PIT SLOPE GEOMETRY
2) Parallel Cut (Drive-by)
Terms
-bench height (BH)
-bench face angle (BFA)
-bank width (BW)
-safety bench (SB) / catch bench (CB)
-working bench (WB) / operating room (OR)
-1 WB per 4-5 benches
-width of cut (WC)
Equations
*Operational:
- SB = (2/3) BH
*Final Pit: (Ramp and WB -> SB)
- SB = (1/3) BH
- SB = Impact zone + WSB
*Overall pit angle = lowermost toe to upper most
crest
- tan(OPA) = BH / (BW + SB)
-when all benches are operating, SB=OR
*Inter-ramp angle (IRA) = (crest to ramp toe) &
(ramp crest to toe); between ramps and WB
- tan(IRA) = BH / (BW + SB +R)
*Working group angle (WGA) = every 3 benches
RAMP GEOMETRY
Important Shovel Specifications
A = Maximum Dumping Height
B = Dumping Radius at Maximum Height (A)
A1 = Dumping Height at Maximum Radius (B1)
B1 = Maximum Dumping Radius
D = Cutting Height (Max)
E = Cutting Radius (Max)
G = Radius of Level Floor (<G1)
I = Clearance Height (Boom Point Sheaves)
J = Clearance Radius (Boom Point Sheaves)
K = Clearance Radius (Revolving Frame)
Drop Cut Strategies
1) Along Centerline (Max Values)
- Max Floor Width = 2G
- Min Crest Width = 2J
- Max Crest Width = 2E
2) Two-cutting Paths (Min Values)
- Max Floor Width = G+K
- Min Crest Width = J+k
- Max Crest Width = E+K+(BW)
*Volume of ramp
- Vramp = (1/2)(B)(H)(Rw)
Rw = (1/2)(Wfloor,max + Wcrest, max)
Cutting Methods
1) Frontal
3) Parallel Turn-and-Back (Single or Double
Spotting)
Minimum Operating Room
1) Parallel Cut (Drive-by)
- OR = WSB + Clearance + (1/2)(Wtruck) +
Dumping Radius (B or B) + Radius at
Level Floor (G)
- WCswell = 2(G)(efficiency)
WCbulk = WCswell / (1+SF) [round up]
- SBcalculated = OR WC
- SBminimum = WSB + 2(Clearance) + Wtruck
2) Parallel Cut Turn-and-Back (Double spotting)
- OR = WSB + Clearance + (1/2)(Wtruck) +
2(B or B) + [(1/2)(Wtruck) + clearance < G]
- WCswell = 2(G)(efficiency)
WCbulk = WCswell / (1+SF) [round up]
- SBcalculated = OR WC
- SBminimum = WSB + Impact zone (IZ)
3) Parallel Cut Turn-and-Back (Single Spotting)
- SBcalculated = SBminimum = Impact zone + WSB
- WCswell = 2(G)(efficiency)
WCbulk = WCswell / (1+SF) [round up]
- WC = x + [B + clearance < G] [find x]
- OR = SBcalculated + x + [B + clearance < G]
Check
-Bench Height < Max Cutting Height (D)
-Dumping Height (A) > Height of Truck
-SBminimum < SBcalculated
-flattest bench face angle
(tan()=(Height at E)/(E-G)) < BFA
-bench stability using Hoek-Brown
OR, i, waste, SR
price, cut-off grade
price, SR
1 tonne (Mt) = 1000 kg
1 ton (st) = 2000 lb
SLOPE STABILITY
Terms
- shear strength ()
- cohesive strength (c) [lb/ft2]
- friction angle (p)
- angle of discontinuity ()
- overall angle (i) [round up]
Equations
- = cA + ntanp
- FS = Fresisting / Fdriving
- FS = (cA + Wcostanp) / Wsin()
- x = 2 (i-)(-p)
Y = H / c
 HAULAGE ROAD Depth (d) using manual method
- bearing force (BF)
Stopping Distance (S) => [GVW, grade, speed] - bearing capacity (BC)
-speed VS stopping distance - tire pressure (pt)
Sight Distance => [speed, stopping distance, - WL = GVW / # of tires
algebraic difference of grade (A), length of - EWL = (1.2 to 1.3)(WL)
vertical curve (L) Le=existing length Ls=safe - EWL = (r2)(pt)
length; H2 = 0.5 ft - BF = ((r+d)2)(BC)
- EWL = BF
-algebraic diff. of grade VS L
If S>Le: Depth (d) using CBR => [EWL, CBR]
- Ls = 2S (200[H11/2 + H21/2]2 / A)
Ditch:
If S<Le:
- dsubgrade = table value + free board (5 ft)
- Ls = (A)(S2) / 100[2H11/2 + 2H21/2]2
-table value => [slope(H:V), grade, run-
Safe Distance Between Trucks: off rate]
- duphill = (2v / 3.6) + (v2 / 254(ct + i)) + 5 - dditch = dsubgrade + tWS + tB + tSB
- ddownhill = (2v / 3.6) + (v2 / 254(ct - i)) + 5
Near wall (H:V) = 3:1/2:1
- v [ft/s]; d [ft]; i [fraction]; ct [coefficient
Road (H:V) = 4:1
of traction]
Collision Berm/Median Berm:
Straight Segment Design
Values by category:
1-Lane = W(2.0)
2-Lane = W(3.5)
3-Lane = W(5.0)
4-Lane = W(6.5)
Curve Road Design => [inner radius, lanes,
category]
Category 1 = <100,000 lb
Category 2 = 100,000-200,000 lb
Category 3 = 200,000-400,000 lb
Category 4 = >400,000 lb
A = base of berm
Cross-slope = (1/4 to 1/2 in / ft of width)
B = height of berm (slope = 1.5:1)
Superelevation rate: C = length of head (slope = 4:1)
- e + f = (v2 / 15R) A/2 = length of tail (slope = 1.5:1)
e (superelevation rate) [ft/ft] [V/H]
-berm spacing => [downgrade, max vehicle
f (side friction factor)
speed]
v (velocity) [mph]
-head points uphill
R (radius of the curve) [ft]
=(1/2)(Whaulage way) + Rinner Conventional Safety Berm
-height = rolling radius of tires
Rate of Cross-slope Change [ft/ft/100ft] =>
-width = tan(45)=(height/0.5width)
[speed]
Switchback
Runout (applies to centerline):
L1 = (0.5)R
- (emaximum einitial) / (rate of cross-slope
L2 = crest-crest
change)
L3 = R-L1-L2
Tangent = (2/3)(Runout)
R1 = L2/2
Curve = (1/3)(Runout)
R2 = 2W
Construction Materials
Wearing Surface
Base
Subbase
Subgrade CBR BC