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Carbon/Oxygen Ratio
Vlado Valkovic
A.C.T.d.o.o., Prilesje 4, Zagreb, Croatia
and
Davorin Sudac and Jasmina Obhodas
Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c.54, Zagreb, Croatia
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research reported here is the
development of a methodology for the
measurement of small scale variations in
chemical elements concentrations, in
particular of carbon oxygen ratio.
Knowledge of the C/O ratio is of importance
to many problems in various fields.
Here we single out the application in
obtaining important information about the
oilfields.
26.1.2015. 2
OIL FIELDS
The most fundamental reservoir parameters oil, gas and
water content are critical factors in determining how
each oilfield should be developed.
It is well established that carbon to oxygen ratio log
yields accurate and repeatable data that can be used
to identify and monitor reserves depletion.
Recent improvements in neutron generator and gamma
detector technologies resulted in small devices which
allowed through-tubing measurements.
Although the ratio of carbon and oxygen yields is a
measure of the ammount of oil arround the tool it
should be realized that a carbon signal can originate
from several sources including the borehole, the
cement behind the casing, the formation rock and the
formation fluid.
26.1.2015. 3
PROPOSAL
In order to evaluate these contributions
individualy we are proposing the modification
of the neutron generator by insertion of
segmented associated alpha particle
detector.
26.1.2015. 4
INTRODUCTION
RECENT developments in technology of neutron
generator manufacturing have enabled the
application of fast neutron activation analysis to
variety of problems.
The major breakthrough has been accomplished by
using the detection of associated alpha particles
in the neutron producing reaction d+t+n.
The cone of detected -particles defines the cone of
neutrons, neutron beam, and if the neutron
produced -rays are detected in coincidence with
-particles the volume where they are produced is
defined by overlap of neutron beam cone and -
detector solid angle. Measurement of time
between these two events gives the information
on distance of investigated voxel from the neutron
source
26.1.2015. 5
Schematic
The presentation
physical of the use
principle of of tagged
material
neutrons: neutron sensor
inspection by tagged neutron beam
26.1.2015. 6
Experimental setup with API-120 neutron generator
26.1.2015. 7
Time spectrum from bombardment of oil in water target using API-
120 neutron generator and LaBr3(Ce) detector
14000
a b
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
10 15 20 25 30
Time (ns)
26.1.2015.
Vremenski spektar s API120 NG. Vremenski prozor a i b daju 8
Gamma ray spectrum from time window a (left) and time window
b (right) in the time spectrum shown in previous slide
100 300
250
80
200
Oxygen
60 Carbon
150
40
Carbon Oxygen
100
20
50
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
26.1.2015. 9
Spektar gama zraka iz vremenskog prozora a (lijevo) i vremenskog
Determining C/O ratio: Normalized gamma ray spectra
from carbon (black) and water (gray).
Detector is LaBr3(Ce).
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Energy (MeV)
26.1.2015. 10
Determining C/O ratio: Normalized gamma ray
spectra from carbon (black) and water (gray).
Detector is BGO.
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Energy (MeV)
26.1.2015. 11
Measurement in the air:
O/C measured = (0.1230.05) + C/O ratio measured in water.
(1.2150.05)* O/C theoretical.
8 0,5
0,4
6
5
0,3
3 0,2
2
0,1
1
0
0,0
0 1 2 3 4
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
O/C theoretical Distance to the object (cm)
26.1.2015. 12
C/N versus C/O map showing the position of different materials.
Symbols represent: 0-TNT, 1-melinite, 2-semtex, 3-tetryl, 4-HNB, 5-heptanitrocubane,
6-RDX, 7-nitroglycerine, 8-acetone peroxyde, 9-glucose, 10-PVC, 11-plexyglass, 12-
latex, 13-nylon, 14-melamine, 15-acetamide, 16-barley, 17-cotton, 18-dacron, 19-
ethanol, 20-lucite, 21-methanol, 22-paper, 23-wood, 24-wool, 25-PET, 26-silk, 27-
orlon.
26.1.2015. 13
C/O RATIO VALUES
The C/O ratio is characteristic for many
materials and it has been in the center of
interest in many research areas.
26.1.2015. 14
Oil Fields: Typical injection well
schematic view from above.
26.1.2015. 15
Carbon-oxygen log is a log which presents a measure of the relative
abundance of carbon to oxygen derived from the detection of the gamma
rays produced from both elements by the inelastic scattering of 14-Mev
neutrons.
The neutron sensor needs to operate inside the oil well casing pipes.
The wall thickness of oil well casing pipes depends on their size,
weight and outside diameter (168-508 cm) and it is in the 5.9 16.1
mm range.
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Thickness (mm)
26.1.2015. 16
Gamma energy spectrum resulting from 14 MeV irradiation of
concrete block of mass 18.75 kg (3.6 kg Portland cement, 1.65 kg
water, 4.5 kg gravel, 9 kg quartz sand).
Ca, 0.770 ?
Fe, 0.847
Ca, 0.892 Si, 1.779
1000
O, 2.742
Si, 2.839 O, 6.13 O, 6.13
Ca, 2.796 O, 3.684; 1. esc
Ca, 3.736
O, 3.854; O, 6.13
Ca, 3.904 2. esc.
4.44 from
O and C
By the use of tagged 14 MeV neutrons
one could determine the depth variation
of the stochiometric ratios for chemical
elements of interest: Ca, Si, Al, Fe, O
(cement constituents) and C introduced
by additives and/or during curing
process.
100
1 2 3 4 5 6
Energy (MeV)
26.1.2015. 17
Cement integrity
26.1.2015. 20
Design of small scale O/C ratio tool.
26.1.2015. 22
ESTMATED COST
26.1.2015. 23
Experimental setup neutron generator: ING-27 with 4 intensity 3x107 n/s, associated
alpha particle method with 3x3 segmented detector; gamma detector: 3x3 LaBr3:Ce;
target: 50% water- 50% diesel fuel mixture in 1 litter plastic containers.
26.1.2015. 24
The nine electronically
collimated neutron beams
26.1.2015. 25
Simultaneous measurement of gamma spectra from adjacent voxels
500
Carbon
400
300
Oxygen
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Energy (MeV)
26.1.2015. 26
6000
Number of counts in the 4.44 MeV Carbon peak Number of counts in carbon peak, experimental
5000 points, as a function of diesel fuel volume
percentage in the water mixture, linear fit.
4000
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
C/O
1
2500
Number of counts in 6.13 MeV Oxygen peak
2000
0.1
1500
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
Number of counts in oxygen peak, experimental
-500 points, as a function of diesel fuel volume
percentage in the water mixture, linear fit.
-1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
26.1.2015. 27
CONCLUSIONS
By acquiring the inelastic gamma ray and time-of flight spectra the C and O
concentration ratios could be obtained to determine small scale variations in
oil saturation and borehole oil fraction. Information on small scale variations
in lithology, porosity and salinity can also be obtained. Logging is proposed
to be performed as station measurements in this mode, but for higher
porosities, low speed (20 m/hr) continuous passes will be tested.
A carbon signal can originate from the borehole, the cement behind the casing,
the formation rock and the formation fluid. In the proposed approach the
fraction of the ratio of carbon and oxygen yields being a measure of the
amount of oil around the tool will be spatially characterized.
Measurements of C/O Log are not performed at present on many oil fields
around the world. They are must if one wants to avoid incomplete
exploration of oil reserves in the particular field. Financial benefit for the
countries and companies involved could be not only in the confirmation of
the increase in oil reserves, but also in benefits resulting from the
introduction of new technique for well characterization.
26.1.2015. 28