Title: The Application of Physic in Auditorium Design

Group: 65
Lecturer: Madam NorAzizun Binti Mohd Arif

Name Matric Number

Amirul Aidy Bin Amiruldin 150698

Ahmad Zun Najhi Bin Mohd Taam 150398

Amirul Bin Abdullah 150701

Abdul Izzat Bin Abdul Rahman 150131

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

3
SUMMARY

4
INTRODUCTION

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BODY CONTENT

12
CONCLUSION

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REFERENCE

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 Physic Theory: Reflection of Sound Wave

Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two

different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which it originated.
Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

Sound propagates through air as a longitudinal wave. The speed of sound is

determined by the properties of the air, and not by the frequency or amplitude of the sound.
If a sound is not absorbed or transmitted when it strikes a surface, it is reflected. The law for
reflection is the same as that of light, the angle of incidence of a sound wave equals the angle
of reflection, just as if it were produced by a 'mirror image' of the stimulus on the opposite
side of the surface.

When sound travels in a given medium, it strikes the surface of another medium
and bounces back in some other direction, this phenomenon is called the reflection of sound.
The waves are called the incident and reflected sound waves.

The sound waves that travel towards the reflecting surface are called the incident
sound waves. The sound waves bouncing back from the reflecting surface are called reflected
sound waves. For all practical purposes, the point of incidence and the point of reflection are
the same point on the reflecting surface.

A perpendicular drawn on the point of incidence is called the normal. The angle
which the incident sound waves makes with the normal is called the angle of incidence, "i".
The angle which the reflected sound wave makes with the normal is called the angle of
reflection, "r".

The following two laws of reflection of light are applicable to sound waves as well:

The incident wave, the normal to the reflecting surface and the reflected wave at the
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r.

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 Introduction

The meaning of acoustic auditorium:

An auditorium is a place where people come to listen. It won't matter if the

auditorium is big and beautiful, warm and comfortable, but if the people can't understand
what is being said in the auditorium, it just such a waste.

The basic criteria for making acoustic auditorium is it must have a low ambient noise
level from internal and external sources, provide a reasonable level of acoustic gain, provide
appropriate reverberation time and avoid artifacts such as echoes.

There are many factors that will effect in building acoustic auditorium. These factors
are reflection, vibration, temperature, shape and design, layout of boundary surface (material)
and audience capacity. There are also some defects that need to be prevented to produce high
quality of acoustic auditorium which are reverberation, echoes, sound shadow and sound
concentration.

Main concepts in acoustic for speech

Intelligibility = power + speech

Power is affected by:

Distance from speaker

Directional relationship to speaker
Audience absorption of direct sound
Reinforcement by reflectors
Reinforcement by loudspeakers
Sound shadow

Clarity is affected by:

Delayed reflections : Echoes and near echoes

Duplication of sound source by loudspeakers
Ambient noise
Intrusive noise

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Factor

1) Shape and Design

1. The talker to audience distance can be minimized by carefully considering the room
geometry.

A rectangular-type hall may be excellent for

music where an audience can be seated far
away and greater ratio of reverberant sound is
desirable but only suitable for small speech
hall.
cross reflectors between parallel walls
contribute to increase fullness of tones

A fan-shaped is ideal for maximum

sound intelligibility even to the
people sitting at the very end.
Bring audiences close to the sound
sources
Permit the construction of
balconies
The curved rear wall and curved
balcony front

Traditional layout of opera

house
Ring of boxes on top of
each other
Contribute efficiency to
sound absorption

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Ceiling

Ceiling height is usually determined by the overall room volume that is required.
Ceiling height should be about one-third to two-thirds of the room width. The lower ratio is
used for large rooms and the higher ratio is used for small rooms. A ceiling that is too high
makes the room volume that is too large, and may also create undesirable late reflections.

Ceiling reflectors, sometimes we call it clouds, are used to direct sound energy from
the stage to the seating area. Dimensions of square reflecting panel should be at least five
times the wavelength of the lowest frequency to be reflected. When ceiling are high,
precaution must be taken to ensure that path-length differences between direct and reflected
sound are not too great or wide and particularly not exceed 20 mili second to avoid late
reflection. In some cases, clouds are made absorptive.

A smooth ceiling should not be parallel to the floor to avoid echoes. In many halls, the
ceiling geometry itself is designed to direct sound to the rear of the hall, or to diffuse it
throughout the hall. The ceiling should built in dome-shaped ceiling and also should be
splayed to increase the reflection of the sound energy throughout the hall

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Floors

In halls designed for either music or speech, a sloping (raked) floor is desirable
especially for large halls. A sloping (raked) floor allows a more direct angle of incidence
which in turn allows less absorption. Generally, the slope of an auditorium floor should not
be less than 8. The floor of a lecture-demonstration hall might have a 15 angle of
inclination. Staggering of seats is also recommended. A sloping floor improves sight lines,
and also improves fidelity in the seating area. When sitting on a sloping floor, the listener
receives more direct sound than would be available on a flat floor.

Walls

The rear wall of a large hall requires attention because of its potential to create
undesirable late reflections. Reflections from the rear wall create a long path-length and
may result in audible echoes because low reverberations level. Then, a reflective concave
rear wall also cause in sound concentration. Because of this reasons, auditorium must use
absorptive wall to decrease reverberation time and reflective diffusers to reduce sound
concentration.

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Audience capacity

To increase seating capacity the side wall should be splayed from 30 to 60

(considered maximum angle) in direction of speech. This splayed side wall allow
greater seating area which reflective close to the stage.

Temperature

In acoustics, sound waves usually don't encounter an abrupt change in medium

properties. Instead the wave speed changes gradually over a given distance. The speed of
a sound wave in air depends on the temperature (c=331 + 0.6 T) where T is the
temperature in oC. Often the change in the wave speed, and the resulting refraction, is due
to a change in the local temperature of the air. For example, during the day the air is
warmest right next to the ground and grows cooler above the ground. This is called
a temperature lapse. Since the temperature decreases with height, the speed of sound
also decreases with height. This means that for a sound wave traveling close to the
ground, the part of the wave closest to the ground is traveling the fastest, and the part of
the wave farthest above the ground is traveling the slowest. As a result, the wave changes
direction and bends upwards. This can create a "shadow zone" region into which the
sound wave cannot penetrate. A person standing in the shadow zone will not hear the
sound even though he/she might be able to see the source. The sound waves are being
refracted upwards and will never reach the observer.

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 A temperature inversion is when the temperature is coolest right next to the ground and
warmer as you increase in height above the ground. Since the temperature increases with
height, the speed of sound also increases with height. This means that for a sound wave
traveling close to the ground, the part of the wave closest to the ground is traveling the
slowest, and the part of the wave farthest above the ground is traveling the fastest. As a
result, the wave changes direction and bends downwards. Temperature inversions most
often happen at night after the sun goes down when the ground (or water in a lake) cools
off quickly, while the air above the ground remains warm. This downward refraction of
sound is why you can hear the conversations of campers across the lake, when otherwise
you should not be able to hear them. (remember that they can probably hear you too!)

Sound Shadow

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A region immediately behind an object placed in the path of a sound wave whose
wavelength is much smaller than the object, in which theinitial sound wave is cut off by the
object and the sound intensity is determined by the diffraction and interference of soundwave
s bent around the obstacle The effect produced is perceived as a reduction
in loudness depending on the observer's position with respect to the sound source and
obstructing object and is greatest when the three are aligned.

High frequencies are more easily absorbed than lower ones, and are less susceptible
diffraction, that is, they move less easily around objects because of their short wavelengths.
Therefore, the attenuation of high frequencies is noted in a sound shadow. As well, more
reflected sound from the environment is likely to be received than direct sound.

Since the head will absorb high frequencies more easily than low ones, it will create a sound
shadow for the ear farthest away from the sound source, and therefore the phenomenon plays
a role in sound localization. The effect, however, seems less important than time differences

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for binaural hearing except in the upper frequency region . Blind people use the sound
shadow effect for orientation, as well as reflected sound and other

Delayed reflection

Echo is noticeable when the sound is being reflected from any boundary surface with
sufficient magnitude and delay to perceive as a sound distint from the travelling directly
from source to listeners. Echo occurs if a minimal interval of1/25 second (for speech) to 1/10
second (for music) to elapses between the perception of the direct and reflected sound
originating form the same source. Echo can be prevented by installing sound absorbing
material along the detect-producing surface. Echo will be particulary noticeable if the
reverberation time is short and diffusion is unadequate

Revebration

It depends on:

Initial power of sound

Absorbency of surface or object with which it come into contact during inter-
reflection
The volume of interior and therefore the length of sound path
The presence of any standing wave phenomena
The varying of the sensitivity of ear at the different frequencies

For the good speech intelligibility, reverberation has to be controlled by the limitation
volume and/or introduction absorbent
materials.

RT= . 1608

RT= Reverberation time, sec

V= Room Volume, 3

A= Total Room Absorption, 2

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Allah had created Waves in our world to help us to communicate

with other humans. In the past years, before the development of technologies humans only
use waves as voices to communicate and give messages. Now days, the knowledge regarding
waves had become one of the important things to be discovered. With the developing of this
knowledge, we now know that we can use waves to do all kind of things.

Waves can do all kind of things such as delivering a message but before it can be
delivered, we must know whether the message we are going to send will reach the persons or
not. By doing research about waves, humans now knew that the waves are actually can be
reflected by a certain materials. They continuously doing the research about waves until they
came out with an idea to build an auditorium.

Allah created waves to help us to communicate with other humans. We as his slaves,
must use this creation wisely. Allah mentioned in the holy quran in surah At-Taubah, verse
71, And those who are believers, men and women, some of them (are) to be helpers of one
another. They told (to do) what is right, forbidding what is wrong,. As the knowledge
about waves or communication is developing, the spreading of justice should also be in linear
with it. We as a muslims should use this creation (Waves) to tell the people about their
purpose in this world.

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 REFERENCE

1) http://www.alquran-sunnah.com/alquran/tafsir-alquran/405-mengajak-kepada-
kebaikan-dan-mencegah-kemungkaran
2) www.slideshare.net/mominzaki/auditorium-acoustics-33230112
3) https://www.wbdg.org/design/auditorium.php
4) https://courses.physics.illinois.edu/phys406/student_projects/spring05/tyler_dare/t
yler_dare_physics_498_report.pdf

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