INTRODUCTION TO WELL

TESTING
Instructor: Fiki Hidayat, M.Eng
WELL TESTING - FOCUS
MAIN CONCEPT OF WELL-TEST ANALYSIS
DATA GATHERING
INTERPRETATION
TERMINOLOGY
TYPES OF WELL TESTS AND POSSIBLE RESULTS
 RESERVOIR PROPERTIES OBTAINABLE FROM VARIOUS
TRANSIENT TESTS (After Kamal et al. 1995)
Drawdown Tests Reservoir Behavior, Permeability, Skin, Fracture Length, Reservoir Limit,
Boundaries
Drill Stem Tests Reservoir Behavior, Fluid Samples, Permeability, Skin, Fracture Length,
Reservoir Pressure, Reservoir Limit, Boundaries
Wireline Formation Pressure Profile, Fluid Samples, Some Reservoir Properties
Tests
Buildup Tests Reservoir Behavior, Permeability, Skin, Fracture Length, Reservoir Limit,
Boundaries
Step-rate Tests Formation Parting Pressure, Permeability, Skin
Falloff Tests Mobility in various banks, Skin, Reservoir Pressure, Fracture Length, Location of
front, Boundaries
Interference and Pulse Communication between Wells, Reservoir Type Behavior, Porosity, Interwell
Tests Permeability, Vertical Permeability
Layered Reservoir Tests Properties of Individual Layers, Horizontal Permeability, Vertical Permeability,
Skin ,Average Layer Pressure, Outer Boundaries
HOW THE RESULT ARE USED
 WELL TESTING ANALYSIS PROCESS
Correct data or Obtain new data
Step 1
Input Quality
Start data control: good No
data?

Step 2
Geological and Step 3
Identify as many flow regimes as
geophysical Input Calculate appropriate initial
possible using input data and
data, cores, well data reservoir system properties from
other reservoir decription
completion each of the flow regimes
information

Adjust parameters on model

Step 4
Regression analysis/history
END matching: Match entire test
Complete report Yes No
response; good match between
model and field test data?
GAUGES FOR WELL TESTING
ROAD MAP TO WELL TEST THEORY
BUT FIRST, A WORD ABOUT UNITS
RADIAL FLOW THEORY
DARCYS LAW
RADIAL SYSTEM STEADY STATE FLOW
FLOW GEOMETRY
SOLUTIONS OF PRESSURE CHANGE
COMBINES THREE PHYSICAL LAWS
CONSERVATION OF MASS (MATERIAL BALANCE)
EQUATION OF MOTION (DARCYS LAW)
EQUATION OF STATE (FLUID COMPRESSIBILITY)
MASS CONSERVATION
SUBSTITUTING EQUATION OF MOTION
DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION
 Initial and Boundary Conditions
To solve the diffusivity equation, we have to know how the pressure
behave at specific distances and time.
Conditions specified at different extremes of distance are known as
boundary conditions, whereas the condition specified at initial time,
t=0, is known as the initial condition.
Due to the second-order equation requires two conditions to obtain a
solution, so we must have two boundary conditions. In radial flow, we
usually specified a condition on pressure at the wellbore (inner-
boundary condition) and at the edge of the drainage area of the
reservoir (outer-boundary condition).
 Inner and Outer Boundary Conditions
Inner Boundary Conditions
Constant-Rate Productions (Possibly have wellbore storage effect)
Constant-Pressure Productions
Outer Boundary Conditions
Infinite-Acting Reservoir (Transient Radial/linear flow)
No-Flow Boundary (Closed Reservoir) (Pseudo-steady-state flow)
Constant-Pressure Outer Boundary (Steady-state flow)

Flow Regime
INFINITE ACTING SYSTEM
TRANSIENT RADIAL FLOW LINE SOURCE
SOLUTION
Line Source Solution describes
the pressure at any point in the
reservoir at any time as a result
of a single change in the flow
rate at the center of the radial
system.
Well represented as line
source. The wellbore is
infinitesimally small (rw 0).
 LINE SOURCE SOLUTION
This well produces at a constant rate with no wellbore storage or skin
from an infinitely large reservoir.
This does not describe a real situation; all reservoirs have a finite
areal extent, and all wells that are drilled have a certain wellbore
radius.
However, the wellbore radius is small compared with the radius of the
reservoir (line-source assumption is not unreasonable).
At early producing times, the effects of the outer boundaries of the
reservoir are not seen and the reservoir acts as if there were no
boundaries (infinite-acting).
DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES
APPROXIMATING THE EXPONENTIAL
INTEGRAL
CONSTANT RATE TRANSIENT SOLUTION AT
THE WELL
 LIMITS OF ITS APPLICABILITY
The line-source solution is an approximation of the more general
cylindrical-source solution.
The limits of its applicability need to be define.
This solution has been shown to be accurate for the range;

At times less than the lower limit, the assumption of zero well size limits
the accuracy of the equation.
At times greater than the upper limit, the reservoir boundaries will affect
the pressure distribution in the reservoir so that the reservoir is no longer
infinite-acting.
LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY
 Problem Example
See example 1.1 from Pressure Transient Texting Book by Lee, Spivey,
and Rollins.
Homework!
Re-write the diffusivity equation complete with its derivation from
continuity equation, darcy, and conservation of mass!
Explain briefly about transient, pseudo-steady-state, and steady-state
flow! (use references from textbook/material required in this course).