Intro To Health and Safety at Work Slides

Safety, Health and Environment
CHE 575
Prof. Dr. Engr. M. Tayyeb Javed

Email: m.t.javed@pieas.edu.pk
Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 1

Contents
Overview of Health, Safety and Environment
Key Elements of Safety Management System
Safety Analysis Methods and Indices
Human Factor and Errors
Mining Equipment Safety Consideration
Electrical, Fire, Gas-related and Blasting accidents in Mines
Understanding radiation, associated risks and hazards
Standards of radiation protection
Personal dosimeter and environmental surveillance
Nuclear instrumentation
Principles of shielding
Radiation doses from radioactive minerals and concentrates

NEBOSH International General Certificate
in Occupational Safety and Health
IGC1.1
Foundations in
Health & Safety
Chapter 1

Unit contents
Learning outcomes
The scope and nature of occupational health and safety
Moral, social and economic reasons for managing health
and safety in the workplace
The role of national governments and international
bodies in the regulation of health and safety

Learning outcomes
Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and

safety.
Explain briefly the moral, social and economic reasons for
maintaining and promoting good standards of health and
safety in the workplace.
Outline the role of national governments and international
bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of
health and safety.

The scope and nature
of occupational health
and safety

Scope and nature
Introduction to managing Benefits of managing Group

Key definitions
health & safety health & safety discussion
The effective management of health and safety is important

to all organizations, irrespective of their size, work activities,
industry sector, etc.
Health and safety issues will differ from country to country.
This unit aims to introduce you to the foundations

necessary for any organization to effectively manage
occupational health and safety.
7
Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed
Scope and nature
Key definitions
The International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health

Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN) estimates
that annually there are:
270 million occupational accidents, and
160 millions cases of occupational disease reported
throughout the world.
It is also estimated that over 2 million workers die each

year as the result of accidents or contracting an
occupational illness.
8
Scope and nature
Key definitions
Estimated numbers of global work-related adverse

events (ILO)
Event Daily average Annually
Work-related deaths 5,000 2,000,000
Work-related deaths of children 60 22,000
Work-related accidents 740,000 270,000,000

Work-related diseases 438,000 160,000,000
Hazardous substance deaths 1,205 440,000
Asbestos-related deaths 274 100,000
9
Scope and nature
Key definitions
Corporate responsibility is now a widely accepted term used

throughout the world, as it covers:
the effects an organizations activities have on the

environment
human rights
third world poverty.
Therefore corporate responsibility includes the health and

safety of employees and others who could be affected by
the organizations activities.
Scope and nature
Key definitions
In the UK the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) has the

responsibility for enforcing health and safety legislation and
is working with UK organizations to:
Improve health and safety management systems to
reduce workplace injuries and ill-health
Demonstrate the importance of health and safety issues
at all levels of an organization, especially management
and board levels
Report publicly on health and safety issues within their
organization, including their performance in relation to
accidents, workplace ill health, etc.
Scope and nature
Key definitions
What types of barriers may be present within an

organization in relation to accepting health and
safety?
Any personal experiences?

Scope and nature
Key definitions
There are many obstacles both internal and external to

achieving good health and safety standards:
Production targets and pressures
Performance targets and pressures
Financial pressures and constraints
The organization itself in terms of structure, scope of
operation, etc.
Acceptance throughout the organization of the reasons
for managing health and safety effectively.
13
Scope and nature
Key definitions
The following are common issues relating to the

management of health and safety:
Arrangements and procedures may not be apparent to
employees
Audits are only concerned with a review of paper systems,
not how risks are actually managed in the workplace
Excessive and complicated documents make acceptance by
managers, supervisors and employees difficult to enforce
Other business priorities are given more emphasis
Supervisors not understanding or implementing safety
procedures, which leads to non-acceptance by employees.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Often within an organization or workplace, health and

safety management will encompass:
Risk assessment
Setting targets and objectives and monitoring
Promotion of a safe and healthy working environment
Identifying and understanding the impact on the health
of employees.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Organizations are able to demonstrate legal compliance

to enforcement agencies, who in turn have more
confidence in their ability to safeguard the health and
safety of employees and others than organizations who
do not effectively manage health and safety issues.
Health and safety is given equal priority to other business
objectives financial, quality, production, etc.
Allow for significant risks to be identified, evaluated and
controlled in a systematic manner.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Allow the organization to demonstrate compliance with

legal terms such as practicable and so far as is
reasonably practicable.
Demonstrate they can respond and manage the impact
of emergencies effectively.
Illustrate a commitment to the health and safety of
employees, and others.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
In the UK the HSE believes that effective management of

health and safety:
Is essential for employee well-being

Has a major role in enhancing an organizations
reputation
Is financially beneficial to the organization by reducing
costs relating to accidents, down-time, investigations,
claims for compensation, etc.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Health
Protecting the bodies and minds of people from illnesses
arising from exposure to materials, processes or
procedures used in the workplace.
Safety
Protecting individuals from physical injury.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Hazard
The potential for a substance, person, activity or process to
cause harm.
Risk
The likelihood of a substance, person, activity or process
to cause harm including the severity of harm.
A risk can be reduced and a hazard eliminated or

controlled through effective management of risk.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Welfare
Provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being
of individuals present in the workplace, such as washing
and sanitation facilities, provision of drinking water, heating,
lighting, etc. including first aid facilities.
Accident
An unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of
people, damage or loss of property, plant, materials or the
environment or a loss of a business opportunity.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Near miss
Any incident which could have resulted in an accident. Near
miss statistics in the UK has shown that for every 10 near
miss events 1 minor accident occurs.
Dangerous occurrences
An incident which could have led to a serious injury, loss of
life or property damage, e.g. release of flammable gas,
collapse of scaffold structure, crane or passenger carrying
equipment.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
Workplace ill health

Any condition which an employee develops which is linked
to exposure to hazardous substances, noise, vibration,
biological agents, etc. Can also include stress.

Scope and nature
Key definitions
1 What are the definitions of the following terms and

common workplace examples of each:
a Hazard
b Risk?

Moral, social and
economic reasons
for managing health
and safety

Why manage effectively?
Moral Social Financial Effective Group
reasons reasons reasons management discussion
The ILO estimates that work-related deaths and illnesses

represent 3.9 percent of all deaths, together with 15
percent of the worlds population suffering a workplace
injury or developing an occupational illness each year.
Up to 30 percent of the worlds unemployed report they are

suffering from an injury or workplace disease relating to
their previous employment.
Fatal workplace accidents in Asia and Latin America are

increasing.
Estimated fatalities Estimated lost time

Labour force
(annually) accidents (annually)
Australia 9,796,300 236 180,486
Brazil 83,000,000 11,304 11,366,000
Canada 16,200,000 899 789,000
China 737,000,000 73,595 68,692,000
EU 224,050,000 11,369 4,340,000
Egypt 19,200,000 3,884 2,245,000
India 443,000,000 48,176 30,627,000
South Korea 22,100,000 3,148 1,542,000
Saudi Arabia 5,800,000 1,096 632,000
United Kingdom 27,200,000 225 180,000
USA 141,800,000 6,821 5,069,000
% share of Fatal accidents per

Region
fatal injuries 100,000 workers
Established market economies 5 4.5
Former socialist economies 5 13.0
India 11 11.0
China 26 10.0
Other Asia and Islands 22 20.5
Sub-Saharan Africa 15 21.0
Latin-America and Caribbean 11 15.0
Middle Eastern Crescent 5 17.0
Economical active Fatal occupational

Region population accidents
Established market economies 419,732,002 15,879
Former socialist economies 183,089,714 17,416
India 443,860,000 40,133
China 740,703,000 90,295
Other Asia and Islands 415,527,598 76,886
Sub-Saharan Africa 279,680,390 53,292
Latin-America and Caribbean 219,083,179 36,372
Middle Eastern Crescent 135,220,721 17,977
Work-related diseases cause the majority of deaths

amongst the worlds working population:
Of the 2.2 million work related deaths each year, 1.7
million are the result of disease
The ILO estimates there to be 160 million cases of
work-related disease each year
Hazardous substances kill about 438,000 workers
annually, with asbestos-related illness claiming about
100,000 lives.

Labour Work-related
force disease fatalities
Australia 9,796,300 6,634
Brazil 83,000,000 44,375
Canada 16,200,000 10,962
China 737,000,000 414,024
EU 224,050,000 50,279
Egypt 19,200,000 26,175
India 443,000,000 325,350
South Korea 22,100,000 11,665
Saudi Arabia 5,800,000 8,660
United Kingdom 27,200,000 20,552
USA 141,800,000 98,210
Economical active Fatal work-related

Region population disease
Established market economies 419,732,002 281,364
Former socialist economies 183,089,714 148,194
India 443,860,000 261,891
China 740,703,000 386,645
Other Asia and Islands 415,527,598 178,786
Sub-Saharan Africa 279,680,390 211,262
Latin-America and Caribbean 219,083,179 108,195
Middle Eastern Crescent 135,220,721 120,725
A common feature of most countries legal systems is the

concept of the duty of care each employer owes to their
employees, as well as other persons who may be affected
by their activities.
This duty cannot be passed onto another person, such as a

manager or a consultant employed to provide advice and
support to the employer, or if an employee is sub-
contracted to work for another employer.

Commonly this duty is divided into five specific areas:

1 Provision of a safe place of work, including access and
egress
2 Provision of safe plant and equipment
3 Provision of safe systems of work
4 Employing safe and competent employees
5 Provision of adequate levels of supervision, information,
instruction and training.

Health and safety requirements will normally be reinforced

by national civil and/or criminal law.
This provides an incentive to manage health and safety

effectively as the outcome of failing to safeguard
employees, or others, health and safety may lead to:
Enforcement action
Prosecution
Fines and/or imprisonment criminal law
Compensation claims civil law.

A study of UK accidents and ill health by the HSE identified

that indirect costs (or hidden costs) could be as much as 36
times higher than direct costs.
In 2000 the European Union estimated that occupational

accidents cost member states 55 billion Euros each year.

The Business Case for Health and Safety

Accidents and work-related ill-health
both require investigating to identify
1 the direct and indirect costs
involved.
A UK HSE study identified that

indirect costs for an accident could
8 - 36
be as much as 36 times greater
than the known direct costs


DIRECT COSTS
Insured direct costs will include:
Insurance claims
Damage to buildings, equipment or vehicles
Attributable production and/or general business loss
Absence of employees.


DIRECT COSTS
Uninsured direct costs will include:
Fines arising from prosecutions
Sick pay
Damage to product, equipment or vehicles which is not
attributable to the accident
Increased insurance premiums
Compensation not covered by the insurance policy due to
agreed excesses
Legal representation.

INDIRECT COSTS
Insured direct costs will include:
Cumulative business loss
Product or process liability claims
Recruitment of replacement staff.


INDIRECT COSTS
Uninsured direct costs:
Loss of goodwill and poor corporate image including poor
staff morale
Accident investigation time together with any remedial action
required
Production delays
Extra overtime payments
Lost time for other employees e.g. first aider
Recruitment and training of replacement staff
Additional administration time.
Employers liability insurance

Many countries legal systems require employers to have
employers liability insurance the purpose of the insurance
is to cover their liability in the event of an employee
suffering a injury following an accident or contracting an
occupational disease.
Such cover ensures that should the employee make a

compensation claim they will receive their compensation
irrespective of their employers financial status.

Fault and no-fault injury compensation

In the UK compensation for injuries/occupational diseases
is awarded after a successful civil case brought by the
employee.
To achieve this the claimant has to prove the defendant was

at fault and was therefore negligent this means the
system is adversarial and costly and is a major contribution
to spiraling insurance claims and costs of premiums.


In New Zealand, Canada, Scandinavian countries and
some US states, a no-fault compensation system is in
place.
In such systems compensation levels are agreed at a state

or national government level based on the type and severity
of the injury.
As opposed to the UK system, compensation is often in the

form of a structured continual award, and may be in the
form of a service as opposed to monetary compensation.

For any national non-faulty system to work five principles
must be in place:
1 Community responsibility
2 Comprehensive entitlement irrespective of income or
job status
3 Complete rehabilitation of the injured person
4 Real compensation for the injured person
5 Administrative efficiency of the compensation scheme.


Possible advantages:
Accident claims are settled quicker than in fault
systems
Accident reporting rates can improve
Accidents are easier to investigate as blame is no
longer an issue
More funds are available from insurance premiums for
the injured party and less is used in the judicial and
administrative processes.


Possible disadvantages:
May be an increase in unjustified claims
Lack of direct accountability of managers and
employers
Mental injury and trauma are often excluded from no-
fault schemes due to the difficulty in generically
measuring these conditions
Can be difficult to define the many causes of accidents
and occupational diseases.

SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
EFFECTIVE
HEALTH
& SAFETY
MANAGEMENT
MORAL FINANCIAL
LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT
1 a What is the purpose of employer liability insurance?

b List six costs of an accident which might be uninsured.
2 a What are the possible consequences of an accident
to:
i the injured worker
ii their employer?
b List the direct and indirect costs to the employer of
accidents at work.
c What actions may an enforcement agency take

following an accident at work?
Role of national
governments and
international bodies

Role of national & international bodies
The International Levels of duties & Information Group
Enforcement
Labour Organization responsibilities sources discussion
Role and function

A specialized agency of the United Nations which seeks to
promote social justice through establishing and
safeguarding internationally recognized human and labour
rights.
The ILO consists of over 175 member states, but can be a

source of guidance and influence on non-member states.

Enforcement
Role and function

The ILO formulates international labour standards and aims
to establish minimum rights, such as:
Freedom of association
The right to organize
Collective bargaining
Abolition of forced and child labour
Equality of opportunity and treatment.

Enforcement
Role and function

The main principles of the ILO are:
1 Labour is not a commodity
2 Freedom of expression and association are essential to
sustained progress
3 Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity
everywhere
4 The war against want is required to be carried out by
each member state.

Enforcement
Conventions and Recommendations

ILO occupational safety and health standards:
1 Guiding policies for action the Occupational Safety
& Health Convention 1985 (No. 155) and its
accompanying Recommendation (No. 164) require
preventative measures and a coherent national policy
on occupational safety and health.
Also stresses employers responsibilities and the rights
and duties of employees.

Enforcement

2 Protection in given branches of economic activity
The Safety and Health in Construction Convention 1988
(No. 167) and its accompanying Recommendation (No.
175) stipulates the basic principles and measures to
promote health and safety for workers in construction.

Enforcement

3 Protection against specific risk the Asbestos
Convention (No. 162) and its accompanying
Recommendation (No. 172) gives managerial, technical
and medical measures to protect workers against
exposure to asbestos dust.

Enforcement

4 Measures of protection Migrant Workers
(Supplementary Provision) Convention 1975 (No. 143)
aims to protect the safety and health of migrant
workers.

Enforcement

ILO Conventions are international treaties signed by
Member States, with each country obliged to comply with
the standards set out by the Convention.
Recommendations are non-binding and often deal with the

same issues as a Convention. They are adopted when the
subject, or aspects, are not considered suitable or
appropriate at the time for a Convention.

Enforcement

ILO standards are the same for each member state there
are no different standards for different regions of the world
or groups of countries.
Standards are modified and modernized as necessary the

ILOs governing body periodically reviews standards to
ensure they remain relevant and effective.

Enforcement

In addition to Conventions and Recommendations the ILO
also publishes Codes of Practice, guidance and manuals.
These form a body of reference material of greater detail

than Conventions and Recommendations and suggest
practical solutions for the application of ILO standards by
member states.
ILO CoPs indicate what should be done.

Enforcement

Examples of ILO Codes of Practice:
Safety and health in construction
Ambient factors in the workplace
Safety in the use of chemicals at work
Recording and notification of occupational accidents
and diseases
Ergonomic checkpoints
Work organization and ergonomics
Occupational safety and health management systems.
Enforcement
Absolute
The highest duty which can be imposed and requires action
to be taken regardless of cost where the level of risk is
considered so high that injury is inevitable.
Provision of machinery guarding to

Example prevent access to the dangerous
parts of any work equipment

Enforcement
Practicable
A more common duty imposed on employers for the
provision of safeguards which are technically possible and
feasible again cost cannot be an argument for not
complying with a practical requirement under national
legislation.
The installation of local exhaust

ventilation in a woodworking
Example workshop to prevent exposure to
wood dust generated during cutting,
sanding, etc.
Enforcement
Reasonably Practicable
The most common duty and requires employers to evaluate
the level of risk in balance with the time cost and
inconvenience of complying with a requirement of national
legislation.
The provision of adequate welfare

facilities toilets, hot and cold
Example running water, facilities to prepare
and consume hot and cold
drink/food.
Enforcement
Reasonably practicable
Risk Sacrifice Risk Sacrifice

Enforcement
Employers duties and responsibilities

The ILOs principle duties of employers (ILO
Recommendation 164) are:
1 Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery,
equipment and work methods which are as safe and
without risk as is reasonably practicable
2 Give necessary instruction and training that takes into
account the functions and capabilities of different
workers

Enforcement
Employers duties and responsibilities

3 Provide adequate supervision of work practices to
ensure that proper use is made of relevant occupational
health and safety measures
4 Institute suitable occupational health and safety
management arrangements appropriate to the working
environment, size of the organization and its activities
5 Provide, without cost to workers, adequate personal
protective clothing and equipment which are reasonably
necessary when workplace hazards cannot be
prevented or controlled.
Enforcement
Workers rights and responsibilities

In 1998 ILO Member States adopted the Declaration on
Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which
covers the following four areas:
1 Freedom of association
2 Forced labour
3 Discrimination
4 Child labour.

Enforcement
Workers rights
Take adequate
Enquire and
Consulted on risks precautions to protect
receive information
from workplace themselves and
from employers on
hazards others from workplace
workplace hazards
hazards
Be informed in a
Be involved in the
Request to be timely comprehensive
development of
involved in the manner of any
health surveillance
assessment of workplace or
and participate in
hazards and risks individual
its implementation
examinations
Enforcement
Workers rights
Appeal to the
Remove themselves
Raise concerns competent authority if
from any hazardous
about workplace health & safety
situations where they
hazards and risks measures are
have good reason to
inadequate
Be transferred to
Compensation if they Adequate medical
another work
are unable to work due treatment &
location if they are
to being medically compensation for
medically affected
affected by a occupational injuries
by a workplace
workplace hazard or diseases
hazard

Enforcement
Workers rights
Not use any equipment, processes or substances which can
reasonably be expected to be hazardous without receiving
appropriate information

Enforcement
Workers responsibilities
Under Convention 187 employees/workers have the
following responsibilities:
1 Take reasonable care of their own health and safety
and that of others who may be affected by their acts or
omissions at work
2 Comply with instructions given for their own health and
safety and that of others and with safety procedures

Enforcement
Workers responsibilities
3 Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly
and not to render them inoperative
4 Report immediately to their supervisor any situation
which they have reason to believe could present a
hazard and which they cannot themselves correct
5 Report any accident or injury to health which arises in
the course of or in connection with their work.

Enforcement
Legal framework
Legal frameworks will vary from country to country.
EU Member States use the EUs framework for health
and safety
Pacific Rim countries tend to follow the USA framework
for health and safety
Caribbean countries tend to follow the UK framework
for health and safety.

Enforcement
Legal framework
Acts
Regulations
(mandatory)
Codes of Practice
(standards to be achieved such
as UK Approved Codes of Practice)
National and International Standards

Industry Standards and Guidance Notes
Enforcement
HSG 65 is published in the UK by the Health & Safety

Executive (HSE) as a guide to successful health and safety
management.
The guide is more concerned with continual improvement

than the attainment of minimum health and safety
standards.
This framework is used by HSE Inspectors when auditing

the health and safety management arrangements of
employers.
Enforcement
OHSAS 18001 is an internationally recognized accredited

standard for occupational health and safety management.
The standard is similar in structure to ILO-OSH 2001, with

the main exception that it is only awarded to organizations
following a successful audit by an awarding institution.

Enforcement
ILO-OSH 2001 is a guideline offering a recommended

occupational health and safety management framework.
There are main common elements with the UKs HSG 65

and OHSAS 18001; the framework is not legally binding on
ILO member states and does not seek to replace national
laws, regulations or standards.
To be successful the ILO recognizes that there must be a

national policy on health and safety and occupational health
and safety management systems in place.
Enforcement
Internal sources
Accident and ill-health records and investigation reports
Absenteeism records
Inspection and audit reports undertaken by the
organization, enforcement body or other competent
third party
Maintenance records, risk assessments and training
records
Internal guidance documents to employees
Equipment testing, inspection and examination reports.

Enforcement
External sources
National health and safety legislation
National enforcement body codes of practice, guidance
notes
International standards (ISO)
ILO conventions, recommendations or codes of practice
European and British Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
European Agency for Safety and Health
Worksafe (Western Australia).
Enforcement
External sources
Health and safety magazines and journals
Information published by trade associations, employer
organizations
Specialist legal and technical journals
Information from manufacturers and suppliers
The internet.

Enforcement
1 Why should an organization maintain good standards of

health and safety management?
2 a Give four reasons why an organization should

maintain and promote good standards of health and
safety in the workplace.
b What sources of information can be used by an
organization to help maintain and promote good
standards of health and safety in the workplace?

Intro To Health and Safety at Work Slides

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Safety, Health and Environment

Prof. Dr. Engr. M. Tayyeb Javed

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 1

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 2

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 3

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 4

Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 5

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 6

Introduction to managing Benefits of managing Group

The effective management of health and safety is important

Health and safety issues will differ from country to country.

This unit aims to introduce you to the foundations

The International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health

It is also estimated that over 2 million workers die each

Estimated numbers of global work-related adverse

Work-related accidents 740,000 270,000,000

Corporate responsibility is now a widely accepted term used

the effects an organizations activities have on the

Therefore corporate responsibility includes the health and

In the UK the Health & Safety Executive (HSE) has the

What types of barriers may be present within an

Any personal experiences?

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 12

There are many obstacles both internal and external to

The following are common issues relating to the

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 14

Often within an organization or workplace, health and

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 15

Organizations are able to demonstrate legal compliance

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 16

Allow the organization to demonstrate compliance with

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 17

In the UK the HSE believes that effective management of

Is essential for employee well-being

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 18

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 19

A risk can be reduced and a hazard eliminated or

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 20

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 21

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 22

Workplace ill health

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 23

1 What are the definitions of the following terms and

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 24

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 25

The ILO estimates that work-related deaths and illnesses

Up to 30 percent of the worlds unemployed report they are

Fatal workplace accidents in Asia and Latin America are

Estimated fatalities Estimated lost time

% share of Fatal accidents per

Economical active Fatal occupational

Work-related diseases cause the majority of deaths

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 30

Economical active Fatal work-related

A common feature of most countries legal systems is the

This duty cannot be passed onto another person, such as a

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 33

Commonly this duty is divided into five specific areas:

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 34

Health and safety requirements will normally be reinforced

This provides an incentive to manage health and safety

Dr. M. Tayyeb Javed 35