Tallentex 2018

Physics
Fun with magnets
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is
responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic
materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

Discovery and development

Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones, which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron
ore. The word magnet was adopted in Middle English from Latin magnetum "lodestone", ultimately
from Greek [] (magntis [lithos])[1] meaning "[stone] from Magnesia",[2] a part of ancient
Greece where lodestones were found. Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic
compasses. The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Greece,
India, and China around 2500 years ago.[3][4][5] The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were
written of by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.[6]
By the 12th to 13th centuries AD, magnetic compasses were used in navigation in China, Europe, the
Arabian Peninsula and elsewhere.[7]

types of magnets
There are three main types of magnets:
Permanent magnets
Temporary magnets
Electromagnets

Permanent Magnets

Permanent magnets are those we are most familiar with, such as the magnets
hanging onto our refrigerator doors. They are permanent in the sense that once
they are magnetized, they retain a level of magnetism. As we will see, different
types of permanent magnets have different characteristics or properties
concerning how easily they can be demagnetized, how strong they can be, how
their strength varies with temperature, and so on.

Temporary Magnets
Temporary magnets are those which act like a permanent magnet when they are
within a strong magnetic field, but lose their magnetism when the magnetic field
disappears. Examples would be paperclips and nails and other soft iron items.

Electromagnets

An electromagnet is a tightly wound helical coil of wire, usually with an iron core,
which acts like a permanent magnet when current is flowing in the wire. The
strength and polarity of the magnetic field created by the electromagnet are
adjustable by changing the magnitude of the current flowing through the wire
and by changing the direction of the current flow.

Natural Magnets
A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs naturally in nature. All natural magnets are permanent
magnets, meaning they will never lose their magnetic power.
Natural magnets can be found in sandy deposits in various parts of the world. The strongest natural
magnet material is lodestone, also called magnetite. This mineral is black in color and very shiny when
polished. The lodestone was actually used in the very first compasses ever made. Because natural
magnets are permanent magnets, if lodestone is allowed to freely spin, its north pole will always align
itself with the Earth's geographic north pole.

Artificial Magnets
When magnets are made by people, they are called artificial magnets. It's these magnets that are on
your refrigerator door, and they have extra-strong magnetic power, like those really tiny super-strong
magnets that you can buy from toy or science stores.
There are two types of artificial magnets: temporary and permanent. Temporary magnets are magnets
that aren't always magnetic, but their magnetism can be turned on at will. Permanent magnets are those
magnets whose magnetic strength never fades.

Light shadow and reflection

light
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word
usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.

Shadow
A shadow is a dark area where light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object. It occupies all of
the three-dimensional volume behind an object with light in front of it. The cross section of a shadow is
a two-dimensional silhouette, or a reverse projection of the object blocking the light.
Solar Eclipse
When the moon passes directly between the sun and Earth, a solar eclipse takes place. (NEVER look at
the sun during any type of solar eclipse! Looking at the sun is dangerous. It can damage your eyes.)

Lunar eclipse
When the Sun, Earth, and Moon, are precisely aligned, a lunar eclipse will occur. During an
eclipse the Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon. Earth creates two shadows: the outer,
pale shadow called the penumbra, and the dark, inner shadow called the umbra. The eclipse is
noticeable once the Moon enters the
umbra.

Chemistry
Animal fibres
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are silk,
hair/fur (including wool) and feathers. The animal fibers used most commonly both in the
manufacturing world as well as by the hand spinners are wool from domestic sheep and silk.
Processing Wool

1. The first step in processing wool is shearing.

2. Next, the wool must be washed; in order to remove grease and other impurities
the wool could have accumulated while being out in the feedlot.

This is done by the wool being moved through a series of tubs,

which are filled with soapy water. The first tub is set at a very warm

140 F, and then rinsed off in cold water. It is during this step, that
the lanolin (grease of wool), is separated off, and later used to help

make cosmetics and soaps.

3. The wool is then passed through a series of rollers and dryers.

4. Wool from different batches are then mixed together mechanically, thus creating a

slightly different set of colors. This in turn, helps create a standard staple length and
diameter, for the wool.

5. The clean wool is then passed through rollers, which in turn, straighten the fibers
and removing unwanted matter.

Rollers do vary in size and speed, which forms a thin web of fibers.

6. Slivers, or continuous ropes are then formed by the use of steel fingers which
divide

the wool and roll the strands on top of one another.

7. Coarser fibers, are then twisted into ropelike structures, a process called roving.

8. Finer fibers are then combed and prepared for spinning into yarn.
Breeds of sheep
1.mecheri 2.chennai red 3.ramandharampura white 4.keezhakaraisal 5.vembur 6.nilgiri
7.trichy black 8.coimbatore 9.deccani 10.nelore 11.mandya 12.marwari 13.gaddi