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LEDsmagazine.com
Exhibition
LightFair show
report P. 30
Harsh
environments
Rugged and
maintenance-
free SSL P. 41
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Retrofit tubes
Plug-and-play
Dynamic LED T8s P. 47
RGB faade
Lima citizens control
multi-layer SSL
animation P.9
SSL Solutions Faster than the Speed of Light
GET TO MARKET
The Norlux engineering team understands LED and complementary Simulation, rapid prototyping capabilities with 3D printing and
technologies like no one else. From your initial vision, we can in-house testing lab speed development. Our highly automated
guide your project through concept validation. PCB layout, manufacturing facility houses a class 10,000 cleanroom and
electrical, mechanical, thermal and optical design stages. sophisticated chip-on-board assembly equipment.
Our team has the depth, expertise, and the equipment to get Count us to get your LED products manufactured and to market
your concept ready for production in weeks instead of months. quickly, ahead of the competition. Norlux, right here in the U.S.A.
2014
July/August Cover Story
Solid-state lighting combines with touch
controls to enable an interactive 3D
faade. (See p. 9; courtesy of Claudia
Paz Lighting Studio)
features
columns/departments
27 LOCATION SERVICES
Major LED lighting vendors demo retail location
5 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
SSL light quality tops legacy
services Maury Wright sources, other obstacles remain
30 LIGHTFAIR 2014
LEDs get more control options, innovation
9 NEWS + ANALYSIS
Multilayer LED design
advances in SSL designs Margery Conner blankets Peru bank
Lumileds delivers broader spectrum
41
in CrispWhite COB LED
INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING
Business: Epistar and Forepi,
When the going gets tough, LEDs lighten up
Philips and Lumileds
Caroline Hayes
Networks & controls: GE Lighting, Cooper
Lighting, Digital Lumens, Acuity Brands
47 LED TUBES
How do plug-and-play T8s stack up against
Packaged LEDs: Cree, Luminus
Devices, Samsung
ballast-bypass LED lamps? Laura Peters Seoul Semiconductor launches
Acrich3 AC-LED driver
53 PATTERNED WAFERS
Patterned substrates enhance LED light extraction
Crystal IS announces UV-C LEDs
for test and measurement
Donggeun Ko, Jacob Yoon, and JangHo Seo, Rubicon
Technology 21 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
LRC examines LED roadway lighting
59 DEVELOPER FORUM
LEDs and sensing technology enable new ranging
for National Academies report
EPA details LED-centric changes
coming to Energy Star Lamps V1.1
applications Michael Poulin, LeddarTech
DOE again suspends L Prize competition
for LED-based PAR38 lamps
64 LAST WORD
SSL technologies unlock potential for services
DOE publishes Caliper
report on indoor SSL
and systems Jes Munk Hansen, Osram Sylvania
DOE funds more outdoor SSL projects
obstacles remain
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Ken Marrin
kmarrin@cfl.rr.com
MARKETING MANAGER Kimberly Ayer
E
ART DIRECTORKelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
SENIOR ILLUSTRATORChristopher Hipp
ven two years ago at the LightFair example, has a new CrispWhite LED that can AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Debbie Bouley
International (LFI) exhibition, doubts make both white material treated with opti-
remained as to whether LED-based lighting cal brightening agents and colored objects
could match some legacy sources in terms pop accurately based on the human visual EDITORIAL OFFICES PennWell Corporation,
of color quality and aesthetics. It was clear system (p. 9). Luminus Devices showed a LEDs Magazine
98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1
that LEDs would become dominant due to similar technology that operates off the Nashua, NH 03062-5737
energy efficiency. But many thought that black-body curve in a manner that research Tel: +1 603 891-0123
Fax: +1 603 891-0574
legacy incandescent, halogen, and ceramic- says people prefer. www.ledsmagazine.com
metal-halide sources would keep a foothold I believe at this point that the features SALES OFFICES
in hospitality and retail. At LFI this year, it of SSL in terms of light quality and perfor- SALES MANAGER Kelly Barker
(US EAST COAST) kellybarker@Pennwell.com
was abundantly clear that spectral tuning mance lumen output, color quality, white Tel. +1 603 891 9186
will deliver solid-state lighting (SSL) that is point, efficacy are only a matter of the SALES MANAGER Allison OConnor
(US WEST COAST) allison@jagmediasales.com
superior to any legacy source in color ren- imagination of engineers working for LED Tel. +1 480 991 9109
dering and even white appearance. Still, and lighting manufacturers. And lighting SALES MANAGER Jim Ajayi
(UK/REST OF EUROPE) jima@pennwell.com
issues such as dimming consistency remain specifiers will adopt these products assum- Tel. +44(0) 1992 656657
in many applications. ing they deliver in areas such as dimming. SALES MANAGER Johann Bylek
(GERMANY/ johannb@pennwell.com
LFI witnessed a clear trend toward better So whats the issue with dimming? On the
AUSTRIA/SWITZERLAND) Tel. +49 89 90480 143
quality in luminaires and even residentially- surface its tough to discern. Some LED-based SALES MANAGER Masaki Mori
targeted lamps. You can measure quality in products work better or worse with triac or (JAPAN) mori-masaki@ex-press.jp
Tel: +81 3 3219 3641
many ways, but Id argue that you could find electronic phase-cut dimmers. But commer- SALES MANAGER Mark Mak
a qualifying product on the show floor at LFI cial and high-end residential applications (CHINA & HONG KONG) markm@actintl.com.hk
Tel: +852 2838 6298
no matter your definition. For example, LED will use digital dimming controls and weve
SALES MANAGER Monica Liu
lamps from companies such as Osram Sylva- all heard that LEDs are inherently dimmable. (TAIWAN) monica@arco.com.tw
Tel: +886 2 2396 5128 ext: 270
nia and Philips Lighting offer an incandes- The devil is in the details. There remains
SALES MANAGER Young Baek
cent-like filament look that would serve well little consistency as to what a dimming scale (KOREA) ymedia@chol.com
in any fixture that exposes the lamps. would look like in terms of a scale of 0 to 100 Tel: +82 2 2273 4818
SALES MANAGER Dan Aronovic
For many others, quality will be tied to and what light output levels correspond on (ISRAEL) aronovic@actcom.co.il
color rendering or how SSL products render the scale. Many products dim smoothly but Tel: +39 972 9899 5813
whites. We have seen progress in CRI with have little granularity at the low end of the CORPORATE OFFICERS
CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
mainstream products offering 90 CRI or bet- range thats important in hospitality settings. PRESIDENT AND CEO Robert F. Biolchini
ter, including the Cree LED tubes announced The situation is even worse when you CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Mark C. Wilmoth
just before LFI. If you need the performance, consider the many dim-to-warm products TECHNOLOGY GROUP
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine A. Shaw
you can find lamps and luminaires with CRI on the market. There is no consistency in & PUBLISHING DIRECTOR
near 100 and an R9 value for saturated reds terms of the CCTs presented along the dim- SUBSCRIPTIONS: For subscription inquiries:
above 90. LED makers are supporting such ming curve or the light levels at different set- Tel: +1 847 763-9540;
Fax: +1 847 763-9607;
performance these days with good efficacy tings. Today, specifiers have to use identical e-mail: LED@halldata.com;
ledsmagazine.com/subscribe
and without resorting to tricks such as mix- products from one manufacturer for con-
We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened
ing red and off-white LEDs. sistent aesthetics. We need to take the next companies that offer products and services that may be important for
your work. If you do not want to receive those offers and/or information
But LEDs offer flexibility beyond legacy step in SSL performance and consistency. via direct mail, please let us know by contacting us at List Services
sources by delivering a spectral power dis- LEDs, 98 Spit Brook Road LL-1, Nashua, NH 03062.
tribution optimized for a specific applica- Copyright 2014 PennWell Corp (ISSN 2156-633X). All rights
reserved. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
tion rather than having manufacturers sim- Maury Wright, EDITOR form without prior written consent of Publishers.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/events
ADVERTISERS index
American Bright Optoelectronics .................23 LED Consultancy BV ....................................26 Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. ........61
Autec Power Systems..................................49 Ledlink Optics Inc. ......................................25 Shenzhen Ledfriend
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ............................2
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ...............................11 Lumens Co. Ltd. ....................................32-33
Shenzhen OKT Lighting Co. Ltd. ..................50
Cooledge Lighting .......................................19 Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong ...........CV2
Shenzhen Refond
Cree Inc. ..................................................CV4 MBN GmbH.................................................16
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ..........................45
E-Lite Semiconductor Inc. ...........................52 Nichifu America Inc. ...................................60
Signcomplex Limited ...................................24
ebm-papst Inc. .............................................7 Orb Optronix................................................51
Strategies in Light ......................................62
Ellsworth Adhesives ....................................44 OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH ..........13
Strategies in Light Europe .........................CV3
Guangzhou Hongli Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd. ........................14
Strategies in Light Japan .............................46
Opto-Electronic Co. Ltd. ...........................12
Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. .....................40
The LED Show....................................... 54-55
Heatron ......................................................18
Proto Labs Inc. ...........................................35
Thomas Research Products ..........................1
Henkel ........................................................15
Radiant Zemax LLC .....................................29
Trade Sources Inc. .....................................58
Indium Corporation .....................................17
Sensata Technologies .................................63
Underwriters Laboratories .............................8
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc. .......................39
Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. ......................4
Zhejiang Baikang Technological Co. Ltd. .....20
In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small form factor, active cooling
may be required to effectively dissipate the heat produced by the LED components.
Active cooling technology offers thermal capabilities with inaudible noise thats
superior to passive heat sinks and raises performance while reducing the size of
the lighting xture. With an industry-leading, German-engineered compact fan and
an American-designed assembly, ebm-papst can provide the most reliable solution
for your LED cooling problems. To nd out more about custom Active Cooling
Solutions, visit info.ebmpapst.us/ActiveCooling. The engineers choice
BRINGING NEW
OPPORTUNITIES
TO LIGHT
Rapidly evolving thinking about energy eciency and public safety along
with exciting technological advances is driving the evolution of the lighting
industry, providing greater opportunities and growing challenges.
COB LEDs
news+views
significantly undercut the market for ZigBee-based lamps, with the
A19 lamps selling at Home Depot for just under $15 in the US.
For now, the lamps will be available online from Home Depot
with products coming to in-store shelves this fall. The retailers
website is promising delivery of the lamps within a week including
the 60W-equivalenet 2700K A19 lamp, the 65W-equivalent 2700K
BR30 lamp, and
the 90W-equiva-
lent 3000K PAR38
lamp. The prod-
ucts are priced at
$14.97, $19.97, and
$24.97, respectively.
W hi le there
are some low-cost
Bluetooth-based
wireless LED lamps
on the market, GE
has entered the
space under the
level at which most ZigBee-based lamps are selling. And ZigBee
offers a more robust wireless environment with persistent connec-
tion to the networks of lighting products whereas Bluetooth is a
short-range one-to-one technology. For a ZigBee lamp price com-
parison, the white Hue Lux product announced by Philips Lighting
at the Light+Building trade fair is selling for $40.
GE will also enable lower-cost entry into the ZigBee lighting world
since a network hub is a requisite with ZigBee. A Link Starter Kit with
a ZigBee bridge and two Link A19 lamps is selling for $49.97 at Home
Depot. Note that the low-cost GE ZigBee bridge is designed specifi-
cally to work with only GE products, according to a spokesperson. But
the Link lamps will work with other ZigBee bridges on the market.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1qlmdWG
All marks used are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Henkel and its affliates in the U.S. and elsewhere.
= registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offce. 2014 Henkel Corporation. All rights reserved. 11803 (1/14)
news+views
programmatic routines in the fixture, but The module adds light and occupancy sens-
the fixture is then able to operate autono- ing for both autonomous and programmatic
mously based on local light or occupancy fixture control.
sensors, or predetermined sequences based The DLA-S module is an external imple-
on the clock or calendar. mentation of the technology meant for sur-
Indeed, Acuity refers to the XPoint sys- face mounting on a wall or ceiling. The mod-
tem as fixture-integrated wireless controls. ule can in turn control one or more nearby
Acuity is specifically targeting applications fixtures similarly to how the DLA-I module
including covered parking areas, high-bay operates. The DLA-R module also works sim-
spaces, corridors, and stairwells with the company expanded the functionality of the ilarly but is designed for recessed mounting
new platform. LightRules management software. in a wall or ceiling.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1jJFj30 Most of the Digital Lumens projects and The combination of the three modules
successes have been based on its own fix- means that lighting designers/specifiers can
Digital Lumens expands smart tures. Now the company has announced spe- add support for the Digital Lumens platform
LED platform and software cific DLA modular products for integration even with existing fixtures when installing
Digital Lumens has made a trio of announce- by other manufacturers. retrofit projects where the new fixtures are
ments expanding the scope of its intelligent The new DLA products can enable man- network enabled from Digital Lumens or
LED lighting platform and luminaire portfo- ufacturers to simply add network and dim- third parties that use the DLA-I modules.
lio. The company has now formally defined ming support to existing fixtures. Products And either third-party manufacturers or
the Digital Light Agent (DLA) family of include the DLA-I module meant to be inte- lighting specifiers can add the DLA-I to a
modular products that other manufactur- grated directly into a fixture. The module fixture in some cases.
ers can apply with their luminaires to add includes Digital Lumens wireless network Digital Lumens also expanded the way
support for the Digital Lumens network and support and can control the third-party fix- customers can implement and use its Light-
light-management platform. Moreover, the ture via techniques such as 010V control. Rules lighting management platform. Light-
PROLED INGROUNDS
WITH LED TECHNOLOGY
IP67
We Go To Greater Heights
ASCENDIA
HIGH PERFORMANCE LED MODULE
Delivers up to 8800 lumens
For mounting heights up to 40
Put light where you want it, not just where it fts
LRC from page 21 The new National Academies work does dont deliver consistently-comparable pre-
divisions of the National Research Coun- a fantastic job of collating all of the recent sentations of data. But specifiers can use
cil, the primary operating agency of the US existing firsthand and theoretical research the available datasheets and produce more
National Academies charged with deliver- on the topic of roadway lighting. You will usable and fair comparisons with the inclu-
ing technical information and services to find complete references to the existing sion of an LSAE calculation relative to pole
the US government, the public, and scien- work (http://bit.ly/1ngFlQA). mounting heights. And pole heights are
tific and engineering communities. The Adding to the available data, the authors a key point of comparison between tech-
TRB is focused on all forms of transporta- compared some luminaires using the LSAE nologies, because some sources only per-
tion and engages annually with more than metric, providing a guideline for evalua- form well at lower heights, but that can
7000 engineers, scientists, and members tions that specifiers can use in their own lead to closer pole spacing requirements
of academia. applications. The LRC has previously said and higher installation costs.
The street lighting community has pub- that while efficacy is a good measure of effi- Bullough and Radetsky also discussed
lished any number of studies comparing ciency relative to all of the light produced other elements of roadway lighting including
LED and HID luminaires in recent years, by a luminaire, efficacy does not consider discomfort glare and the emerging science
such as a major roadway test in Seattle, the specific location of the light. LSAE is in the area of mesopic vision. The authors
WA that was conducted by the Virginia based on the horizontal illuminance mea- noted that the lighting community needs to
Tech Transportation Institute (http://bit. sured on a 22-ft grid on a roadway surface. consider new benefit metrics for roadway
ly/1lCNmyd). The DOE has been involved LSAE could be measured in an actual trial, lighting including mesopic vision, bright-
with a number of the tests documented in or in the case of the latest LRC work, calcu- ness perception, and visual discomfort.
its Gateway reports, such as a Kansas City, lated using widely-available software and For more information on the concept of
MO project (http://bit.ly/1moyXvA). The LRC photometric data supplied by luminaire benefit metrics, see the coverage of the pre-
has conducted firsthand evaluations as well manufacturers. sentation that LRC director Mark Rea made
and also published one of its ASSIST (Alli- For the National Academies report, the at Strategies in Light back in February
ance for Solid-State Illumination Systems LRC delivered a series of homogenized (http://bit.ly/1kXzh1e). Rea believes that
and Technologies) reports in which it first datasheets for luminaires based on both SSL products designed to deliver on spe-
defined the luminaire system application LED and HID sources (shown in a sam- cific benefit metrics are the key to lighting
efficacy (LSAE) metric referred to in the lat- ple on p. 21). The researchers noted that manufacturers creating sustainable busi-
est roadway report (http://bit.ly/1osgMno). datasheets provided by luminaire vendors nesses in LED lighting.
I
ndoor location services for smartphones, 1. ByteLight-enabled
tablets, and similar devices promise to GE LED fxtures
enable new applications in retail stores communicate a
unique light pattern
and other public places such as museums using Visible Light
or airports. Moreover, LED-based lighting Communication and
is seen as a natural enabling technology Bluetooth Low Energy.
focused on the retail application, its again could enable such an integrated approach. WA-based company called Hointer is both
worth asking, why use LED lighting as part Or the actual desires of shoppers could make developing mobile-centric technology for
of the equation? Dedicated BLE iBeacons the level of detail possible with VLC overkill. retail applications and operating a test store
do cost money. Some are projecting beacon Indeed, no one really knows exactly how where it sells high-end jeans.
cost under $10, although today the reality is shoppers would like to use mobile devices Hointer is taking a decidedly different
higher. Startup Estimote sells a developers kit or location services in store, and retailers approach to retail, displaying only a single
with three beacons for $100. The beacons also have varying ideas on the matter. Philips has item of each type in its store as opposed to
generally run from batteries requiring main- said it is testing its system with several large, racks and stacks of apparel. A near-field-com-
tenance cycles. unnamed retailers. The company has used a munication (NFC) or RF identification (RFID)
Still, the biggest advantage for VLC may grocery store scenario involving searching tag is attached to each item displayed for sale.
come down to accuracy. Qualcomm asserts for ingredients based on a recipe as a sam- When a shopper taps their mobile device on
that Lumicast, enabled by software on the ple application (Fig. 3). the tag, the action instigates a chain of activ-
mobile device and in the cloud, can determine Acuity also said that it was testing the ity including delivery of the item in the appro-
the location of a mobile device to within 10 VLC technology in a large mock store with priate size to a changing room.
cm in three dimensions. Moreover, the tech- an unnamed major retailer. Moreover, Acu- Once again, the idea is to increase the size
nology can detect the orientation of the device ity has been perhaps the boldest among the of each customer order. Hointer says its tech-
so a retailer could discern on which side of the SSL makers in discussing chronology for a nology does exactly that. But there is grow-
shopping aisle the customer is focused. BLE rollout. Lydecker said an actual deployment ing proof that the location services work as
beacons would not be deployed granularly with a retail customer should happen in this well. Walgreens Duane Reade brand has
enough to enable near that level of accuracy. calendar year. installed iBeacon technology in a number of
Still, its entirely possible that a mix of BLE stores in the New York City area. The retail-
and VLC will be used in retail location ser- Shopping experience ers app supplies coupons, location of items,
vices. Moreover, a company such as Qual- But shopping with a mobile device could prescription reminders, and even the abil-
comm with both VLC and BLE platforms take many different turns. A Seattle, ity to scan a barcode and check a price.
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30 JULY/AUGUST 2014
hardware gateway to communicate with a
homes Wi-Fi internet modem. The Hue Tap
is an on/off switch powered by the kinetic
energy of being tapped to power itself.
JULY/AUGUST 2014 31
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Light
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Indoor location services
Beyond simply lighting stores, lighting companies
are trying to get inside the consumers head with in-
store communications and location services. The offer-
ings are mostly based on the use of light pulses from
in-store LED lights to communicate with the custom-
ers cell phone cameras. Customers must have an app
enabled on their phone for the communication to take
place. In addition to premiums such as promotional cou-
pons, the systems can help guide customers to products
within the store in a more fne-grained approach than
with a system such as GPS, especially given that GPS
doesnt work reliably indoors. (For more information,
see our full story on p. 27.)
34 JULY/AUGUST 2014
Product(ive) Development
At Proto Labs, our quick-turn manufacturing processes allow you to
fail fast, so you can succeed faster with market-ready parts.
planar fxtures
From candelabra bulbs to special lighting effects to edge-
lit fxtures, plastics are fnding new uses when paired with
LEDs. They can even give OLEDs a run for their money in
curved fxtures. And edge lighting technology can result in
extremely thin luminaire designs. Still, impressive OLED
products were also on display at the fair.
36 JULY/AUGUST 2014
15
18
17
JULY/AUGUST 2014 37
Linear LED fuorescent
replacement lamps
LEDs are proving to be viable alternatives to T8 and
T12 tube lamps, the last stronghold of fuorescent light-
ing. While early LED-based tubes could not match fu- 19
orescent lamps in terms of light output or distribution,
improvements in both LED components and tube design
are making the technology competitive. Moreover, many
of the latest products work with existing fuorescent bal-
lasts as we discuss in the feature article on p. 47.
I
magine a workplace where mainte-
nance and inspection is a constant bur-
den, where the flammable conditions or
explosive atmosphere are also subject to
vibrations and shock and extreme tem-
peratures. Now imagine that workplace
without light. The importance of safe
lighting in hazardous environments
has led to LED lighting replacing flu-
orescent and high-intensity discharge
(HID) lighting. LEDs offer energy effi-
ciency and better light control and dis-
tribution for such applications. Still, its at work) guidelines.
the rugged design and virtually zero main- Changes in lighting design in some haz-
tenance of solid-state lighting (SSL) that ardous industrial settings has compelled FIG. 1. The Endurance range of sealed
are leading to widespread adoption in this the replacement of fluorescent lighting luminaires by McGeoch.
unique application area. with energy-saving LED lighting and prac-
A high risk or hazardous area is where tical designs of housings, where aesthet- having to replace bulbs/lamps.
potentially explosive gases and dusts may ics come second to safety, protection, and LED lighting in harsh and hazardous envi-
exist. Low-maintenance design is desir- security. Birthe Tralau, lighting applica- ronments is used worldwide and on a large
able, as both the luminaire and the loca- tion manager at Zumtobel, explained, The scale. Focusing on one small sector, analyst
tion of the facility it is in can be remote LED is a directed light source, directed with company IHS has calculated the number of
or difficult to access. There may also be lenses and optics, whereas fluorescents need offshore oil rigs around the world at 799 in
threats posed by humidity, water ingress, reflectors to direct the light, which loses 2014; while not all are working at any one
or extremes of temperature. efficiency, hence the reduction in lumens time, they have a geographical spread with
Typical examples of hazardous environ- [compared to LEDs]. offshore rigs in the US, Gulf of Mexico, South
ments are refineries, drilling platforms, and America, Northwest Europe, West Africa,
chemical and power-generation facilities. In Low maintenance Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
these areas, low maintenance is essential, Stuart Head, technical support manager In offshore rigs, the lighting is also sub-
either due to the inaccessibility of the site at Dialight, added another reason for LED ject to shock and vibration. McGeoch pro-
or the vast expense of a shutdown. lightings adoption. LED lighting is char- duces the Endurance luminaire (Fig. 1),
Oil, gas, and petrochemical refinery pro- acterized by low-maintenance design and which is designed as a direct replacement
cesses can create explosive atmospheres construction that enables extended periods for existing conventional or fluorescent fit-
and f lammable conditions. As well as between maintenance inspections. tings. It is engineered for hazardous areas
energy-efficient and fit-for-purpose, light- He summed up some of the maintenance and particularly for where flammable gases
ing also has to be able to withstand constant factors to consider in hazardous areas. may be present, with ingress protection to
shock and vibration in extreme tempera- Maintenance in harsh environments can IP68 (for indefinite immersion in water) and
tures. Lighting used here has to meet OSHA be extremely dangerous. If the units are to IP66 when fitted with a breather drain
(Occupation Safety and Health Administra- sealed, it ensures that lamps do not require (for protection against powerful water jets).
tion the US federal agency) or EU-OSHA changing and no dust or gas can enter the The sealed luminaire has a constant-current
(the European Agency for Safety and Health unit. It also means you do not need access 700-mA driver circuit for use on mains sup-
to the lights, because there is no need for plies worldwide and an additional, low-level
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with bulb replacements reducing health emergency supply. It is maintenance-free,
LEDs Magazine. and safety risk and the cost involved with says the company, and is ATEX approved
Singapore standard SS 531, which recom- the atmosphere. A hazardous environment optics can be changed to meet the needs of
mends lux levels for different areas in a is created when dangerous substances are the environment.
facility. It also had to meet the Green Mark used in the workplace, and where tempera- Dialight uses copper-free aluminum for
requirements in SS 530, which defines the tures, pressure, and ventilation must be con- the housing of the units, as it does not spark,
power consumption per square meter that sidered for a safe operating environment. said Head. The company also has stainless-
has to be achieved for the lighting to be con- There are environments that require pro- steel units, which are suitable for humid/
sidered energy efficient. tection from liquids for safe operation in cold/wet/salty environments, he added.
The project used Dialights SafeSite LED food manufacturing and parking Philips Lighting designs
High Bay DuroSite, LED Low Bay SafeSite areas, for example, which although luminaires based on the Design
Wall pack/Bulkhead, and StreetSense LED milder than the hazardous explo- for Six Sigma principle, where
street light products. The company reports sive environments of offshore rigs, the requirement of the customer
a 55% reduction in energy consumption and still require design considerations is checked at every step of the
carbon emissions. for safe lighting. development process. The com-
In addition to local regulations, the local In food preparation and pro- pany is able to implement spe-
climate has to be considered. For example, cessing areas, the level of cleaning cific modifications to adapt the
in Singapore, the rainy season is from Octo- means that LED lights are housed luminaire to the weather condi-
ber to December, characterized by trop- in waterproof enclosures. This tions, for instance. It also adds
ical storms. Dialights Head pointed out also applies to high humidity areas extra coating and resistant
that the LEDs have built-in surge protec- where the LED light has to be pro- types of paint and uses robust
tion against lightning strikes, which can tected from moisture. raw materials when manufac-
otherwise result in the burnout of unpro- turing to protect luminaires
tected fluorescent ballasts. Material choices against corrosion, which can
The luminaires have to be water- result from humidity in coastal
Other risks proof to combat high humid- areas and sand storms in a des-
Not all harsh areas are subjected to the ity and cleaning operations. ert climate.
extreme and hazardous conditions of off- Weight is important, and plas- In addition to ATEX (cover-
shore rigs and industrial plants, but they tics are used that are appropri- ing gas and dust hazards), IEC,
still require luminaires that are designed ate for different chemical environ- and EN (Euro Norms) stan-
to operate safely where there are tempera- ments. Zumtobels Tralau said the dards, there are also local stan-
ture extremes and/or gas, vapors, or dust in company aims to use plastics in dards to meet in Japan, Canada,
industry but appreciates that the China, and Russia, for example.
selection has to be based on the Zumtobels Tralau added the
application. Polycarbonate is the Glow Wire Test to the list of
main material; it is impact resis- protection codes for LED light-
tant to counter vibrations from ing in hazardous areas. This
heavy plants and machinery and test is designed to ensure that
also UV resistant. However, it does the material in the luminaire
have a disadvantage, in that is not does not inflame in typical sur-
resistant to chemical oil or clean- roundings. It tests the thickness
up fluids. In this case, we use PMA of walls in housings and also the
[polymethyl acrylate] for chemi- materials used.
cal resistance; but it is not impact
resistant. [Zumtobel also offers Design trends
a] Chemo version, which has the A general trend identified by
advantages of polycarbonate and Tralau is the shrinking size of
PMA, for high impact resistance LED luminaires. Each gener-
and also for use in a chemical ation is smaller than the one
atmosphere. before, she said, with the ben-
Even then, not all environments efit of reduced materials. LED
and applications are covered. lighting also offers the benefit
Tralau added that the Chemo
products may be optimized with FIG. 4. The Tecton continuous-
additives to meet the needs of row lighting system from
particular applications such as Zumtobel enables flexible
alcohol applications. Similarly, the and scalable designs.
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lamps | LED TUBES
I
n recent months, several man- ing (http://bit.ly/1vZ7nqz). This
ufacturers have introduced so- is an ideal application for linear
called plug-and-play LED linear LED lamps because lifetime of the
lamps fluorescent replacements LEDs is extended in cold environ-
that require no rewiring and simply ments and the lamps dont emit
snap into place (Fig. 1). These solu- heat like fluorescent tubes, pro-
tions are more expensive but eas- viding further savings on cooling
ier to install than LED linear tubes costs. Because speed of installation
that require removal of the ballast is critical to grocery store owners,
and direct connection to line volt- case lighting is a key target appli-
age a task best performed by cation for plug-and-play LED lin-
a qualified electrician. However, ear lamps.
both approaches have their pros Despite the success of LED lin-
and cons. And both approaches are ear lamps in this one applica-
significantly less expensive than tion, they have struggled to com-
replacing the whole fixture. pete with fluorescents across the
We will review the performance board due to f luorescent tubes
and financial considerations asso- relatively high efficacy (90 lm/W),
ciated with ballast-bypass and plug- long life (30,000 hr), and low cost.
and-play LED linear lamp instal- Priced at $3 per tube relative to
lations for offices, schools, retail $30 or more for an LED linear
outlets, and hospitals. We will also lamp, the LED replacement must
discuss the electrical safety con- match the fluorescents light qual-
cerns that have been raised regard- ity while significantly improving
ing LED linear lamps. Most impor- the energy efficiency to offer a
tantly, the article will discuss the reasonable return-on-investment
features to look for when consider- (ROI) period. Nonetheless, as the
ing LED linear lamp purchases. performance of solid-state light-
ing (SSL) has steadily improved,
Fluorescents versus FIG. 1. Installation of plug-and-play LED lamps such as these LED linear lamps have become
LEDs: Then and now by Philips Lighting is as simple as replacing a bulb. more competitive in terms of light
Philips estimates the current quality and efficiency.
installed base of fluorescent tubes at 12 billion (tubular, 8/8- or 1-in. diameter). Fluorescent However, as was pointed out in a recent
sockets globally. In 2010, the US Department T8 luminaires are mainstays in schools, hos- US DOE series of Caliper reports (Reports
of Energy (DOE) estimated there were nearly pitals, grocery stores, warehouses, and office 21, 21.1, 21.2, and 21.3), not all LED linear
1 billion fluorescent luminaires installed in spaces in the United States, but also in many lamps are created equal and lamps must be
the United States, 60% of which were T8s other parts of the world. evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Report
In grocers and big-box stores, linear LED 21 began by testing the photometric per-
LAURA PETERS is a contributing editor with replacements have been making significant formance of 31 linear LED lamps (sold in
LEDs Magazine and Illumination in Focus. inroads in refrigerated display-case light- late 2012 and early 2013) and benchmarking
them against 32W fluorescent tubes. Upon to that of a fluorescent tubes distribution, Considerations for
testing, only 8 LED lamps achieved the which is also preferred. purchasing LED
DesignLights Consortium (DLC) require-
ments for bare lamp efficacy (100 lm/W) What does plug-and-play mean?
linear lamps
and output (1600 lm), and only one lamp Still, the market potential has lighting Has the lamp attained relevant
achieved output comparable to a 32W fluo- manufacturers rushing new products certifications [i.e., UL/cUL, RoHS, CE,
rescent (3126 lm) as shown in Fig. 2 (http:// to market including the so-called plug- CCC (China), etc.]?
bit.ly/UiceFL). Reports 21.1 and 21.2 eval- and-play products. Plug and play implies Can the company provide an IES LM-79
uated 31 linear LED lamps in K12-lensed that with power switched off, a fluores- report for the lamp?
troffers and then three lamps in five differ- cent tube is snapped out of place, the LED If the lamp will be used outside or in an
ent troffer types, respectively. When LED lamp with identical bi-pin socket (G13) is industrial environment, check for IP6X
linear lamps are in a luminaire, multiple snapped into place, power is restored, and rating and make sure the lamp and
factors determine the luminaire output the LED lamp instantly illuminates. The ballast are designed to withstand the
and luminous distribution including the manufacturers of 4-ft T8 LED linear lamps environment.
lumen output and luminous distribution have worked hard to match features of the How long has the company been in
of the lamp, lamp cover (clear or diffuse), 32W 4-ft T8 fluorescent including output business? How long have they been
and troffer type. of 16002000 lm, greater than 90 lm/W manufacturing LED linear lamps?
In the prismatic K12 lensed troffer, 10 of efficacy, 80 CRI at warm (3000K, 3500K) Will the company allow me to test the
the lamps provided lumen output compara- and natural white (4000K) CCTs, and a lamps in my application? If dimming is
ble to the fluorescent and one lamp provided wide enough beam angle to provide uni- required, test the lamps for flicker upon
higher lumen output, with 20 lamps measur- form light distribution. dimming.
ing lower output. Higher efficacy was main- When people test our lamps either Is the model I am evaluating listed on
tained with K12 lensed and parabolic trof- alone or in the troffers, we dont want the DesignLights Consortium Qualified
fers, while recessed indirect troffers tend to them to perceive worse light or insuffi- Products List? If so, what rebate(s) am I
reduce the efficiency of LED lamps to below cient light; we want it to match their pre- eligible to receive?
that of fluorescents unless the LED lamp vious experience or be slightly better, What is the product warranty and terms
uses a high beam angle (Fig. 3). The Cali- said Jeff Hungarter, product portfolio of the warranty?
per study also indicated that observers pre- manager at Cree.
ferred LED lamps with diffuse covers over Cree recently introduced its LED T8
clear lamps, and the diffuse lamps also lead Series of lamps that deliver 2100 lm out- The lamps are slightly oval in shape (Fig.
to a luminous intensity distribution closer put at 21W, 90 CRI, and a 220 beam angle. 4), which provides a portion of the light
as uplight (similar to a fluorescent), and
Luminous are offered in 3500K and 4000K models.
Series 21 linear LED lamps (2013)
effcacy (lm/W)
Previously tested linear LED lamps (20082010) Regarding the motivation behind develop-
LED Lighting Facts data (October 2013) ing a plug-and-play linear LED lamp, Hun-
160 DesignLights Consortium Qualifed Products (November 2013) garter said, Many retrofit customers were
seeking a simple solution that would not
140 disrupt their workplace and provided an
ROI within three years while improving
120 light and color quality. Because of its per-
F32T8
DLC QPL formance and five-year warranty, the Cree
100
minimum LED T8 Series meets DLC requirements,
F32T8
F28T8
enabling eligibility for many regional util-
80
(BK13-30) F40T12 ity rebates.
These three benchmark
60 tests used an ANSI reference
ballast. The lumen output Plug-and-play manufacturers
and effcacy may be lower
40 when installed with a In addition to Cree, other manufactur-
typical ballast. Estimated
output on a 0.87 ballast ers of plug-and-play LED lamps include a
factor ballast is shown ( ). small but growing number of companies
20 DLC QPL Effcacy changes are more
minimum diffcult to estimate. including Alite, Kumho Electric USA, Luxul
0 Technology, Philips Lighting, and Raise
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Energy Solutions.
Output (lm)
The Alite Co. Ltd. offers an LED-Tube3
FIG. 2. Eight of 31 tested lamps simultaneously met the DLC QPL requirements for plug-and-play lamp that uses 20W of power
lumen output and efficacy (Courtesy of DOE Caliper Study Report 21). to produce 1850 lm at 3000K or 2000 lm
Ballast issues
Pan added that while magnetic and hybrid
ballasts are often considered yesterdays
FIG. 4. Crees LED T8 Series plug-and- technology and something that is being
play lamps achieve 2100-lm output and phased out, for very cold environments,
a CRI of 90. magnetic ballasts can offer significantly
longer life than electronic ballasts. For
at 4000K, 5000K, and 6500K. With a CRI instance, in harsh, cold conditions, elec-
greater than 80 and beam angle of 180, the tronic ballasts may require replacement
lamp is offered with clear, frosted, or striped after only a year, whereas magnetic bal-
tube finishes. lasts or programmable ballasts, which
Kumho Electric USA manufactures Earth- have a magnetic core, can last as long as
care LED T8 plug-and-play lamps that are 10 years. Beyond that, depending on how
compatible with instant-start electronic the loading is configured, efficacies on
ballasts. The lamps produce 2500 lm using the order of 90 lm/W can be reached with
22W of input power, produce a 110 beam a magnetic or programmable ballast and
angle, and are available in 3500K, 4100K, LED lamp, said Pan.
and 5000K models. Philips InstantFit LED T8 is plug-and-
James Pan, CEO of Luxul Technology, play compatible with instant-start elec-
Effcacy (lm/W)
120 Bare K12 Recessed High
lamp lens indirect Parabolic Volumetric performance
100
80
60
40
20
0
LED narrow LED medium LED wide Fluorescent
(1303) (1327) (1320) (BK1330)
Lamp type
FIG. 3. Relative to the impact that troffers have on fluorescent efficiency, K12 lensed
and parabolic troffer types provide more efficient solutions with LED lamps. Beam
angle also plays a role (Courtesy of DOE Caliper Study Report 21.2).
a) b)
priced at $17 and consume less power than drivers also feature a longer warranty, typi- Both the UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
older instant-start ballasts, for instance, so cally 7 years versus 5 years. and ETL (Electrical Testing Labs) marks
a ballast upgrade may be considered and There are many manufacturers of linear demonstrate compliance with the minimum
recommended if it is approaching 30,000 LED lamps and linear LED retrofit kits. To requirements of widely-accepted LED lamp
hours of use. give readers a sense of how many LED lin- safety standards as determined through the
ear options are available, the list of lamps independent testing by UL or a third-party
The ballast-bypass approach on the DesignLights Consortium Qualified Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
As noted previously, a qualified electri- Product List (QPL) in the 4-ft linear replace- (NRTL). An NRTL is an independent labora-
cian is recommended for retrofitting fluo- ment lamp category includes 4,115 lamps. tory recognized by the Occupational Safety
rescent tubes to LED linear lamps in a case The total number of QPL products is 48,835, and Health Administration (OSHA) to test
where rewiring is involved for example, so T8 LED lamp replacements account for and certify lamps to the specifications of
with ballast-bypass lamps. In addition, more than 8% of all listed products. applicable safety standards. As part of that
because there is no industry-standard wir- testing regimen, the lamp manufacturer has
ing configuration, companies have devel- Safety and certification agreed to periodic follow-up inspections to
oped a variety of approaches, and the Like other lamps, all linear LED lamps verify continued compliance.
installer must follow instructions. (including plug-and-play) must meet Carl Bloomfield, global director of busi-
Fluorescent lamps that operate on the Standard C22.2 No. 1993-2012 Self- ness services for the lighting industry
instant-start electronic ballasts use shunted ballasted lamps and lamp adapters (http:// at Intertek, explained that regardless of
lamp holders (sockets with electrically con- bit.ly/1uGNEJN). Retrofit lamps (ballast- implementation type (plug-and-play LED
nected terminals) while rapid-start elec- bypass and LED lamps retrofit kits that linear lamps, ballast-bypass linear lamps,
tronic ballasts use non-shunted lamp hold- include a driver) must additionally meet the or linear lamps with a LED driver), the
ers. Magnetic ballasts, commonly used on standard ANSI/UL 1598C 2014, Standard products are all tested in an existing fix-
outdoor signs, also typically connect to non- for light emitting diode (LED) retrofit lumi- ture to the same standards for risk of fire,
shunted sockets. In terms of LED lamps, naire conversion kits (http://bit.ly/1qiORXx). electric shock, or mechanical hazard.
either shunted or non-shunted lamp hold-
ers will be specified by the lamp manufac-
turer and included in the retrofit kit.
Among the 31 linear lamps tested in
the aforementioned DOE Caliper report,
seven different wiring configurations
were used. Among the options, single-
or double-ended wiring to the lamp, and
shunted or non-shunted sockets are pos-
sible scenarios a retrofit installer might
face. In two lamps, additional wiring was
required between the two end connectors.
This type of variation among commer-
cial products introduces confusion among
purchasers and can introduce safety
issues since false assumptions can be made
by installers.
There are pros and cons in selecting linear
lamps with internal or external drivers. The
internal driver occupies part of the tube and
therefore LEDs may not run the full length
of the tube, which may/may not significantly
affect light distribution in an application.
Also, with all the driver electronics confined
to the small area inside the linear tube, that
area of the tube must be kept cool and it is
more of a challenge to integrate smart func-
tions such as 010V or DALI-controlled dim-
ming (http://bit.ly/T4trlF). Such advanced
electronic features are readily incorporated
into external drivers. Lamps with external
He explained that mechanical hazard and light quality to 32W fluorescents at Just as the performance evaluation for
includes issues such as whether certified around 20W will save around 35% in energy LED linear lamps should be done on a
sockets can hold the LED lamps, which costs and some manufacturers are claim- case-by-case basis, a detailed ROI analysis
tend to be heavier than fluorescent tubes, ing 50% savings. should also be performed.
or whether there is sufficient clearance The DOE performed a detailed lifecycle The two performance metrics that have
between the ballast/lamps or driver/lamps cost analysis in Report 21.3, comparing long stopped LED linear lamps from com-
for installation. a 24-ft luminaire with two fluorescent peting with fluorescent tubes compara-
Shock and fire hazard is evaluated by sim- tubes (51W) versus two LED linear lamps ble light quality and efficacy are being
ulating and testing worst-case scenarios for (38W), with fluorescent system cost of $30 overcome with todays highest-perform-
current surges and temperature increases. versus variable LED system cost of $40, ing lamps. As SSL technology continues to
One example of a shock hazard with early $80, or $120 (including driver). While well advance, LED linear lamps and the expand-
LED linear lamps resulted when an LED leave the details to the readers to explore, ing lines of plug-and-play lamps will only
lamp was inserted into a socket, power the simulation determined a 2-year or less become more enticing for conversion.
turned on, and the exposed end provided a simple payback if the lamps operate 4,000 Plug-and-play LED linear lamps provide
shock hazard. Fire hazards can result from hr/year (12 hr/day) and: electricity cost is a convenient and simple option for busi-
damage to the lamp or wiring that occurs $0.12/kWh or greater and LED system cost nesses seeking rapid installation of LED lin-
during installation. Bloomfield added, The is $40; electricity cost is $0.24/kWh and ear lamps. Ballast-bypass approaches are
standards are continually being updated as LED system cost is $80 and it is installed in less expensive, but the overall cost is off-
the LED lamp offerings change. We test for 15 minutes (not 30 minutes). If the lamps set by labor installation cost and perhaps
new risks as they become evident. operate only 2,000 hr/yr (6 hr/day), 1-year disruption to the business environment
simple payback is possible at all electric- (the time is money effect). LED lamps
Return on investment ity rates ($0.06$0.24/kWh) when the sys- and drivers (kits) may be preferred when
In closing, lets discuss ROI. LED linear tem price is $40 and it can be installed in advanced electronic functions are required
lamps that produce equivalent light levels 15 minutes. by the application.
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anufacturers are quickly adopt- as cone, dome, pyramid, and pillar, etc., are the epitaxy processes in the LED industry.
ing nitride-semiconductor-based called patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). Designs for patterning vary widely, and
LEDs as a standard light source There are two different manufacturing there is no convergence of PSS designs
for a wide range of products from general processes to fabricate PSS currently being on the horizon. Typical pattern shapes
lighting, automobile headlights, and traf- practiced in the industry: dry plasma etch- include cones, domes, and square or
fic signals to backlighting for consumer ing and wet chemical etching. Today, the trigonal pyramids. Although academic
devices like HDTVs, smartphones, and majority of PSS products are produced by studies demonstrate that smaller pattern
tablets, and displays large
and small. Still, LED perfor- a) b)
mance and cost are gating
p-GaN
broad deployment of LED
Active layer
technology. Indeed, lower
n-GaN
component pricing and
greater light output could Patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) PSS
boost consumer market CPSS
acceptance. LED chip manu-
facturers are looking to pat-
terned sapphire-substrate
manufacturing techniques Active layer
p-GaN
CCSS Conventional
sapphire substrate
to maximize light extrac- n-GaN (CSS)
tion and overcome obstacles
to broader LED usage. Sapphire substrate CPSS > CCSS
Patterns applied on an
LED substrate or wafer can FIG. 1. PSS techniques scatter photons (a) and effectively expand the light escape cone (b), which
significantly increase the can result in a 30% gain in light extraction efficiency.
light output of LEDs in two
ways. The technique can increase the light dry plasma etching due to its inherently dimensions (1001000 nm) provide greater
emission of active quantum well layers as effective control of precision and uniformity. luminous efficiency, the LED industry norm
the result of reduced epitaxial defect den- The discussion of PSS fabrication in this arti- today is still 3- or 4-m feature size.
sity. And patterned sapphire substrates cle will focus on inductively coupled plasma Key process parameters contributing to
can reduce light loss due to total internal (ICP) dry reactive etching (RIE). these critical characteristics are the dimen-
reflection (TIR) phenomena by enabling a Through work on 100-mm and 150-mm sional accuracy and uniformity of photore-
photon scattering effect. PSS with more than a dozen of the most sist (PR) mask, sapphire etching selectiv-
Researchers have developed ways to cre- advanced LED manufacturers, Rubicon ity against the PR mask, bias RF power, ICP
ate patterns periodic structures of varying has a unique opportunity to understand process pressure, RF coil design for plasma
geometry and dimension on the sapphire the range of requirements for effective PSS. uniformity, the ratio of trifluoromethane
substrate surface. These sapphire wafers with The most critical requirements are pattern (CHF3) and boron trichloride (BCl3) gases,
periodic structures of various shapes such dimension, shape, and aspect ratio (i.e., fea- and substrate temperature.
ture height against width), and uniformity
DONGGEUN KO is vice president, technology; across the wafer as well as consistency from Enhanced light extraction
JACOB YOON is development manager; and wafer to wafer. Low light-extraction efficiency is a serious
JANGHO SEO is senior development engineer There is no single best universal PSS recipe challenge for building high-brightness LEDs.
at Rubicon Technology. due to the high degree of customization of Patterning on the substrate scatters a large
SPEAKERS INCLUDE:
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director of product
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commercial
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Cree Philips Lumileds Group International Northeast Energy
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EXHIBITORS INCLUDE:
3NLED Lighting USA Crioo Lighting LLC HitLights LUMINIT SHENZHEN OKT
AA LED CSA GROUP IGlo, LLC LUNA Science Corp. ELECTRONICS &
AI TECHNOLOGY, INC DK THERMAL (Canada) Illuminex LED Moreland Lighting, LLC TECHNOLOGY CO
ALLIED SCIENTIFIC PRO Limited Technologies/Wan Ban MOSO USA, INC. Shenzhen Liris Lighting
American Lightronic DLU Lighting USA INNOCE MTL Instruments Technology Co., Ltd
Incorporated EAGLERISE E&E USA, INC InnoLED Lighting Inc. Multek Flexible Circuits, Shenzhen Youxinguang
American Opto Plus LED EiKO LTD Intermark USA, Inc. Inc. Technology Co., LTD
Corp. Electric Zone, Inc. INTERTEK National Bright Lighting SinkPAD LLC
American Standard ERG LIGHTING James Industry Group NC LED Solid Apollo
Circuits, Inc. Euri Lighting Jim John Nicolaudie America, Inc. Standard Rubber
ATG Electronics Fresnel Technologies Inc. Jishan Lighting NORA LIGHTING Products Co.
Autec Power Systems Fusion Optix Inc Technology Co. Ltd. OCEAN OPTICS SUNLED corp.
BARTCO LIGHTING GALAXY LED INC Keystone Technologies PacLights Sunpark Electronics
Shanghai Sheenly KHATOD NORTH Corp.
General Link PARA LIGHT CORP
Lighting CO., Ltd. International AMERICA LLC Tempo Industries
PennWell Corporation
BERGQUIST COMPANY Cooperation, Inc. L.T.F., L.L.C. The LED Show
POWER 277
BITRO GROUP, INC Green Lighting LED Lakeview Industries TUV Rheinland of North
Product Safety
C A Supply Co Hangzhou HPWINNER LED WAVES America, Inc.
Consulting, Inc.
Carson Technology Opto Corporation LEDXpert Lighting TUV SUD America Inc
ProMEMS Technologies
Company Hangzhou JR Exhibition Incorporated Corp. UL
CENTERLIGHT Inc Co.,Ltd Light Corporation Richee Lighting. Inc VaOpto
Chroma Systems HASTEST SOLUTIONS
Sansi Technology INC VIRIBRIGHT LIGHTING,
Solutions, Inc. INC LIGHT LABORATORY, INC.
SEOUL
CITEL INC Hatch Lighting INC. SEMICONDUCTOR WayToGo LED Lighting
CLEANLIFE ENERGY LLC HEP Group USA, Inc LightLab International, Company LTD.
Shenzhen Excellent
Cree, Inc. HFL.CORP Inc. Technology Co.,Ltd WSL International
Business Co.,Ltd
number of photons emitted outside the TIR threading dislocations that are in the range Effective PSS design
escape cone back into the cone, which helps of 108 to 1010 per cm2. Threading dislocations There are two main guiding considerations
more light to be extracted (Fig. 1a), creating are line defects of epitaxial layers indicating in PSS design to optimize the light output of
an effect equivalent to increasing the critical the degree of degradation in the crystal qual- LED chips. The first is how to maximize lat-
angle of the escape cone (Fig. 1b). As a result, ity of the film. These defects are analytically eral overgrowth to more effectively suppress
light extraction efficiency has been found to characterized by etch-pit density (EPD) in an threading dislocations in epitaxial growth.
increase by as much as 30%. optical microscope and sometimes by full The second is how to obtain the maximum
Photons are emitted from the active quan- width at half maximum (FWHM) optical per- scattering effect to enhance light extraction.
tum well layers by electron-hole recombina- formance X-ray rocking curve measurement. The ratio of patterned area to total area
tion, and they escape the LED die into free Patterning the sapphire surface improves and the aspect ratio of height versus width are
space. In an ideal situation, all of the pho- the nitride epitaxial growth by reducing the two primary concerns in the design of PSS for
tons emitted by the active layers would be density of such threading dislocations. It is promoting lateral epitaxial growth in parallel
extracted as light output in LEDs. In real- understood that the dislocations are reduced to the substrate plane. These pattern param-
ity, a large number of the emitted photons because PSS promotes lateral growth that eters are schematically illustrated in Fig. 2.
never escape the LED die for various reasons. is, growth in parallel to the substrate sur- Higher patterned area ratio, with respect to
One key obstacle to such ideal light extrac- face. Threading dislocations are generated total area, has been found to increase the lat-
tion is TIR effects due to the high refractive during initial epitaxial growth through the eral component during the epitaxial growth
index of gallium nitride (GaN) versus the nucleation layer on conventional planar sap- process with the result that threading dis-
refractive index of free space (about 2.5 to phire substrates or patterned sapphire sub- location density is reduced, as shown either
1.0). A large number of photons generated strates. Reduced threading dislocation den- visually by TEM or with the reduction of
from the active region bounce back into the sity via enhanced lateral component in the FWHM in an X-ray rocking curve analysis.
die and get trapped inside, eventually dissi- epitaxial growth on PSS has been observed There are some indications that a higher
pating as heat. In terms of the light escape via a transmission electron microscope aspect ratio of height versus width may help
cone, defined by the critical angle of TIR, only (TEM) by many researchers. enhance the lateral component of epitaxial
light emitted into the escape cone exits the Since electrons and holes recombine growth, although further study is required.
LED die while light emitted outside the cone non-radiatively at the dislocation lines, the The recent industry trend toward larger width
gets trapped inside. reduction of dislocation density particularly with respect to pitch, and taller height with
in the active region is one of the most impor- respect to width, may not be coincidence but
More effective luminous conversion tant requirements for improving luminous rather possibly related to these design rules.
In terms of thermal, mechanical, and chem- conversion efficiency, also known as internal Shapes (such as cone, dome, pyramid, etc.)
ical properties, sapphire is an excellent sub- quantum efficiency. Typically, PSS results in and pattern density are also design param-
strate for III/V chemical-element nitride epi- more or less than 30% increase of luminous eters that influence lateral growth.
taxial growth. But it has not only a different conversion efficiency due to the improved Shape, aspect ratio, and pattern density are
crystal structure (corundum) from III/V epitaxial quality of the active quantum well the main factors considered by LED design-
nitride structure (wurtzite) but also a signif- layers. However, a wide degree of variation ers for the scattering effect to enhance light
icant crystal lattice mismatch, in the range of has been observed depending on pattern extraction. However, for this article, discus-
15%, with the nitride. As a result, the nitride size, shape, quality, and epitaxial optimi- sion will be limited to pattern density.
epitaxial layers naturally have a lot of misfit zation proprietary to each pattern design. Pattern array geometry and pattern pitch
a) b)
Height
FIG. 2. The patterned area ratio with respect to the total substrate is calculated by the ratio of the hatched or gray area to the
hexagon area (a), and the aspect ratio refers to the height of the pattern structures relative to the width (b).
a) b)
FIG. 3. A PSS processed via a PR mask with good structural rigidity through the dry plasma etching exhibits uniformity (a),
whereas the result is poor if the structural rigidity of the PR mask is not sustained through the etching process (b).
should be taken into account to control pat- A large number of researchers have raphy for nano PSS requires a very high
tern density. Although patterns can be orga- reported a significant enhancement of lumi- degree of substrate flatness, which is a sig-
nized in various geometries, the hexagonal nous efficiency in LEDs on nano-patterned nificant challenge for current sapphire sub-
array is the only packing geometry univer- substrates, not only over that of conventional strate suppliers. Some consensus is develop-
sally followed because it offers the densest planar substrates but also over that of micro- ing in the industry on how each PSS design
packing. However, reducing the periodic dis- patterned substrates. Until now, nanoscale element, as discussed previously, works in
tance of the pattern provides a way to fur- PSS has not been adopted in the LED industry light of LED performance. But that under-
ther increase packing density. Nanoscale because of the high degree of proprietary cus- standing is limited due to the reluctance of
patterning has been extensively studied by tomization required for each nanoscale PSS. LED chipmakers to reveal sensitive, propri-
many researchers for its potential impact, Usually nano PSS are fabricated by etary information to others.
not only on light extraction efficiency due nanoscale patterning PR on sapphire sub-
to its significantly increased packing den- strates via imprinting or high-resolution Key process parameters
sity but also on internal quantum efficiency optical lithography and subsequently by We have discussed various design parameters
from the improvement of epitaxial quality. ICP etching. High-resolution optical lithog- in the PSS profile in light of LED performance.
a) b) 1.93m
1.27m
2.55m
2
2.57m
2
FIG. 4. PSS structures can vary. Examples include a wafer with features 1.3 m high and 2.5 m wide (a) and a wafer with
features 1.9 m high and 2.6 m wide.
Among the most critical characteristics Other key process considerations in the either fabricate PSS in-house or outsource
are height, width, pitch (periodic distance ICP RIE process that are critical to the PSS it to contract manufacturers. This trend
between pattern features), and shape. In profile characteristics are sapphire etch- is beginning to change, and dominance is
addition, the uniformity of these parameters ing selectivity against PR mask, bias RF shifting from LED chipmakers to sapphire
edge-to-edge across a wafer as well as from power, ICP process pressure, RF coil design substrate manufacturers.
wafer-to-wafer is very important in terms of for plasma uniformity, plasma chemistry, Today, sapphire wafer manufacturers have
streamlining LED chip manufacturing and and substrate temperature control. Success begun to put patterns on sapphire wafers in
enabling lean operations.
Patterning periodic structures on sapphire Today, sapphire wafer manufacturers have
is carried out by ICP RIE with patterned PR
mask on top of sapphire substrates. Creat- begun to put patterns on sapphire wafers in
ing accurate and uniform high-precision
structures in the PR mask is the first step
partnership with the LED chip manufacturers.
to making successful, effective PSS. Equally in accomplishing the most effective PSS fit partnership with the LED chip manufactur-
important is to subsequently maintain the for a target application is determined by ers. However, most sapphire manufacturers
structural integrity of this high-precision how intelligently and meticulously all these are concentrating on small diameter pattern-
patterned PR mask through the ICP RIE pro- parameters are combined and implemented. ing in the 2-to-4-in. range. Only a small num-
cess. This structural rigidity can be accom- Fig. 4 demonstrates how drastically different ber of companies are beginning to introduce
plished by hardening the resist and/or sub- patterns can be engineered depending on 6-in. products. Rubicon Technology launched
strate cooling in an ICP RIE system. Fig. 3 the way these parameters are put together. larger-diameter PSS products in 4-, 6-, and
shows how seriously the resulting PSS qual- 8-in. diameters in 2013 and differentiated
ity would be compromised if the resist struc- PSS market trends today their offerings with better control of quality
tural integrity and precision were not prop- Until now, the PSS industry has been driven and the most vertically integrated approach
erly sustained through the etching process. predominantly by LED chipmakers. They in the industry.
SEPTEMBER 2-5
T
he evolution of high-efficacy LED mated beam to measure distance, which even underwater applications. Examples of
technology and beam-forming avoids false echoes, but they can be expen- specific applications include:
optics holds the promise to expand sive, complex, and fragile. Ultrasonic sensors Optical barriers
the fields of ranging and object detection are relatively low-cost, but they are limited Smart parking
applications. Indeed, LEDs and sensors have in range and can be affected by elements like Level sensing
the potential to enable rugged and accu-
rate ranging systems with long-range capa-
bility and even the ability to detect multi-
The LED-based approach is based on the time-of
ple objects. The pulsed-LED technique is flight (ToF) of light principle, and uses light in the
inherently safe for human eyes and delivers
numerous benefits relative to legacy technol- infrared spectrum for detection and ranging.
ogies including radar and lasers.
Over the last 25 years, there havent been dust. Photoelectric sensors are rugged, fast, Crane operations
many major innovations in ranging tech- and cheap, but their detection range is also Collision avoidance sensing for larger
nology, especially in the sensing side of the quite limited. vehicles
applications. Most of the advancements have The fact is that the application field could Loading-dock vehicle position sensing
focused on applications or on the optimiza- be expanded with the development of sens- Truck classification sensing for inspec-
tion of existing technologies. In this article, ing capability that offers both accuracy tion stations
we will describe a new methodology for sens- and range, and that can be implemented Vehicle detection for barrier gate control
ing pulsed light from LEDs that solves some in a cost-effective and reliable manner. These are just a few of the areas in which
existing issues such as range limitations or LED-based technology offers that poten- the technology has been deployed so far, but
false positives. The technique called LED- tial. LEDDAR performs well on the widest there are a wide range of possibilities. Since
DAR (light-emitting diode detection and range of criteria when compared to other the technology comes in many forms, it can
ranging) is based on time-of-flight (ToF) technologies. be adapted in so many ways that it can be
principles implemented in digital signal- As mentioned earlier, the innovative LED- integrated into a variety of different systems.
processing (DSP) algorithms that process based approach is based on the ToF of light
the collected backscatter of reflected light. principle, and uses light in the infrared spec- Value proposition
First, lets discuss the numerous detec- trum for detection and ranging. The attri- The advantage of LEDDAR technology is
tion and ranging methods that are currently butes of this novel technology enable it to simply explained in terms of how the tech-
available. The most widely used technologies not only outperform traditional approaches, nique is applied. Contrary to collimated
include radar, laser scanners, photoelectric but they also make it the most adaptable and emitters such as lasers, the LEDDAR sen-
sensors, and ultrasonic technologies. accessible solution available, allowing it to sors LEDs and emitter optics are used to
Each of the legacy options presents cater to countless applications. create a diffused beam covering a wide area
strengths and weaknesses. For instance, of interest. The multi-element receiver col-
radar has excellent range, but it can be Sensing applications lects the backscatter of the reflected light
affected by false echoes and its refresh rate The industries that LEDDAR technology can from objects in the beam and, using full-
is not optimal. Laser scanners use a colli- serve include agriculture, traffic manage- waveform analysis, detects the presence of
ment, mobile storage, industrial safety, secu- objects in each segment of the beam.
MICHAEL POULIN is director of product rity and surveillance, construction, defense The system measures the distance of the
development at LeddarTech. and aerospace, robotics, automation, and detected objects based on the time taken by
How it works
The LED-based ranging technology is simple in principle but com-
plex in implementation. As mentioned, the LED source is pulsed
at a rate of approximately 100,000 pulses per second. The light
pulses propagate through the detection area and reflected light
is captured by the optics and the 16-element photodetector. The
system must amplify the received signal and synchronize the sig-
nal to the pulses.
An oversampling scheme using multiple light pulses is imple-
mented to improve the resolution of the acquired signal. Typ-
ical oversampling values are 4 or 8, which produce a digitized
signal with an increased number of samples for improved accu-
racy and precision. In addition to oversampling, an accumula-
tion process is accomplished in order to improve the signal-to-
noise ratio. The oversampling value and number of accumulations
influence the fidelity in terms of the detection/measurement, the
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OWNED AND PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY: Strategies Unlimited SUPPORTED BY:
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developer forum | RANGING & DETECTION
bus. An expansion header with UART link is also available. Both the
Amplitude (count)
RS-485 and UART links implement MODBUS for configuration and
170
data acquisition. For application-specific expansion capabilities in
165 a system design, a Mini-B USB connector is supplied for use with a
160 special software development kit.
155 As for the receiver, developers can choose from several beam
150 options, ranging from 9 to 95. For applications that do not require
145 the lateral discrimination provided by the 16-element photodetector,
140 LEDDAR technology can be implemented in a low-cost manner with
135 a single-element beam. LeddarTech is planning to offer such a prod-
130
uct in modular form with a 3 beam option. Such a sensor would be
ideal for applications such as level sensing, proximity detection, and
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
similar uses where a smaller form factor, robust and rugged design,
Distance (m)
excellent range, and energy efficiency are requisites.
FIG. 3. A sample signal trace, where the x-axis is a time axis, LEDDAR sensing technology can greatly change the way detection
scaled into distance, and the y-axis is the light amplitude. and ranging capabilities are integrated in a wide range of industries
and applications. Not only can it make these functions more accurate,
collecting light reflected back by two separate objects. Full wave- reliable, and robust, but it can also make the entire solution more cost-
form analysis performed by LEDDAR sensors can provide the capac- effective. To encourage brand owners, OEMs, and developers/integra-
ity to detect multiple objects in the same segment. This capability tors to see how well the technology works and how easy it is to inte-
is possible if the closer object is smaller than the illuminated area grate, a low-cost evaluation kit is readily available for trial purposes.
for that segment. The beam can then illuminate another object that
isnt completely shadowed by the closer object.
LEDDAR benefits
When compared to other detection technologies such as laser scan-
PRODUCT showcase
TO PROMOTE YOUR PRODUCT HERE, PLEASE CONTACT
ners, radar, video, thermal imaging, ultrasonic, and passive infra-
KELLY BARKER AT kellyb@pennwell.com OR
red, LEDDAR excels on the widest range of performance criteria due
ALLISON O'CONNOR AT allison@jagmediasales.com
to its ruggedness, 16 independent segments, simultaneous acquisi-
tion capabilities, and rapid data acquisition. Optimized for detec-
S e n S ata t e c h n o l o g i e S , i n c .
tion and ranging in 050m (165-ft) environments, LEDDAR can effi-
ciently serve multiple industries, and it also offers an excellent cost/ Sensata technologies RP Series
performance ratio.
In addition, this technology is available in various formats, namely
thermal Protector for lighting
assembled components, OEM modules, or application-specific sen- Sensata Technologies is a world leader and early innova-
sors. As an optoelectronic technology, it can be easily customized, tor in mission-critical sensors and controls. On average,
and it is specially designed to be easily and rapidly integrated into Sensata manufactures 16,000
various applications by developers and integrators. The benefits to different products and ships
developers and integrators are the technologys cost/performance over 1 billion units a year under
ratio, ability to detect multiple objects on every segment, long detec- the familiar brand names
tion range with low-power LEDs, real-time object-tracking capabili- Klixon, Airpax, Dimensions,
ties, lateral discrimination, detection capability in adverse weather Qinex and Sensor-NITE.
conditions, and ocular safety. Sensata has recently expanded
its RP series portfolio to accom-
LEDDAR sensor module modate thermal protection for LED lighting in non-IC
Many developers will find that LEDDAR technology is most eas- recessed lighting fixtures. The RP is a self-heating ther-
ily integrated into a system using a modular product. The module mal protector with an automatic resetting device. The
option, because of its compact size and flexible interfaces, can be RP Series of thermal protectors is designed to meet UL,
integrated into any detection and ranging system, enabling brand CSA and NEC requirements for the protection of non-IC
owners, OEMs, and developers/integrators to use this advanced recessed lighting fixtures.
method in their own products.
LedddarTech, for instance, offers a module that is easily mounted Tel: 1-508-236-3287
from the back with six machine screws. The module includes an Fax: 1-508-236-1598
8-pin male header connector and a simple cable harness; it can Email: klixon@sensata.com
Web: www.sensata.com
carry data using a choice of an RS-485 serial interface or the CAN
T
he digitalization of lighting technol- largest sporting event), we have witnessed ity management, but the key to making the
ogy has created enormous oppor- the increasing adoption of SSL technologies whole greater than the sum of its parts will
tunity in our industry. Thanks to a around the world firsthand. This growth be speaking each others language.
relentless pursuit of innovation, the lighting isnt possible without the advances weve Beyond innovation redefining lighting
business is transforming faster each day, in already made, but tomorrows innovations solutions, and on top of technology reshap-
ways that even ten years ago seemed impos- are built on todays ideas. ing our vocabulary, SSL has us all taking a
sible. Historically, we have spoken about the If you happened to swing by the Osram hard look at our current business model. We
advances we have been making in fluores- booth at LFI this year, you may have seen an used to sell lamps, ballasts, and controls, but
cent, metal halide, and induction lighting example of that innovation in in order to deliver the tech-
for years, but its no secret that solid-state Debut, a system of connected nology and the value custom-
lighting (SSL) and the explosion of related LED luminaires and multime- ers are looking for we need to
technologies are the real game changers. dia displays designed for retail- sell lighting-as-a-service. That
From lamps and luminaires to powerful ers looking to reinvent the fit- means instead of simply buy-
controls and energy management systems, ting room. While retailers see ing products, customers would
I saw that disruptive innovation on display this technology as a way to work with our Sylvania Light-
at this years LightFair International (LFI) in offer a unique, improved cus- ing Services division to sign
Las Vegas. While the future for SSL technolo- tomer experience and increase long-term, performance-based
gies is undoubtedly bright, the future of the in-store sales a growing contracts that include product
lighting industry will depend on us all learn- challenge in the world of online installation and maintenance
ing how to speak the new language of light. shopping it was our corpo- for the length of the agree-
We estimate that SSL will account for rate technologys research and innovation ment. The industry has already seen success-
two-thirds of the global lighting market by labs team in Beverly, MA that delivered a ful applications across the globe, because it
2020, compared with just 18% back in 2011. real-world application built on the concept lowers the initial cost barrier while providing
In fact, SSL initiatives accounted for 62% of of lighting in the cloud. expert maintenance to ensure that the system
Osrams research and development costs in Lighting purchasing and design deci- performs as promised.
2013, and that figure only stands to grow. sions can involve everyone from architects Looking back on LFI, I can say the expe-
Solid-state offerings generated 29% of our and electrical contractors, to distribu- rience was nothing short of inspiring. The
revenue, up from 20% in 2010, and were pro- tors and designers, to end users and build- future of the lighting on display in Las Vegas
jecting that to surpass 50% by 2017. ing owners. Recently developed technolo- is happening in R&D facilities across the
Rapid growth demands increasing num- gies, especially in the facility management world, but its also on display now at places
bers of LED installations. From our relation- space, are broadening that scope even fur- like MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, NJ,
ship with the Trust for the National Mall that ther. Much of the new language we need to where over a mile of Traxon Technologies
saw a complete LED retrofit of Americas learn stems from the increasing convergence LED luminaires around the top of the sta-
iconic front yard, to our recent work with the of different building technology industries dium operate in tandem with a solar panel
Sistine Chapel to install roughly 7000 LEDs, smart HVAC technologies meet lighting installation, generating nearly 25 times the
to a truly dynamic lighting installation at and energy management systems, for exam- electricity needed to power the integrated
the Arena Corinthians in So Paulo, Bra- ple. Ultimately, this convergence stands to lighting system. Light is imagining the pos-
zil (one of the host stadiums of the worlds redefine best practices for sustainable facil- sibilities and making them a reality.
Mail:
Pennwell C&E Registration,
Strategies in Light Europe
P.O. Box 973059,
Dallas, TX 75397-3059,
Brad Koerner Mourad Boulouednine Philip Smallwood USA
Director of Experience Design, Project Manager, Director of Research, LEDs and Lighting,
Philips Lighting Osram GmbH Strategies Unlimited Fax:
Direct: +1-918-831-9161
To view the full conference programme visit www.sileurope.com Toll Free: +1-888-299-8057
CREE LIGHTING-CLASS LEDS AND LED MODULES