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34)
some exceptions:
athletes, commerce, prefect, physics, challenge
Weak forms
--Allow words with less important meaning to be spoken quickly
usually the full vowel is replaced with schwa //
when standing alone, the vowels are pronounced fully
--Contractions
make quick speaking easier
the full vowel is replaced by schwa //, or nothing
--schwa // also occurs
in polysyllabic words: Scotland /skAtlnd/ cupboard /kbrd/
in prefixes: convenient /knvinjInt/ asleep /slip/
in suffixes: puncture /pNktSr/ relation /rileISn/
--Sometimes the unstressed vowel becomes /I/
goodness /gUdnIs/ women /wImIn/
p. 43, C:
We saw Jack and Jill. weak form: nd
We saw Jack and Jill. strong form: Qnd
Mary and June are sisters. Mary and June are sisters.
... weak form: nd, r strong form: Ar
5. Function words in phrases and sentences (p. 44 ff)
A. articles: a, and, the
Have a drink. Take a number.
strong form: eI weak form:
p 54, C:
often the final consonant in a word is followed by a word that begins with the
same sound
the sounds are not pronounced separately
the sounds are combined, or linked
Linking rules
1. Consonants plus vowel
when a word ends in a consonant and the next begins
with a vowel, the two words are usually linked
smoothly in spoken English
Examples: Comein! She'sat home. Whenisit?
2. /r/ plus vowel
--an /r/ is pronounced at the end of a word if the next
word begins with a vowel
Examples: ouruncle, at yourage, carengine
RP GenAm
farm fAm fArm
more m mr
stir st str
murder md mrd r
More linking:
unpronounced plosives
to make these sounds, we release air in a sudden explosion;
when 2 of these sounds occur together,
the final consonants of the first word
and the first consonants of the second word
are pronounced together as a slightly longer consonant.
late stress
1. In compounds which are written either hyphenated or as
two words, and where the first word is an adjective or an
adverb:
good-looking, inner city
Practice: