth, 1 Prscus, - m.: Priscus, 3
Dmartus, - m.: Demaratus, 1 prdigium, - n.: omen, portent, 2
dvitiae, -rum f.: riches, wealth, 1 profugus, - m.: a fugitive, refugee, 2
exul, exulis m.: an exile, refugee, 2 repon, -ere, -posu, -positum: place back,
facilis, -e: easy, 1 put back, 1
indignits, -ttis f.: indignity, outrage, 2 rursus: again, backward, back, 1
nsignis, -e: distinguished, noted, 1 spern, -ere, sprv, sprtum: spurn, reject, 2
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 3 sum, sumere, sumps, sumptum: to take,
laetus, -a, -um: happy, joyful, glad, 3 take up, 2
migr (1): to travel, migrate, 3 Tarquini, -rum m.: Tarquinii (town), 1
22
8c. Ancus Marcius
23
9a. Tarquinius Priscus
Iam fli Anc prope adult erant. Sed Tarquinius ipse rx crer 1
cupibat. Is prmus palam rgnum petiit, memorns officia prvta
ac pblica et benignittem in omns. Magn cnsns populus
Rmnus eum rgnre iussit.
Tarquinius, Latns bell victs, lds magnifcs fcit. Tum 5
prmum locus circ, qu Maximus dcitur, dsigntus est. Ld
sollemns mnsrunt, Rmn aut Magn appellt. Magna quoque
opera rge incepta sunt, ut populus nn quitior in pce quam in
bell esset. Mr lapide urbem cingere parvit, et loca circ
forum alisque convalls clocs siccvit. Fundmenta aedis Iovis 10
in Capitli icit.
24
9b. Tarquinius Priscus
abduc, -ere, dx, ductum: lead or take mrbilis, -e: amazing, wonderful, 1
away, 1 mox: soon, 1
abe, -re, -i (v), -itus: go away, depart, 1 -ne: (introduces a yes/no question), 1
aliquand: sometimes, at some time, 1 ns: we, us, 3
aqua, -ae f.: water, 4 portend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: foretell, 1
arde, -re, ars, arsum: be on fire, burn, 1 prdigium, - n.: omen, portent, 2
ars, artis f.: skill, craft, art, 1 profect: in fact, actually, truly, 1
conspectus, -s, f.: look, sight, view, 1 proinde: then, therefore, consequently, 2
cultus, -s m.: culture, refinement, 3 rgna, -ae f.: queen, 2
dspond, -ere, -spond: to betroth, 2 rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
dormi, -re, -v: to sleep, 1 restingu, -ere, restinx: put out, quench, 1
rudi, -re, -v, -tum: educate, instruct, 1 retine, -re, -u, -tentum: to hold back, 1
excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 4 scrtus, -a, -um: secret, private, 1
fer: almost, nearly, closely, 4 somnus, - m.: sleep, 2
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 tam: so, so much, so very, such, 1
humilis, -e: on the ground, low; humble, 1 t: you, 3
ingenium, - n.: intellect, talent; character, 3 Tullius, - m.: Tullia, 3
lberlis, -e: of or befitting a free man, 1 vrus, -a, -um: true, real, 3
lmen, lminis n.: light, 1
25
9c. Tarquinius Priscus
amb: both, two together, 2 intentus, -a, -um: attentive, intent, focused, 3
appritor, -ris f.: servant, 3 lctor, lctris m.: lictor (bodyguard), 2
vert, -ere, -vert: turn aside, turn away, 2 maior, maius: greater, larger; older, 2
comprehend, -ere, d, -prehensum: to moribundus, -a, -um: dying; causing death, 1
grasp, seize, 2 occup (1): seize, occupy, 2
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (around), pstor, -is m.: shepherd, 4
reverse, 4 pate, -re, -u: lie open, extend, 2
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4 peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
dlictum, - n.: crime, fault, 1 quoniam: since now, seeing that, 1
dlig, -ere, -lg, -lectum: choose, select, 2 rgius, -a, -um: royal, of the king or queen, 4
ffer, -ere, -tul, -ltum: carry out, lift, 2 rixa, -ae f.: quarrel, dispute, 1
ets: even if, although, though, 3 secris, -is f.: axe, 1
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out, species, -i f.: sight, look, appearance, 2
receive, 3 vestibulum, - n.: entrance, vestibule, 2
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3 vicem: in turn, 1
fors: out of doors, 1 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3
indignti, -tinis f.: indignity, outrage, 3
26
9d. Tarquinius Priscus
alinus, -a, -um: of another, foreign, 3 r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
alloquor, -loqu, -loctum: address, speak, 2 peregrnus, - m.: stranger, foreigner, 4
celeriter: swiftly, quickly, 3 perturb (1): disturb, throw into confusion, 2
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3 pessimus, -a, -um: worst, very bad, 1
dvnus, -a, -um: divine, 2 portend, -ere, -tend, -tentum: foretell, 1
rig, -ere, -rx, -rectum: raise up, lift, 2 propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3 subitus, -a, -um: sudden, approaching, 1
fing, -ere, finx, fictum: make up, imagine, 1 sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
flamma, -ae f.: flame, fire, torch, love, 3 tumultus, -s m.: uproar, tumult, confusion, 1
manus, -s f.: hand, 3 tuus, -a, -um: your, yours, 2
meus, -a, -um: my, mine, 4 vix: with difficulty, with effort, scarcely, 2
nl, nlle, nlu: notwish, be unwilling, 2 vulnus, -eris n.: wound, blow, 3
ns: we, us, 3
31 sequitur: pres. deponent, sequor; translate clrum: acc. predicate following futrum
in the active voice esse. Since clrus means bright or
inter quem: in the midst of whom; among distinguished, Tanaquil invokes both
whom meanings and suggests that the flames that
claud: inf. made his head clrus, bright, foretell a
32 Servivoct: abl. abs. time when Servius life will be clrus,
ad s: Ths reflexive pronoun refers to the s famous and distinguished.
ubject of the main clause:Tanaquil 36 Nl perturbr: dont be troubled; be
33 Serv: Servius; voc. direct address; nom. unwilling to be troubled, A common
forms with ius become in the vocative negative imperative formed by the irregular
nn erum: not theirs; This predicate gen. imperative of nl + an infinitive
is parallel and in contrast to the predicate quod: because
tuum: the kingdom is not theirs 38 potes: 2nd sg. pres. possum
alins manibus: abl. means, the sons of sequere: sg. deponent imperative, sequor
Ancus did not perform courageous actions 39 Cum...posset: when...; impf. subj. possum
but instead hired assasions to kill Tarquin 40 parte: i.e. floor or level; Tanaquil spoke
34 rge: sg. imperative down to the people from an upper floor
35 sequere: sg. deponent imperative, sequor Cum...tamen: althoughnevertheless;
hoc caputesse: that...; ind. disc. with fut. cum introduces a concessive clause
inf. sum.
27
9e. Tarquinius Priscus
28
10a. Servius Tullius
Asia, -ae f.: Asia Minor, 2 Ephesius, -a, -um: of Ephesus, Ephesian 1
Asiticus, -a, -um: Asian, of Asia, 1 fnum, - n.: shrine, temple, 2
auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4 laud (1): to praise, glorify, 3
cnsus, -s m.: census, registration, 3 officium, -i, n.: duty, office, 2
cert (1): to contend, strive, 1 ops, opis f.: power; pl. resources, influence, 4
classis, -is f.: fleet, 1 Quirnlis, -e: Quirinal (hill), 1
collis, -is m.: town, 3 tandem: finally, at last, at length, in the end, 3
commnis, -e: common, 2 totins: so often, so many times, 1
cnfessi, -inis f.: acknowledgment, , 1 trib, -ere, tribu, tribtum: assign, bestoy, 1
cresc, -ere, crv, crtum: grow, increase, 4 vehementer: vehemently, violently, 2
Dina, -ae f.: Diana, 2 Vminlis, -e: Viminal (hill), 1
discrb, -ere, -scrps: distribute, divide, 2
29
10b. Servius Tullius
11 Prsc: of (Lucius Tarquinius) Priscus; the Lucius Tarquinius and Arruns Tarquinius
5th king of Rome 16 Mrs: characters
quodrgnret: (on the grounds) that; L. Tarquinius (erat): add linking verb
because, Quod introduces an explanation. 17 rgn: for; objective gen.
Quod + indicative suggests an explanation Duae Tulliae: The two Tullias; Daughters
from the narrators point of view; quod + s are all named from the feminine form of the
subj. suggests a cause from the characters family name: hence, Servius Tullius has
point of view: because (as he claims) S. two daughters named Tullia.
ruled 18 Forte: by chance
12 agrum: farmland; not field 19 fercem: the fierce one; i.e. the fierce one
priusex hostibus: comparative adv. of the two Tullias
prior, both are governed by captum 20 Cumfcissent: after; plpf. subj., the
13 hc mod: in; abl. of manner verb governs a double accusative: direct
15 LciArrunt: dat. indirect object obj. and acc. predicate
Tarquinis: the Tarquins; dat. referring to b prope: nearly; adverb
30
10c. Servius Tullius
31
10d. Servius Tullius
31 ausus es: 2nd sg. pf. deponent of semi- throws down the one carried off. ltum is
deponent aude: only the pf. tenses are the PPP of effer and modifies a missing
deponent acc. direct object.
32 stenresesse: that he(and) that per grads: over; i.e. the stairs
he; s is acc. subject in two examples of 34 redit: pres. rede
ind. disc. The lack of a conjunction ( 36 rgem (eum) appellvit: andcalled
(asyndeton) suggests that Tarquinius was (him) king; supply a second acc.
speaking quickly, listing one charge after prma: i.e. and she was the first to
another domum: to home; locative, place to which
su: reflexive possessive adj., gen. sg. suus 37 dcitur: (she) is said
33 medium Servium: i.e. the waist of Servius 38 gisse: to have driven; pf. inf. ag, agere
ltumdicit: In cases where English scelertus: The road was called the Via
prefers to have two main verbs, .e.g. carried Scelerata, the Wicked Way.
off and throws down, Latin often prefers to 39 annsquadrgint: for; acc. of
make the first action a PPP (pf. pass. pple) duration of time
and the second action the finite verb, .e.g.
32
11a. Tarquinius Superbus
administr (1): to manage, direct; help, 2 foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
armtus, -a, -um: armed, 4 idicium, - n.: decision, judgment; trial, 2
bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful, 2 long: far, 1
capitlis, -e: capital, of the head, 1 Mamilius, - m.: Mamilius, 1
circumsaepi -re -saeps: hedge around, 1 occd, -ere, occd, occsus: kill, cut down, 3
coep, coepisse, coeptum: begin, 4 Octvius, -i m.: Octavius, 1
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4 propter: on account of, because of (acc.) 4
concili (1): win over, unite, 4 sine: without (abl.), 3
consul, -ere, -u, consultum: to consult, 2 societs, -ttis f.: association, alliance, 3
dlig, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to love, esteem, 1 sole, -re, -itus sum: be accustomed, 2
domesticus, -a, -um: of a house, private 1 spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
ets: even if, although, though, 3 superbus, -a, -um: arrogant, proud, haughty 3
exerce, -re, -u, -ercitum: exercise, 1 Tusculnus, -a, -um: of Tusculum (town), 1
1 cui: to whom; a dat. indirect object goods, abl. of separation; neut. bona often
Superbus: thus, the fullname Lucius denotes property or physical possesions
Tarquinius Superbus, whom we often call 7 domestics cnsilis: i.e. from the house or
in English Tarquin the Proud court of the king
2 patrum: i.e. of the senators rem pblicam: public affairs
3 armts: with armed men 8 per s: by himself
idicia capitlium rrum: the legal ipse: (he) himself; as often, the subject is
judgments in capital affairs; i.e. in affairs of missing and one must infer from the ending
life and death of ipse the gender and number of the subject
4 per s: by himself 9 maxim: especially, in particular
occdereagerespolire: all three take OctviTusculn: Octavius Mamilius
omns as their acc. object, supply the Tusculanus; dat. ind. obj.
missing conjunction et between infinitives iserat: parenthetical clause
5 bons: from their property; from their
33
11b. Tarquinius Superbus
34
11c. Tarquinius Superbus
ante: before, in front of (acc.); adv. before, 3 dversrium, - n.: lodging-place, inn, 3
aqua, -ae f.: water, 4 Ferentna, -ae f.: Ferentina, 1
auctrits, -ttis f.: authority, influence, 3 foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4
auge, -re, aux, auctum: increase, enrich, 4 indictus a, -um: unsaid, not pleaded, 1
catna, -ae f.: chain, fetter, shackle, 1 indignti, -tinis f.: indignity, outrage, 3
causa, -ae f.: reason, legal case; caus, for the lx, lcis m.: light, 2
sake of, 2 manifestus, -a, -um: clear, evident, 1
cl (1): hide, conceal, 1 merg, -ere, -rs, mersum: sink, drown, 1
certus, -a, -um: certain, reliable, sure, 2 nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2
cognsc, -ere, -nv, -nitum: learn, know, 3 paulus, -a, -um: little, small, 4
concilium, -i n.: meeting, rendezvous, 3 prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
cnfestim: at once, immediately, 3 renov (1): to renew, make new, 2
conici, -ere, -ic: throw together, hurl, 2 Tullus, - m.: Tullus, 2
convoc (1): to call together, 3
21 paul: a little; by a little, dat. of degree 25 prlt sunt: were brought out
of difference vsa est: seemed, appeared
22 certirsfcit: made (them) more 28 oritur: pres. deponent orior
certain; i.e. informed them, a common gladisposits: abl. abs.
idiom in Caesar indict caus: althought a legal case (was)
Turnumtenreparre: that; ind. not (being) pleaded; abl. abs., concessive in
disc. sense. Turnus did not have an opportunity
23 slum: modifying Turnum to defend himself in a formal trial.
Latnrum: modifying imperium 29 auctritteauct: abl. absolute
24 Ubi: when 30 quod: which
35
11d. Tarquinius Superbus
aggredior, -, -gressus: go to, attack, 2 potentia, -ae f.: power, might, strength, 2
crdlits, -ttis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 2 praebe, -re, -u, -itum: present, show, 1
doce, -re, -u, -ctus: teach, tell, 1 prvus, -a, -um: crooked, dishonest, bad, 1
dolus, - m.: trick, deceit, 2 quaer, -ere, quaesv, quaestum: to seek,
foedus, -eris n.: treaty, alliance, 4 ask, inquire, 3
fraus, fraudis f.: fraud, deception, 2 quamquam: although, 3
inistus, -a, -um: unjust, 1 repugn (1): fight against, oppose, resist, 1
intolerbilis, -e: unbearable, intolerable, 1 vehementer: vehemently, violently, 2
minimus, -a, -um: very little, 1 vcnus, -a, -um: neighboring, 2
mors, mortis, f.: death, 3 Volsc, -rum m.: Volscians, Volsci, 3
36
11e. Tarquinius Superbus
adhibe, -re, -bu: to admit; apply, employ 1 exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 2
adiuv (1): to help, assist, 3 hortus, - m.: garden, 1
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, 4 inambul (1): to walk back and forth, 1
aedis, -is f.: temple, pl. house, 2 interrog (1): to ask, question, 1
baculum, - n.: staff, 3 mand (1): to entrust, order, give, commit, 4
benignus, -a, -um: kind, kindly, 2 nihil: nothing, 3
dfessus, -a, -um: wearied, exhausted, worn, 2 nuntius, -i m.: messenger, 3
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4 papver, -is n.: a poppy (plant) 1
dlber (1): to ponder, meditate, 1 parvus, -a, -um: small, 2
dnique: lastly, finally, 2 polliceor, -cr, -citus: promise, offer, 2
dnum, - n.: gift, 3 respnsum, - n.: an answer, a reply, 1
e, re, i (v), itrus: go, 1 tacitus, -a, -um: silent, still, 1
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out, tamquam: as if, as much as, so to speak, 4
receive, welcome3
37
11f. Tarquinius Superbus
aedific (1): make a building, build, 2 negtium, i n.: task, business, occupation, 2
certmen, -minis n.: struggle, contest, 4 nunc: now, at present, 2
Circei, -rum m.: Circeii (town), 1 operrius, -i m.: laborer, worker, 1
Circus, - m.: Circus (Maximus), 1 opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 4
cloca, -ae f.: sewer, ditch, drain 2 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
colnus, - m.: settler, colonist, 1 back, 4
convert, -ere, -, -rsus: turn (around), refer, -ferre, -tul: to report, bring back, 1
reverse, 4 sine: without (abl.), 3
crmen, crminis n.: crime, 2 Signia, -ae f.: Signia (town), 1
ddic (1): to dedicate, consecrate, 1 spoli (1): to despoil, plunder, 4
faber, fabr m.: engineer, 1 Tarpeius, -a, -um: Tarpeian, 1
fi, fier, factus: become, be done, be made, 1 templum, - n.: temple, 3
forus, - m.: benches, seats, bleachers, 1 terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4
gravis, -e: heavy, serious, severe; venerable, 2 trd, -dere, -did, -ditum: hand over, give, 3
intelleg, -ere, -lx, -lctum: to realize, trdc, -ere, -dux, -ductum: lead over, 2
understand, 1 urbnus, -a, -um: of a city, urban, 1
Iuppiter, Iovis m.: Jupiter, 4 tor, t, sum to use, employ, enjoy (abl.), 2
mrus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful, strange 2 varius, -a, -um: various, 1
nec (1): to kill, slay, put to death, 2 vove, -re, vv, vtum: vow, swear, 2
51 refert: 3rd sg. present, fer is irregular and 55 prmum: first of all; adverbial acc.
lacks a vowel before the 3rd sg. ending in monte Tarpei: A steep cliff face of the
quidvellet: what; an ind. question with side of the Capitoline hill.
impf. subj. vol, velle 56 Iov: to Jupiter
fier: to be done; inf. of fi, an irregular Ad: for; expressing purpose
verb which is commonly employed as the 57 sus est: pf. deponent tor governs an abl.
pres., impf., and fut. passive of faci object
52 Rs Gabna: The state of Gabii 59 git: dug; drove
53 rg Rmn: dat. ind. obj. 60 Singiam Circeisque: to Signia and
grav: abl. sg., 3rd decl. i-stem adjective has Circeii; locative, place to which
an - where nouns have an -e. quessent: which would; relative
54 Gabis recepts: abl. abs. clause of purpose, impf. subj. sums
animum: i.e. his attention urb: for; dat. of interest
38
11g. Tarquinius Superbus
anguis, -is m. f.: serpents, snakes, 1 modus, n.: manner, form; measure, 4
nxius, -a, -um: anxious, 2 nascor, nasc, ntus: be born, grow, 4
Arrns, Arruntis m.: Arruns, 4 rculum, - n.: oracle, 3
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4 pectus, pectoris n.: chest; heart, 1
columna, -ae f.: pillar, column, 1 portentum, - n.: omen, portent, 1
comes, -itis m. f.: companion, comrade, 2 sole, -re, -itus sum: be accustomed, 2
consult: deliberately, on purpose, 1 soror, sorris f.: sister, 2
crdlits, -ttis f.: cruelty, crudeness, 2 Tarquinia, -ae f.: Tarquinia, 1
cra, -ae f.: care, concern, worry, 2 terra, -ae f.: land, earth, 4
Delph, -rum m.: Delphi, oracle of Apollo, 3 terribilis, -e: terrible, dreadful, 1
lbor, -lb, -lapsum: slip or slide away, 1 terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
fuga, -ae f.: flight, haste, exile, speed, 1 time, -re, -u: fear, dread, 1
imple, -re, -v, impltum: to fill (up), 2 Titus, - m.: Titus, 1
Inius, - m.: Junius, 2 vt (1): avoid, evade, shun, 1
ligneus, -a, -um: of wood, 1
39
11h. Tarquinius Superbus
40
11i. Tarquinius Superbus
80 is: the right; or the privilege 81 Rmae: at Rome; locative, place where
mtris sculandae: of kissing (their) sort permittunt: entrust to fate; dat. ind.
mother; of the mother (going) to be kissed object
Because of the awkwardness of the raw ali mod: in; abl. of manner
English translation of the gerundive, we quod: because
often apply a gerund-gerundive flip and 83 eaest: this is
convert the noun + gerundive into a gerund 84 redirunt: rede
+ acc. object for a polished translation.
41
12a. The Banishment of Tarquinius
1 Paul: a little; by a little, dat. of degree adj. can suggest excess. The tent-mates
of difference have had too much to drink.
iam ddum: already for a long time; often 6 nus quisque: each one
as one word: iamddum placuit: impersonal, pf. placet
2 ferbant: were enduring 7 equs: on horseback; abl. means
itaconcitt sunt ut: were so stirred Rmam: locative, place to which
upthat; ita modifies the main verb 8 Colltiam: locative, place to which
scelere qudam: the crime will be revealed 9 ea: she; i.e. Lucretia
below 10 pudcissima: predicate nom. following
3 utstatuerent: that; a result clause idictur
4 sorore: from a sister; abl. of source Ad quam corrumpendum: for corrupting
5 rigrum: royal; modifies gen. pl. iuvenum this one; for whom going to be corrupted,
Ardeae: at Ardea; locative, place where ad + gerundive expresses purpose; Apply a
cum forte: when by chance gerund-gerundive flip and translate the form
liberire: rather free, too free; comparative as a gerund + acc. dir. object
42
12b. The Banishment of Tarquinius
43
12c. The Banishment of Tarquinius
absolv, -ere, -solv: set free, acquit, 1 obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4
absum, -esse, fu: to be away, be absent, 2 occd, -ere, occd, occsus: kill, cut down, 3
Ardea, -ae f.; Ardea, 4 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
conir (1): to swear together, conspire, 2 pecc (1): do wrong, transgress, offend, 2
culpa, -ae m.: blame, fault; cause, 1 profugi, -re, -v, -tum: flee, escape, 3
culter, cultr m.: knife, 1 quisquam, quae-, quid-: no one, nobody, 1
dbe, -re, -u, dbitum: to owe, ought, 1 rgna, -ae f.: queen, 2
domus, - f.: house, home, dwelling, 4 Rutulus, - m.: Rutulians, 3
ets: even if, although, though, 3 supplicium, -i n.; punishment, supplication, 2
execror, -r, execrtum: to curse, 1 teg, -ere, tex, tectum: to cover, conceal, 1
exemplum, - n.: example, 1 Tullia, -ae f.: Tullia, 4
exitium, - n.: destruction, 1 llus, -a, -um: any, 1
impudcus, -a, -um: shameless; lewd, 1 unde: whence, from which source, 1
ingenium, - n.: intellect, talent; character, 3 vrus, -a, -um: true, real, 3
ir (1): to swear (an oath), 1 vestis, -is f.: clothing, 1
lber (1): free, liberate, 3 vindic (1): to avenge, punish, 1
Lucrtia, -iae f.: Lucretia, 3 vv, -ere, vx, vctum: live, 2
nex, necis f.: death, violent death, murder, 2 vs: you, you all, 3
21 undefuerit: ind. question with pf. 25 erumque exsili: by their exile; i.e the
subj. absum. Translate the verb as you royal family
would a pf. in the indicative 26 prmum: for the first time; adv. acc.
culpam abesse: that; again ind. disc. Educe: this one (being) leader; abl .abs.
Vderitis: May you; optative subjunctive The subject and predicate are in the
(subj. of wish); pf. subj. ablative. Supply the missing pple being.
22 ill: to that one; dat. ind. obj. 27 spassrum esse: thatwould allow;
ets pecct absolv: abl. abs., ets ind. disc. with fut. inf. of patior
indicates that the abs. is concessive necnec: neithernor
supplici: from; abl. of separation quemquam: acc. sg. quisquam
23 lla impudca (fmina): supply subject 28 Rmae: locative, place where
vvet: fut. profectus est: pf. deponent proficscor
24 Illi: those men 30 dom: from..; place from which
in: upon
44
12d. The Banishment of Tarquinius
45
13a. Horatius Cocles
ade: to such a degree, so, 1 obici, -ere, obic, obiectum: cast in front, 1
adsum, -esse, -fu: be present, assist, (dat.), 1 occup (1): seize, occupy, 2
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4 paene: almost, nearly, 4
dcurr, -ere, -cururr: to run down, 1 patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4
firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 3 prv (1): deprive of, rob, strip from (abl), 2
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 3 recipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: accept, take
Hortius, - m.: Horatius, 4 back, 4
Iniculum, - n.: Janiculum hill, 3 repentnus, -a, -um: sudden, unexpected, 1
nfestus, -a, -um: hostile, unsafe, 1 sanguis, sanguinis m.: blood, 1
iter, itineris n.: way, road, journey, 3 sublicius, -a, -um: on wooden piles, 1
Lars, Lartis m.: Lars, 1 terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
mni, -re, -v, -tum: to fortify, build, 3 ttus, -a, -um: secure, guarded, safe, 2
mrus, - m.: (city) wall, rampart, 3 vlciter: swiftly, quickly, 1
n (nis): if not, unless, 1
46
13b. Horatius Cocles
aditus, -s m.: entrance, means of approach, 1 mane, -re, mans: to stay, wait, wait for, 3
amb: both, two together, 2 r (1): pray (for), entreat, beseech, 3
audcia, -ae f.: boldness, audacity, 2 paene: almost, nearly, 4
cd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: move (away); parvus, -a, -um: small, 2
withdraw, give up, 2 paulisper: a little while, a little, somewhat, 1
clmor, clmoris f.: cry, shout, 3 prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4 pudor, pudris m.: (sense of) shame, 2
commove, -re, -mv, mtum: move, quantus, -a, -um: how much, how great, 2
disturb, upset, 1 rescind, -ere, -scid, -scissum: cut back, 2
conici, -ere, -ic: throw together, hurl, 2 Sp.: Spurius, 1
dnique: lastly, finally, 2 sustine, -re, u, -tentum: hold up, endure, 3
excipi, -ere, -cp, -ceptum: take out, T.: Titus, 1
receive, 3 toll, ere, sustul, subltum: raise, destroy, 1
genus, -eris n.: birth, race; kind, family, 2 turb (1): to set into confusion, disturb, 2
Herminius, - m.: Herminius, 1 ttus, -a, -um: safe, secure, guarded, 2
Larcius, -i m.: Larcius, 1 undque: from everywhere, from all sides, 1
12 sus (virs) fugere: that; acc. subj. i.e. facts: in deeds; things having been done
fellow soldiers guarding the bridge Cum hs: with; abl. of accompaniment
ut...rescinderent: that; ind. command 18 parv parterelict: abl. abs.
with impf. subj. governed by rvit cdere: to withdraw
13 sexceptrum esse: that he (himself); in ttum: to safety
ind. disc. with fut. inf. governed by rvit; 19 iussit: pf. iube
Horatius orders the soldiers to act and then clmre sublt: abl. absolute, PPP (pf.
states what he himself will do pass. pple) from toll
13 quantum: for as long as; relative, acc. 20 in: against
duration of time, impf. subj. possum tla: A tlum is usually a projectile and
16 Sp..Herminium: in apposition to dus may be a spear or an arrow depending on
17 genere factsque: inand in; in the context.
respect toin respect to abl. of respect ponteresciss: abl. abs.
47
13c. Horatius Cocles
48
14a. Mucius Scaevola
49
14b. Mucius Scaevola
mve, -re, -mv, mtum: move away, 1 inviol (1): not violate, not harm, 1
ra, rae f.: altar, 1 mror, -r, mrtus: wonder, be amazed at, 1
cognmen, -minis n.: cognomen, nickname, 4 Scaevola, -ae m.: Scaevola, 1
condicio, -cinis f.: arrangement, state, 1 t: you, 3
dmitt, -ere, -ms, -missus: dismiss, let go, 2 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4
hinc: from here, hence, 3
intactus, -a, -um: untouched, 1
50
15. Cloelia
agmen, agminis n.: battle line, column, 1 laud (1): to praise, glorify, 3
Cloelia, -ae f.: to close, enclose, 4 loc (1): to put, place, 2
Cocles, Coclitis m.: Cocles, one-eyed, 4 obss, obsidis m./f.: hostage, 4
dposc, -ere, -poposc: demand, ask for, 1 rtor, is, m.: speaker, orator, 1
dn (1): to give, bestow, 1 procul: from afar, far away, from a distance, 1
equester, -stris, -stre: equestrian, 1 redintegr (1): to renew, restore, 1
equus, - m.: horse, 2 remitt -ere -ms -missum: to send back 1
facinus, -noris n.: (bad) deed, action; crime, 3 restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
fmina, -ae f.: woman, 1 reveni, -re, -vn, -ventus: come back, 1
genus, -eris n.: birth, race; kind, family, 2 rpa, -ae f.: riverbank, bank, shore, 2
haud: by no means, not at all, 3 sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
honor, -ris m.: honor; offering, sacrifice, 3 statua, -ae f.: statue, image, 2
incend, -ere, -, -nsus: kindle, burn, 2 supr: above, beyond, 1
insid, -re, -sd: to sit on, 1 trn (1): to swim across, 2
integer, -gra, -grum: untouched, unhurt, 3 virts, -tis f.: valor, manhood, excellence, 4
ra, rae f.: anger, 2
51
16a. The Secession of the Plebs
1 prms temporibus: in the early times gerundive (fut. pass. pple) expresses
re pblicae lberae: of the free republic; purpose. To avoid an awkward translation,
Following the fall of the kings, the apply a gerund-gerundive flip and convert
government was called a republic. the noun + gerundive into a gerund (-ing)
orta est: pf. deponent orior + acc. object for a polished translation.
2 aes alinum: debt; anothers bronze or 8 hortbantur: deponent hortor
anothers money ndarent: thatnot; neg. ind. command
3 crditr: for; dat. of interest governs a subjunctive. The plebs refuse to
licbat: it was permitted; impersonal register their names and enroll as troops to
etiam: even help the Roman cause in the war.
4 is reddbtur: just was rendered; justice 9 plbe convoct: abl. abs.
was given out pollicitus est: pf. deponent polliceor
qu magistrtus: which office; relative adj. idicia intermittere: that (they); ind.
5 tantum: only; adverbial acc. disc.
patribus: dat. of interest idicia: Trials regarding debt and enslaving
6 Cumpostulrent: while plebs would be postponed while the plebs
7 Volscsvenre: that; the Volsci were a fought.
local Latin tribe hostile to Rome 10 quoadessent: impf. subj.; in ind. disc.
7 adoppugnandum: for; ad + noun + verbs in subordinate clauses becomes subj
52
16b. Secession of the Plebs
53
17. Menenius Agrippa
1 hoc: i.e. the following story 4 fruertur: impf. deponent subj. fruor,
fertur: is said; is reported which governs an abl. object
lim: i.e. once upon a time nferrentnvenve....: thatnot
2 quodquaererentur: because (as they and thatnotor that not; impf. subj.
say); impf. subj. Just as que, -ve, or,, is an enclitic.
su cr (et) su labre ac ministeri: by 7 perirunt: pf. per-e, per-re
their; reflexive suus refers to parts 9 similemrae: similar to the anger
3 ventr: for; dat. of interest 11 permissum est: s; impers.
dts volupttibus: object of fruertur 12 qu: who would; relative of purpose
54
18a. Cincinnatus
apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3 dem, eadem, idem: the same, 2
auctrits, -ttis f.: authority, 3 imitor, imitr, imittum: imitate, copy, 3
cd, -ere, -cess, -cessum: move (away); ine, -re, -, -itum: go into, enter, 2
withdraw, give up, concede, 2 lx, lgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 2
Cincinntus, - m.: Cincinnatus, 1 Lcius, - m.: Lucius, 3
cnor, cnr, cntus sum: to try, attempt, 3 minim: least, by no means, not at all, 1
cnscrb, -ere, -scrps: enroll, register, 1 minu, -ere, minu: diminish, ebb, 1
cnsulris, -e: consular, of a consule, 1 mrus, -a, -um: amazing, wonderful, strange 2
continu (1): to make continuous, relect, 2 nihil: nothing, 3
contr: against (+ acc.), 4 reprehend, -ere, -d: blame; hold back, 1
dcern, ere, crv, crtum: decide, judge, 3 turb (1): to set into confusion, disturb, 2
dfni, -re, -v, -tum: to limit, define, 1 vs: you, you all, 3
55
18b. Cincinnatus
absterge, -ere, -ters, -tersum: wipe away, 1 prfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry forward, 3
admror, -r, admrtus: admire, wonder, 1 properus, -a, -um: hasty, quick, rapid, 1
Aequ, -rum m.: Aequi, Aequians, 1 quattuor: four, 3
col, -ere, colu, cultum: cultivate; worship, 2 refici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: make anew,
cnsultum, - n,: resolution, 1 renew, 1
intentus, -a, -um: attentive, intent, 3 rog (1): to ask, 1
inveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: come upon, salt (1): to greet, 1
find, 4 sdor, -ris m.: sweat, perspiration, 1
igerum, n.: acre, a juger (2/3 of an acre), 1 terror, terrris m.: terror, fright, 3
mand (1): to entrust, give, commit, 4 toga, -ae f.: toga, 3
mntio, -inis f.: fortification, paving, 1 togtus, -a, -um: toga-clad, 1
obside, -re, -sd, -sessum: beseige, beset, 4 trns: across, over (acc.), 3
opus, -eris n.: work, deed, toil, 4 tugurium, - n.: hut, cottage, 1
patior, -, passus: suffer, endure; allow, 4 vl (1): to veil, shroud, 1
pauc, -ae, -a: little, few, scanty, 3
prcd, -ere, -cess, -cessum; proceed, 3
56
18c. Cincinnatus
22 sub iugum msit: sentunder the yoke; streets of Rome and considered one of the
i.e. enslaved them. A iugum is a harness highest honors bestowed on a Roman
used on oxen and the like to compel them to general.
pull a cart or plow. This expression is found sextque decim di: on; abl. of time
in Caesar and elsewhere to describe when when
an army is forced to surrender and reduced 24 in sex menss: for; acc. of duration. The
to slaves. office of dictator lasted half the length of a
23 Triumphns: celebrating a Triumph; A typical consulship.
Triumph is a formal parade through the dposuit: put aside; i.e. relinquished
57
19a. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
adversus, -a, -um: opposite, facing, 4 mone, -re, -u, monitum: to warn,, advise 1
Allia, -ae f.: Allia river, 3 neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2
amcus, - m.: friend, 2 nihil: nothing, 3
apud: among, in the presence of (+ acc.), 3 lim: once, formerly, 3
committ, -ere, -ms: commit, entrust, 1 oppugn (1): capture by assault, attack, 3
contr: against (+ acc.), 4 postul (1): demand, claim, request, ask, 3
dd, -ere: to give over, surrender, 1 Senons, -um m.: Senones (Gallic tribe), 1
flmen, -inis n.: river, stream, 3 super (1): to overcome, defeat, 3
Gallicus, -a, -um: Gallic, of Gaul, 3 viol (1): to violate, commit outrage, 4
idneus, -a, -um: suitable, appropriate, 1
58
19b. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
11 appellvrunt: called (x) (y); a double 15 ingress urbem: pf. deponent ingredior
acc. with diem and Allinsem (diem) 16 testdine fact: abl. abs. The tortoise is
12 Veis: to Veii; acc. place to which a close formation of troops with shields out
Cter (mlits): the rest (of the soldiers) on all sides and top to form a shell for
n clauss quidem: not even having been protection from projectiles.
closed; nquidem, not even emphasizes 17 medi colle: abl. place where
the intervening words 18 impet fact: abl. abs., ex loc superire
1 in arcem Capitoliumque: The two peaks is part of the absolute
of the Captioliine hill are the Capitolium, 19 exercits Gallic: partitive gen.
seat of the temple of Jupiter Optimus adconferendum: for; ad + noun +
Maximus and the arx, citadel, which holds gerundive expressing purpose. Apply a
the treasury in the temple of Juno Moneta gerund-gerundive flip and translate as a
14 s contulrunt: carried themselves; i.e. grerund (-ing)
hastened
59
19c. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
60
19d. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
acis, - f.: sharp edge, battle line, army, 4 frustr: in vain, for nothing, 1
la, -ae f.: wing, 1 ingns (ingentis): huge, immense, vast, 1
nser, -eris m.: goose, 1 interim: meanwhile, in the meantime, 3
autem: however, moreover, 1 In, -nis m.: Juno, 1
avis, avis f.: bird, 1 M.: Marcus, 1
canis, -is m. f.: dog, 1 Mnlius, - m.: Manlius, 1
Capitlium, - n.: Capitolium, 3 mls, mlitis m.: soldier, 4
clangor, -ris m.: noise, 1 pestilentia, -ae f.: plague, pestilence, 1
crepitus, -s m.: rattle, clatter, rustling, 1 praeceps, praecipitis adj.: headlong, fast, 1
custs, custdis m.: guard, doorkeeper, 1 praemitt, -ere: send forward, send ahead, 1
dfer, -ferre, -tul, -ltum: carry away, 1 prpell, -ere, pepul, pulsum: drive back, 1
dici, -ere, -ic, -iectum: throw/cast down, 4 quidem: indeed, in fact, assuredly, certainly, 3
gregius, -a, -um: excellent, outstanding, 1 sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy, 4
vad, -ere, vs, vsum: go out, escape, 1 saxum, sax n.: rock, 1
excit (1): excite, rouse, incite, 4 silentium, -i n.: silence, 1
fall, -ere, fefell, falsum: deceive, cheat, 3 tempt (1): attempt, test; attack, 2
fams, -is f.: hunger, 2 urge, -ere, urs: press, urge, distress, 1
61
19e. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
aufer, auferre, abstul, abltus: take away, perfici, -ere, -fc, -fectum: accomplish,
carry away, 3 bring about, 1
aurum, - n.: gold, 2 perveni, -re, -vn, -ventum: to come
Brennus, - m.: Brennus (Gallic king), 1 through, arrive 1
dnunti, (1): warn, announce, proclaim, 1 pondus, ponderis n.: weight, 3
exspect (1): look out for, wait for, await, 2 postquam: after, when, 4
indignits, -ttis f.: indignity, outrage, 2 postrm: at last, finally, 3
iniquus, -a, -um: unequal, unfair, 1 priusquam: before (than), sooner than, 2
iniuss: without orders, 3 recs (1): refuse, give a reason against, 3
mille (pl. mlia): thousand, 2 summve, -re, -mv: remove, move up, 1
neg (1): to deny, say thatnot, 2 turpis, turpe: ugly, shameful, 1
obsidio, -inis f.: seige, blockade, 2 Vae: woe, 1
pacscor, -, pactum: to agree, bargain, 2 vale, -re, u: be strong, fare well, be able, 1
pacti, -tinis f.: agreement, bargain, 1 verbum, - n.: word, speech, 4
41 mille pond aur: 1000 in weight of gold; of interest, PPP of vinc, vincere
i.e 1000 pounds of gold; abl. of respect and 47 iussit: pf. iube
gen. of material ill: those; i.e. the Gauls
pact sunt: pf. deponent pacscor, the s pacts esse: that they had agreed; the
Romans are the understood subject acc. subj. refers to the Gauls, the subject, as
utrelinquerent: so that; purpose well as the Romans
43 Huic re, per s turpissimae: to this negat: (Camillus) denies that; or says
matter, in itself most shameful; dat. ind. obj. thatnot
pondera: i.e. the weights that the Gauls 48 quae: which; the antecedent is fem. sg.
brought to serve as standards as they pactinem
measured the gold on the scales. iniuss su: without his order
Rmns recsantibus: abl. abs. 49 utparent: that; ind. command with
44 ponder: to the weight; dat. ind. obj. pres. subj. of par, parre
45 Vae victs: Woe to the vanquished; a ad: for; expressing purpose
famous expression: an interjection and dat.
62
19f. The Gallic Invasion of 395 BC
cer, cris, cre: sharp; fierce, keen, 1 men, minis n.: omen, 1
agit (1): to drive, impel, 1 opportnus, -a, -um: suitable, convenient, 1
Camillus, - m.: Camillus, 4 optimus, -a, -um: best, noblest, finest, 3
centurio, -inis m.: centurion, 1 rtio, -ionis f.: speaking, speech, language, 2
circumfund -ere -fd -fsus: pour around 1 parens, -rentis m.: parent, ancestor, 3
clm (1): to cry, shout out, 4 patria, -ae f.: fatherland, country, 2
cohors, cohortis m.: cohort (army division), 1 prob (1): approve, 3
conclam (1): cry out together, shout, 1 restitu, -ere, -u, -tum: replace, restore, 3
conditor, -toris m.: founder, 1 ruina, -ae f.: ruins, downfall, 1
gredior, -, -gressus: go out, disembark, 1 serv (1): save, keep, preserve, 3
mitt, -ere, -ms, -missum: send out, 1 signifer, - m.: standard bearer, 1
forum, - n.: forum, 4 signum, - n.: sign, signal; standard, 3
hc: here, 1 super (1): to overcome, defeat, 3
iterum: again, a second time, 1 triumph (1): celebrate a triumph, be
mane, -re, mans: to stay, wait, wait for, 3 triumphant, 2
migr (1): to travel, migrate, 3 Vei, -rum m.: Veii (a town), 3
move, -re, -v, mtum: to move, arouse, 3
63