Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
2A 2B
Overview
Reading
hh and Use of English: Gapped text (Part 6); Listening:
hh Sentence completion (Part 2)
Word formation (Part 3) Speaking:
hh Individual long turn (Part 3): Food
Listening: Multiple-choice questions (Part 1)
hh production/environmental issues
Language development: Passive forms
hh Reading and Use of English: Open cloze (Part 2)
hh
Writing: Article (Part 2): Skills for article-writing;
hh Language development: General verb phrases;
hh
Descriptive vocabulary Phrases with have; Prepositional phrases
Writing: Article (Part 2): Planning and organising;
hh
Analysis of introduction
A B D
C
E
F
G
Lead-in
1a Where would you normally nd the animals in the photographs?
Africa Asia Canada Denmark Germany Mexico Norway Russia the Arctic
the UK the USA
b Which three animals would you most like to see in the wild?
c Which would you say are threatened or endangered species?
d What aspects of the natural world do you appreciate the most? Which aspects of modern
society do you enjoy the least?
2 One of the dangers of modern society is the threat to the worlds natural resources. What
do you think we should do about this?
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2A Wild experience
Before you read 1 The Amondawa are an Amazonian tribe of about 150 people.
They live by hunting, fishing and farming.
They have no words for concepts such as next week or last year.
Nobody in the tribe has an age; they just change their name when they
become an adult.
2 Compare how the tribe lives with how we live in the modern world.
Think of some of the advantages and disadvantages of living as
they do.
Skimming 3 Read through the text quickly (ignore the missing paragraphs at this
stage).
1 What is the main topic of the text?
2 How would you describe the attitude of the tribes mentioned in the
text towards contact with the outside world?
Gapped text 4 Read the strategy on page 168, then do the task.
hh
ExpErt StrAtEGIES page 168 You are going to read an extract from an article. Seven paragraphs
have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs
AH the one which ts each gap (17). There is one extra paragraph
which you do not need to use.
A It is important to acknowledge though, that not everything is E Tribal leaders have even been to London to complain, saying
getting worse. Some of the campaigning in the past 20 years that these dams will force their people from the land and
has worked and there are cautious grounds for hope. Paulo threaten their way of life. There has also recently been an
Adario, a veteran ecologist, is one of the individuals to have unprecedented operation to destroy the unlawful gold-mining
done most in the service of conservation, and he is happy to dredgers that are now killing off river habitats by dredging up
bring me up-to-date. silt.
B There are hundreds of such tribes in the forest many of them F The amount of land that has been covered by concessions for
now enmeshed in integration projects or other demoralising its extraction, together with gas, has increased fivefold in the
fiascos but those that most often capture international last ten years almost 50 percent of the entire Peruvian-owned
attention are the uncontacted. There is some dispute, however, Amazon. This means that the government has effectively sold
as to what exactly is meant by the term. off half of the rainforest it owns for this purpose and 75 percent
is forecast by 2020.
C The best way to think about these few remaining isolated tribes
is to imagine a series of concentric circles. There are the tribes G One reason we struggle to understand the region is that there
that have regular relations with the outside. Then there are a is so much to take in. And because there has been some good
good number of tribes who have very circumscribed dealings news on the headline problem deforestation it has faded
with the outside world. Then finally, in the heart of the forest, in our collective consciousness in the past few years. So its
there are these few remaining peoples with none. worth stepping back and reminding ourselves of some of the
fundamentals.
D Time on the river is like time at sea. Its measured in the way the
light changes the colour of the water. At dawn, there are mists H In other words, it is the incursions and what follows that have
and the river appears almost milky. By noon it is the colour of the most impact. But now another problem is causing acrimony,
cinnamon. And then, in the evening, the low sun shoots streaks fear and dispute. More than 100 new hydroelectric dams are
of amber and gold before the dusk rises up and everything turns planned across Brazil and Peru, including the most controversial
to indigo. One such evening, we visited a fisherman. of all the Belo Monte Project on the Xingu river.
25
2A Module 2
The natural world
4 The of Antarctica is unlikely given the mentioned in the text on page 25? Which type of
difficult living conditions there. animal or bird do you think might make them?
5 Only a few communities nowadays live in 1 croak 4 chirp
complete from the modern world. 2 growl 5 hoot
6 Many multinational mining companies are 3 screech 6 squawk
involved in the of gold, copper and b Here are some more animal sounds. Which
diamonds from the worlds rainforests. animals or insects might make these sounds?
b The following verbs (110) have noun forms 1 bark 3 buzz 5 howl 7 roar
ending in -ion. Write the noun form and match the 2 bellow 4 chatter 6 hum 8 squeak
verbs to their meanings (aj). Where is the stress c Animal sounds can be used guratively in our
in the pronunciation of the noun forms? daily language. Circle the verbs that would
1 contaminate be most commonly used in the following
sentences. Discuss the contexts in which the
2 degrade verbs in Exercises 2a and 2b can be used, giving
3 deplete examples where possible.
4 deteriorate 1 Get back to your room!, Dad screeched / growled.
5 devastate 2 Its such a lovely morning! she chirped / squawked
6 implement happily.
3 Ive got a really sore throat, he hooted / croaked.
7 irrigate 4 Can you stop squeaking / screeching in my ear?
8 legislate Youll deafen me, she said.
9 pollinate 5 The car roared / howled off down the road in a
cloud of exhaust fumes.
10 rehabilitate
6 He was so cold in the snow his teeth were
a become worse humming / chattering.
b damage sth badly or completely 7 The coffee shop at Kew Gardens was buzzing /
c enable a plant to produce seeds bellowing with activity last Saturday morning.
d help (a person, an animal) to live a normal life again
d What do these phrases mean?
e make changes that have been officially decided
f make a law 1 I dont give a hoot.
g make the condition of sth worse 2 Hes very chirpy this evening.
h pollute
i reduce the amount of sth
j water land or crops
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Module 2
The natural world 2A
Phrasal verbs
Use of English 1 (Paper 1 Part 3)
3 Read the sentences below. Use your dictionary to
nd the correct phrasal verbs to complete each Word formation
gap using the verbs and particles given. Write the
phrasal verbs in their correct form. 1a Read the text below quickly. What is the
alternative source of power referred to and why
amount come crack back down up is it currently not being used so much?
cut die hand step out down on
use wipe up against to b Now do the task.
hh
ExpErt StrAtEGIES page 167
1 Governments are trying to the
companies that carry out illegal logging and For questions 18, read the text below. Use the
some serious punishments. word given in CAPITALS at the end of some of the
2 Environmentalists are warning about the dangers lines to form a word that ts in the gap in the same
of existing water supplies in certain line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
parts of the world.
Collocations
2 Find at least eight collocations (adjectivenoun)
in the text in Exercise 1. Make a note of them and
discuss their meaning.
27
2A Module 2
The natural world
Identifying speaker purpose, 2 Listen to three short extracts from talks, then answer the
t1.10
You will hear three different extracts. For questions 16, choose the answer (A, B or C) which best ts according to
what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
You hear part of an interview with You hear a zoologist called Liam You hear a radio report about a
a scientist called Ruth Carter who Evans giving a talk about a species man called John Reybridge, who
studies the emotional life of animals. of ape called white-handed gibbons. worked as a volunteer at a wildlife
rescue centre in Africa.
1 Ruth feels that animals are 3 According to Liam, what is
often not credited with having unusual about the gibbons? 5 What led John to decide to go
feelings because of A how they move through their to Africa?
A inadequate research to natural habitat A fear of losing his job in a
support the idea. B similarities between them and recession
B false assumptions based on some species of frog B frustration at his poor career
appearance. C the way their limbs have prospects
C prejudice against certain adapted to their environment C loss of motivation for his
species. previous work
4 Liam mentions Greek athletes
2 Why does Ruth mention an in order to explain how 6 In Africa, John got most
incident with a whale? gibbons manage to satisfaction from
A to give weight to her arguments A carry objects when jumping. A successfully returning animals
B to show how events can be B jump relatively great distances. to the wild.
misinterpreted C control their landings after a B preparing captive animals for
C to underline how much jump. life in the wild.
research still needs to be done C rescuing animals that couldnt
survive in the wild.
Development and discussion 4 If you were given the opportunity to take a year out to spend
studying wildlife or the environment generally, where would you
choose to go, and why? Give your reasons and discuss.
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Module 2
The natural world 2A
Other passive forms
Language development 1
3 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Make any
Passive forms changes that are necessary.
1 They have seen elephants crying.
hh
ExpErt GrAMMAr page 174
Elephants .
Active or passive innitive? 2 The monkeys loved it when we took their
photographs!
1 Complete the sentences with the active or passive The monkeys loved .
innitive. 3 You must finish this report by Monday without
1 Im afraid theres nothing (do) since fail.
weve tried everything. The new road through the This report .
jungle is going ahead. 4 He explained to us how a herd of elephants
2 He looked for his binoculars but they were behaves.
nowhere (find). It .
3 In the end, the police found that no one was 5 They made us wear hats and heavy boots on our
(blame) for the fire; it was an accident. jungle walk.
4 Ive got so much work (do) to complete We .
this report. 6 They suggested that we took part in a new eco-
5 The animals are usually (feed) at noon. project.
6 The reason behind the new government strategy It .
is impossible (understand). 7 The girls parents didnt let her keep snakes in the
house.
Impersonal passive structures The girl .
2 Read the grammar reference on impersonal
passive structures on page 174. The passive: mixed tenses
In pairs, rewrite the following sentences, using 4 Complete the text with the correct form of the
an impersonal structure. Compare your answers. passive. More than one answer might be possible.
1 I know that his furniture business only uses
recycled wood thats a fact.
search
2 They claim that the environmentally-educational Welcome Stories Essentials Help Favourites
board game Ethica is really good.
The African lion is an iconic symbol of Africa.
3 I think that the turtle population is increasing in Historically, lions (1) (distribute)
certain parts of the world. throughout the Mediterranean, the Near and
Middle East as far as India, and all of Africa. By
4 I believe that the largest deep sea coral is near 100 AD, they (2) (eliminate) from their
Norway and covers more than 100 sq km. last European strongholds in Greece but survived
until the 20th century in Syria, Iran and Iraq. The
5 Scientists say that more than 600 new species last lion in Iran (3) (say) to (4)
have been discovered in Madagascar in the last
(shoot) in 1942. In Africa, reduced numbers of
decade.
lions are still present in the north of South Africa
and Namibia and south of the equator. Lions are
6 Deep-sea fishermen have reported seeing giant
difficult to count accurately and any survey figures
squid but they still remain elusive creatures.
can best (5) (describe) as guesstimates
but it is evident that the lion population in Africa
(6) (currently/threaten) by habitat
encroachment because of increased land cultivation.
The hope is that, in the future, traditional habitat
protection methods (7) (support) by
translocation and reintroduction programmes.
Fortunately, a certain amount of progress
(8) (already/make) in this area.
29
2A Module 2
The natural world
Amboseli, Kenya:
where elephants have the right of way
A 15-year-old English schoolboy gazes (1)
(wonderingly) over the lush savannah lands of Kenyas
Amboseli Reserve. Large herds of zebra, wildebeest
and buffalo are moving (2) (quietly) through
a landscape of acacia bushes and elephant grass as
giraffe feed (3) (delicately) on the elegant,
outstretched branches of fever trees. In the background,
hovering above a halo of cloud, Kilimanjaros cone is
(4) (thickly) laden with snow.
The young mans eye is caught by a small group of
elephants enjoying a mud bath in the Longinye Swamp.
The family members, from matriarch to (5)
(bad-tempered) adolescent to a crche of (6)
(noisy) toddlers, bring a (7) (happy) smile
to his face. Just a few months before, he had gazed
(8) (longingly) at scenes just like this in a book
of prints by the wildlife artist David Shepherd.
And now, as the sun drops like a giant blood orange
in the west, a (9) (huge) bull elephant with
tusks large enough to grace a mammoth wanders
(10) (slowly) onto the road in front of the
vehicle he is travelling in. And stops. Beside him a sign
reads Elephants have right of way. Neither vehicle nor
elephant moves for the next hour.
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2B Closer to home
Before you listen 1 What factors should you consider when planning to keep animals at
home? Think about the following:
shelter cost feeding long-termcommitment
safety neighbours noise
Sentence completion 2 t1.12 Listen to this short extract about building chicken coops
(houses) and complete the gap. What do you notice about the
sentence that you have to complete?
According to the speaker, its important for chickens to have
in their coop where they can sit at night.
hh
ExpErt StrAtEGIES page 170 3 t1.13 Read the strategy, then do the task.
You will hear a writer called Alex Horne talking about keeping chickens as a hobby. For questions 19,
complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
KEEpING CHICKENS
A website with the name (1) supplied Alex Alex mentions being impressed by how (5)
with all he needed to begin his new hobby. the chickens seemed to be.
The section of the chicken house intended to act as What Alex calls the chickens (6) had to be
the (2) was the only part that wasnt straight. cleaned on a regular basis.
Alex found some wire in the shape of a (3) , Alex uses the word (7) to describe the
which was designed to keep predators out of the personality of the chicken called Shakira.
chicken house.
Alex describes his garden as a (8) to give an idea
The first (4) which Alex constructed in his of what it was like after the chickens had been digging.
garden was not very effective.
Even the traps and (9) which Alex bought
didnt solve the problem of rats.
hh
HELp
1 How did the website called Poultry Plus help Alex and 6 How often did Alex have to do his chores?
his wife? 9 How did Alex try to solve the problem of the rats?
Discussion 4 Discuss the pros and cons of keeping animals as a food source.
5 Check the meaning of these key words and phrases from the
audioscript.
31
2B Module 2
The natural world
Factory farming
greater milk yield (2230 litres per day)
animal (1) 3/7 (threeregarding
cows milked times a day)
cows live up to 5 years mega-dairies Battery/Caged hens
1,00030,000 cows in a barn or shed
produce more eggs (?)
Factory-reared meat control
more (3) because they eat less, more
32
Module 2
The natural world 2B
C
task card 1
What steps are being taken to protect the
environment?
sustainable/alternativetechnology
scienticresearch
animalprotectionprogrammes
33
2B Module 2
The natural world
hh
ExpErt GrAMMAr page 175 have a major impact on have the right to
have no say have access to
General verb phrases have no inclination to have serious consequences
have strong views on
1a Complete the verb phrases in the sentences with
the words below. The verbs are in bold text. 1 Unfortunately, people often feel that they
at (your) ease the attention importance in the matter of
interest no signs of on a whim thanks to policy-making but that is not always the case. All
the needs up-to-date individuals put forward
their opinion.
1 Their boss always brings them with the 2 The inability of countries to reach an agreement
latest developments in the market. could .
2 The man at the organic farm put us quickly 3 If you ecological issues,
and answered all our questions. there are plenty of societies you can join.
3 Dont ever buy an animal or bird 4 The oil spill from the tanker
because they require an awful lot of looking after. marine life in the area.
4 The video of the rehabilitated battery hens 5 The group really walk
captured of YouTube viewers. through the jungle at nighttime.
5 A small city centre at doesnt really meet 6 It is crucial for people all over the world to
of farmyard animals. drinkable water.
6 Children often take more in healthy food
if they are taught to grow vegetables themselves. Prepositional phrases
7 The dolphins showed tiring of their
3a Combine the words and prepositions below to
game.
make phrases (e.g. in other words) and discuss
8 Schools these days place a lot of on
their meaning. You will need to use some of the
educating children about the environment.
prepositions more than once.
9 It was a friend that I got interested in
ecological issues. by all likelihood of breath
b Now complete the verb phrases in the following in captivity other words
short article using the correct form of the verbs on chance pleasure
in bold in Exercise 1a. out ease sbs/sths wake
with living memory (of) tune with
occasion
The good life
Some years ago, a meeting of village residents b Work in pairs. Carry on a dialogue using as many
(1) place in the village where I live. Jan, a friend of the phrases as possible.
of mine, (2) in charge of the proceedings. Her
idea was that we should work together as a community to
grow and then sell our own produce. That way, she said,
we would both save money and eat more healthily. I must
admit her ideas (3) our imagination and, quite
surprisingly, everyone at the meeting agreed. Jan
(4) the meeting to an end by handing out some
seeds for us to sow which she had (5) in bulk
from a local supplier. The aim, she told us, was to be up
and running as a business by the following summer.
From the very next day, we (6) our plans into
action and started digging our gardens! Would you believe
it, by the following summer we had (7) all our
goals, we were producing loads of vegetables and people
were phoning from all over the area to (8)
orders! The business even (9) a small profit in
the end so we treated ourselves to a meal out at a country
restaurant. On the menu were our vegetables!
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Module 2
The natural world 2B
hh
ExpErt StrAtEGIES page 167 3 Read the strategy on page 167, then do the task.
For questions 18, read the text below and think of the word which
best ts each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an
example at the beginning (0).
35
2B Module 2
The natural world
Understand the task 2 Read the writing task and note down your answers to the questions.
Look back at Writing 1 on page 30 for ideas.
1 What type of writing will you include in your article?
2 What topics will you need to cover in your article?
3 What title will you give it?
4 How will you organise the article?
5 What particular vocabulary will you use?
Plan your article 3 Read the points below about planning your article. Is there anything
you would add?
1 Identify the main points you need to cover in the task and brainstorm
your ideas around those points.
2 Organise them in a way to make them more interesting and effective.
3 All writing requires a degree of imagination! You dont have to base
what you write on your personal experience.
4 Remember that descriptions should go from general to specific.
5 Check that you have an interesting introduction and conclusion.
4 Write your plan for the article. Include any interesting items of
vocabulary that you would like to use.
36
Module 2
The natural world 2B
Language and content 5 Complete the phrases with the words below.
common community crack home-made manual quiet
self-sufficient starry touch
Work experience
get up at the (1) of dawn
have a sense of working towards a (2) goal
have the aim of being (3) with regard to basics such as
vegetables, etc.
experience a sense of (4)
cook (5) meals
do hard (6) labour
Nature
get back in (7) with nature
look up at the (8) sky at night
enjoy the peace and (9) of the countryside
b Here are some useful adverbs. Check their meanings. Can you
think of any others you might need for your article?
hurriedly painstakingly pleasantly thankfully wearily
c Remember you can use some of the phrases below to describe the
conditions.
boiling hot freezing cold soaking wet pouring with rain
Model introduction 7 Read the two introductions for the task in Exercise 2. Discuss and
analyse which one you prefer, and why.
A B
As I staggered outside sleepily at 6 a.m., the sun I had decided to take part in a volunteer scheme for
was already up and the grass was sparkling with young people from the city to live and work on a
early morning dew. The cows were munching the grass farm for two weeks in the summer. Farm life had
and the sheep were roaming peacefully over a distant always attracted me and I also belonged to an
hillside. Other than that, there was just peace and environmental organisation so I had an interest in
quiet. No noise of traffic, no horns blaring, no people the growing of organic vegetables and in keeping
rushing to work. Yes, my jobs on the farm were about livestock. So it was with lots of enthusiasm that we
to start but for now I had five minutes to enjoy the set off for the farm one day early in July. Little did I
sounds and smells of the natural surroundings. know what delights were awaiting me!
Write your article 8 Now write your article, using the ideas and the language from this
hh
ExpErt StrAtEGIES page 169
section and from Writing 1 (page 30). Write your answer in 280
320 words.
Check your article 9 Edit your article, using the checklist on page 191.
hh
ExpErt WrItING page 191
37
2B Module 2
The natural world
38