PATHOLOGY-PAPER1 Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology gross & micro , clinical features, diagnosis,

treatment. ESSAYS SLE(ROB-131), TB(ROB-486,489), Syphilis, AIDS( ROB-152), Fat embolism,DIC,

Amyloidosis(ROB-161), Leprosy, Shock(ROB-), Typhoid(step-ladder), Edema, Gangrene, Wound Healing,
Inflammation, RA, Sarcoidosis(Rob-471,HM-170), Diabetes ROB-651, Breast lump, Obesity?, Transplant
rejection (kidney) ROB-123, clotting system (Hemostasis), Lead poisoning, Pneumonia, CELL INJURY ,
ADAPTATION & DEATH CELL INJURY 1. What is SNOMED system UNIV Scientific nomenclature in
medicine 2. Mechanism of Cell injury 3. Two causes of Cell injury with eg ROB-
4UNIV 4. Reperfusion injury ROB-9 5. Name two factors that cause mitochondrial permeability
transition ROB-6 Ca, free radicals 6. Ischaemic/Hypoxic injury ROB-9 7. Free Radicals in Cell
injury ROB-9 SOD, Glutathione, Catalase, Vit E, A , C, carotene 8. Fenton Reaction ROB-10fig1-
7(pink box) 9. Name four antioxidants that prevent free radical injury ROB-10 Glutathione,
Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, TRANSFERRIN, CERULOPLASMIN (HM-40) 10. Reversible Cell Injury
HM-41 ROB-24 (1)swelling ; (2)fatty change ; (3)Hyaline change ; (4)Mucoid change 11. Name the
three morphological forms of reversible cell injury HM-42 Cloudy swelling, hyaline change, mucoid
change 12. Pathogenesis in Reversible Cell Injury (1)Cloudy swelling Na entry into cell
water (2)Hyaline change (3)Mucoid change 13. Hydropic change / Cloudy swelling 14. Mention
two tissues most commonly affected by Hydropic degeneration UNIV kidney tubular cells ?,
hepatocytes 15. Cellular Swelling ROB-24 first manifestation of cell injury 16. Draw Hydropic
change Kidney HM-41 fig 17. Pathogenic mechanism in irreversible Cell
injury ADAPTATION. 18. Cellular Adaptation 19. Hyperplasia ROB-13 physiologic & pathologic ;
hormonal&compensatory ; eg when liver is cut,menstruation etc. 20. Atypical HyperplasiaHM-62
same as Dysplasia 21. Metaplasia UNIVx4 ROB-14 reversibile change ; one adult cell type
changed into another. Eg. Smokers,gastric reflux 22. Epithelial Metaplasia HM-61 ROB-14 in resp
tract of smokers 23. DysplasiaHM-62 UNIVx2 disordered cellular development ; no polarity,
NC ratio, nuclear pleomorphism etc ; eg cervix & resp tract. 24. What is meant by AnaplasiaHM-
202 UNIV lack of de-differentiation SUBCELLULAR CHANGES 1. Heterophagy ROB-14 + Fig 1-
11 phagocytic vacuole + lysosome 2. Secondary Lysosome ROB-15 fig heterophagic
phagolysosome 3. Kartagener Syndrome / Immotile Cilia SyndromeROB-16 bronchectasis,
sterility 4. Heat Shock Proteins/Chaperons*** Fig 1-12 INTRACELLULAR
ACCUMULATIONS 1. Hyaline ChangeUNIVx2 HM-42* any subst accumul that gives glassy
apearance intracellularzenkers,Mallory,russels. Extracellularleiomyoma, arteriosclerosis, glomeruli,
corpora amylacea in prostrate, 2. Hyaline Degeneration of muscle occurring in rectus muscle during
typhoid fever ; glassy homogenous eosinophilic material accumulates. 3. Zenkers Degeneration ***
same as above 4. Mallory Body / Alcoholic Hyaline ROB-19 occurs in the hepatocytes of
alcoholics 5. Russel BodyROB-18 UNIV excess IgG in RER of Blood Plasma
cells 6. Lipofuscin / Wear & Tear PigmentROB-20 indicator of free radical injury ; composed of
lipid & protein complexes 7. Brown Atrophy of heart HM-49 ROB-20 . ageing/atrophy ; by
Lipofuscin pigment ;brownish-yellow ; EMperinuclear 8. Hemosiderin ROB-20 iron excess
; 9. HemosiderosisROB-20 systemic overload of iron 10. Brown Induration of LungHM-107
UNIV 11. Name Exogenous & Endogenous Pigments ENDOLipofuscin, Melanin, Hemosiderin EXO
carbon 12. Ochronosis HM-47 bchros, pale yellow, + nosos, disease ; HOMOGENTISIC
ACID accum in body ; auto recess ; urine turns black on expo ; see Rob father 13. Fatty Change /
SteatosisROB-16 14. Mention two causes of Microvesicular Fatty Liver UNIV Multiple tiny droplets
that do not displace the nucleus are known as microvesicular steatosis and appear in such conditions as
alcoholic liver disease and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. 15. Mention two causes of Macrovesicular
Fatty Liver UNIV Alcoholic steatosis (end stage) 16. Tigered effect of Heart ROB-18 UNIV a
fatty degenerated heart in which the fat is disposed in the form of broken stripes in the subendocardial
myocardium. 17. Xanthomas ROB-18 clusters of foamy macrophages in sub-epithelial
tissues 18. Pathologic CalcificationROB-21 HM-56 UNIV deposition of calcium salts+Fe,Mg etc ;
serum Ca levels are normal (dystrophic) or abnormal (metastatic) 19. Dystrophic Calcification
UNIVx2 in areas of necrosis of any type ; serum Ca levels are normal ; Eg. Aortic valves deposaortic
stenosis ; matrix vesicles ; initiation&propagation ; heterotropic bone formation ; 20. Psammoma
BodiesHM-57 characteristic spherules of calcification in Papillary Ca thyroid, Meningioma, Serous
cystadenoscarcinoma of ovary ; Grains of sand ; see Robins father 21. Calcosperites HM-57 same as
psammoma bodies 22. Role of Ca in Cell injury 23. Monckeberg SclerosisHM-57 calcification
of tunica media of arteries in elderly people 24. Calcinosis Cutis HM-57 deposition of ca salts in skin &
subcutaneous tissues 25. Metastatic CalcificationUNIVx2 26. Causes of Metastatic
calcificationROB-22 UNIV 4 causes DEATH 27. Mention two microscopic nuclear changes in
NecrosisROB-25 UNIV karryolysis(blueness fades) ; pyknosis(blueness deepens & nucleus shrinks);
karyohexix(nucleus fragments) 28. Types of Necrosis ROB-26(all fig) UNIV (1)Coagulative by
denaturation (2)Liquefactive by enzymatic digestion. OTHERS: (3)Caseous (4)Fat
(5)Fibrinoid 29. Coagulative Necrosis ROB-25 cell swelling + denaturationof cytoplasmic
proteins + breakdown of cell organelles. ; cell architechture maintained eg: heart in MI (feature of all
hypoxic cell deaths) 30. Liquefactive Necrosis UNIV by enzymatic digestion. Cell architechture not
maintained Eg: brain in infection , gangrene* foot 31. Colliquative Necrosis (Liquefactive
Necrosis)UNIV 32. Eg of Liquefactive necrosis UNIV Eg: brain in infection , gangrene*
foot 33. Define Gangrene HM-54 34. ESSAY UNIV : A 50yr old obese male presented with
gradual darkening and shrivelling of the right great toe. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Dry
Gangrene due to Atherosclerosis. b) Name two basic investigations? HM-54 c) Describe
the morphological investigations? d) How do you differentiate it from other types? 35. Dry Gangrene
UNIV 36. Types of Gangrene HM-56 dry, wet, gas 37. Wet Gangrene 38. Gas GangreneHM-
56 39. TAO 40. Caseous Necrosis ROB-26(fig) special ; in TB ; cheesy white ; 41. Two
egs of caseating granulomas tuberculosis, histoplasmosis 42. Two egs of non-caseating
granulomas sarcoidosis 43. Fat Necrosis in pancreas ; acute pancreatitis 44. What is Fibrinoid
NecrosisHM-52 UNIV brightly eosinophilic ; hyaline like deposition ; fibrin like deposition ; eg in
immunological tissue injury like immune complex vasulitis, autoimmune disease 45. Apoptosis
UNIVx3 46. Morphology of Apoptosis UNIV 47. Draw and Label : Apoptotic Cell 48. Genes
that regulate ApoptosisHM-218 ROB-188 INHIBITING GenesBCL2,BCL-X ; PROMOTING
GenesBAD,BAX,BID. ; BCL2first described in B Cell Lymphoma ; CD95/(Fas) not a gene , death
receptor 49. Name the gene which is an important regulator and inhibitor of Apoptosis? ROB-
188 UNIV 50. Mechanism of Apoptosis 51. Apoptotic Body 52. Name the Apoptotic trigger ROB-
27,8 Cytochrome C 53. Caspases ROB-28,189 Cysteine + aspartic acid 54. Laddering of
DNA ROB-28 fig *** 55. Cellular ageing 56. Hayclick phenomenon ROB-29 human fibroblasts
stop dividing after 50 doublings 57. Progeria ROB-29 premature ageing ; A condition in which
normal development in the first year is followed by gross retardation of growth, with a senile
appearance characterized by dry wrinkled skin, total alopecia, and bird-like facies; genetics
unclear 58. Werner Syndrome ROB-30 one of the diseases that cause progeria ; defective helicase
defective DNA unwinding 59. Clock GenesROB-30 60. Telomerase Hypothesis in ageingROB-30
telomere shortening 61. Cockayne Sundrome ROB-30 defective DNA repair 62. Councilmann
Bodies seen in Viral Hepatitis 63. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome defective phagolysosome formation
defective intracellular trafficking INFLAMMATION & HEALING ACUTE INFLAMMATION 1. Cardinal Signs
of Inflammation UNIV-2007 calor,rubor,tumor,dolor,functiolaesa 2. Signs of
inflammation 3. Vascular phenomenon of Inflammation 4. Vascular Events in Acute
Inflammation 5. Mechanism of increased vascular permeability in Inflammation 6. Endothelial Cell
Contraction / Initial Transient ResponseROB-35 7. Endothelial Cell Retraction 8. Cellular Events
in Acute InflammationROB-37 UNIVx2
margination,rolling,adhesion,transmigration,chemotaxis,phagocytosis, killing 9. Mast Cells in
inflammation 10. Selectins & their role in InflammationUNIV CD62 - E,P,L ; Rolling
molecules 11. What is P-Selectin UNIV Weibel Palade bodies ; 12. Weibel Palade BodiesROB-38 fig
A P selectin in inactive form ; expressed on cell surface 13. Cell Adhesion Molecules ICAM &
VCAM 14. DiapedisisROB-39 UNIV Transmigration using PECAM 15. Chemotaxis ROB-41(fig)
UNIVx3 16. Leukocyte ChemotaxisROB-40 17. Which component of Compliment is
ChemotacticROB-40 UNIV C5a 18. Which component of the Lipooxygenase pathway is chemotactic
ROB-40 LTB4 19. Which cytokine is chemotactic ROB-40 IL8 20. Mention Two Chemotactic
agents for LeukocytesUNIV C5a, LTB4, IL8 21. PhagocytosisROB-42 UNIV 22. Sequence of
events in Phagocytosis 23. Steps in PhagocytosisROB-42 UNIV 3 steps : recognition
&attachment, engulfment, killing 24. OpsoninsROB-42 25. Which immunoglobulin acts as
opsonin ROB-42 IgG 26. Which complement component acts as opsonin ROB-42,46 C3b &
C3bi 27. Role of Opsonins in Inflammation 28. CollectinsROB-42 carbohydrate binding ;
bind to microbial cell wall sugar groups. 29. Mechanism of Oxygen dependent Bacterial KillingROB-
43 UNIV Fig 2-10 NADPH oxidase , Myeloper oxidase (MPO) 30. Oxidative Burst sudden
consumption of Oxygen 31. MPO dependent Killing Fig 2-10 32. Azurophilic granuleROB-43
lysosome of neutrophil ; contains MPO 33. Chediak-Higashi SyndromeROB-43 disordered
intracellular trafficking ; defect in lysosomal degranulation ; auto recess 34. Morphology of Acute
Inflammation HM-150 ROB-57 serous, fibrinous, purulent, ulcer 35. Morphological types of Acute
Inflammation HM-150 ROB-57 36. Membranous InflammationHM-150 37. CellulitisHM-
150 CHEMICAL MEDIATORS 38. Enumerate chemical mediators of inflammation 39. List the
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation 40. Vasoactive amines in Inflammation 41. PAF (Platelet
Activating Factor) 42. Plasma Proteases 4 systems : kinin, clotting, fibrinolytic,
complement 43. Which Kinin increases vascular permeabilityROB-45 UNIV
Bradykinin 44. Name the precursor of Bradykinn ROB-45 HMWK (High molecular weight
Kininogen) 45. Compliment derivatives as chemical mediators of inflammation ROB-46 UNIV C3a
C5a 46. Name 2 compliment derived Anaphylatoxins ROB-46 UNIV C3a
C5a 47. Anaphylatoxins 48. Three methods of Compliment Activation & its effector fn in
Inflammation. ROB-46 Classical & alternate 49. Name the cofactors that activate the alternate
pathway ROB-46 Prperdin, Factor B, Factor D 50. Role of Arachidonic acid Metabolites in Inflammation
ROB-47, 48 box 51. Thromboxane A2 ROB-48 vasoconstriction ; 52. Name an agonist and
antagonist of platelet aggregation ROB-47 TXA2 (agonist) ; PGI2 (antagonist) 53. Function of
Arachidonic acid metabolites in lipooxygenase pathyway ROB-48 UNIV Leukotriens(LT) ; LTA4 to LTE4 ;
LTB4 is chemotactic. Others cause vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased vascular
permiability 54. Prostaglandins in Inflammation dilators ; pain & fever ; 55. Cytokines
ROB-49 UNIV 5 classes ; IL1 & TNF ; IL-8 chemotactic ; 56. Name the fibrogenic Cytokines ROB-269
IL-1, TNF, fibronectin, PDGF, IGF-1 57. ChemokinesROB-50 IL-8 chemotactic ; 58. Name the
chemokines that activate neutrophils in acute inflammation UNIV IL-8, IL-1 & TNF 59. Name the
chemoattractant chemokines for various Leukocytes ROB-50 MCP-1, MIP-1, RANTES,
Eotaxin 60. NO in InflammationROB-51 3 fns : relaxation, platelet, leukocyte 61. EDRF / NO
(Endothelium derived Relaxing factor) 62. Name the precursor aminoacid for NO synthesis in
endothelium ROB-50 L-arginine 63. Outcomes of Acute InflammationROB-52 x3 Resolution,
Scarring , Progression CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (TB & Leprosy) 64. Name cells in chronic
inflammation ROB-55 Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells 65. Role of
Macrophage in Chronic InflammationROB-54 66. Name the cytokines that activates
Macrophages ROB-55,49 IFN- & IL-12 67. **Granuloma HM-154 ROB-121 68. Define &
Classify Granuloma 69. Morphology of Granuloma ROB-121 70. Granulomatous inflammation
ROB-121 eg TB & Leprosy 71. Epitheliod cell ROB-54,121 72. *Giant Cells in
Inflammation HM-148(fig) ROB-121 types , conditions associated? 73. Foreign Body Giant
cellHM-148 upto 100 nuclei in centre 74. Draw and label : Foreign Body Giant Cells UNIV upto 100
nuclei in centre 75. Langhans Giant CellsHM-148 multinucleated giant cells seen in TB & other
granulomatous inflammation 76. Touton Giant CellHM-148 a xanthoma cell in which the multiple
nuclei are grouped around a small island of nonfoamy cytoplasm. 77. Tumour Giant CellsHM-
148 78. Sarcoidosis ESSAY HM-169 ROB-471 systemic disease of unknown etiology a) Name the
intradermal test useful? Kviems Test HM-170 79. Naked Granulomas HM-170 devoid of
peripheral rim of lymphocytes 80. Asteroid Body HM-170 within giant cell ; an eosinophilic
inclusion resembling a star with delicate radiating lines, occurring in a vacuolated area of cytoplasm of a
multinucleated giant cell; especially frequent in sarcoidosis, but occurs also in other
granulomas 81. Schumanns BodyHM-169 fig6-29 seen in Sarcoidosis ; concentric laminations of
Ca. 82. Kviems Test HM-170 *** intradermal test nodular lesion ; Ag prepared from involved
lymph node. 83. Differentiate Acute & Chronic Inflammation SYSTEMIC EFFECTS 84. Systemic effects
of Acute inflammationROB-59 UNIV 85. Name cytokines that induce fever in inflammation ROB-
59 IL-1 & TNF + IL-6 86. Which cytokine is responsible for increased ESR during inflammation ROB-
59 IL-6 87. Mediators of feverROB-59 IL-1 IL-6 TNF 88. Acute Phase
proteins 89. Leukemoid ReactionROB-59 leukocytosis upto 100,000 cells REPAIR & HEALING (HM-
172) 1. ESSAY UNIV : A 20yr old male patient was admitted to the hospital with a lacerated , infected
wound in the leg with tissue loss. The wound was covered with necrotic material which was cleared in a
few days time and the base became red and granular. a) What is the type of healing you expect to
occur? b) Descrbe the different steps involved in this type of healing? c) What are the
complications of wound healing? d) Factors affecting healing? HM-177 e) Name the growth
factors in wound healing? ROB-73 EGF, PDGF, TGF, bFGF, VEGF, Cytokines like IL1 & TNF 2. ESSAY
UNIV : A 23 yr old woman had undergone caesarean section 15 days back. The sutures were removed on
the 8th post-operative day. a) Discuss the process which enabled the removal of
sutures? b) Outline the entire process in stages? c) Mention promoting and inhibitory factors for the
above process? 3. ESSAY : 40/F underwent hysterectomy for fibroid removal through
abdominal incision. Find the healing process a) Type of healing b) Factors influencing
healing c) Differentiating features from other type of
healing d) Complications 4. ESSAY UNIV : A 23 yr old man presented with swelling in
ankle. O/E discharging sinus present. He had a h/o injury to Achilles tendon. Biopsy was taken for
histopathological examination. a) What is yourdiagnosis? b) Describe the histological
appearance? c) What are the stages of healing a surgical wound? 5. Explain the terms
Healing, Regeneration & Repair ?HM-171 Regenerationprolif of parenchymal cells.
Repairproliferation of connective tissue. Healingcombination of Regeneration & Repair. 6. Cyclins
ROB-62,182 CDKs 7. Name two cell cycle regulators? ROB-63 CDKN1A (CDK
inhibitiors) 8. Types of SignallingROB-65 9. Extra Cellular MatrixROB-67 consists of BM &
interstitial matrix. Collagen,Elastin,Proteoglycans&Hyaluronan. 10. Functions of Extracelullar
MatrixROB-67 11. Name the non-fibrillar Collagen ROB-68 Collagen type IV. FILBRILLAR I, III,
V 12. Vitamin required for Collagen crosslinkingROB-68 Vit C 13. Marfans
Syndrome 14. Name the cell Adhesives to ECM ROB-68 Fibronectin & Laminin 15. Cell Adhesion
Molecules HM-31 CD44, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, M-cadherin 16. IntegrinsROB-69 intracellular
domain binds to cytoskeletal elements. 17. Angiogenesis ROB-71,HM-173 4 steps (see
fig) 18. Name growth factors for Angiogenesis ROB-72 bFGF & VEGF 19. Name the Zn
dependant metallopriteinases that favour scar remodeeling ROB-72 fig 3-12 interstitial collagenases,
gelatinases, stromelysins 20. Draw & Label : Granulation Tissue HM-173,ROB-71
UNIVx3 21. Granulation TissueHM-173 UNIV granular appearance due to blood vessels ;
inflammationclearance of inflammationangiogenesis + Fibrogenesis 22. CicatrisationHM-
173 incre fibroblasts and incr deposition of collegen ; inactive looking scar ; 23. Mention two growth
factors for fibroblasts in wound healingROB-73 UNIV bFGF, EGF, PDGF, 24. Name the cytokine
growth factors in wound healing ROB-73 IL-1 & TNF 25. Mechanism of Wound Healing by First
Intention 26. Mechanism of Wound Healing by Second Intention 27. Healing in surgical
incision 28. Name the phenomenon that differentiates primary & secondary wound healing UNIV
wound contraction 29. Wound ContractionHM-173 mechs : dehydration, collagen contr,
myofibroblasts* . 30. Complications of Wound HealingHM-176 UNIV infection,keloid,incisional
hernia,epidermal cyst,pigmentation 31. Name two aberrations of Normal wound healing
UNIV 32. Implantation Cyst/Epidermal CystHM-176 a cyst formed of a mass of epidermal cells
which, as a result of trauma, has been pushed beneath the epidermis; the cyst is lined with stratified
squamous epithelium and contains concentric layers of keratin. 33. Factors affecting RepairHM-177
UNIVx2 local & systemic factors 34. Factors influencing Wound HealingHM-177 local & systemic
factors 35. Vitamin C in healing ROB-68 collagen crosslinking is dependant on vit
C 36. KeloidsROB-76 FRACTURE HEALING ESSAY 37. ESSAY : 20yr old fell from a coconut tree
sustained closed fracture in shaft of right femur. Answer the following questions a) Write the
stages of fracture healing? HM-177 b) Factors influencing healing? c) Complications
expected in this? 38. What is Callus ? Mention 4 typesHM-178 UNIV Soft tissue Callus Woven
bone Callus Procallus Osseus Callus 39. Complications of fracture healing UNIV PAPER
II HEMODYNAMICS EDEMA, HYPEREMIA,
CONGESTION,HEMORRHAGE. 25. Edema ESSAY 26. ESSAY UNIV : A 15yr old boy having mitral
stenosis developed dysnoea, pedal edema, and ascites. a) What type of fluid do you get in ascitic
cavity? b) Draw a flow chart as to the cause of edema in this condition? [1+9
marks] 27. Classification of Edema HM-97 Fig 5-4 28. Causes of Edema ROB-
80 29. Pathogenesis of Edema hydrostatic pressure(fluid load in vessel due to HF), plasma osmotic
pressure (loss of albumin), Lymphatic obstruction, Na & water retension. 30. Cardiac
Edema UNIVx2 31. Factors producing edema in CCF 32. Pathology of Cardiac Edema Fig 4-2
ROB-82 Morphology 33. Pathogenesis of Renal Edema UNIV HM-99 34. Renal
Edema 35. Hepatic Edema 36. Anasarca/Dropsy ROB-80 severe generalised
edema 37. Differentiate Transudate & Exudate HM-98 38. Transudate protein poor ; seen in
hydrodynamic derangements 39. Exudate protein rich ; seen in inflammatory 40. Chronic Passive
Congestion 41. Pathology of Venous Congestion 42. Draw & Label CVC Lung UNIVx3 heart failure
cells 43. Heart failure Cells ROB-82 HM-108 macrophages in the lung during left heart failure that
often carry large amounts of hemosiderin. See Also: siderophore. 44. Brown induration of Lung UNIV
HM-107 sectioned surface of a CVC lung, brown colour 45. Nutmeg Liver ROB-83
UNIVx3 46. CVC Spleen HM-108 + 47. Gamna Gandy Bodies UNIV HM-108,466 seen in
congestion of spleen ; small firm spheroidal or irregular foci that are yellow-brown, brown, or rustlike in
color, occurring chiefly in the spleen in such conditions as congestive splenomegaly and sickle cell
disease, and consisting of relatively dense fibrous tissue or collagenous fibers impregnated with iron
pigment and calcium salts; probably result from organization and scarring of sites where small
perivascular hemorrhages occurred. SYN-siderotic nodules. 48. Hematoma - Types HEMOSTASIS &
THROMBOSIS. 49. **Virchows Triad ROB-90 UNIVx2 50. Four Causes of Hypercoagulable State
ROB-91 table Factor V mutation, Prothrombin mutation, Antithrombin III deficiency, Protein C
deficiency 51. Leiden mutation ROB-91 factor V mutation protein C cannot inactivate factor
Va. 52. Name two hypercoagulable states ROB-91 table UNIV HIT & APS 53. HIT
Syndrome ROB-91 administration of unfractionated heparin 54. APS ROB-91 antibodies in plasma
directed against phospholipid membranes affects platelet membranes etc interferes
clotting 55. Lupus anticoagulants ROB-131 *** antiphospholipid antibodies that occur in SLE in the
blood attacks platelets, lymphocytes, & RBCS prolongs clotting 56. Antithrombotic
properties of Endothelium ROB-86 Fig4-6 antithrombin, thrombomodulin, protein C, t-
PA 57. Mention two Antithrombotic properties of Endothelium ROB-86 Fig4-6 UNIV 58. Draw
and Label : Blood cells in normal flow in blood vessels 59. What do dense bodies contain? UNIV ROB-
86,87 ATP, ADP, ionised Ca, Histamine, Serotonin, Epinephrine ; delta granules ; platelets
secretions 60. What do granules contain ROB-86 fibrinogen, fibronectin, factors V & VIII, platelet
factor 4 61. Name mediators of platelet aggregation ROB-87 TXA2*, ADP,
fibrinogen 62. Role of fibrinogen in platelet aggregation ROB-87 63. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome GpIb
deficiecy 64. Glanzmann thrombastenia GpIIb-IIIa deficiency 65. Differentiate Arterial &
Venous thrombi 66. Differentiate Venous & Post mortem ClotROB-92 67. Role of Platelets in
Hemostasis ROB-87 68. ThrombusROB-92 UNIV 69. Morphology of ThrombusROB-
92 70. Lines of ZahnROB-92 pale lyrs of platelets 71. Red ThrombusROB-92 syn. Venous
thrombi 72. Mural Thrombi ROB-92 mural means wall 73. Difference b/w Thrombus & PM Clot ROB-
92 74. Gross appearance of Post Mortem Clot ROB-92 75. Chicken fat clot ROB-
92 76. Fate of a thrombusROB-93 UNIVx5 code - PEDOR (1)Propagation (2)Embolisation
(3)Dissolution (4)Organisation (5)Recanalisation. 77. Two Anti-thrombotic substances in blood
Antithrombin, Protein C 78. Two Prothrombotic Substances in blood vWF,
fibrinogen EMBOLISM 1. Pulmonary Thromboembolism ROB-95 2. Saddle Embolism ROB-
95 3. Paradoxical Embolism ROB-95 embolus enters systemic circulation 4. Fat Embolism ESSAY
asked HM-125 (HM has more) 5. ESSAY UNIV : A 32yr old female was admitted to the hospital
with multiple injuries including fracture of the right femur, right tibia and left humerus. The fractures are
stabilised at surgery and she was in a stable condition. But 2 days after admission she suddenly became
severely dysnoeic and restless. a) What would have been the most likely cause of her sudden
respiratory difficulty? b) Discuss the pathogenesis of this condition? c) What are the
microscopic findings in the lung? HM-125 d) Mention two other organs which may be affected by
this condition? HM-125 Brain, Kidney 6. ESSAY UNIV : 35yr old male was admitted for a compound
fracture of femur. On 3rd day he developed dysnoea and chest pain and died within a few
minutes. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Fat Embolism b) What is the cause of death? c) Name
three organs you will study in this case? d) Indicate special study to confirm your
diagnosis? e) What is the etiopathogenesis? 7. Air embolism HM 8. Caissons Disease
UNIV ROB-96 (Decompression Sickness) Air embolism 9. Amniotic fluid Embolism
UNIV 10. ESSAY UNIV : 25yr old lady suddenly without warning developed profound respiratory
difficulty with deep cyanosis immediately after delivery during the post partum period. a) What is
your provisional diagnosis? b) Two important causes of death in this condition? c) What will be the
microscopic picture of lung in this case? Presence of squamous cells from fetus, fat from vernix casosa,
and mucin derived from the respiratory or gi tracts. Also marked pulmonary edema and changes of
diffuse alveolar damage d) Describe the pathogenesis of the above condition? 11.What is the
effect of tumour embolism UNIV HM-204,127 Causes metastatic deposits of tumour ; eg clear cell ca
kidney, ca lung etc 12. Infarction Types and Pathogenesis UNIV 13. Types of Infarct with
eg. 14. Factors that condition the development of infarct 15. Red Infarct triangle ; base & apex
; 16. Red Infarct & Red Thrombus 17. What is White infarct UNIV ROB-97 18. Infarct Kidney
Gross HM-132 19. Draw & Label : Atheroma UNIVx2 ROB-328 SHOCK 20. ESSAY UNIV : A 25 yr old
with open fracture suddenly developed fever, sweating , hypotension , flushed skin and circulatory
collapse a) What is your diagnosis? b) What is the pathogenesis of the above
condition? c) What are the other types of shock? d) What are the stages of
shock? 21. Define Shock 22. Classification of Shock ROB-99 HB-110 cardiogenic,
hypovolemic, septic 23. Mention two causes of Hypovolemic shock UNIV Hemorrhage, Fluid loss by
burns,vomiting,diarrhoea 24. What is primary Shock? HB-109 Mention the mechanism of its
causation? HB-109 UNIV 25. Stages of Shock ROB-100 UNIV 26. Reversible
Shock 27. Decompensated Shock / Irreversible Shock HB-112 28. Pathogenesis of
Shock (1)Reduced effective circulating volume (2)Tissue Anoxia 29. Pathogenesis of Septic Shock
Lipopolysacharides ; Cytokine cascade ; 30. What are endotoxin composed of?ROB-318 UNIV
Lipopolysacharides 31. Toll Receptor ROB-99 LPS binds to Toll receptor ; 32. Lung in
Shock 33. Shock LungHM-114 due to Bacterial sepsis ; diffuse alveolar damage. 34. Shock
Kidney HM-114 DISEASES OF IMMUNITY GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. T-Lymphocyte 70% ; TCR ; TCR
Complex ; Mech of Activation ; 2 signals ; Types-helper&cytotoxic ; further types. 2. TCR
structure ROB-104,106fig 3. TCR Complex ROB-104,106 fig 4. T Cell Activation ROB-105 2
signals ; 5. Dendritic Cells ROB-107 6. Name the most potent APC for T lymphocytes? ROB-107
Dendritic cells 7. NK Cells ROB-107 8. HLA ROB-108 9. HLA Restriction ROB-
108 10. Ankylosing Spondylitis HLA B27 11. Name four diseases associated with HLA ROB-
109 12. MHC ROB-108 chromosome 6 , a small segment in the chromosome , 13. Structure of
MHC Class 1ROB-108 fig cleft to lodge peptide ; non-polymorphic + polymorphic chains ; 14. Mention
two important functions of MHCROB-109 UNIV transplantation ; presentation of antigen to lymphocytes
; 15. Significance of Histocompatibility MoleculesROB-109 16. HLA DiseasesROB-109
table 17. CytokinesROB-110 18. Superantigens ROB-111 (cytokine related disease) microbial protein ;
binds outside cleft ; polyclonal T-cell activationwidespread cytokine releaseshock ; eg staph food
poisoning 19. LymphokinesROB-110 earlier name for cytokines, coz they were earlier thought to be
secreted only by lymphocytes 20. MonokinesROB-110 earlier name for
cytokines 21. Monoclonal Antibodies HB-65 22. Bence Jones Proteins
UNIV HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS 1. Mention 4 types with 1 eg each HM-74 BOX
UNIV 2. Immune mechanism of Type 1 Hypersensitivity ROB-113 fig5-7 3. Anaphylaxis
ROB-114 4. ESSAY UNIV : Following an ijection of a penicillinHM-74 a patient develops bronchospasm,
laryngeal edema, low blood pressure, erythema and urticaria. a) What is your provisional
diagnosis? Anaphylaxis b) Which antibodies mediate this response? c) What is the pathogenesis
of this condition? d) Summarise the actions of chemical mediators involved? 5. Two egs of
Type 1 hypersensitivity 6. Name the primary mediators in Type 1 Hypersensitiviy reactions ROB-113
fig113 UNIV Histamine, adenosine, heparin, neutral proteases like tryptase, 7. Asthma ESSAY ROB-456
*** 8. Immune Mechanism in Parasitic infections ROB-115 9. Type two Hypersensitivity ROB-
115 10. ADCC Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity ROB-115 11. Immune Complex
Disease UNIV 12. Name two diseases which are examples of type III Hypersensitivity UNIV serum
sickness, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis 13. Serum Sickness ROB-117 3 phases (see fig) ;
formation ; deposition ; causing inflammation 14. Morphology of Necrotising Vasculitis ROB-
118 15. Arthus Reaction ROB-119 inject Agedema,hemorrhgae&ulceration ; Type 3 ; Local
Immune Complex Rxn ; 16. Delayed type Hypersensitivity ROB-119 17. Tuberculin Reaction
ROB-119 18. Granuloma see fig 5-16 TRANSPLANT REJECTION Essay ??? 19. GVHD - Graft
Versus Host DiseaseROB-125 *** occurs when BM transplanted to a immunocompromised host ; the
graft attacks the immunocompromised host when it recognises it as foreign. 20. GVH
Reaction 21. Mechanism of Transplant Rejection HM-82 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES Systemic Lupus
Erythematosis (SLE) *** Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Sclerosis Sjogrens Syndrome Reiters
Syndrome 22. What is autoimmunity UNIV immune reaction to self antigens 23. Mention
two autoimmune diseases? ROB-126 table UNIV SLE,RA,Sjogren,Reiter 24. Self Tolerance ROB-
126 25. Immunologenic Tolerance ROB-126 central&peripheral ; 26. Anergy ROB-126
second co-stimulation by CD28 not given inactivation of T lymphocytes 27. Clonal Deletion
Theory The elimination of certain T cell populations in the thymus that have receptors for self-antigens.
See: immunologic tolerance. 28. Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases 29. Molecular Mimicry
ROB-128 30. Molecular Mimicry in autoimmune disease UNIV ROB-128 step throat infection followed
by Rheum Heart disease ; antigen of strep is similar to the self-antigen in heart, so Abs produced against
Strep also acts on Heart. 31. Systemic Lupus Erythematosis ESSAY ROB-130 HM-
77 32. ESSAY : 35/F came with generalised edema more on the face with hyperpigmented
butterfly shaped rash over the face. Diagnosed to suffer from nephritic syndrome. a) Name the
underlying disease given rise to nephrotic syndrome? SLE with renal involvement b) Enumerate urinary
findings in this case? c) Gross & light microscopic features of kidney? ROB-135 d) What are the
diagnostic criteria for this disease? ROB-130 33. ESSAY : A 25yr old woman presents with fever,
pain, malar rash, chest pain, and phostosensitivity. O/E hematuria, red cell cast, proteinuria
present. a) What is your diagnosis? SLE b) What is the specific test? Detecting Abs specific to Smith Ag
or dsDNA is the specific test ROB-131 c) What is the commonly done test? Nuclear
Immunoflurescense ROB-131 d) What are the patterns you get in the above test? e) Describe
the pathogenesis? Failure to maintain self tolerance ROB-128 f) Describe the pattern demonstrated
in biopsy? 34. Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) ROB-131 UNIV Table 5-6 35. Specific Abs in
SLEROB-131 Smith Antigen 36. Draw and label : LE Cell HB-79 UNIVx2 lupus
erythematosis 37. LE Cell UNIVx3 ROB-132 neutrophil that engulfs homogenous nucleus of injured
cell. 38. Tart Cell HB-79 a monocye that engulfs the homogenous nuclear material 39. LE
Bodies ROB-132 normal nucleus loses chr pattern and becomes homogenous ; seen as Le
bodies 40. LE Cell Phenomenon HB-78 41. Lupus anticoagulants ROB-131 antiphospholipid
antibodies that occur in SLE in the blood attacks platelets, lymphocytes, & RBCS prolongs
clotting 42. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome ROB-131, 91 hypercoagulable
state 43. Libbman-Saccs Endocarditis ROB-134 warty deposits on either side of
valves 44. Morphology of Heart in SLE ROB-134 UNIV 45. Renal involvement in SLE ROB-134
*** 46. Lupus Nephritis ROB-134 HM-80 *** 47. Wire Loop Lesions ROB-
135 48. Immunopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis 49. Morphological alterations in
Rheumatoid Arthritis ROB-136 pannus formation ; smooth synoval membranes becomes frond like
projections (Fig5-27) 50. Pannus ROB-137 51. Swan neck deformity ROB-136 52. Draw &
label : Microscopy of Rheumatoid Nodule ROB-138 fug central fibrinoid necrosis + palisading
macrophages + rimmed by granulation tissue 53. Stills Disease ROB-139 variant of (Juvenile
Rheumatoid Arthritis) ; acute fever & leukocytosis, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, rash
etc. 54. Ankylosing Spondylitis ROB-139 HLA-B27 association 55. Sjogren Syndrome*** ROB-
139 dry mouth , dry eyes ; epithelial cells of the duct are the target. 56. SICCA Syndrome HM-81 dry
eyes + dry mouth 57. Reiter Syndrome UNIV HM-81 the association of urethritis, iridocyclitis,
mucocutaneous lesions, and arthritis, sometimes with diarrhea; one or more of these conditions may
recur at intervals of months or years, but the arthritis may be persistent. 58. Scleroderma ROB-
141 (hard skin) 59. CREST Syndrome ROB-141 Calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, Esophageal
dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia 60. Cardiac Raynaud ROB-143 61. Raynaud
Phenomenon ROB-143 62. Dermatomyositis see fig 5-34 ; heliotroic discolouration around
eyes 63. Aschoff Nodules ROB-375 see Rheumatic Carditis IMMUNODEFICIENCY
DISEASES 64. Bruton Disease agammaglobulinemia ; X linked ; failure of pre-Bcells to mature into B-
Cells ; 65. Hyper IgM Syndrome ROB-146 normal levels of IgM , but fail to produce IgG IgA
IgE 66. Isotype Switching ROB-146 Abs appear only in an order ie IgM IgD
etc 67. Hypergammaglobulinemia 68. Name the most common primary immunodeficiency disease
ROB-146 IgA deficiency 69. Digeorge Syndrome ROB-146 thymic hypoplasia 70. SCID ROB-
146 defect in both humoral & cell mediated immune responses. 71. Name the enzyme deficient in
SCID ROB-217,145 Adenosine deaminase 72. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome ROB-
147 immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and
eczema. 73. AIDSESSAY 74. Immunopathogenesis of HIV 75. Four Neoplasms associated
with AIDS *** ROB-156 table Kaposi sarcoma, Burkitts Lymphoma, Primary CNS
Lymphoma 76. Mention two groups of individuals who are at high risk of getting HIV infection
thru parentral route UNIV 77. Burnt out Lymph nodes 78. Pediatric
AIDS 79. Opportunistic infections in HIV 80. Any four opportunistic infection in HIV infection
UNIV 81. Name fungal infections in AIDS AMYLOIDOSIS 82. ESSAY UNIV : A 50yr old man
having chronic Osteomyelitis for 10yrs developed massive proteinuria. a) What is the diagnosis?
Secondary Amyloidosis HM-88 b) What is the pathogenesis of this lesion? c) What is the
morphology of kidney in this case? d) What is the CNS manifestation of this disease?Describe its
pathogenesis? ROB-842 Alzheimers disease ; A deposition 83. ESSAY : 40yr male suffering from
severe bony pain on lumbar region. Xray revealed multiple osteolytic lesions in L2,3,4 vertebrae. Blood
investigations were Hb 10g%, PBS showed prominent rouleux formation. Bone marrow aspirate smears
clinched the diagnosis. HM-459 a) Suggest possible diagnosis? Multiple
Myeloma b) Other investigations you want to do? Serum Electrophoresis, BM aspirate, X-
ray c) Name the immunological disorder under which it is grouped? Plasma cell
dyscrasias. d) Describe in detail about the immune substance present in this case? 84. ESSAY :
A 25yr old man from leprosy sanitarium presented with severe edema. O/E proteinuria, hyperlipidemia
and lipiduria. a) What is your diagnosis? Amyloidosis b) Name the dye used to diagnoise the
condition in a biopsy section? c) Pathology of kidney in this condition and other organs
onvolved? d) How can you classify this disease according to immunological status? Secondary
Amyloidosis 85. What is Amyloid ? Mention a special stain used for its demonstrationROB-162
UNIVCongo Red 86. AmyloidosisESSAY 87. Amyloidosis UNIV 88. Structure of Amyloid fibril + P-
component 89. Source and Chemical nature of Amyloid 90. Precursor Proteins of Amyloid
UNIV 91. Tinctorial properties of Amyloid UNIV HM-89(table) + Relating to coloring or
staining. 92. Staining Reactions of amyloidosis HM-89(table) + Special Stains for Amyloid
UNIV 93. Stains for Amyloid 94. Important tool in Diagnosis of Amyloidosis ROB-163 biopsy
followed by staining with Congo red 95. Primary Amyloidosis AL ; immunocyte dyscrasia ; eg. multiple
myeloma; 96. Lesions in Secondary Amyloidosis AM ; SPLEEN LIVER KIDNEY
HEART 97. Name two tumours that causes Amyloidosis? ROB-160 RCC & Hodgkin
Lymphoma 98. Sago Spleen ROB-162 tapioca like deposits ; in splenic
follicles 99. Lardaceous SpleenROB-162 (Waxy Spleen) ROB-162 sheet like deposits ; Lard fat of
pig ; in splenic sinuses 1. Senile Amyloidosis ROB-163 normal TTR deposition in heart of
old 2. Amyloidosis of Ageing 3. Dew drop endocardium UNIV ROB-162 sub-endocardial
deposits of amyloid NEOPLASIA Carcinoma epithelial origin Sarcoma mesenchymal origin (sarcos
means fleshy) TUMOUR CHARACTERISTICS 1. Draw & Label : Malignant Cell UNIVx2 HM-203 fig 8-
2B 2. Features of Malignancy UNIV HM-202 fig 10 feaures. 3. Classify
Tumours 4. Characters of Malignant Tumours 5. Characteritic features of
malignancy 6. Differences b/w Benign & Malignant Tumours HM-200 ROB-
173 7. Differentiate Carcinoma & Sarcoma HM-197,fig8-1 epithelial & mesenchymail origin
; 8. Teratoma HM-198 + +ROB-167 totipotent cells from 3 germ layers. 9. Hamartoma HM-
198 ROB-251 eg hamartoma of lung [hamartion, a bodily defect, + -oma, tumor] ; linkage between
malformations and neoplasms 10. Peutz-jeghers Syndrome generalized hamartomatous multiple
polyposis of the intestinal tract, consistently involving the jejunum, associated with melanin spots of the
lips, buccal mucosa, and fingers 11. Choristoma HM-198 ROB-251 [choristos-separated] ectopic
islands of normal tissue ; not a true tumour ; A mass formed by maldevelopment of tissue of a type not
normally found at that site; eg pancreatic tissue found in stomach, adrenal tissue found in
kidney, 12. Heterotopia same as choristoma 13. Seminoma UNIV 14. Mixed Tumour HM-
198 eg. Adenosquamous carcinoma in endometrium , Adenoacanthoma in endometrium ,
Carcinosarcoma in thyroid, Pleomorhic adenoma of Salivary gland(fig6-2 inROB) 15. Draw & Label :
Adenoma UNIV HM-201 from glands ; 16. Collision Tumour HM-198 two cancers in one organ , but
do not mix. 17. Define Neoplasia 18. What is meant by Anaplasia UNIV HM-202 lack of
differentiation 19. *Anaplasia HM-202 (De-differentiation/Cellular Atypia)not typical lack of
differentiation from normal cells. 20. Features of Anaplasia HM-202 21. *Philadelphia
Chromosome HM-203 (discoverd in Philadelphia) seen in CML ; (t9 ; 22) 22. Dysplasia ROB-170
disorderly but on-neoplastic proliferation ; 23. What is Desmoplasia HM-204 [desmos-band plasis-
molding] excess fibrous connective tissue in stroma of epithelial tumourhard schirrous
tumour. Hyperplasia of fibroblasts and disproportionate formation of fibrous connective tissue,
especially in the stroma of a carcinoma. 24. Two tumours with significant Desmoplasia HM-204 eg.
Infiltrating duct Ca in Breast , linitis plastica of Stomach 25. Define Metastasis 26. Mechanism of
Metastasis ROB-191 fig 6-25 27. *Modes of Metastasis HM-204 Lymphatic & Hematogenous
&others 28. Mention four modes of spread of malignant neoplasms UNIV transcoelomic, via
CSF, seeding , hematogenous & lymphatic 29. Routes of Metastasis 30. Spread of tumours by
Lymphatics UNIV skip metastasis, virchows node, regional l nodes (ca breast,ca lung,ca thyroid),
lodgement in subcapsular sinus. 31. Littoral Cells the cells lining the lymphatic sinuses of lymph
nodes and the blood sinuses of bone marrow. 32. Skip Metastasis ROB-174 HM-205 cancer cells
trapped in distant nodes than proximate nodes. 33. Virchows Node / Jugular Gland HM-205 left
supraclavicular node 34. Two Carcinomas spreading by Hematogenous Route carcinoma of lung,
breast, thyroid, kidney, liver, prostrate & ovary. 35. Two Carcinomas known for transcoelomic
spread HM-206 eg. CA stomach to ovary (krukenberg tumour) , CA ovary to entire
periton 36. Krukenberg Tumour HM-775 figure metastatic tumour from
stomach/colon/appendix/breast to Ovary, by transcoelomic spread,signet ring cells, mucinous
carcinoma, bilateral. 37. What is Krukenberg tumour UNIV HM-207,574,775(fig) 38. What
is a precancerous condition? Give examples ROB-177 UNIV cirrhosis HCC liver, chronic skin fistula
SCC, Atypical hyperplasia Endometrial Ca, Chronic UC colonic cancer 39. Paraneoplastic
Syndromes Compare 40. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) HM-211 + ROB-170 fig 6-6 41. Two sites
of CIS 42. CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)HM-211 ROB-170 same as carcinoma in
situ 43. Name two non-encapsulated Benign Tumours 44. Name two carcinomas with
local invasion only HM-211 carcinoma in situ eg.cervix, bowens disease of skin, oral leukoplakia
etc 45. Occupational Tumours ROB-176 table UNIV CARCINOGENESIS (1)Protooncogenes
(2)Antioncogenes (3)apoptosis regulating genes 1. Multi-step CarcinogenesisROB-179(figure6-
16),193 HM-213(figure8-6) (1) growth signals(proto-concogenesoncgenes) ACTIVATED (2)
growth inhibitory signals (anti-oncogenes) DEACTIVATED (3) apoptosis regulating genes
DEACTIVATED (4) Angiogenesis ACTIVATED 2. Proto-Oncogene & Oncogene
Protooncogenesnormal growth promoting genes. Oncogenesmutant alleles of
protooncogenes. 3. What is Proto-oncogene UNIV Protooncogenesnormal growth promoting
genes. ; mutated to form oncogenes. 4. OncogenesUNIVx2 HM-216 (table) + + ROB-178 RAS , PDGF
, TDGa , dominant, recessive oncogenes, ROB- , produce oncoproteins , 5. Oncogenes and their
associated tumour 6. Hallmarks of Cancer ROB-180 fig6-17 six hallmarks. ONCOGENES Mutation
of Proto-Oncogenes to Oncogenes + SIGNAL TRANSDUCING PROTEINS BASICS : Growth factorsGrowth
factor receptorsSignal transducing with the help of proteinssecond messengers. Cytosol to
nucleuscell cycle cyclinscell division 7. Name the protooncogene involved in signal transduction
UNIVx2 8. RAS geneHM-215 + ROB-181 fig 6-18* (Rat Sarcoma gene) produces RAS proteins; an
oncogene, present in 1/3rd of tumours ; signal transducing protein; present in inner leaflet of plasma
membrane; active form by GTP/GDP; point mutations at 3 hot spots 12,13,61 ; 9. ABL gene ROB-
182 10. MYC gene ROB-182 ANTI-ONCOGENES Inactivation of Anti-Oncogenes by Mutation (P53 &
RB) 11. What is P53/ TP53 UNIVx2 HM-216 + ROB-187(figure6-23) short arm(p) of Chr 17 ;
protector of the genome ; 70% human cancers ; homozygous loss of P53 ; loss of the guardian one
way street leading to malignant transformation; 12. Actions of RB gene & P53 geneHM-
216 13. List Four Cancer Suppressor Genes & Four Cancers produced by their Mutation HM-
217(table) 14. Name Two tumour suppressor genes HM-126 UNIV 15. RB gene
(Retinoblastoma gene)HM-216 + ROB-185(figure) first tumour suppressor gene discovered ; hyper &
hypo phosphorylated form ; G1S ; sporadic & familial forms of retinoblastoma 16. Fn of
Underphosphorylated Retinoblastoma gene (web) +ROB-182,184 fig 6-21 inhibits e2f (e2factors); G1S
phase in cell cycle. 17. *Knudsons Two Hit Hypothesis HM-217 + ROB-184 to explain sporadic &
familial forms of retinoblastoma ; states that two mutations(hits) are needed to produce
retinoblastoma ; for inherited cancers ; 18. Knudsons Hypothesis UNIV 19. Le-Fraumeni
Syndrome ROB-188 HM-217 *** syndrome seen in individuals with one hit of RB mutation ; 25 times
chances to develop a malignant tumour by age 50 ; 20. Pathogenesis of Retinoblastoma ROB-
184 sporadic & familial forms of retinoblastoma ; two mutations(hits) are needed to produce
retinoblastoma ; hyper & hypo phosphorylated form ; G1S ; OTHERS 21. Genes that regulate
Apoptosis HM-218 INHIBITING GenesBCL-2,BCL-X ; PROMOTING GenesBAD,BAX,BID. BCL2first
described in B Cell Lymphoma ; CD95/(Fas) not a gene , death receptor 22. Name the gene
which is an important regulator and inhibitor of Apoptosis? UNIV BCL2first described in B Cell
Lymphoma 23. Caspases ROB-28,189 Cysteine + aspartic acid 24. Growth Fraction ROB
father The proportion of cells within the tumor population that are in the proliferative pool is referred
to as the growth fraction 25. List Four inherited Cancer HM-217(table) Retinoblastoma, Familial
Polyposis Coli, Xeroderma pigmentosum, Neurofibromatosis etc 26. Name two Neoplasms showing
high incidence of Genetic predisposition 27. Tumour associated Angiogenic factorsROB-
190 CARCINOGENIC AGENTS CHEMICAL 28. What are the Carcinogens? UNIV 29. Types of
Carcinogens 30. Procarcinogens ROB-196 (tavle 6-5) HM-222 require metablic activation ; eg
Benzopyrene, benzanthrazene, Di-benzanthrazene, Aflatoxin B1, Betel nut,
Griseofulvin, 31. Name few Biological Carcinogens ROB-197 HM-222 Aflatoxin B1, Betel nut,
Griseofulvin, 32. What is ultimate Carcinogen ROB-196 UNIV active end products of
procarcinogens 33. List Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons Benzopyrene, benzanthrazene, Di-
benzanthrazene, 34. Oncogenesis by aromatic Hydrocarbons UNIV smoking Benzopyrene
; 35. Smoking and related lung tumour 36. Chemical CarcinogenesisROB-196 HM-221(fig) same ;
RAS as transducing gene ; P53 protector is suppressed ; DNA damage ; Target cellinitiated cell
cancer cellsHM-221 ; Promoters present. 37. Steps in Chemical Carcinogenesis
UNIV 38. Promoters of Carcinognesis ROB-198 HM-221,223 *** eg: TPA-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol
Acetate, phenols, hormones, artificial sweeteners, drugs like phenobarbital 39. Ames Test UNIV HM-224
see fig test for carcinogenicity of a chemical ; Salmonella typhimurium ; liver homogenate ; histidine free
medium PHYSICAL 40. Physical CarcinogenesisROB-199 HM-224 UNIV 41. List Four Radiation
induced Cancers + ROB-199 42. Name four Diseases with defective DNA Repair ROB-177,193 *** HM-
225 Xeroderma pigmentosum, Blloms syndrome, Fanconis Anaemia 43. Xeroderma pigmentosum
ROB-177,193 defective DNA repair ; an eruption of exposed skin occurring in childhood and
characterized by photosensitivity with severe sunburn in infancy and the development of numerous
pigmented spots resembling freckles, larger atrophic lesions eventually resulting in glossy white thinning
of the skin surrounded by telangiectases, and multiple solar keratoses which undergo malignant change
at an early age; results from several rare autosomal recessive disorders in which DNA repair processes
are defective, so that they are more liable to chromosome breaks and cancerous change when exposed
to ultraviolet light. Severe ophthalmic and neurologic abnormalities are also found. 44. Blooms
Syndrome congenital telangiectatic erythema, primarily in butterfly distribution, of the face and
occasionally of the hands and forearms, with sensitivity of skin lesions and dwarfism with normal body
proportions except for a narrow face and dolichocephalic skull; chromosomes are excessively fragile;
autosomal recessive inheritance. 45. Fanconis Anaemia a type of idiopathic refractory anemia
characterized by pancytopenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and congenital anomalies, occurring in
members of the same family (an autosomal recessive trait in at least two nonallelic types [MIM*227650
and 227660]); the anemia is normocytic or slightly macrocytic, macrocytes and target cells may be found
in the circulating blood, and the leukopenia usually is due to neutropenia; congenital anomalies include
short stature, microcephaly, hypogenitalism, strabismus, anomalies of the thumbs, radii, and kidneys,
mental retardation, and microphthalmia. 46. Ataxia Telangiectasia VIRAL 47. Classify Oncogenic
Viruses 48. Viral CarcinogenesisHM-231,fig in 232 UNIV integration into host DNA after replication
controls cell division 49. Insertional Mutagenesis ROB-199 50. Name an oncogenic RNA virus
*** HTLV-1 51. HTLV-1 ROB-199 HM-230 by sexual transmission, Pathogenesis (fig 6-33), CD4+ T cells,
endemic in japan 52. Mechanism of Tumour production by VirusesHM-231 53. Oncogenic
viruses 54. DNA Viruses causing Cancer UNIV ROB-200 HM-227(table) HBV,HPV,EBV,HHV-
8 55. Name 2 DNA oncogenic viruses causing cancer in humans UNIV HBV,HPV,EBV,HHV-
8 56. Name the viruses associated with human cervical cancer HPV UNIV 57. Describe
Oncogenesis by HPV 58. Name any one tumour you get in HIV infection UNIV 59. Name
the EBV induced Tumours Burkitts lymphoma & Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 60. Neoplasms
caused by EBV UNIV ROB-200 Burkitts lymphoma & Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 61. H.Pylori in
CancerROB-201 62. Maltomas ROB-201 transformed B-cells normally reside in the marginal zones of
lymphoid follicles marginal zone associated lymphomas CLNICAL FEATURES &
DIAGNOSIS 63. Immunosurveillance *** ROB-204 64. Tumour Antigens ROB-202 65. Tumour
Specific Antigens HM-235 located in tumour cells ; target of attack by CD8 cells ; 66. Oncofetal Antigens
HM-239 ROB-202 CEA & AFP 67. Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) UNIV ROB-208,585 complex
glycoprotein ; embryonic tissue of gut,pancreas & liver ; SEEN IN : Colorectal carcinoma, Pancreatic
cancer, gastric & breast tumours 68. Alpha Feta Protein ROB-208 teratocarcinomas & Embryonal
cell ca of testes & ovary 69. Systemic effects of Cancer 70. Cancer Cachexia ROB-205 cachexia-
wasting 71. **Paraneoplastic SyndromesHM-233 ROB-205(table) UNIV 72. Paraneoplastic
Syndromes of Oat Cell Carcinoma of Lung cushings syndrome , NM disorders 73. Mention two
malignancies associated with Paraneoplastic syndrome of Migratory Thrombophlebitis UNIV HM-
234,298 Ca Pancreas, Ca Lung, Ca GIT 74. Four Tumours which produce Paraneoplastic
Syndromes 75. Grading & Staging of Tumours + HM-208+ ROB-206 Broders grading I to IV; TNM
(tumour,node,metastasis) & AJC 76. Broders Grading HM-209 77. TNM Staging HM-
209 78. Lab Diagnosis of Cancer)Histology (2)Cytology-Exfoliative Cytology & FNAC
(3)ImmunoHistochemistry (4)Tumour Markers 79. Exfoliative CytologyUNIV 80. Flow
CytometryHM-240 ROB-207 cells flow thru cytometer ; computerised techq ; 81. Prognostic
MarkersHM-208 82. *Tumour Markers HM-239 83. Define tumour markers and Name
them 84. Enumerate six Tumour Markers & one eg of tumour associated with each GENETIC &
PEDIATRIC DISEASES GENETIC MENDELIAN DISORDERS (defect in a gene) 1. Define Codominance
with examples ROB-214 both alleles of a genetic pair may be fully expressed in a heterozygote. Eg.
Histocompatibility ags & Blood group ags 2. Marfands Syndrome ESSAY ? ROB-217 connective
tissue disorder, fibrillin 1, FMN1 gene, 3. What do you mean by Reduced penetrance ROB-215
individuals inherit the mutant gene but are phenotypically normal 4. Arachnodactyly ROB-218
abnormal long legs, arms and fingers. 5. Ehler Danlos Syndrome ROB-218 defect in collagen synthesis ;
skin is hyperextensible & joints are hypermobile 6. All sex-linked disorders are X-linked 7. Lesch-Nyhan
syndrome ROB-217,775 x-linked 8. Name the enzyme defect in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ROB-775
HGPRT (Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) 9. Wiskott-Aldrich SyndromeROB-
147 immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and eczema. 10. Inborn Errors of Metabolism /
Storage DiseasesHM-269 table 10-2 11. PheylketonuriaESSAY? ROB-220 UNIV autosomal recessive ; def
of phenylalanine hydroxylase, cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine ; infants have mousy odour ;
Guthrie test 12. Guthrie Test screening test to detect PKU ; bacterial inhibition assay for direct
measurement of serum phenylalanine; in widespread use for detection of phenylketonuria in the
newborn 13. Maternal PKU ROB-220 mother having PKU child born as mentally
retartded 14. Bening Hyperphenylalaninemia ROB-221 partial def of phenylalanine hydroxylase
mosest elevations of phenylalanine , NO cns manifestations. 15. Familial Hypercholesterolemia ESSAY?
ROB-219 among most common ; receptor for LDL is defective ; 16. Galactosemia ROB-221 defect
in galactose metabolism due to lack of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltranferase ; Milk has Lactose
(glucose + galactose); 17. What is the common pattern of inheritance of Lysosomal storage diseases
ROB-221, HM-270 UNIV autosomal recessive 18. Tay-sachs disease ROB-222 accumulation of
gangliosides in brain ; defect in subunit of Hexosaminidase A 19. What is the defect in Niemann Pick
disease ROB-223 UNIVx2 Lysosomal, deficency of acid sphingomyelinase accumulation of
sphingomyelin in all phagocytic cells (Liver,Spleen, BM, lungs etc are affected) Mutation of NPC1
proteinType C 20. Gauchers Disease UNIVx2 ROB-223 Lysosomal, mutation in gene that encodes
glucocerebrosidase ; accumulation of glucocerebrosides 21. Name the defect in Gauchers Disease
UNIV 22. Draw and label : Gaucher Cells UNIV ROB-224 fig 7-12 + HM-271 fig 10-5 tissue paper
like cytoplasm 23. Name two mucopolysacaridoses Hunters & Hurlers syndrome 24. What is the
deficiency in Mucopolysacharodosis ROB-222,224 L-iduronidase deficiency accumulation of dermatan
sulphate, keratin sulphate, heparin sulphate etc 25. Hurlers Syndrome ROB-224 26. Gargolylism
ROB-224 gargolyle a carved figure ; refers to coarse facial features seen in Hurler
syndromes 27. Hunter Syndrome ROB-225 28. Name the x-linked mucopolysacharidose disease? ROB-
225 Hunter syndrome ; an exception ; all others are autosomal recessive 29. Glycogen storage
DiseasesROB-225 30. Type I Von-gierk Disease. Type II Pompes Disease. Type V Mc-ardles
disease 31. Glycogenosis Glycogen storage diseases 32. Von-Gierks Disease ROB-225 (table
7-7) UNIV Hepatic form of glycogen storage disease ; Glucose 6 phosphatase def ; liver swelling +
Hypoglycaemia ; Hyperlipidemia ; bleeding tend etc 33. Mc-Ardles Disease myopathic form of
glycogen storage disease ; block in the glycolysis of muscle glycogen ; deficiency of muscle
phosphorylase 34. Pompes Disease ROB-226 table 35. Neurofibromatosis ROB-226 autosomal
dominant ; multiple neurofibromas ; pedunculated ; type 1 90% ; cafe au lait spots ; Lisch
nodules 36. Von Recklinghausen Disease type 1 neurofibrobatosis 37. Lisch Nodules ***
pigmented iris hamartomas ; seen in Von Recklinghausen Disease ; for diagnosis 38. Principal
Characteristics of Multifactorial Inheritence ROB-227 CYTOGENETIC DISORDERS 39. What is
Karyotype? ROB-227(fig7-15) UNIV Chromosomes arranged in decreasing order of length ; photograph
taken at metaphase ; Giemsa stain 40. Lyon Hypothesis HM-264 ROB-234 UNIV One of the
Somatic X chromosome in a female(XX) is inactivated during embryogenesis ; but germcells in ovary
have both the X chromosomes activated 41. Draw & Label : Barr BodyHM-264 figure 42. What is Barr
BodyHM-264 UNIV Drum stick shaped appendage seen in the nucleus of neutrophils in a female
inactivated x chromosome 43. Sex Chromatin UNIV inactivated x chromosome in female lies
condensed called sex chromatin 44. Chromosomal Mutations 45. Robertsonian Translocation
with eg ROB-229 figure 7-17 + HM-267 large chromosome + very small chromosome. Eg Down
Syndrome (14:21) 46. Sex Chromosomal Disorders 47. Cytogenetic DisordersROB-
227 48. Down SyndromeROB-231 fig 49. Which is the most frequent genetic abnormality
of mental retardation UNIV ROB-230 Down Syndrome ; t(14,22) 50. Which is the translocation
related to Downs Syndrome t(14,22) 51. Trisomy 13 Patau syndomre cleft lip 52. Edward
Syndrome 53. Klinefelters Syndrome UNIV Male ; 47 XXY 54. What is the karyotype in
Klinefelters Syndrome UNIV47 XXY 55. Turnors Syndrome UNIV ROB-234 fig 56. Fragile
X SyndromeROB-235 figure 7-21 male , large testes,long face,large mandible,everted ears, CGG repeats
upto 4000, FMR1 gene, discontinuity in long arm of X Chr ; 57. Name three diseases associated with
Triplet gene mutations ROB-235 Fragile X syndrome, Huntington disease, myotonic
dystrophy 58. Genomic imprintingROB-236 silencing of genes during maternal/paternal
gametogenesis, Prader willi, Angelman syndr, laugh, 59. Prader-Willi Syndrome ROB-237 mental
retardation, short stature, hypotonia, obesity, small hands, hypogonadism. 60. Angelman syndrome
/ Happy puppet syndrome ROB-237 mental retardation, ataxic gait, seizures & inappropriate
laughter. 61. Principal Characteristics of Multifactorial Inheritence ROB- 227 PREDIATRIC 62. What
is a sequence? ROB-239 63. Potter sequence ROB-239 Oligohydramnios
sequence 64. Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome anti-epileptic drugs 65. What is the name given to the
class of genes that regulate morphogenesis? ROB-241 HOX genes 66. Hyaline Membrane
DiseaseROB-243 fig 7-29 type II pneumocytes, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, pink hyaline membr
around alveoli, Pathogenesis ROB-fig243 67. Necrotising EnterocolitisROB-244 Premature, Entire
small bowel distension ; gangrenous ; perforationperitonitis ; submucosal gas bubbles
; 68. SIDSROB-245 <1yr ; sleep in prone position ; 69. *Hydrops Fetalis ROB-245 immune &
non-immune ; RBC lysisheart ischamiaHeart failureGen Edema. ; Parvovirus B19(non-
immune) 70. Mention the chromosomal abnormality associated with hydrops fetalis? Turners
Syndrome 45X, Trisomies 71. Name the virus implicated in Cystic Hygroma ROB-247 Parvovirus
B19 72. Kernicterus ROB-248 bilirubin deposition in brain 73. Cystic Hygroma turner
syndr ; post nuchal fluid accumulation ; abnormality of LD of neck. 74. Pathogenisis of Cystic
Fibrosis Cl channel ; thick mucous secretion due to absorbtion of water ; pancreatic & respiratory ducts
blocked ; sweat glands,pancreas,lungs ; CFTR ; infant tastes salty. 75. Mention four neoplasms in
children which microscopically resemble embryonal tissue UNIVx2 Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma,
Nephroblastoma, Hepatoblastoma, Teratoma 76. Hemangioma 77. Port wine stains ROB-
251 large flatter lesions of congenital capillary
hemangioma 78. Lymphangioma 79. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma 80. Name the most common
germ cell tumour of childhood ROB-252 *** Sacrococcygeal teratoma 81. Morphology of
Neuroblastoma ROB-253 anywhere iin the sympathetic system ; abd swelling ; pseudoresettes ; no
central lumen but fillef with cell debris ; ganglioneuroblastomaganglion cells ; staging I to IV
; 82. SBCT 83. Homer-Wright PseudoresettesROB-253 tumour cells arranged around central
space filled with fibrillar extensions of the tumour cells. not a true
lumen 84. Ganglioneuroblastoma ROB-254 fig large ganglion cells + spindle shaped Schwann
cells 85. Schwann CellsROB-254 cells of ectodermal (neural crest) origin that compose a continuous
envelope around each nerve fiber of peripheral nerves; such cells are comparable to the oligodendroglia
cells of brain and spinal cord; like the latter, they may form membranous expansions that wind around
axons and thus form the axon's myelin sheath. Syn: neurilemma cells, neurolemma cells. 86. Staging of
Neuroblastomas ROB-254 87. What is stage IV S in Neuroblastoma ROB-254 distant metastasis
to organs like liver, skin or BM present but evidence of metastasis is not present ; outlook of these
patients are excellent 88. Retinoblastoma ROB-255 rosettes ; cuboidal cells arranges around a
true lumen ; 89. Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes ROB-255 90. Wilms Tumour
/NephroblastomaROB-256 WAGR, 91. WAGR SyndromeROB-256 Wilms T, Aniridia, Genit malf,
Retardation 92. Denys-Drash SyndromeROB-256 93. What are Nephrogenic rests? ROB-257
precursor lesions for wilms tumour ; present adjacent to renal parenchyma 94. PCRROB-258 95. FISH
ROB-257 ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES INDUSTRIAL (ROB-268) Coal, Silica, Asbestos,
Beryllium 1. Pneumoconiosis? Name Types? ROB-269 UNIV inhalation of mineral
dusts (1)Anthracosisharmless (2)Simple CWP (3)Complex CWP/PMF 2. Anthracosis ROB-269 (Coal
Workers Pneumoconiosis) 3. Coal Nodule ROB-270 consists of coal laden macrophages + delicate
network of collagen fibres 4. Black Lung 5. Name the three progressive forms of Pneumoconiosis
ROB-269 asymptomatic anthraconiosis, simple CWP, Complicated CWP/MPF (Massive pulmonary
fibrosis) 6. Coal Rank ROB-269 7. Caplan Syndrome ROB-270 *** RA with
Pneumoconiosis/asbestosis/silicosis ; large pulmonary nodular lesions ; central necrosis
; 8. Classification of Silicosis ROB-271 (1)Acute (2)Chronic (nodular silicosis)
(3)Complicated. 9. Silicoproteinosis ROB-271 proteinacious fluid rich in surfactants inside the
alveoli 10. Conglomerate Silicosis ROB-271 complicated silicosis ; 11. Morphology of
Silicotic Nodule ROB-272 12. Egg shell calcification ROB-272 calcium surrounding a zone lacking
calcification 13. Asbestosis ROB-272 UNIV 14. Morpology of Asbestosis ROB-273 15. Asbestos
Bodies ROB-273 typical beading ; beed like ; knobbed ends 16. Mineral induced Lung
Diseases CHEMICAL 17. EStrogen & OCPs ROB-277 18. Lead toxicity ESSAY? 19. Name the
plasma indicator of Lead poisoning ROB-279 zinc-protoporphyrin 20. Lead Colic ROB-280 severe
poorly localised abdominal pain 21. Saturnine Gout ROB-280 *** saturnine means relating to
lead 22. Two Cell Components injured in Lead Poisoning ROB-278 fig 8-8
UNIV PHYSICAL 23. Injuries by Chemical Poison 24. Heat Bite 25. Heat Stroke ROB-
286 26. Radiation injury ROB-287 NUTRITIONAL (HM-249) 27. ESSAY UNIV : A 36yr old , slightly obese
female is found to have 1+ proteinuria on urine analysis performed as part of a pre-employment
physical examination. The dipstick urine analysis showed glucose 2+, but no ketones or blood. Physical
examination was unremarkable. Her blood pressure was 135/85. a) What underlying disease
process is suggested by these findings? b) What could be the cause of proteinuria? c) What other
lab test would be helpful to confirm your diagnosis? Explain how the test is done and how the results
are interpreted? d) Mention four complications of her diasease? e) Mention two other
causes of glycosuria? How could you differentiate between the two conditions? 28. ESSAY UNIV
2007 : A 60yr old man fell down & died instantaneously, while he was walking. He was rushed to the
hospital and was declared dead, the cause of death being massive Myocardial Infarction. a) What would
have been the most likely cause of his sudden death? b) Enumerate the general causes responsible for
the condition leading to infarction of heart? c) Discuss the pathogenesis and fate of the condition
causing infarction? d) Mention two other organs which can be affected by this condition? 29. PEM
(Protein Energy Malnutrition) ROB-291 30. Merasmus & Kwasiorkar 31. Merasmus ROB-
291 32. Kwashiorkar ROB-292 UNIV 33. Pathogenesis of Vitamin A Disorders ROB-
294 34. Keratomalacia ROB-294 35. Bitots spots ROB-295 36. Characteristic Features of
Rickets ROB-298 HM-256(fig) UNIV 37. Rickets FeaturesHM-256 craniotabes, square head,
rachitic rosary, pigeon breast, Harrison sulcus, lumbar lordosis, bow legs 38. Osteomalacia in
adults. 39. Rachitic Rosary ROB-298 costochondral jn overgrowth
; 40. Calciferol 41. ScurvyHM-259(fig) Scorbutic roasary, Delayed wound healing, Hemarrthrosis,
subperiosteal haematoma, bow legs, skin rash, gingival swelling etc 42. Pathogenic features of
Beri Beri HM-260 43. Wet Beri Beri/Cardiac BeriberiHM-260 see fig thin, weak, flabby
heart 44. Cerebral Beriberi HM-260 45. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ROB-302 *** due to
thiamine deficiency , seen in alcoholics , a condition frequently encountered in chronic alcoholics, largely
due to thiamin deficiency and characterized by disturbances in ocular motility, pupillary alterations,
nystagmus, and ataxia with tremors; an organic-toxic psychosis is often an associated finding, and
Korsakoff's syndrome often coexists; characteristic cellular pathology found in several areas of the
brain 46. PellagraHM-261 3Ds Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia. 47. Obesity
ESSAY 48. Packwickian syndrome ROB-305 named after the fat lad who fell asleep constantly ;
hypoventilation in obese individuals. 49. Cachexia ROB-292 50. Anorexia Nervosa ROB-293 self
induced starvation ; features same as PEM ; 51. Bulimia ROB-293 (bul-ox, limos-hunger) a
chronic morbid disorder involving repeated and secretive episodic bouts of eating characterized by
uncontrolled rapid ingestion of large quantities of food over a short period of time (binge eating),
followed by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to
prevent weight gain; often accompanied by feelings of guilt, depression, or self-
disgus INFECTIONS BACTERIAL TUBERCULOSIS 1. ESSAY UNIV : A 53yr old lady having diabetes
for 6yrs noticed cough for past 8 months. Recently she observed that her sputum is productive and
streaked with blood. She also had mild fever and night sweats and lost about 5kg in the past 6 months.
Her chest Xray showed bilateral upper lobe lesions with cavitation. a) What type of inflammatory
response do you expect in the lung in the above patient? Granulomatous b) Discuss the microscopic
appearance of the lesion? c) What do you suspect as the possible diagnosis in this patient? TB
Reactivation (secondary) d) Discuss the pathogenesis of the disease? e) What further
investigations would you do to confirm your diagnosis? f) Mention few other sites affected? TB
Salpingitis, renal TB, TB meningitis, osteomyelitis 2. ESSAY UNIV : A 5yr old boy had fever and
cough of one month duration not responding to antibiotics. Chest Xray showed mediastinal widening.
ESR is high. a) What is your diagnosis? b) Discuss the pathogenesis & pathology of this
condition? 3. ESSAY : A 45yr old man presented with H/O productive cough and hemoptysis. He
had anorexia, weight loss, and evening rise of temperature. a) What is your provisional
diagnosis? b) What are the investigations you will do? c) Describe the pathogenesis of this
disease? ROB-486 d) What are the different possible ways in the pathogenesis of this
disease? 4. What are the types of Tuberculosis UNIV primary & secondary 5. Name the
gene implicated in Tuberculosis progression? ROB-485 NRAMP1 (Natural Resistance associated
macrophage) 6. How macrophages are activated in TB ROB-485 by IFN- , transformed Th1 cells from
Th0 secrete IFN-. 7. Primary Tuberculosis 8. Sequel of Primary Tuberculosis 9. Primary Complex
UNIV + HM-159 figure 3 comp- pulm,lym vessel,lym node ; ghons focus , 10. What is Ghons
focus UNIV pulmonary component ; upper part of lower lobe. ; area of tuberculous
pneumonia 11. Ghons Focus pulmonary component ; upper part of lower lobe. 12. Fate of
Primary ComplexHM-159(fig 6-20) (1)healing by fibrosiscalcificationossification (2)progression
(3)military (4)reactivationprogression 13. Ranke Complex ROB-487 radiological 14. Pathology of
Secondary Tuberculosis fibrocaseous, tuberculouscaseous, miliary 15. Fibrocaseous Tuberculosis
Lung HM-162 + cavitary & non-cavitary lesions (see fig) 16. Langhans Giant Cells HM-161,148
nuclei arranged around the periphery ; in the form of horse shoe or clustered at the two
poles 17. Miliary Tuberculosis HM-163 18. Reactivation Tuberculosis 19. Pulmonary Lesions in
Reactivation Tuberculosis ROB-489 TB Abdomen/tabes mesenterica HM-159 *** 20. Potts Disease
ROB-490 *** tuberculosis affecting the vertebra ; paraspinal cold abscess tracks down along tissue
planes & present as abdominal mass. 21. What is Scrofula?ROB-490 Obsolete term for cervical
tuberculous lymphadenitis. 22. Non-reactive Tuberculosis ROB-487 seen in immunocompromised
patients like AIDS ; no caseating granulomas coz of absence of hypersensitivity reaction due to lack of
CD4+ cells. 23. Lymphatic reation to TB Infection 24. Microscopy of TB Lymphadenitis lymph
nodes shows classical caseating granuloma 25. Granulation Tissue 26. Granuloma 27. Draw &
Label : Granuloma ROB-121 UNIVx2 28.Morphology of GranulomaROB-121 figure 5-16 DTH ;
MacrophageEpitheliod cell fuse to form Giant Cell 29. Microscopic appearance of Granuloma +
ROB-121 30. Hard & Soft TubercleHM-158 2 types of granuloma ; hard tubercle (no central necrosis)
soft tubercle (with central necrosis) 31. What is the structure of Soft tubercleHM-158
UNIV 32. Epitheliod Cell + ROB-121 macrophage Epitheliod cell 33. Microscopy of TB
Granuloma with Diagram 34. Draw & Label : Tuberculous GranulomaUNIVx2 35. Chemicals of
TB Bacilli that produce Granuloma IL4 & -IFN 36. Differential diagnosis of Non-Caseating Granulomas
Sarcoidosis, Crohs disease, Silicosis, Berylliosis, Foreign body granulomas 37. What is Tuberculin Test
HM-157 UNIVx2 38. Cord Factor UNIV HM-157 lipid present in the mycobacterium responsible
for the delayed hypersensitivity the cause of disease in TB 39. Cold AbscessHM-
158 40. Draw & Label : Red Hepatisation stage of Lobar Pneumonia HM-478
UNIV LEPROSY 41. ESSAY : A 45yr old man presented in a dermatology OP with hypo pigmented
anesthetic patch on his face. O/E peripheral nerves are thickened. a) What is your diagnosis?
Leprosy b) What are the investigations you want to do in this case? c) What is the pathology of
this disease? d) How can you classify this disease according to immunological status? 42. Lepra
Cell / Virchow CellHM-165 fig6-25 + ROB-321 fig 9-13 LL ; foamy macrophages ; in dermis ; laden with
AFBacilli ; cigarette pack ; 43. Differentiate LL & TLHM-164 table 44. Morphology of LL &
TL 45. Morphological patterns of LeprosyHM-165 (1)Lepromatous (2)Tuberculoid (3)Borderline
(4)Indeterminate 46. Pathology of Ll & TL 47. Draw & Label : Tuberculoid Leprosy UNIV HM-166
dermal nerve, no clear zone 48. Lepromatous Leprosy 49. Lepromin Test UNIV HM-
166 50. Lepra Reaction / Lepromin Test HM-166 51. Mitsuda Reaction late reaction in lepromin
test 52. Lab Diagnosis of Leprosy 53. What stain is used to detect lepra bacillus in tissue sections
HM-163 UNIV ZN (Acid Fast) , Fite-Faraco 54. Leonine face / Leontiasis (Leion-Lion) The ridges and
furrows on the forehead and cheeks of patients with advanced lepromatous leprosy, giving a
leonine(lion) appearance. SYPHILIS 55. ESSAY : A 24yr old male came to STD clinic following
complaints of low grade fever, malaise, mucocutaneous rash. He gave past history of sexual contact
following which he developed painless ulcer over galns. O/E generalised
lymphadenopathy. a) What is your diagnosis? Syphilis b) Describe the various stages of the
disease? c) What are the modes of transmission? 56. Primary Syphilis chancre ; on genitals
; 57. Morphology of Syphilitic ChancreHM-167 painless papule , ulcerates in centre, heals without
treatment. 58. Name the microscopic hallmarks of Syphillis HM-169 UNIV Central coagulative necrosis,
palisading macrophages 59. Compare Primary & Secondary Syphilis 60. Features of Tertiary Syphilis
gumma 61. Lesions of Tertiary Syphilis 62. Draw & Label : Gumma HM-169 UNIV central coagulative
necrosis, marginated by fibroblasts, surr by plasma cells&lymphocytes 63. Gumma UNIV central
coagulative necrosis, marginated by fibroblasts, surr by plasma cells&lymphocytes 64. *Gumma
Describe central coagulative necrosis, marginated by fibroblasts, surr by plasma
cells&lymphocytes 65. Hepar Lobatum syphilitic gumma in Liver ; scarring of hepatic
parenchyma. 66. Congenital Syphilis HM-168 67. Oral lesions in Congenital Syphilis Hutchinsons
teeth , mucocutaneous lesions 68. Lesions of Congenital Syphlis saddle nose, Hutchinsons teeth ,
mulberry molars ; mucocutaneous lesions 69. Saddle nose deformity HM-169 70. Hutchisons
Triad *** triad in cong syph : interstitial keratisis+ Sensorineural deafness + Deformed Hutchinsons
teeth 71. Enumerate six lesions in Cardiovascular Syphilis thoracic aorta aortic aneurysm,
aortic valve incompetence, narrowing of coronary ostia, endarteritis obliterans of vasa vasorum, medial
necrosis with destruction of elastic tissue, aortitis 72. Chancroid / Soft Chancre ROB-675 by
Hemophilus Ducreyi ; OTHERS 73. Typhoid HM-586 ESSAY 74. ESSAY UNIV : A 25yr old man
presented with headache, and a remittent step ladder pattern of fever, relative bradycardia, and an
erythematous rash in abdomen in the second week. a) What is your provisional
diagnosis? b) Name four investigations to support your diagnosis? c) What is the morphology of the
ileum in this condition? d) Name six major complicatins of this condition? Zenkers degeneration in
abd muscles, typhoid cholecystitis, hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, liver parenchymal necrosis,
splenomegaly, arthritis, osteitis, 75. Typhoid Ulcer ROB-569 ulceration of peyers patches
; 76. Sarcoidosis HM-170 + (sarco-flesh, oid-resembling, dosis-condition) 77. Sarcoid
Granuloma no peripheral rim ; non-caseating ; asteroid bodies ; schaumanns bodies. 78. Asteroid
BodiesHM-170 within giant cell 79. Schaumanns bodiesHM-170 within giant cell ; shell like ; with
concentric laminations ; Ca & Fe salt deposits 80. Kviems TestHM-170 intradermal test; antigen
prepared from l.node ; nodular lesion ; having non-caseating sarcoid granuloma. 81. Mikuliz
syndrome ROB-472 benign swelling of the lacrimal, and usually also of the salivary glands in
consequence of an infiltration of and replacement of the normal gland structure by lymphoid tissue ; the
symptoms characteristic of Mikulicz' disease occurring as a complication of some other disease
; 82. Plaque TypesHM-183 Bubonic , Pneumonic, Typhoidal,
Septicaemic 83. Bubo 84. ESSAY : Public health people took active steps to eradicate an
epidemic infective disease taken place among the cattles in a remote village. As they tried to prevent
the infection among in close contact with diseased cattle. a) Find the disease? b) Simple lab
test to confirm the infective agent? Mc faydens reaction ; Grams stain gram positive bacilli c) Clinical
manifestation of the disease? d) Death is due to ? 85. Wool Sorters DiseaseHM-184
pulmonary anthrax 86. Granuloma InguinaleHM-185 + ROB-675 an STD , by Campylobacter
donovani ; genitialia, inguinal & perianal regions 87. Donovan Bodies HM-185 + ROB-676 histiocytes
containing many bacteria ; in dermal & sub-cutaneous tissues 88. Pneumocystis
Pneumonia 89. Hydatid Cyst 90. Lab investigations in Dengue hemorrhagic fever
MEQS 91. Name Streptococcal lesions in manHM-186 fgure 7-3 92. Impetigo HM-186 A
contagious superficial pyoderma, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Group A streptococci, that begins
with a superficial flaccid vesicle which ruptures and forms a thick yellowish crust, most commonly
occurring on the face of children 93. Pigbel ROB-569 necrotising enterocolitis with perforation ;
by Clostridium perfringes FUNGAL 1. ActinomycosisHM-169 (actino-ray of beam, myco-fungus,
osis-condition) A.israeli 2. Draw and Label : Actinomycosis HM-170 UNIV S granule, rays, peripheral
clubs, 3. Types of Actinomycosis HM-169 + cervicofacial (lumpy jaw), thoracic, abdominal ,
pelvic. 4. Lumpy jaw HM-169 firm swellingin the lower jaw 5. Name two Opportunistic
Fungal Infections 6. CandidiasisHM-189 +ROB-492 oral thrush tongue coating, vaginal curdy
discharge, nail paronychia, systemic 7. Most Common predisposing factor for Candida
Infection 8. Mycetoma / Maduramycosis (mycet-fungus, oma-tumour) 9. Madhura FootHM-188 UNIV
draining sinuses ; 10. Rhinosporidiosis (rhino-nose, spori-spore) Rhinosporidium seeberi
; 11. CryptococcosisROB-494 12. Morphology of
Cryptococcus 13. Aspergillosis 14. Chromoblastomycosis VIRAL 15. Sclerotic
Bodies 16. Molluscum Bodies 17. Name Sexually transmitted Diseases 18. Dengue
Hemorrhagic feverHM-190 UNIV 19. What are prion proteins? Mention two diseases caused by
Prions UNIV ROB-309 proteinatious infective particles deficient in DNA/RNA. kuru & CFJ
disease PARASITE 20. Symptoms of Toxoplasma Gondi infection 21. Vector of
Filariasis 22. *Amoeboma HM-193 colon thickening ; 23. List lesions caused by Entamoeba
Histolytica 24. *Comlications of Hydatid Cyst 25. What are characteristics of Amoebic ulcer in LI?
UNIV ROB-569 flask shaped ulcer with narrow neck & broad base 26. Describe Amoebic
UlcerHM-193 flask shaped, undermined margins , necrotic bed, 27. Malarial Spleen massive RBC
destruction splenomegaly 28. Draw & Label : Falciparum Malarial parasiteAJP-79
UNIV 29. Morphology of Plasmodium Falciparum in Peripheral Smear 30. Complications of
Plasmodium falciparum infection 31. Cysticercosis(kysti-bladder, kerko-tail, osis-
condition) 32. Name parasites that cause Anemia 33. TORCH ComplexHM-196 figure 7-
7 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1. Significance of ESR UNIV 2. Factors influenzing ESR
UNIV 3. Coombs Test UNIV 4. Types of BiopsyN-250 UNIV liver, BM
(trephine),skin, 5. FNACHM-934 UNIVx2 6. Urinary CastsPatho record - 14 UNIV 7. Two
types of casts in urinary sediment Patho record - 14 UNIV Hyaline, Red cell, Leukocytic,
waxy,fatty, 8. Tasmm Horsefall protein Patho record - 14 9. Osmotic Fragility UNIV HM-392,401 a
test 10. Principle of Benedicts Test UNIV 11. What is the normal specific gravity of urineHM-946
UNIV 1.002-1.028 12. What is the normal serum iron binding capacityHM-947 UNIV 80-
180g/dl 13. When do you get ketone bodies in urine UNIV 14. Draw & Label : Blood picture in
microcytic anaemiaUNIV 15. Draw & Label : Blood picture in AML UNIV 16. Draw & Label :
Reticulocytes in peripheral smear UNIV 17. Draw & Label : Target Cell in PS HM-367 UNIV an
erythrocyte in target cell anemia, with a dark center surrounded by a light band that again is encircled
by a darker ring; it thus resembles a shooting target; such cells also appear after
splenectomy 18. Sickle cell Anaemia UNIV 19. Exfoliative CytologyHM-923 ROB-
208(fig) UNIV 20. Bence Jones Proteins UNIVx2 21. What is Hematuria? Mention two renal
causes UNIVx2 22. Draw & Label : Basophilic stippling in RBCHM-366 UNIV A speckling of a blood
cell or other structure with fine dots when exposed to the action of a basic stain, due to the presence of
free basophil granules in the cell protoplasm. Syn: punctate basophilia. 23. Blood picture showing
neutrophilia UNIV PATHOLOGY-PAPER2 ESSAYS ***Fe deficiency Anemia Aplastic Anaemia AML /
CML Multiple Myeloma DIC Atherosclerosis ***Myocardial Infarction Infective
Endocarditis ***Bronchogenic Carcinoma Asthma COPD TB Pneumonia Post Strep GN ***Carcinoma
Stomach Peptic Ulcer Colorectal Carcinoma ***Alcoholic Liver Disease ***Viral Hepatitis Acute
Pancreatitis Diabetes Mellitis Prostatic Hypertrophy Carcinoma Cervix Endometrial
Carcinoma ***Fibroadenoma Breast Graves disease Thyroid Carcinoma BLOOD VESSELS 1.
Atherosclerosis ESSAY 2. Draw and Label : Atheroma ROB-330 HM-286 UNIV fibrous cap, necrotic
centre, Foam cells, 3. Atheroma diag ROB-330 HM-285 4. Foam Cells 5. What is Fatty StreakROB-
331 UNIV fig 10-8 collection of foam cells in intima 6. Atherosclerosis Risk factors ROB-331 7.
Atherosclerosis Pathogenesis HM-283 Insudation Hypothesis, Encrustation Hyp, Response to injury
Hyp, Monoclonal Hyp. 8. Atherosclerosis Complications HM-287 9. Mention 4 compli of atheroma?
HM-287 What is supravital staining? UNIV 10. Arteriosclerosis / Monckenbergs Medial Sclerosis HM-
279 elderly, med&large vessels of extremities, 11. Hypertension ESSAY 12. Hypertension -
Pathogenesis 13. Hypertension Vascular changes ROB-341 Hyaline & Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
,onion cut surface ANEURYSMS 14. Aneurysm classify HM 294 true&false;
saccular,fusiform,cylindrical,serpentine/varicose,racemose;
atherosclerotic,syphilitic,dissecting,mycotic,berry; 15. Aortic Aneurysm types HM-294 inflammatory
mycotic 16. Mention 2 causes of aortic aneurysm ROB-342 UNIV (1) ATH (2)cystic medial degeneration
of arterial media 17. Dissecting aneurysm ROB-343 laminar planes;blood filled channel;double barrel
aorta;cyt medial degener CMD;hypertension,marfans synd,catheterization, 18. What is the cause of
Dissecting aneurysm? UNIV cystic medial degeneration of arterial media (1)antecedent HTN (2)Marfans
syndr & other connective tissue disorders (3) iatrogenic while cannulating etc 19. Types of Dissecting
Aneurysm UNIV-2008 HM-297 20. Cystic medial necrosis of ErdheimROB 345 elastic tissue
fragmentation,marfan syndr, 21. Syphilis Aneurysm ROB-343 HM-289,295 UNIV involves vasa vasorum ,
obliterative endarteritis ; affects thoracic aorta ; tree barking ; 22. Syphilitic Aneurysm morphology
ROB-343 tree barking , valvular insuffieciencymassive volumehypertrophycows heart. 23. Cor
bovinum ROB-343 24. Pseudo aneurysm breach in vasculuar wall; pulsating hematoma 25. Mycotic
Aneurysm ROB-342 26. Berry Aneurysm HM-295 27. Draw & Label : Sites of Berry Aneurysm in relation
to Circle of Willis UNIV INFLAMMATORY 28. Vasculitis Classification ROB-346 table
large,medium,small 29. ANCA ROB 346,350 present in serum of patient with vasculitis;based on
staining: cANCA cytoplasmic staining (PR3) pANCA perinuclear staining (myeloperoxidase); granules in
cytoplasm of neutrophils are antigens; 30. Giant Cell Arteritis ROB-347 large vessel;most
common;temporal,vertebral,ophthalmic; 31. Pulseless Disease ROB-348 *** 32. Polyarteritis Nodosa
ROB-349 medium vessel;systemic vasculitis;necrotizing;any organ vessel;spares pulmonary
vessel;transmural; predilection for branching points; firm nodularity seen;fever,malaise,wt
loss,melena;Prominent Renal invol; corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide 33. Wegeners
Granulomatosis ROB-351 *** small vessel;triad-Respiratory,vasculitis,renal; 34. Syphilitic Vasculitis 35.
TAO Thromboangitis Obliterans / Buergers Disease ROB-352 Cigrette smoking; thrombosis of tibial &
radial A;direct endothelial cell injury by tobacco; Antiendothelial Ab;medium & small arteries;Thrombus
has MicroAbscesses;instep caludication;ulcers;gangrene 36. Microabscesses ROB-352 37. Raynauds
Disease ROB-353 spasm of the digital arteries, with blanching and numbness or pain of the fingers, often
precipitated by cold;young women;digits,tips of nose ears; exaggeration of normal response to
cold;SLE,ATH,Buergers D,Syst Sclerosis; 38. Raynaud Phenomenon ROB-143,353 this refers to arterial
insufficiency secondary to other diseases ; hands turn white blue red (ROB-143) VEINS &
LYMPHATICS 39. Migratory Thrombophlebitis / Trousseau's syndrome ROB-354 thrombosis appears
disappears & occurs in other site; visceral cancers of lungs,prostrate,breast,pancreas,git,female repd trct
hypercoagulability 40. Milk Leg / Phlegmasia alba dolens ROB-354 variant of phlebothrombosis, an
extreme edematous swelling of the leg following childbirth, due to thrombosis of the iliofemoral
veins. 41. Phlebothrombosis Thrombophlebitis is inflammation and secondary thrombosis of small veins
and sometimes larger ones, commonly as part of a local reaction to bacterial
infection. Phlebothrombosis is the term for venous thrombosis that occurs without an initiating
infection or inflammation. Deep venous thrombosis now refers to both phlebothrombosis and
thrombophlebitis. TUMOURS 42. Capillary Hemangioma ROB-356 43. Strawberry Hemangioma ROB-
355 44. Cavernous Hemangioma ROB-356 45. Glomus Tumour ROB-357 Glomus body; AV anastamosis;
<1cm; red-blue; branching vascular channels; glomus cell aggregates; similar to SMC;excison 46. Glomus
Body ROB-357 47. Kaposi Sarcoma ROB-358 with AIDS; malignant angioproliferative tumor derived from
endothelial cells; FOUR forms:classic,Lamphadenopathic,Transplant,AiDS related; THREE stages
patches,raised plaques,nodules; spindle-shape neoplastic cells;vascular spaces OTHER 48. Differentiate
True & False Aneurysm 49. Virchows Triad - Endothelial injury,Stasis,Hypercoagulability HEART 50. ESSAY
UNIV : A 55yr old man was aditted to the hospital after onset of severe chest pain that was substernal
and throbbing in nature. Past history revealed that he has been feeling some chest pains over the past
one year particularly after climbing up the stairs. He smokes 4 packs of Cigs per day.Investigations
revealed a total cholesterol level of 250 and HDL component of 35. His fasting glucose is
145mg/dl. a) What is the diagnosis in this man? b) From the investigation findings what are the
risk factors for his disease? c) What is the lesion in the coronary artery? d) Describe the super
added changes that may aggravate the condition? HM-325 ie complications e) Describe the
pathological chanes in the myocardium in this condition? 51. Myocardial Infarction ESSAY 52.
Myocardial Infarction morphological changes ROB-366 HM-323 coag necrosis,nuclear fragmentation &
contraction,wavy fiber change,neutrophilic infiltrate, contraction bands, 53. What is the earlest light
microscopic finding in MI? UNIV wavy fiber change contraction bandscoag necrosis 54. Myocardial
Infarction Complications ROB-369 HM-325 UNIV papillary muscle dysfn,ext cardiac rupture,mural
thrombi,pericarditis,ventr aneurysm,pul emboli,dresslers syndr 55. Dresslers Syndrome/Post MI
syndrome see HM 326 1-6wk after attack; pneumonitis;autoimmune reaction; 56. Myocardial
Infarction Laboratory evaluation 4 markers: CK-MB2, LDH1, Troponins, Myoglobin (see HM-325
graph) 57. What is Troponin I HM-325 UNIV Troponins are contractile muscle proteins ; Cardiac &
Skeletal ; not present in blood normally, but present after myocardial injury ; Two types T & I ; I
remains for 7-10days, T remains for 10-14days. 58. Which isoenzyme of Creatine kinase is of myocardial
originROB-370 HM-324 UNIV CK-MB2 59. CK Index see MI lab eval 60. Myocardial Infarction
Predisposing factorsHM-319 61. Differentiate Transmural & Subendocardial Infarcts HM 320 62. Sub
endocardial InfarctionHM-319 63. Contraction BandsROB-368 deeply stained eosinophilic transverse
bands at periphery of infarct;hypercontraction;influx of Ca; 64. Cor PulmonaleROB-374 HM-328 right
sided; acute & chronic; causes: acuteembolism, chronicCOPD,kyphoscoliosis; dilation; hypertrophy
; 65. Cor PulmonaleHM-328 definition & causes 66. Which lipoprotein is associated with low risk
ischaemic heart diseaseHM-282 UNIV VLDL VALVES 67. Rheumatic Heart Disease ESSAY Grp A
Strep;hypersensitivity rect;M proteins; cross rection with normal human proteins ; 68. ESSAY :20yr old
male came to the medical OP with fever,polyarthritis, and involuntary movementschorea. His blood
investigations revealed neutrophilic leucocytosis and ESRHM-334 was 100mm per hr. a) Find
provisional diagnosis?Rheumatic endocarditis with CNS involvement b)What could be his serological
marker? ASO c) Any more clinical manifestations? HM-333 Extracardiac lesions. Synovial membrane,
CNS, skin&subcutaneous tissue, d) What would be the severest end sequlae? e) Enumerate
the lesions he gets in severly affected organ? Heart, Aschoffs bodies, Myocarditis, Pericarditis (bread &
butter) f) Mention the basic pathogenic mechanism involved in it? Abs produced against Bacterial
Protein M ; cross reaction with normal human protein ; immune reaction. 69. Rheumatic Heart Disease
Etiopathogenesis,Pathology,complications 70. Rheumatic Heart Disease-morphology Acute &
Chronic;Aschoff body,Anitschow cell;fibrinoid necrosis;pericardium fibrinous pericarditis;endocardium
vegetations in valves; 71. Rheumatic Heart Disease Extra cardiac lesions arthritis; lungs; skin subcut
nodules/ erythema marginatum; 72. Draw & Label : Aschoff Body UNIV ROB-377 fig11-10,11-11 HM-
331 fig 73. Aschoff Nodules UNIVx2 ROB-377 fig HM-331 fig 74. Aschoff BodyROB-377 fig HM-331
fig multiple foci of inflammation within connective tissue, central focus of fibrinoid necrosis;
mononuclear infl infiltrate;; proximal to small vessels; 75. Anitsckoffs cell diagram HM-331 fig 12-19
inbox owls eye ; caterpillar like ; large macrophage; vesicular nuclei; basophilic cytoplasm
abundant; Anitschkow cells are unusual cells within the Aschoff body, whose nuclei contain a central
band of chromatin. These nuclei have an owl eye appearance in cross-section, and they resemble a
caterpillar when cut longitudinally 76. Aschoff Giant cell/Aschoff Cell HM-331 Anitschkow cells may
become multinucleated, in which case they are termed Aschoff giant cells. 77. Maccullum Patch
UNIV/Plaque HM 331,333 Endocardial Lesion in RHD ; Chronic regurgitation produces a a jet of blood
directed at the posterior aspect of the left atrium, which damages the atrial endocardium and produces
a discrete focus of rough, wrinkled endocardium referred to as a MacCallum patch.map like area
of thickened roughened & wrinkled part of endocardium. 78. Modified Duckett Jones Criteria HM-
334 The clinical diagnosis is made when two major or one major and two minor criteria (the Jones
criteria) are met. If the diagnosis is supported by evidence of a recent streptococcal infection, the
probability of RF is high. The major criteria : Carditis, Chorea(a dance), Polyarthritis, Erythema
marginatum, and Subcutaneous nodules. The minor criteria : previous history of RF, arthralgia, fever,
increased ESR, positive CRP, prolonged PR interval in ECG & leukocytosis 79. Jones Criteria UNIV HM-
334 80. **What are Jones Major Criteria UNIV Carditis, Chorea, Polyarthritis, Erythema marginatum,
and Subcutaneous nodules 81. Non Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE)/ ROB-380 Marantic
Endocarditis Fibrin & platelet deposition;sterile;hypercoagulability & malignancy;common site Mitral
V;lesions resolve - Lambl excrescences. 82. Libman Sachs Endocarditis/ ROB-380 Atypical Verrucous
sterile vegetations,in SLE; mitral & tricuspid ventricular surface; 83. Infective Endocarditis (friable valve
vegetations) ESSAY ROB-381 HM-336 a) Acute Bacterial Endocarditis (ABE) staph
aureus b) Sub-Acute Bacterial Endocarditis (SABE) hemly strep 84. Infective Endocarditis valvular
vegetations; ring abscess; syst emboli; Etiology - Acute-Staph. Aureus ; SubAcute- hemly
strep Pathogenesis - Morphoology - bulky friable;grey tawny to greenish;3 layers outer cap,bacterial
colonies basophilic, deep zone necrotic debris inflammatory. Complications - ring abscess; syst emboli
kidney spleen brain lung; petechia in skin;oslers nodes in fingers;janeway spots; focal necrotizing
glomerulonephritis. 85. Infective Endocarditis ComplicationsHM-339 ring abscess; syst emboli kidney
spleen brain lung; petechia in skin;oslers nodes in fingers;janeway spots; focal necrotizing
glomerulonephritis. 86. Ring Abscess ROB-382 UNIV perivalvular abscesses ; infection of the
perivalvular tissue ; an acute purulent inflammation of the corneal periphery in which a necrotic area is
surrounded by an annular girdle of leukocytic infiltration. 87. Infective Endocarditis Morphology of
vegetations HM 339 bulky friable;grey tawny to greenish;3 layers outer cap,bacterial colonies basophilic,
deep zone necrotic debris inflammatory. 88. Acute Bacterial EndocarditisROB-382 fig 89. Sub-Acute
Bacterial Endocarditis (SABE) ROB-382 Strep viridians; 90. Sub-Acute Bacterial Endocarditis (SABE)
Extra cardiac lesionsHM-339 vegetations embolise kidney spleen brain lung; oslers nodes in finger tips;
petechia in skin; focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis; 91. Oslers NodesHM-339 painful nodes in finger
tips. 92. Mention 2 types of vegetations in heartHM-337 UNIV sterile & non-sterile ; friable&non-friable
; 93. Vegetations differentiate HM 337 table MYOCARDIUM 94. Myocarditis Etiology/CausesROB-
383 Table 11-5 95. Cardiomyopathy definition , types primary abnormality in the myocardium;
Dilated,Hypertrophic,Restrictive 96. Dilated Cardiomyopathy ROB-385 eosinophilic endomyocaridal
fibrosis;proteins from degranulating eosinophils;no ventricular compliance 97. Congestive
CardiomyopathyROB-385 same as above 98. Lofflers Syndrome / Eosinophilic endomyocaridal
fibrosisROB-387 Restrictive cardiomyopathy , decreased vent compliance, CONGENITAL 99. Shunts
types & egsHM 312 L to R - ASD,VSD,PDA; R to L- Fallot,Transposition,Truncus arteriosis, 100. PDA 101.
Tetralogy of FallotROB-391* UNIVx2 VSD,dextraposed aorta,LV hypertrophy,LV outlet obstr; boot
shaped 102. Coarchation of Aorta ROB-392 PERICARDIUM 103. Fibrinous PericarditisROB-393 Bread &
Butter Pericarditis (resemble the shaggy surfaces of two slices of buttered bread that have been pulled
apart);normal smooth, glistening appearance of the pericardial surfaces becomes replaced by a dull,
granular fibrin-rich exudates 104. Haemorrhagic Pericarditis 105. Soldiers Plaques/Milk SpotsHM-352 -
white plaques of hyalinized fibrous tissue situated in the epicardium overlying the right ventricle of the
heart where it is not covered by lung; Syn: soldier's patches. TUMOURS 106. Primary Tumours of Heart
name myxomas,rhabdomyomas,lipomas 107. Cardiac MyxomaROB-392 benign Tumour; left atrium;
Polygonal stellate cells; obstruct the mitral valve orifice tumor appears as a glistening, gelatinous,
polypoid mass, usually 5 to 6 cm in diameter, with a short stalk pic in rubins 108. Spider Cells a cell in a
rhabdomyoma of the heart, with central nucleus and cytoplasmic mass connected to the cell wall by
strands of cytoplasm separated by clear glycogen-filled areas./ fibrillar processes containing sarcomeres
radiate to the margin of the cell OTHERS 109. Brown Atrophy of Heart HM-49 Lipofuscin
pigment,wear&tear pigment accumulates around nuclei 110. Giant Cell Myocarditis rob 384
multinucleated giant cells 111. Heart TransplantationHM-354 112. Prosthetic Valves 113.
AngioplastyHM-353 114. Endomyocardial Fibrosis see Restr Cardiomyopathy RBC
DISORDERS 1. Anaemia - define 2. Anaemia Classification (1) morphology (2) mech of
prod 3. Microcytic Hypochromic Anemias cause , differentiate 4. Hemolytic Anemias
Classify , causes , how to differentiate? , lab invastigations 5. Blood Picture & BM findings in
Hemolytic anaemias UNIV 6. Red Cell Indices name them , normal
values 7. MCV 8.MCHC 9. Reticulocyte 10. Reticulocyte Normal & Abnormal values
ROB-398Normal - 0.5-1.5%. 11. Reticulocytosis Significance IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA 12. ESSAY
UNIV : A 35 yr old farmer developed severe pallor and shortness of breath.His stool examination
revealed Hook worm ova. HM-373 a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Fe deficiency
anaemia b) Name five investigations you would like to do? PBS, BM examination, Serum iron, TIBC,
Serum ferritin, MCV, MHC, MCHC c) Describe the blood picture in this condition? HM-
373 d) Mention four important causes of this condition in males? Regular bleeding : peptic ulcer,
hemorrhoids, ca stomach, oesophageal varices, hematuria, hemoglobinuria 13. Iron Deficiency Anemia
causes , Investigations , significance of Serum Ferritin & TIBC 14. Iron Deficiency Anemia PS
& BM picture 15. Plummer Vinson syndrome / Patterson Kelly Syndrome iron deficiency anemia,
dysphagia, esophageal web, and atrophic glossitis. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA 16. Megaloblastic
Anemia pathogenesis , BM findings , lab diagnosis 17. Megaloblastic Bone Marrow 18. Draw
& Label : Blood picture in Megaloblastic anaemia UNIV 19. Megaloblast reticulated nuclear
chromatin; basophilic cytoplasm Fig 12-11 20. Schillings test *** HM-383 The Schilling test
measures vitamin B12 absorption. The patient is given radioactive vitamin B12 orally, with or without
intrinsic factor. Urinary excretion of radioactivity is measured over 24 hours, Based on the result, the
cause of the deficiency can be suggested. However, owing to difficulties in working with rad-iolabeled
compounds the Schilling test is not commonly used PERNICIOUS ANEMIA (Old age Vit-B12 defi due to
gastric mucosal damage) HM-384 21. Pernicious Anemia diagnostic features , neurological
findings 22. Acute Pernicious Anemia criteria for diagnosis 23. What are the Abs you get in
Pernicious Anaemia?HM-384 UNIV Anti-parietal cell antibody & anti-intrinsic factor antibody APLASTIC
ANEMIA 24. Aplastic AnemiaHM-402 UNIV 25. ESSAY : A boy aged 10yr presented in the OP
with features suggestive of meningitis. CSF culture yielded H.influenza. Dr prescribed a course of
chloramphenicol. Later boy developed pallor and dysnoea. Petechia and echymoses appeared on his
trunk. There was also high grade fever. Blood investigation revealed Hb 4.5gm a) What is your
diagnosis? b) How will you confirm the diagnosis? c) Is splenomegaly possible in this case?
No d) What are the causes of this condition and what is the commonest cause? e) What are the
causes of Pancytopenia?HM-403 box (Pronounced reduction in the number of erythrocytes, all types of
white blood cells, and the blood platelets in the circulating blood.) CAUSES Aplastic anaemia,
Megaloblastic anaemia, Bone marrow infiltration etc 26. Pancytopenia Pronounced reduction in the
number of erythrocytes, all types of white blood cells, and the blood platelets in the circulating
blood. 27. Causes of Pancytopenia HM-403 BOX *** 28. Basophilic Stippling HM-366 diffuse
and uniform basophilic granularity in the cell which does not stain positively with Perls reaction (in
contrast to pappenheimer bodies which stain positively). Seen in Aplastic anaemia, Thalassemia,
Myelodysplasia, infections and lead poisoning. 29. Howell-Jolly Bodies HM-366 30. Aplastic
Anemia - causes 31. Myelodysplastic Syndrome HM-404 ROB-438 *** [myelo- + G. dys-, difficult, +
plasis, a molding] ; preleukemic syndrome ; 32. What is ineffective Erythropoesis UNIV
Myelodysplastic syndrome 33. Microovalocytes SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
Hb 34. HemoglobinopathiesHM-394 UNIV 35. Sickle Cell Anaemia - Hb anomalies , explain the
crisises , diagnostic tests Crisises vaso-occlusive crises,pain crisis,acute chest synd,cns stroke,aplastic
crisis,pnemc infections, Diag electrph demostr of HbS, 36. What is the defect in Sickle Cell
AnaemiaHM-395 UNIV 37. Sickle Cell Anaemia clinical course 38. Sickle Cell Anaemia BM
picture Marrow expansion,bone resorption,new bone formation,crew-cut
appearance, 39. Autosplenectomy UNIVx2 ROB-402 seen in Sickle Cell Disease ; 40. Sickling tests
UNIV Sickle cells in peripheral blood smears are diagnostic but not always present. Addition of
metabisulfite to the blood smears induces sickling (metabisulfite sickle preparation). 41. Sickle Test
UNIV THALASEMIA 42. Thalasemia classification , BM & PS findings , differentiate from Fe def
anemia Classification major,minor. Hydrops fetalis,HbH disease,Alpha T minor,Carrier BM
erythroid hyperplasia shift towards progenitor forms ; fills intramedullary space ; bony deformities PS
microcytic hypochromic ; target cell 43. Beta Thalassemia 44. What are the genotypes
of Beta thalassemiaROB-404 UNIV 45. Beta thalassemia Molecular pathogenesis ROB-
403 46. Heinz bodies ROB-406 G6PD def. Fig 12-7 ; precipitates of denatured globin ; seen in G6PD
deficiency Inclusions inside RBCs due to denatured Hb ppt. leads to Bite Cells 1. Bite Cells ROB-
406 PBS of G6PD deficiency 2. Target Cell how does it look?HM-367 Ref:Thalassemia Hb collects
in central puddle giving target like appearance ; microcytic hypochromic ; poikilocytosis anisocytosis
reticulocytosis. HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS (HM-391) 47. (Membrane
abnormality) 48. Hereditary Spherocytosis etiology , pathogenesis , BM & PS findings , Diagnostic
tests PS BM erythroid hyperplasia Diag decreased haptoglobin, increased indirect bilirubin,
increased LDH SIDEROBLASTIC ANAEMIA 49. Draw : SiderocyteHM-374 RBC with Fe
granules 50. Draw : Sideroblast HM-374 nucleated RBC with Fe granules (scattered & ring
forms) 51. Pappenheimer bodies HM-374 52. Ringed Sideroblast HM-374 IMMUNOHEMOLYTIC
ANEMIAS 53. AIHAHM-388 ImmunoHemolytic Anemias types Warm - Cold 54. Mention
the principle of Wombs test UNIV 55. Coombs Antiglobulin Test its use in diagnosing
anemia POLYCYTHEMIA VERA 56. Polycythemia Vera / Erythrocytosis 57. Hydrops Fetalis
genotype 58. Leuco Erythroblastic Anaemia define , causesAny anemic condition resulting from space-
occupying lesions in the bone marrow; the circulating blood contains immature cells of the granulocytic
series and nucleated red blood cells, frequently in numbers that are disproportionately large in relation
to the degree of anemia 59. Microangiopathic Hemolytic anemia 60. Myelophthisic
Anemia WBC DISORDER NON-NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS (LEOKOPENIA / LEUKOCYTOSIS /
LYMPHADENITIS) 3. IMN / Glandular Fever /Kissing disease causative agent, other diseases caused
by it, Atypical Lymphocytes, Tests ROB-417 Cause EBV ; Other diseases Burkitts Lymphoma,EBV
assoc malignancies,nasopharyngeal carcinoma Atypical Lymphocytes 12-16m diam,abundant
cytoplasm,oval indented folded nucleus. Tests PBSLeucocytosis ; Monospot Test ; Viral specific Ab
detection. 4. Atypical LymphocytesROB-417 (Downy Lymphocytes)(Mononucleosis Cells). 12-16m
diam,abundant cytoplasm,oval indented folded nucleus. 5. Compare Downy type LymphocytesHM-
413 and Reed Sternberg cells. Downy is atypical lymphocytes in IM 6. Cat-Scratch Disease Bartonella
Henselae,children,self-limited lymphadenitis 7. Leucopenia define ,
causes 8. Leukocytosis 9. Leukocytosis & Leukemia differences 10. Lymphocytosis
causes 11. Reactive Lymphadenitis LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS NON HODGKINS +
LEUKEMIAS Leukemia Leuko (white blood cells) + haimas (blood) Acute Myeloblastic
Leukemia all ages Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia children* ALL closely
resembles AML, so they are DISCUSSED TOGETHER Lymphomas = Leukemias ? Chronic Myeloid
Leukemia middle age Chronic Lyphocytic Leukemia elderly Lymphoma
Lymph (lymph fluid) + oma (tumour) 12. Classification of Acute Leukemias HM-416
*** 13. REAL ClassificationROB-421 HM-451 14. Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Classify 15. NHL & HL
clinical differences Table 12-11 LEUKEMIAS. 16.ESSAY UNIV : A 4yr old male presents with pallor,
fatigue, and weakness.Clinical examination reveals lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and
splenomegaly. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
occurs in children b) How is this disease classified? c) What are the peripheral smear and
BM picture? d) What histochemical stains will aid in the diagnosis? HM-418
Cytochemistry=Histochemistry ; Myeloperoxidase, Sudan black, PAS, NSE, Acid
Phosphatese 61. ESSAY UNIV : A 5yr old child presented with recurrent respiratory tract infection
and bleeding gums and petechia. On examination, the child was pale, had cervical lymphadenopathy,
bony tenderness and hepatospolenomegaly. a) What is the probable diagnosis? ALL occurs in
children. Anaemia + bony tenderness b) How do you classify the condition? c) Discuss the
laboratory investigations that will be positive and confirm the diagnosis? d) Mention two
complications of the condition? 62. ESSAY UNIV : A 35yr old lady presented with gum hypertrophy and
bleeding. On examination she was pale and had moderate hepatosplenomegaly and tender cervical
lymphadenopathy. a) What is your probably diagnosis? AML/CML b) Mention the classification
of the condition? c) Discuss the laboratory investigations that will confirm the diagnosis? d) Mention
two complications of the condition? 63. ESSAY UNIV : A 45yr old man presented with fatigue,
weight loss and dragging pain in the left hypochondrium. On examination the patient had pallor and
massive splenomegaly and a TLC > 1 lakh/mm c. a) What is the most probable
diagnosis? b) Enumerate and discuss the positive lab investigations? c) What are the
complications of the condition? d) Mention the chromosomal abnormality associated with the
condition? 17. Leukemias define , classify etiologyHM-414 18. Acute Leukemia lassification ,
Cytochemistry lymphoid & myeloid series 19. Mention two hereditary diseases which have higher
risk of developing acute leukemiasHM-415 UNIV Downs Syndrome,Klinefilters Syndrome, Wiskott-
Aldrischs syndrome, Fanconis anaemia, Blooms Syndrome. 20. Philadelphia chromosomeHM-
415 *** reciprocal translocation ; t(9,22) 21. What is the blood picture in Acute Lymphoblastic
Leukemia UNIV 22. Lymphomas classify 23. Mention the name of two low grade lymphomas
UNIV 24. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Haematological findings 25. Lymphoid
Hyperplasia types 26. Lymphoid Neoplasm types , names of classifications HM 27. Peripheral
B cell neoplasms name 28. Follicular Center cell lymphoma 29. Burkitts Lymphoma ***
ROB-428 starry sky, monotonous pattern , MYC gene, 30. Burkitts Lymphoma immuno
phenotype 31. AML & ALL Classify 32. Leukemoid Reaction* / Blood ReactionHM-
414 33. Leukemoid Reaction & Leukemia Compare Lab findings , stains used 34. Mention the PS
& BM findings in Aleukemic Leukemia UNIV 35. Aleukemic Leukemia 36. Myeloma
Nephrosis see multiple myeloma 37. Myeloid Reaction 38. Multiple Myeloma 39. Multiple
Myeloma Diagnostic Tests 40. Plasma Cell 41. Bence Jones Proteins LYMPHOID NEOPLASMS
HODGKINS LYMPHOMA 42. Virus implicated in Hodgkins Lymphoma UNIV 43. Hodgkins
Lymphoma ESSAY Classify ; (1)Nodular Sclerosis (2)Mixed Cellularity (3)Lymphocyte predominance (4)
Lymphocyte depletion Name the predominant form in INDIA 44. Draw & Label : Reed Sternberg
Cell UNIV 45. Reed Sternberg Cell VariantsHM-446 UNIV 46. What are L&H Cells?HM-446 UNIV-
2008 also called popcorn/polypoid type of RS Cell ; seen in Lymphocyte predominance HL
; 47. Nodular Sclerosis microscopic picture lacunar type of RS Cell ; lies in a lacuna ; 48. ALL
factor affecting prognosis , cytochemical stains used in diagnosis 49. Factor determining
prognosis in HL MYELOID NEOPLASMS ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA 50. AML PS findings , lab
diagnosis 51. AML WHO classification 52. Morphology of abnormal cells in Peripheral Smear of
AML M3 of lassification.ROB-436 fig. azurophilic granules ; AUER RODS ; more myeloblasts. Mention the
chromosomal abnormality in this conditionROB-437 UNIV t(15,17) ; translocation of RARA gene from
Chr17 to PML gene on Chr15fusion of genesfused genes produces proteinswhich block myeloid
differentiationAML. 53. T(15:17) translocation in M3 significance ROB-437 translocation of
RARA gene from Chr17 to PML gene on Chr15fusion of genesfused genes produces proteinswhich
block myeloid differentiationAML. TREATMENT : Retinoic Acid. 54. Draw & Label : PS in
AML 55. Auer Rods CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA 56. CML pathogenesis , lab diagnosis
Philadelphia chrom 57. CML PS & BM findings 58. Draw and Label : Blood picture in CMLHM-
421 UNIVx2 more promelocytes & metamyelocyes 59. CML cytogenetic abnormality? t(9,22) ; PLASMA
CELL DISORDERS 60. ESSAY : 40yr male suffering from severe bony pain on lumbar region. Xray revealed
multiple osteolytic lesions in L2,3,4 vertebrae. Blood investigations were Hb 10g%, PBS showed
prominent rouleux formation. Bone marrow aspirate smears clinched the diagnosis. HM-
459 e) Suggest possible diagnosis? Multiple Myeloma f) Other investigations you want to
do? Serum Electrophoresis, BM aspirate, X-ray g) Name the immunological disorder under which it is
grouped? Plasma cell dyscrasias. h) Describe in detail about the immune substance present in this
case? 61. MGUS (Monoclonal Gammopathy of undetermined significance) see multiple
myeloma 62. Waldenstroms MacroglobulinemiaHM-462 see multiple myeloma 63. Langerhans
CellsHM-463 Cell of mononuclear-macrophage system ; in skin 64. Langerhans Cells
HistiocytosisHM-463 BLEEDING DISORDERS 65. Draw MagakaryocyteHM-425
UNIV 66. ESSAY Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Fig 12-29 64. ESSAY : A 35yr
old woman was admitted due to snake bite in the MHC. She later developed bleeding from gums,
purpuric and echymotic patches over the body. BP 90/60mmHg. Renal output for the first 24hrs was
75ml. a) What is your diagnosis ? DIC b) What lab investigation will you suggest? Consumption of
platelets & coagulation factors c) Describe pathogenensis of this condition? d) What are the
major disorders associated with this condition? e) Is it true that in our hospital snakebite is the
commonest cause of this condition? 67. Mention 2 major factors which trigger DIC?HM-437
UNIV 68. Bleeding Disorders define , classify 69. Thrombocytopenia Lab
Investigations 70. Thrombocytopenia - causes 71. Thrombocytosis - causes 72. Drug induced
thrombocytopenia 73. Von-Willibrand DiseaseHM-435 pathogenesis , Lab investigations
,confirmation of diagnosis ,Treatment 74. Purpura define , classify 75. Purpura lab
diagnosis 76. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura UNIV 65. ESSAY UNIV : A 6yr old girl
presented with acute onset petechia. She gave a history of viral fever a few weeks before the present
complaints. On examination there was no prganomegaly. a) What is your probable diagnosis? ITP .
HM-431 b) Discuss the pathogenesis and laboratory findings in this condition? HM-
432 c) Mentin two complications of this condition? d) Mention two other types of this condition
which predominantly affects adults? ROB- Heparin induced, etc 77. ITP pathogenesis , lab findings ,PS
& BM findings 78. Hemophilia 79. Differenciate VWD & Hemophilia 80. Clotting
time 81. TTP & HUSROB-448 82. Abnormal Hemoglobins list 83. Blood Transfusion -
Hazards 84. Blood transfusion reactions 85. Erythroblastosis FoetalisHM-441
UNIV 86. Impaired Clot retraction causes 87. Clotting Factor II & IIa 88. Bombay
Blood Group DISORDERS OF SPLEEN & THYMUS 89. Massive Splenomegaly Causes 90. Bantis
SpleenHM-466 long standing congestion fibrocongestive splenomegaly ; 91. Name three
infections associated with splenomegalyHM-465 UNIV 92. HypersplenismHM-466 UNIV excessive
removal of RBCs , platelets & WBCs from blood 93. Tropical Splenomagaly 94. Name
hormones secreted by Thymus HM-467 Thymopoetin & Thymosin 1 95. Thymoma *** ROB-
451 96. Thymic Carcinoma 1. RBC Distribution Width (RDW) 2. Serum Haptoglobin ROB-
398 3. Bite Cells ROB-407 4. Schistocytes ROB 408 Schisto means cleft / division. A variety of
poikilocyte that owes its abnormal shape to fragmentation occurring as the cell flows through damaged
small vessels. 5. Bone Marrow Aspiration Indications &
Contraindications 6. Agranulocytosis 7. M protein strep M antigen 8. Gamma Gandy
bodiesHM-466 9. Macropolycyte 10. Absolute Eosinophil count Normal & Abnomal
values RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES (Asthma, COPD, Chronic Bronchitis) ESSAY : 30/m
chronic smoker with loss of weight & apetite , deveopd aemoptysis along with cough & expectoration
for more than 2 months. X-ray chest revealed , right apical cavity. a) Possible diagnosis &
Morphological features b) Laboratory investigations you take up c) Complications 1. Types of
Atelectasis ROB-454 2. Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma ROB-456,113 fig Type I Hypersensitivity ; 3.
Extrinsic Asthma 4. Morphological findings in Asthma ROB-457 5. Cursehmanns spirales ROB-457 HM-
492(fig) spirally twisted masses of mucus occurring in the sputum in bronchial asthma ; containing shed
epithelium. 6. Charcot laden crystals HM-492 crystalloid proteins ; eosinophilic 7. Pathogenesis of
Emphysema ROB-461 8. Types of Emphysema ROB-458 9. Panacinar Emphysema Draw and Label
Panacinar EmphysemaHM-490,489 UNIV 10. Pathogenesis of Panacinar EmphysemaROB-461UNIV 11.
Protease Antiprotease TheoryROB-461 UNIV 12. Protease Antiprotease Hypothesis ROB-461 13. Bullous
Emphysema HM-488 14. Reid Index HM-486 ROB-464 ratio of thickness of submucosal gland lyr to
bronchial wall ; chronic bronchitis ; 15. Etiopathogenesis of Bronchiectasis ROB-465 UNIV 16.
Complications of bronchiectasisHM-493 UNIV necrotising pneumonia & TB 17. Kartagener Syndrome
ROB-464 *** autosomal recessive ; str abnormality in cilia ; impaired mucociliary clearance
Bronchiectasis ; +sterility in males +Dextrocardia RESTRICTIVE DISEASES 18. ARDS-Etiology and
Pathogenesis ROB-466 fig 13-13 19. ARDS-Gross and Microscopy of Lung ROB-467 20.
PneumoconiosisHM-495 UNIV 21. Stiff Lung HM-473 ROB-465 22. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ROB-
469 23. Honey Comb Lung ROB-470 the radiological and gross appearance of the lungs resulting from
interstitial fibrosis and cystic dilation of bronchioles and distal air spaces; of unknown cause or a sequel
of any of several diseases, including eosinophilic granuloma and sarcoidosis. 24. Sarcoidosis ESSAY ROB-
471 non-caseating granuloma ; Schaumann bodies ; Asteroid bodies ; 25. Asteroid Bodies ROB-471 an
eosinophilic inclusion resembling a star with delicate radiating lines, occurring in a vacuolated area of
cytoplasm of a multinucleated giant cell; especially frequent in sarcoidosis, but occurs also in other
granulomas; 26. lupus pernio ROB-472 27. Good Pastures SyndromeROB-473 HM-503 28. Wegeners
Granulomatosis ROB-474,351 29. Bronchiolitis ObliteransROB-475 HM-472 obstruction of bronchioles
and alveolar ducts by fibrous granulation tissue induced by mucosal ulceration; the condition may follow
inhalation of irritant gases (see silo-filler's lung) or may complicate pneumonia (see BOOP); associated
with obstructive findings (see unilateral hyperlucent lung, Swyer-James syndrome) 30. Carnification A
change in tissues, whereby they become fleshy, resembling muscular tissue (carn-), flesh, + facio, to
make.. 31. Anthracosis/Coal Workers P ROB-269 HM-496 32. Coal Nodules HM-496 33. Two
complications of Asbestosis UNIV Bronchogenic Carcinoma 34. Asbestos related Lung lesions UNIV 35.
Caplan Syndrome HM-498 36. Hyaline Membrane DiseaseHM-470 UNIV VASCULAR DISEASES 37. Saddle
Embolus ROB-476 38. Clinical Course of Pulmonary Thromboembolism ROB-477 INFECTIONS -
PNEUMONIA 39. Pathological changes in Lobar Pneumonia UNIV 40. Stages of Pneumonia ROB-479 HM-
477 UNIV 41. Red Hepatisation ROB-480 HM-477 42. Grey Hepatisation ROB-480 HM-477 43. Viral
Pneumonia ROB-482 44. Complications of Pneumonia HM-479 45. Interstitial Pneumonia. Two orgs
causing itHM-480 UNIV RSV (most common) , Mycoplasma pneumoniae INFECTIONS -
TUBERCULOSIS 46. Primary Pulmonary TB ROB-487 47. Sequele of Primary TuberculosisUNIV 48. What is
primary Complex ? Two sites where it can occur UNIV 49. Ghons Complex UNIV 50. Types of Candidial
infection ROB-493 51. Fungal Ball ROB-494 52. Pneumocystitis Carini ROB-497 53. Brown induration
ROB-363 54. Lung Abscess ROB-495 LUNG TUMOURS 115. ESSAY UNIV : A 60yr old male with history of
chronic smoking presenting with cough, chest pain, dysnoea, and weight loss. Xray chest showed
mediatinal opacity and enlarged hilar nodes.On the 3rd day of admission patient died of severe
hemoptysis. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Bronchogenic Carcinoma b) What relevant
investigations you would have asked to confirm the diagnosis? c) What is the cause of
death? d) What is the etiopathogenesis? 116. ESSAY UNIV : A 50yr old smoker presented with cough,
hemoptysis and Horners Syndrome. a) What is your diagnosis? b) What are the
investigations you will do to confirm the diagnosis? c) Write the morphology of the lesion in this
case? Horners syndr occurs in pancoast tumour 55. ESSAY : A 55yr old man with heavy habit of cigar
smoking came to the OP with h/o cough blood stained sputum, loss of wt . Xray reveals hilar
shadows. a) What is your diagnois ? Bronchogenic Carcinoma b) What are the etiological factors
of this condition? c) Microscopic picture of this condition? 56. ESSAY MODEL : A 60yr old male
presented with cough and hemoptysis of 3wk duration. CT chest showed mass lesion at the
hilum. a) What is the most probable diagnosis? b) Describe the morphological features of
the disease? c) Mention two investigations in the lab for confirmation of the
disease? d) Mention four etiological factors involved in these? 57. Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Histologic Classification ROB-499,table,502 HM-506 58. Etiology of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
UNIV 59. Precancerous lesions in SCC lung ROB-501 Goblet cell hyperplasia Basal Cell Hyperplasia
Squamous mataplasia Carcinoma in situ 60. Oat Cell CarcinomaHM-510 ROB-503 61. Spread of
Bronchogenic Carcinoma Hamartoma HM-512 62. Pan Coast Tumour ROB-503 *** an adenocarcinoma
of a lung apex causing Pancoast syndrome. 63. Pan Coast Syndrome Pan Coast Syndrome lower trunk
brachial plexopathy and Horner syndrome due to malignant tumor in the region of the superior
pulmonary sulcus. 64. Paraneoplastic Syndromes ROB-504 65. Bronchial Carcinoid ROB-504 salt and
pepper chromatic ; collar button lesion 66. Which lung cancers are associated with ACTH and ADH
secretion? UNIV PLEURALS LESIONS 67. Mesothelioma ROB-504 HM-514 Asbestos exposrure , 68.
What is ChylothoraxROB-506 UNIV 69. Laryngeal Polyps KIDNEY & COLLECTING SYSTEM GLOMERULAR
DISEASES Anti-GBM Disease (Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease) Nephrotic Syndrome Lipoid
Nephrosis (Minimal Change Disease) Membranous Glomerulonephritis Membrano-proliferaive
Glomerulonephritis Diffuse proliferative Glomerulonephritis Focal proliferative Glomerulonephritis Focal
Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN) Cresentic
Glomrulonephritis (RPGN) IgA Disease (Berger Disease) GLOMERULAR DISEASES PATHO
GROSS LMICRO EMICRO C/F TREAT - 117. ESSAY UNIV : A 15yr old boy with h/o sore throat 3
weeks back presented to the OPD with puffiness of face, oliguria, hematuria, and
hypertension. a) What is your provisional diagnosis?Nephritic Syndrome b) What investigations
would you do? c) What are the sequelea of this condition? 95% recover completely ; complications :
rapidly progr GN, Chronic GN, uraemia, chronic renal failure,RHD HM-690,328 d) Draw and
describe the morphology of this condition? 118. ESSAY UNIV : A 10yr old boy presented with
headache,passing scanty high coloured urine and pedal edema of one week duration. a) What is
your diagnosis? b) What are the urinary findings in this case? c) Describe the morphology of
kidney in this case? 119. ESSAY PAPER II : 35/F came with generalised edema more on the face with
hyperpigmented butterfly shaped rash over the face. Diagnosed to suffer from nephritic
syndrome. e) Name the underlying disease given rise to nephrotic syndrome? SLE. HM-
79 f) Enumerate urinary findings in this case? g) Gross & light microscopic features of kidney?
Lupus Nephritis ROB-130 HM-80 1. Classification of Glomerular DiseasesTable 14-1 primary &
secondary 2. Mechanism of Glomerular injury (1)circulating immune complexes (2)antigens in situ
(3)cell mediated 3. Circulating Immune Complex Nephritis 4. *Nephrotic syndrome clinical
complex consists of (1)massive proteinuria (2)Hypoalbuminumia (3)Edema (compensatory aldstr
secretion) (4)HyperlipidemiaLipiduria(lipoprotein synth in liver due to
Hypoalbuminemia) (5)Hypercoagulability. CAUSES : Diabetes, Amyloidosis, SLE (Table 14.2) 5. Lab
Diagnosis of Nephrotic Syndrome 6. Mention Two Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome UNIV Diabetes,
Amyloidosis, SLE (Table 14.2) 7. Urine in Nephrosis 8. Lipoid Nephrosis UNIV (Minimal change
disease/Foot process disease/Nil Deposit Disease) children2-3yr ; preponderance in boys ; loss of
visceral epithelial foot processes ; PATHOG T cells elaborate a circulating factor(IL8/TNF) causes
loss of foot processes ; also affects nephrin gene synthesis ; No deposits seen ; selective
proteinuria GROSS normal L-MICRO lipid* accumulation in PCT(hence the name) , normal
glomeruli E-MICRO - *diffuse flattening of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells CF nephrotic
syndrome , selective proteinuria(albumin), TREAT responds to steroid therapy. 9. Light
Microscopy in Minimal change disease 10.Membranous Glomerulonephritis (Membranous
Nephropathy) slowly progressive ; 30-50yr adults ; widespread thickening of Glomer Capillary wall ;
subepithelial deposits(visceral epithelium).CAUSE idiopathic(85%) PATHO subepithelial deposit
compliment active ; membrane attack complex (C5b-C9) neutrophil infiltrate proteases &
oxidants damages capillary walls. ETIOl- in assoc with (1)HIV nephropathy (2)Heroin addiction
nephropathy (3)IgA nephropathy. GROSS kidneys enlarged,pale,smooth LMICRO diffuse thickening
of GBM & glom cap walls. EMICRO subepithelial deposits. spike&dome pattern spikes encircle
domes duplicate GBM ; deposits disappear laterleaving cavities C/F nephrotic syndrome, non-
selective proteinuria TREAT do not respond to steroid therapy. 11. Spike & Dome pattern
ROB-519 12. Focal Segmental Glomerulo-Sclerosis (FSGS/Focal Hyalinosis) sclerosis of some
glomeruli(focal) & few tufts(segmental) within the glomerulus ; PATHO unknown. LMICRO focal &
segmental lesion in glomerulus.Lesion incr mesanglial matrix,collapsed BM, hyaline deposits, lipid
droplets, sclerosis. EMICRO diffuse loss of foot processes, electron dense deposits C/F male
preponderance, nephrotic syndrome, heavy proteinuria TREAT - poor response to steroid therapy. ??
Collapsing FSG. 13. Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)/(Dense deposit
disease) PATHO TYPE Icirculating immune complexes. TYPE II ? C3 nephritic factor(C3NeF) GROSS
pale,firm LMICRO both types are similar, BM thickened, Cap wall tram-track appear
, EMICRO TYPE I subendothelial C3 deposits. Also IgG,C1q & C4. TYPE II intramembranous
deposits in GBM, deposits in mesangium , subendothelial space becomes irregular,ribbon like, highly
electron dense, dense deposition of (C3&properdin), mesangial rings, IgG,C1q & C4 are absent.TYPE
III rare C/F Nephrotic syndrome TREAT - 14. Dense Deposit Disease ROB-520 15. Nephritic
Syndrome UNIV consists of [HOAH] (1)hematuria injury to capil walls red cells escape (2)oliguria
blood lossreduced GFR (3)azotemia-ammonia (4)Hypertension- due to fluid
retension 16. Lab findings in Nephritic Syndrome 17. Acute glomerulonephritisESSAY smoky
urine, post-steptococcal 18. *Post Streptococcal GlomerulonephritisESSAY (OR PSGN / Acute
Proliferative GN) child PATHO immune complex formation ; IgG & Compliment deposition in GMN
hypocomplimetemia GROSS enlarged twice, petechial hemorrhages in cortex, flea-bitten
kidney LMICRO cellularity, proliferation of endothelial & mesanglial cells , neutrophilic&monocytic
infiltrate , thrombinecrosis EMICRO sunendothelial, subepithelial, intramembranous deposits. Of
IgG & C3. IF- IgG & C3. C/F Nephritic syndrome with malaise,fever,nausea. Proteinuria
present.TREAT child after throat infect, 19. Pathogenesis of Post streptococcal
Glomerulonephritis UNIV 20. What are the immunofluorescent findings in Acute Post
streptococcal Glomerulonephritis UNIV IgG & C3 deposits in GBM 21. Urinary findings in active post-
streptococcal GN non-selective proteinuria, hematuria, red cell casts, 22. Urinary findings in acute
Nephritis 23. Cresentic Glomerulonephritis(CrGN) / RPGN (Rapidly Progressive
Glomerulonephritis) a syndrome,not a form of GN. Crescents due to parietal epithelial cell prolf
PATHO (table14-3) TYPE I 12% , Anti GBM disease. IgG deposits in glomerular & pulmonary BM ,
pulmonary hemorrhages , Goodpasture syndrome TYPE II 44%, post infectious, immune complex
disease TYPE III 44% , Pauci-immune , ANCA , scanty or no deposition of Ig/C3 GROSS petechial
hemorrhages, enlarged white pale kidney LMICRO char crescents (collections of pale elonaged cells),
necrosis, thrombosis, endothelial & mesanglial proliferation EMICRO subepithelial deposits C/F
rapid& progressive loss of renal fnOliguriarenal failuredeath .Nephritic
syndrome. 24. Crescents UNIV 25. Good Pastures SyndromeHM-691 hemorrhagic interstiatial
pneumonitis + rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (LUNG+KIDNEY) PATHO-Anti GM antigen in
kideney and lung BM 26. Bergers disease / IgA Disease *** most common glomerular disease
worldwide ; children& young adults , upper resp infection gross hematuria , PATHO IgA deposition
in mesangium , HS purpura, abnormal IgA productionin marrow & clearance, IgA in mucus
secretions. GROSS LMICRO focal segmental glomerulosclerosis EMICRO electron dense deposits in
mesangium IF - mesangial deposition of IgA with C3,properdin,IgG,IgM. C/F gross hematuria after
respiratory infection , loin pain TREAT 27. Alports Syndrome (Heriditary Nephritis) triad of nephritis,
deafness, & eye lesions. Males 5-20yr, hereditary 28. Chronic Glomerulonephritis(End stage
kidney) GROSS-diffusely granular, contracted, 50g, red-brown LMICRO- complete hyalinization of
glomeruli, ? 29. Causes of End stage kidneyHM-698 RPGN(90%) MPGN ?? 30. Granular
Contracted Kidney UNIV HM-711 Chronic GN ; also seen in (1)Chronic GN (2)Chronic pyelonephritis
(3)Benign Nephrosclerosis 31. Diabetic glomerulonephritisHM-701 second glomr
dises, 32. Diabetic NephropathyHM-701 glomerulosclerosis. 33. Nodular Glomerulosclerosis
spherical hyalinised masses within glomeruli called K W lesions 34. Morphology of Nodular
sclerosis 35. Kimmelstiel-Wilson DiseaseHM-701 UNIV-2008 36. Urinary findings in Kimmelstiel-
Wilson DiseaseHM-701 diabetic nephropathy 37. Anti-GBM Disease in-situ antigen, 38. Heymann
Nephritis ROB-514 *** 39. Lupus Nephritis *** ROB-134 HM-80 Renal involvement in
SLE TUBULO-INTERSTITIAL DISEASES 40. Pyelonephritis UNIV suppurative inflammation of
kidney & pelvis ; due to UTI ; PATHO- E.Coli, (1) Ascending infection catheterization& cystoscopy,
urinary stasis in bladder Vesicourethral reflux , (2)Hematogenous spread , GROSS-
multiple,discrete,yellowish,raised abscesses on surface LMICRO- suppurative necrosis, abscess
formation, in parenchyma, rupture into tubules,COMPLICATIONS papillary necrosis in diabetics ,
Pyonephrosis in obstruction. 41. What is Pyonephrosis UNIV Distention of the pelvis and calices
of the kidney with pus, usually associated with obstruction 42. Acute Pyelonephritis see
above 43. Chronic Pyelonephritis 2 forms (1)Reflux nephropathy (2)Obstructive pyelonephritis
GROSS-assymetrically small, U shaped depressed polar scars ,blunted calyses. MICRO-uneven interstitial
fibrosis, dilated tubules with pink-blue glassy appearing colloid cast
(thyroidization), 44. Thyroidisation UNIVx2 chronic pyelonephritis ; dilated tubules with pink-
blue glassy appearing colloid cast (thyroidization), 45. Microscopy of Chronic PyelonephritisHM-
707 46. Acute Tubular Necrosis destr of tubular epithelial cells, clinically causes acute RF,
reversible, TYPES (1) Ischemic ATN-due to hypovolemic shock in burns hypoperfusion of peritubular
cells (2)Toxic ATN-due to toxic metals,solvents etc CF- (1)initiating phase (2)maintenance phase
(3)recovery phase 47. Analgesic Nephropathy large consumption of analgesics, PATHO-causes
papillary necrosis, (1)Acetaminophen injures cells by covalent binding & oxidative damage (2) Aspirin
inhibits PG synth inhibit vasodilation ischaemia necrosis. GROSS-yellowish brown necrotic
papillae MICRO- coagulative necrosis of papilla, CF-chr renal failure, hypertension,
anemia 48. Interstitial Nephritis RENAL VESSEL DISEASES 49. Hypertensive changes in
kidney Benign nephroscelrosis Malignant Nephroslerosis 50. Benign Nephrosclerosis GROSS-v shaped
scarring MICRO-hyaline arteriosclerosis. URETERIC DISEASES 51. Renal Calculi UNIV (Urolithiasis ) TYPES-
Calcium mixed uricacid Cystine 52. Triple phosphate stone (Struvite stone)HM-715
Ca,Mg,Amm phosphate ; 15% of stones PATHO- due to infection, urea splitting
orgs, 53. Enumerate types of Renal stones 54. Staghorn calculiHM-715 ROB-537 an eg of
struvile stone. Takes shape of renal pelvis, where it is formed ; several stones combined together
showing branching 55. Four conditions when renal stones occur 56. Hydronephrosis UNIV dilation
of renal pelvis & calyces ; unilateral or bilateral ? ; GROSS-massive enlarged to 20cm, parenchyma
compressed, papillae obliterated, pyramid flattened, MICRO-tubular dilation, sparing glomerulus,
kidney becomes thin shell of fibrous tissue CF- Unilateral is silent ; Bilateral produces
anuria 57. Causes of Hydronephrosis CONGENITAL-atresia of urethra, aberrant renal artery
compressing ureter, ureteric kinking. ACQUIRED-Calculi, tumours, pregnancy, spinal cord
damage. 58. Name 4 causes of Hydronephrosis UNIVx2 CYSTIC DISEASES 59. Polycystic Kidney
Disease ROB-535 ADULT dominant, multiple expanding cysts,bilateral, PKD1 gene on Chr16 & PKD2 on
Chr4 , polycystin 1&2. GROSS enormous size, 4kg, kidney is a mass of cysts, 3-4cm, no parenchyma,
cysts filled with clear/turbid/hemorrhagic fluid, cysts do not communicate with pelvis. MICRO- Cyst
walls have atropic lining, Bowmans capsule as cyst. C/F- asymptomatic till 40s, flank pain, Acute
distension with blood excruciating pain, intermittent gross hematuria, Compl-hypetension&UTI,
ultimately fatal, family history present. IN bilateral, numerous small cysts in cortex & medulla , sponge
like , cysts lined by cuboidal cells, similar hepatic lesions, 60. Gross features of Adult Polycystic
Kidney 61. Differentiate Adult & infantile Polycystic disease of Kidney TUMOURS 62. Classification of
Renal Cell Carcinoma 63. *Renal Cell Carcinoma adenocarcinoma, from renal tubular epithelium,
from cortex, men 70s, smokers & Cadmium, TYPES Clear Cell C (70-80%) tumour cells have clear
cytoplasm, VHL disease, VHL gene on Chr3p25.MORHyellow to orange to grey white, cystic
softening/hemorrhage, well defined margins, Extensions to ureter renalvein IVC Rheart perinephricFat
adrenals. Papillary C (10-15%) papillary growth pattern, MET protooncogene on
Chr7q31.MORPbilateral, multiple, orange-yellow Chromophobe RC (5%) tumour cells stain darkly,
multiple Chr loss of 1,2,6,10,13,17,21.MORPHtan-brown. C/F- hematuria (50%), long standing fever,
dull flank pain, Polycythemia due to erythroetin from tumour, 64. Enumerate four
microscopic variants of RCC HM-720 *** 65. Morphology of Renal Cell Carcinomafig in HM-
720 66. Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma)HM-721 see fig 67. Pathology of Wilms
Tumour 68. Tumours of Urinary Tract 69. *Tumours of Bladder(Transitional cell Ca/Urothelial
Neoplasms)arise from transitional epithelial tumours, papillary to flat, invasive to non-invasive, GRADE I
unchanged transitional cells,mild hyperchromatism,papillary, rarely invasive, recurs, GRADE II
unchanged transitional cells,prominent hyperchromatism,invasive,loss of polarity GRADE III
undifferentiated cells,papillary/flat, deep invasive,total loss of polarity, shaggier necrotic surface, C/F
painless hematuria . Histological Classification Transitional cell tumours(90%), Carcinoma in situ, SCC,
Adenocarcinoma, Mixed. 70. Transitional Cell Papilloma grade I transitional tumour of
bladder 71. Morphology of Transitional Cell carcinoma of Bladder 72. Chronic Renal
Failure EtiopathogenesisHM-677 73. Causes of Acute Renal FailureHM-676 74. Renal
Function TestsHM-674 75. Horse Shoe Kidney 76. Malakoplakia 77. Hunners
ulcer HM-723 interstitial cystitis. Ulcer in bladder. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM ESSAY : 60yr old male,
poorly built and catechetic came to surgical OP for pain in abdomen, vomiting, loss of apetite and loss of
weight and passing black coloured stool. O/E. patient was anaemic and on palpation of abdomen an ill
defined large and hard mass with prominent peristaltic movement on drinking water was found in the
epigastrium. Barium meal showed filling defect of 6cm in body of stomach closer to pyloric
antrum. a) What is your provisional diagnosis? b) Mention simple outpatient procedure to
confirm your diagnosis? c) The type of lesion you expect? d) Two important gross features
of the lesion? e) Microscopic features in this lesion? ORAL CAVITY 70. Apthous Ulcer/Canker Sores ROB-
544 HM-534 grey white exudates ; red brim ; 2 wks 71. Leukoplakia UNIV ROB-546 HM- 536 smoking ,
white , hyperkeratosis 72. Erythoplasia ROB-546 73. ErythroplakiaUNIV red velvety plaque-like lesion of
mucous membrane which often represents malignant change. 74. Oral Manifestation of AIDS HM-535
table ROB-545 75. Plummer Vinson Syndrome ROB-553,411 UNIV iron deficiency anemia, esophageal
web, and atrophic glossitis. Syn: Paterson-Kelly syndrome, sideropenic dysphagia. 76. Peterson Kelly
Syndrome same as above 77. Mention 2 premalignant lesions of Oral cavity UNIVx2 Leukoplakia 78.
Dentigerous Cyst HM-541 79. Ameloblastoma HM-542 SALIVARY GLANDS 80. Pleomorphic adenoma
UNIV ROB-548 HM- 546 parotid tumour , encapsulated, myoepithelial cells in myxoid stroma, sacrifice
facial nerve 81. Warthins tumour UNIV ROB-549 HM- 547 parotid region, salivary tissue trapped in
Lnode ; 2 lyr epith ; cleft spaces ; lymphoid tissue ESOPHAGUS 82. Achalasia Cardia ROB-550 failure to
relax ; obstruction 83. Mallory Weis Syndrome ROB-550 HM-553 long tear ; seen in chronic
alcoholics 84. Oesophageal Varices HM-552 85. Reflex Oesophagitis ROB-551 HM-553 86. Barretts
Oesophagus UNIVx2 ROB-552 red velvety ; sq columnar 87. Ca Oesophagus Risk factors ROB-553
table STOMACH GASTRITIS 88. Etiopathogenesis of Chronic Gastritis ROB-555 HM-560 89. Gastric
Mucosal Cell changes in Chronic Gastritis HM-563 90. H.Pyori ROB-556,557,558 ULCERS 91. What are
the sites of Peptic UlcerROB-559 UNIV antr & postr walls of First part of Duodenum(90%) and lesser
curvature of stomach 92. Draw and Label : Gastric UlcerROB-559(fig 15-15) HM-567 UNIV 4 zones : NIGS
; necrotic zone ,inflammatory zone,granulation t zone,scar zone 93. Draw and Label : Peptic Ulcer HM-
567 UNIV 94. Etiology of Peptic Ulcer HM-564 ROB-558 UNIVH.pylori ;acid pepsin secretion; NSAIDS,
Smoking, Alcohol, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 95. Compare Gastric and Duodenal Ulcer HM-565 96.
Benign Peptic Ulcer (Micro & Macro) ROB-557 HM-563 97. Stress Ulcers ROB-560 98. Cushings Ulcer
ROB-560 injury to the CNS gastric ulcer 99. Curlings Ulcer ROB-560 an ulcer of the duodenum in a
patient with extensive superficial burns, intracranial lesions, or severe bodily injury. Syn: stress
ulcers. STOMACH - TUMOURS 100. ESSAY UNIV : A 55yr old woman with a h/o epigastric pain relieved by
food (peptic ulcer) complained of hematemesis. An endoscopy was done and biopsy taken. The section
showed a cup shaped ulcer filled with blood clot. The ulcer extended almost through the gastric wall. It
is lined by necrotic debris and acute inflammatory cells overlying a base of granulation tissue and
fibrosis with a large vessel at the base. a) What is the probable diagnosis?Ulcerative
Carcinoma b) From the above findings what is the cause of hematemesis? c) Mention an
extragastric site where it can occur? Ovary (Krukenberg tumour) ; Virchows node d) What are
the complications of the lesion? e) Discuss the etiopathogenesis of the condition? 101. Adenoma of
Stomach HM-569 102. Gastric Polyps ROB-561 103. Risk factors for Gastric Carcinoma *** ROB-561
table 104. Precancerous lesions of CA StomachHM-570 UNIVx2 105. Draw Adenocarcinoma
StomachHM-572 UNIV 106. Gastric Carcinoma ROB-561 HM-569 2 types : intestinal & diffuse 107. Linitis
PLastica ROB-562 thickened stomach in Ca ; Schirrhous type 108. Signet Ring Cells HM-572 (fig)
*** seen in Schirrhous type of Gastric CA ; vacuoles filled with mucin compress nucleus against plasma
membrane ; (signet small seal engraved on a ring) 109. Signet ring cell carcinoma HM-573 syn. Linitis
plastica 110. Krukenberg Tumour ROB-562, INTESTINE - CONGENITAL 111. Meckels Diverticulum UNIV
ROB-563 failure of involution of yolk sac ; bacterial growthpernicious anaemia 112. What is the
abnormality in Hirschspring Disease in Histological Sections UNIV 113. Hirschspring Disease ROB-564
Congenital Megacolon ; neural crest cells migration arrested ; aganglionic segments ; 6-7 cm diam 114.
Stercoral Ulcers ROB-564 by feces ; INTESTINE ISCHAEMIC DISEASES HM-578 115. Ischaemic
Enterocolitis HM-578 INTESTINE INFECTIVE INFLAMMATORY 116. Intestinal TuberculosisHM-585 117.
Typhoid Ulcer in Intestine ROB-569 HM-586 oval with long axis parallel to long axis of bowel 118.
Pathogenesis & Pathology of Typhoid UNIV 119. Pseudomembranous Colitis *** ROB-569 HM-588
pseudomem formation over site of mucosal injury ; Cl difficile ; due to antibiotic use 120. Difference
between Amoebic and Tuberculous Ulcer 121. AmoebomaHM-193 UNIV ROB-569 inflammatory
thickening of colon resembling cancer 122. Malabsorbtion Syndromes ROB-570 HM-588 123. Celiac
Disease ROB-571 HM-589 (Gluten sensitive enteropathy ) sensitive to gluten in wheat/oat ; HLADQ2&8 ;
drives an immune response ; total flattening of mucosal villi ; 124. Tropical Sprue ROB-571 HM-590
vising the tropics ; malabsorbtion & diarrhoea ; Tropherima whippelii. 125. Whipples Disease ROB-571
systemic infection ; PAS stained macrophages ; in Lamina Propria INTESTINE IDIOPATHIC
INFLAMMATORY (CD&UC) 126. Crohns Disease ROB-573 HM-580 transmural involvement ; systemic
inflammatory disease ; string sign in barium meal ; skip lesions ; long serpentine ulcers ; cobblestone
appearance ; 127. Skip Lesions ROB-573 128. Ulcerative Colitis ROB-574 mucosa & submucosa ; begins
in rectum ; greatest rick for ca ; granulomas absent ; 129. What is Pseudopolyps UNIV ROB-576 HM-599
inflammatory polyps ; re-epithelisation of ulcers in UC&CD 130. Toxic Megacolon ROB-576 exposure of
muscularis mucosa to fecal matter destruction of the neuromuscular fn colon swells & gangrenous
toxic megacolon. 131. Back Wash Illeitis involvement of the terminal ileum by the inflammatory and
ulcerative changes seen in chronic ulcerative colitis; distinguished from involvement of ileum and
proximal colon by regional (granulomatous) enteritis (e.g., Crohn's disease of terminal ileum and
proximal colon). 132. Difference between Crohns Disease & Ulcerative Colitis ROB-575 HM-
582 INTESTINE - OBSTRUCTION 133. Intussucception.Mention 2 complications UNIV ROB-578 HM-578
telescoping. ComplicationInfarction, instes obstruction, gangrene, perforation, peritonitis. 134.
Volvulus ROB-578 HM-578 twisting INTESTINE - TUMOURS 135. Tumours of Intestine Classification
ROB-579 136. Beningn Intestinal Polyps ROB-579 137. Gross and Microscopy of Villous Adenoma
UNIV 138. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Microscopy HM-601 139. Turcots SyndromeROB-582 HM-
601 UNIV a rare and perhaps distinct form of multiple intestinal polyposis in which brain tumors are
present; probably autosomal recessive trait. 140. Peutz Jeghers Syndrome ROB-582 HM-598 UNIV-
2007 autosomal dominant ;POLYPPOSIS, melanotic pigmentation of lips,mouth&genitilia ; tree like
branching of muscularis mucosae. 141. Colorectal Carcinoma ROB-582 HM-601 ESSAY commonest ca
next to lung ca ; 142. Adeno carcinoma sequence *** ROB-584 fig 143. Gross Morphology of Carcinoma
Colon ROB-585 fig HM-604 fig Rt & Lft ; fungating ; napkin ring configuration. 144. What is Duke stage C
in Colonic Carcinoma HM-604,605 UNIV mucosa,submucosa,musculari, serosa, nodes. 145. Astler Coller
staging of Colonic CancerHM-605 146. Carcinoid Syndrome UNIV ROB-586 table HM-
591 APPENDIX 147. Acute Appendicitis ROB-588 148. Microscopic appearance of Acute Appendicitis
ROB-588 149. MucoceleHM-594 150. Psedomyxoma Peritonnei UNIV HM-594 LIVER & BILIARY
SYSTEM GENERAL DISEASES 120. ESSAY UNIV : 20yr old male presented with fever, upper abdominal
pain, jaundice and vomiting for 10 days duarion.There is tender liver on palpation. a) What is your
diagnosis? b) What are the probable values of Liver function tests? c) Describe the
morphology of liver in this case? 121. ESSAY UNIV : A 84yr old woman is hospitalized for broken hip. She
developed high fever on the 2nd day with cough producing a mucoid sputum, chaking chills, and marked
malaise. X-ray shows marked patchy consolidation in both lower lobes. WBC count was elevated with a
shift to the left. She dies within 76 hrs of becoming systemically ill. a) What is the probable cause of
her illness? b) Mention four bacterial which may lead to this condition? c) Describe the
gross and microscopic findings inthis condition? d) What are the complications of this
disease? 1. Bilirubin Metabolism 2. Cholestasis intrahepatichereditary diseases,viral
hepatitis etc extrahepaticmechanical obstruction. See HM-616 3. Obstructive & Hemolytic Jaundice
Lab Test to differentiate 4. Pathophysiology of Jaundice 5. Alkaline phosphatise 6. ESSAY : A 50 yr old
man cam eto OP with distension of abdomen & wt loss. O/E was having ascites, gynaecomastia, SGPT
increased and serum A/G reversed. a) What is your diagnosis ? Hepatic failure due to
cirrhosis b) Give gross and microscopy of affected organ? c) What is the pathogenesis of
ascites? 7. Cirrhosis kirrhos - tawny ClassificationHM-640 MORPcLF-micronodular: less than 3mm ;
macronodular: more than 3mm ; mixed: ETIOLcLF-alcohol(70%), viral hepatitis,biliary cirrhosis,Wilson
d,ATA def,cardiac cirrhosis etc. 8. Draw and Label : Cirrhosis LiverHM-643 UNIV 9. Cirrhosis
Etiological classification see above 10. Classification of CirrhosisHM-639
UNIV 11. Cirrhosis irreversible. Three Char : (1)bridging fibrous septae (2)parenchymal nodules
(3)loss of liver architechture ETIOLO- see ebove PATHO-(1)Hepatocellular death (2)Nodular
Regeneration (3)Pregressive fibrosis-by Interstitial Collagens type I,III,&IV ; stellate cell in Space of Disse
is source of collagen, CLIN-silennt, anorexia, wt loss, weakness,frank debilitation COMPL-liver
failure,portalHTN,hepatocellular CA 12. Alcoholic Liver Disease 3 formsFig16.13 (1)HEPATIC
STEATOSIS/ LIVER-80%-GROSS-liver enlarged, soft, yellow,greasy. MICRO-lipid accum in hepatocytes,
nucleus pushed to periph, CLIN- hepatomegaly, bilirubin & alk phosphatise levels (2)ALCOHOLIC
HEPATITIS 10-35% acetaldehyde causes liver injury GROSS-mottled rec with bile stained areas MICRO-
Fig16.13hepatocyte ballooning with fat & necrosis, Mallory bodies, neutrophilic infiltration,perivenular
fibrosis. CLIN-20yrs of drinking, malaise,anorexia,wt loss, abd discomfort, tender hepatosplenomegaly,
fever, bilirubin & alk phosphatae, ALT&AST. (3)CIRRHOSIS 10%.GROSS-
yellow,fatty,enlargedbrown,shrunken,non-fatty. ; micronodular, hobnail appearance, massive
fibrosis.CLIN- Portal HTN & its complications like ascites,esophageal varices,hepatic encephalopathy etc
; 13. Mention 3 stages of Alcoholic liver disease UNIV fatty change alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis 14.Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease 15. Morphology of Alcoholic Hepatitis Mallory
body, 16. Steatosis / Fatty Change cellular metabolism diverted to metabolise alcohol instead of fat
fat metabolism stopped fat accumulates 17.Alcoholic CirrhosisESSAY 18. Biliary Cirrhosis Primary
& Secondary SECONDARY* CIRR due to obstr by gall stones PATHO- obstr of bile duct by stone bile
accumulates in intra-hepatic bile ducts rupture into liver tissue necrosis of liver tissue biliary
infarct. PRIMARY CIRR middle aged women PATHO-autoimmune destruction of medium sized bile ducts
bile release into liver tissue necrosis of liver tissue biliary infarct. 19. Cardiac Cirrhosis chr
Rt sided heart failure incr press in rt ventrincr press in IVC hepatic veins 20. Post necrotic
cirrhosisHM-645 macronodular, post hepatitis 21. Pigment Cirrhosis eg Wilson disease &
Hemochromatosis 22. Complications of CirrhosisHM-650 UNIV 23. Laennecs Cirrhosis HM-643
UNIV same as alcoholic cirrhosis ; cirrhosis in which normal liver lobules are replaced by small
regeneration nodules, sometimes containing fat, separated by a fairly regular framework of fine fibrous
tissue strands (hob-nail liver); usually due to chronic alcoholism. Can progress to severe impairment of
liver function, portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices, and life-threatening
complications. Syn: portal cirrhosis. 24. Complications of Portal Cirrhosis 25. Pathology of
Cirrhosis of nutritional type 26. Microscopic features of Cirrhosis of Liver red nodules in blue
background 27. Mallory Body(Alcoholic Hyaline) seen in Alcoholic hepatitis , eosinophilic
intracytoplsmic inclusions, perinuclear, within ballooned hepatocytes , are aggregates of cytoskeletal
filaments, STAIN massons trichome,chromophobe aniline blue or immunoperoxidase method. , Also
seen in : Primary biliary cirrhosis, Indian childhood cirrhosis, cholestatic syndrome, wilsons disease,
interstitial bypass surgery, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular ca. 28. Hepatic failure
MANIFESTATIONS (1) Jaundice (2)Hepatic Encephalopathy (2)Hepatorenal syndrome
(3)Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (4)Circulatory disturbance - splanchnic flow & renal flow & renal
failure (5)Ascites & Edema (6)Hypogonadism (7)Foetor Hepaticus mouth odour (8) Skin arterial
spiders 29. Hepatorenal Syndrome renal failure due to hepatic disease ; in whom no other cause for
renal dysfunction.PATHO- splanchnic vasodilatationsystemic vasoconstrictionreduced renal blood
flow CLIN-oliguria, uremia, but good tubular fn, reversible. 30. Hepatic encephalopathy asterexis ?
PATHO-shunting of portal blood to brain altered metabolic mileu to brainincr ammonia to
brainimpairs neuronal fn. 31. Portal Hypertension UNIV 32. Portal Hypertension
Consequences (1)Ascites in peritoneal cavity PATHO-sinusoidal HTNfluid moves into space of Disse
fluid removed by hepatic lymphaticsload of hepatic lymphatics reaches thresholdfluids filtered into
peritoneal cavity*Ascites (2)Portosystemic shunts - Esophageal varices , haemorrhoids ,caput medusa
around umbilicus etc(3)Splenomegaly long standing congestion (4)Hepatic encephalopathy
asterexis,PATHO-shunting of portal blood to brain altered metabolic mileu to brainincr ammonia to
brainimpairs neuronal fn. 33. Two causes of Portal HTN UNIV 34. Portal Hypertension
Causes HM-651 35. Biliary Atresia in infants , 36. Liver Function TestsHM-614 Bilirubin, Bile salts,
Urobilinogen, Bromsulphalein excretion,ALP, AST,ALT,LDH, etc etc 37. Structure of Hepatic
Lobule HM-609 38. Causes for Micronodular Cirrhosis alcoholic, nutritional, 39. Patterns of Liver cell
necrosis Focal ; Centrizonal ; Peripheralzonal ; Massive 40. What is Massice Necrosis of
LiverROB-608 UNIV INFECTIVE DISEASES 41. Viral Hepatitis 42. Hepatitis B 43. Hepatitis
B Serological Markers 44. Sequele of Hepatitis B infectionROB-fig16.5 UNIVx4 45. HBV infection
Consequence 46. Lab Diagnosis of Acute Viral Hepatitis 47. Chronic active Hepatitis(Lupoid
Hepatitis) autoimmune, >6months , LE cell test positive , serological markers for viral negative
, 48. Chronic Viral Hepatitis Liver biopsyFig16.9 Ground-glass hepatocytes , granular eosinophilic
cytoplasm, granules composed of HbSAg as spheres&tubules, Sanded nuclei, Periportal fibrosis
Bridging fibrosis, Bridging necrosis, Macrophage aggregates, Fatty change, regenerative nodules (macro
>0.3cm) 49. Hepatitis B Carrier Liver biopsy 50. Toxic HepatitisHM-638 drugs &
chemicals 51. Morphology of Liver in Hepatitis A 52. Australia antigen UNIVx2 surface
antigen 53. Australia antigen ? Mention two other serum Ags diagnostic in this condition
UNIV 54. Antibodies of Hepatitis B infection 55. Mention the 3 phases in Acute hepatitsROB-606
UNIVx2 56. Ballooning Degeneration seen in acute hepatitis, injury by diffuse swelling of hepatocyte,
empty cytoplasm few cytoplasmic remnants only, 57. Councilman bodyHM-631 (Acidophil body) seen
in acute hepatitis, pink, acidophilic mass , seen within hepatocyte, after extrusion of nucleus, acidophilic
degeneration, apoptosis. 58. Bridging Necrosis seen in severe acute hepatitis, necrosis
connecting portal-portal, central-central or portal-central regions, 59. Bridging FibrosisHM-632 seen
in chronic hepatitis hallmark of irreversible liver damage, periportal fibrosisbridging between
lobules. 60. Ito Cells/Stellate Cells fat-containing cells lining hepatic sinusoids.Fn : storage & metabolism
of vit A, Contribute to collagen production in normal and fibrotic liver 61. Piecemeal NecrosisHM-632
see fig seen in chronic active hepatitis, piece by piece, periportal destruction of
hepatocytes 62. Fulminant Hepatitis UNIV 63. Amoebic Liver abscess 64. Hydatid
Cyst in Liver 65. Causative organism of Hydatid Cyst. Mention 3 organs where it can occur
UNIV 66. Parasitic infestations of Liver METABOLIC DISEASES 67. Hemochromatosis/Bronz
diabetes Fe , autosomal recessive,also secondary Fe overloadsee Table 16-7, 60s & 70s, males
predominate 7:1, char by triad : micronodular cirrhosis, DMdestr of pancrestic islets , skin
pigmentation. PATHOG-HFEgene in Chr6, 2 mutations C282Y & H63D, causes defect in absorbtion,
excess absorbtion, 20g Fe stored in liver compared to normal 0.5g, Char by (1)hemosiderin deposit in
liver,pancreas,myocardium,pituitary,adrenal,thyroid,parathyroid,joints,skin (2)cirrhosis (3)pancreatic
fibrosis GROSS-slightly enlarged,chocolate-brown, MICRO- golden-yellow hemosiderin granules in
cytoplasm of hepatocytes, stains blue with Prussian Blue, PANCREAS-intense pigmentation HEART-
hemosiderin granules within myocardial fibres SKIN-slate gray JOINT-depositon causes acute synovitis
TESTES-small&atropic CLIN-hepatomegaly,abd pain, bronze skin pigmentation, DM, cardiac dysfunction,
atypical arthritis, hypogonadism, ! Screening with serum Fe levels. 68.Wilson Disease UNIVx2 Cu ,
autosomal recessive, defect in Cu excretion thru bile, Triad of Liver Cirrhosis,Basal ganglia degrn,Cornea
KF rings. PATHO-mutation of ATB7B gene in Ch13, causes defect in Cu transporter in GolgiCmplx of
Hepatocytes, failure to excrete Cu in bile accumulation, toxic injury to liver, binds to cellular proteins,
displaces other metals from enzymes, ORGANSLiver,brain (basal ganglia degeneration),cornea
(Keyser-Fleischer rings),kidneys,bones,joints,parathyroid. CLIN-5-30yrs,
jaundice,hepatomegaly,neuropsychiatric changes,corneal rings, DIAG- serum Ceruloplasmin,urinary
Cu,hepatic Cu in biopsy.STAINS? Rhodanine stain, Rubeanic acid,Orcein stain 69. Three
components of Wilsons disease UNIV 70. Keyser-fleischer rings seen in Wilson disease
,greenish-brown, Cu deposits in Descement membrane , limbus of cornea, 71. 1-Anti Trypsin
disease(AAT) autosomal recessive, char by low levels of AAT , AAT a serum protein is a protease inhibitor
(Pi) synth by liver, inhibits Elastase of neutrophil , Risk of Emphysema , PiMM gene in Chr14. MICRO- red
cytoplasmic granules 72. Neonatal Hepatitis (Giant Cell Hepatitis / Neonatal Hepatocellular
Cholestasis) in infants , idiopathic(75%) , 1st week after birth , jaundice, bilirubinemia, pale stools, High
ALPase, 73. Congenital Jaundice 74. Reyes Syndrome children <4yr , 3-5dy after viral
infection , encephalopathy + fatty change , common after Inflenza A/B , blood ammonia ,
mitochondrial dysfn , no aspirin , CIRCULATORY DISEASES (Hepatin Artery, Hepatic Vein, Portal
Vein) 75. Peliosis Hepatis ROB-624 anabolic steroid use ; 76. Budd-Chiari Syndrome
(Hepatic vein thrombosis) ETIOL-idiopathic(30%),polycythemia vera,OCPs,preg,post-partum,hepatocell
Ca,etc GROSS-liver swollen, red-purpleFig, tense capsule MICRO-centrilobular
congestion&necrosis,rupture of sinusoids into space of Disse, fibrosis in slow thrombosis. CLINI-
ACUTEabd pain,vomiting,enlarged liver,ascites,mild jaundice CHRONICenlarged tender liver,wt
gain,ascites,PortalHTN. High mortality 77. Nutmeg Liver TUMOURS 78. Hepatocellular
CarcinomaESSAY(HCC)HM-654/ Hepatoma ETIOLO-HBV* infection,HCV infection,Chr liver disease ie
Cirrhosis,Dietary hepatocarcinogens like aflatoxin from Aspergilus flavus,alcohol PATHOG-read
HM GROSS-x3 unifocal(single yellow-brown,encapsulated,massive tumour in Rt lobe with central
necrosis&hemorrhage),multifocal(widely distr nodules of 3-5cm size) or rarely diffusely
infiltrative MICRO-4 hist patterns (1)sinusoidal (2)acinar (3)compact (4)scirrhous. tumour cells arranged
in nests or cords, bile globules within cytoplasm, pink hyaline inclusions, Variant? Fibrolamellar
Ca 79. Mention 2 causes of Carcinoma Liver UNIV 80. What are the types of Cirrhosis which
predispose to Hepatoma UNIV 81. Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma HBV, HCV,
alcohol 82. Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Read HM 83. Fibrolamellar HCC 20-
40yr,male&female, good prognosis, single mass thru which fibrous bands
pass, 84. Hepatoblastoma(Embryoma) rare tumour, below 2yr boys, from primitive hepatic
parenchymal cells, progressive abd distension, MICRO-epithelial&mesenchymal cmpnts. BILIARY TRACT
DISEASES 85. Gall stones / Cholelithiasis ETIOL- age >40yr, female, obesity, ocp, clofibrate*, heredity,
rapid wt red. PATHO-Singi-183super-saturation of bile with cholesterollithogenic bileformation of
cholesterol monohydrate crystals(nucleation)gall bladder stasis promotes aggregation of crystals into
a stone. [Also nucleating factors ; CCK receptors ]TYPES-Cholesterol stone,Pigment
stone,CaCarbonate stone, Mixed stone(80%).MORP- Cholesterol Stone pale yellow, ovoid, firm,
radiolucent. Pigment Stone BLACKsterile, small, many,radioopaque BROWNinfected,
single,greasy,soap-like,radiolucent. CLIN-silent, colicky pain, COMPLperforation,biliary fistula,
empyema, cholecystitis, cholestasis,mucocele, pancreatitis, gallstone illeus,gb
cancer. 86. Etiopathogenesis of Gall Stones UNIVx2 87. Four Risk factors for Gallstones see
above 88. What are the types of gall stones? UNIV 89. Mention the four different types of
Gall Stones?UNIV-2008 90. Gall stones Types Cholesterol stone,Pigment stone,CaCarbonate stone,
Mixed stone(80%). 91. Gall stones - Complications perforation,biliary fistula, empyema, cholecystitis,
cholestasis, pancreatitis, gallstone illeus,gb cancer. 92. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses seen in Chronic
Cholecystitis , epithelium lined spaces within the wall of GB , 93. Cholecystitis MICRO-
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses 94. Mucocele sterile obstruction of bile duct by a stone no inflammation
gb distends with mucus. ; very thin wall , ruptures into peritoneum mucus producing epithelial
cells reproduces peritoneum fills with mucus. 95. What is Porcelein Gall Bladder UNIV
intramural calcification of the gallbladder commonly associated with gallbladder
cancer. PANCREAS EXOCRINE 1. ESSAY : A patient presenting with acute onset of abdominal pain
localised to epigastrium & radiating to back. a) What is the diagnosis ? Acute
pancretitis b) Etiological factorys ? Gall stones & alcoholism are main c) Which two enzymes are
elevated in plasma? Serum amylase & serum Lipase. ROB-638 d) Complications ? Shock (death is
due to chock), Pseudocysts 2. Acute PancreatitisROB-636 HM-666 3. Mention two etiological factors
of acute pancreatitisROB-636 UNIV Alcohol & Gallstones are the most common. 4. Morphology
of acute pancreatitis chalky white fat necrosis, blue-black haemorrhages. 5. Pseudocyst of
Pancreas ROB-636 UNIV A common sequel of Ac pacreatitis. Liquefied areas are walled off by fibrous
tissue,no epithelial liningsecretions fall into the cystic spacepseudocyst formation.MORPH 10cm,
solitary&unilocular, within/adjacent to pancreas. 6. Complications of Acute PancreatitisHM-667
Shock, Pseudocyst, Acute renal failure 7. Chronic Relapsing PancreatitisHM-667 same as Chronic
Pancreatis ; occurs due to repeated attacks of mild acute pancreatitis. 8. Cystic fibrosis HM-666
grossly visible cysts in pancreas. ENDOCRINE 9. Pancreatic changes in Diabetes
Mellitis 10. Kimmelstein-Wilson DiseaseUNIV Nodular sclerosis of glomerulus, due to Diabetic
Nephropathy ; ball like deposits in mesangium ; capillary loops pushed to periphery creating halos
around the glomerulus 11. Islet cell tumour of PancreasROB-654 endocrine tumour ; less
common 12. Zollinger Ellison SyndromeROB-655 (Gastrinoma) islet cell tumour of Pancreas
excess Gastrin secretionsevere peptic ulceration OTHERS 13. Liver Transplantation MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PENIS 1. Penis Malformations Hypospadiasis
Epispodiasis 2. Phimosis inability to retract prepuce over glans penis ; congenital OR scarring due to
Balanoposthitis Paraphimosis forcing a phimosed prepuce over glans impaired circulation,
congestion, swelling, pain 3. Balanitis inflammation of glans penis or prepuce or both
(Balanoposthitis) 4. Bowen Disease carcinoma in situ, solitary, plaque like lesion on shaft, progress
to invasice SCC, HPV 16&18 5. Carcinoma in situ (CIS)of Penisin position,not extending 3 variants
(1) Bowens Disease (2) Erythroplasia of Queyrat (3)Bowenoid papulosis. TESTES 6. Cryptorchidism
Rt common, 4fold risk for test malignancy, CAUSE-obstruction,shrt sperm cord, hormonal, intrinsic test
abnorm,congen diseases. GROSS-small,firm,fibrotic MICRO-loss of germcells inside tubules, thickened
tubular BM, loss of tubules , hyalinisation TREAT-orchiopexy 7. Enumerate Tumours of Testes 95%
from Germ cell. 8. Germinal Cell tumours of Testes x5 (1)Seminoma 50% (2)Embryonal Carcinoma
(3)Yolk Sac Tumour (4)Choriocarcinoma (5)Teratomas 9. Embryonal Carcinoma of Testes
UNIV 10. **Seminoma Testes UNIV commonest, 40s, GROSS- enlarged 10 times but contour
maintained T.albuginea,soft,well demarcated, lobulated, homogenous, gray-white, coagulative necrosis
in large tumours, no hemorhage, MICRO-Fig 18.14 uniform large cells , disctinct cell borders, clear
glycogen rich cytoplasm, round hyperchromatic central nuclei, 1-2 nucleoli , lobules with fibrous septa,
little lymphocytic infiltrate, tumour giant cells, TREAT-good prognosis,radiotherapy,chemotherapy.
Variants - Spermatocytic Seminoma & Anaplastic Seminoma. 11. Microscopy of Classical
Seminoma UNIV 12. Yolk Sac Tumour of TestesHM-736 most common test tumour in children <4yr,
AFP in all cases , GROSS- MICRO-Schiller Duval* bodies- tumour cells arranged around blood
vessel 13. Choriocarcinoma 14. Teratoma Testes HM-737 children, all 3 germ lyrs, 3types
mature,immature,malignant. GROSS-cartilage&bone foci 15. Schiller-Duval Bodies ROB-662
HM-736 Yolk sac tumour of testes, tumour cells arranged around blood vessel (see pic), resembling
primitive glomeruli. 16. Mention two tumour markers of Testicular Tumours UNIV 17. Tumour
markers of Testicular NeoplasmsTab 18-2 hCGchoriocarcinoma AFPyolk sac
tumour 18. Clinical Staging of Testicular Cancer I-confined to testes II-confined to
retroperitoneal nodes III-outside retroperitoneal nodes. PROSTRATE 19. BPH/BEP or Nodular
Hyperplasia of Prostrate (Glandular&Stromal Hyperplasia) OR BPH. common, above 40s , proliferation
of stromal & epithelial elements, transitional & central zones PATHO- androgens DHT & 3
androstanediol ; bind to nuclear DHT receptorsgrowth factor prod hyperplasia ; Also Estrogens
increase DHT receptors on cells(estrogen rises in old age) GROSS- enlarged, multiple, well circumscribed
nodules in central & transitional zones ,milky fluid, urethra compressed MICRO- nodules composed of
proliferating glands , containing corpora amylacea , glands lined by 2 lyr : inner columnarmucus secr &
outer cuboidal , Also proliferating fibromuscular stroma between glands, lymphocytic aggregates,
infarction in advanced, CLIN- frequency, nocturia, hesitancy, pain, hematuria, retension. 20. Prostrate
CarcinomaESSAY adenocarcinoma ( from glands), 2nd common CA death,4types Latenet Incidental
Occult Clinical ETIOPATH- Hormonalandrogens. Geneticfirst degree relatives.
Environmentindustries,race,geogrph.GROSS- peripheral zones, irregular hard nodules,
homogenous, gray-white to yellow lesions, poorly defined margins,infiltrates seminal
vesicles&bladder, MICRO-adenocarcinoma, glands arranged back to back, single lyr of cuboidal, loss of
papillary convolutions insdide glands, invades perineural spaces, tumour cells r clear,dark or eosinophilic
CLIN-urinary symptoms, mass in rectal examination, osteoblastic bony metastasis, back pain due to
vertebral metastasis, metastasis to pelvic LNs, DIAG- Prostrate Specific antigen (PSA)*4ng/L, Postatic
acid phosphatase(PAP), rectal exam, transrectal sonography,Needle biopsy, PSA velocity, PSA
density, 21. Tumour Markers in Prostatic Carcinoma 22. Gleason Microscopic Grading SystemHM-746
Histologic grading system for Prostrate CA, 23. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
(PIN) STDS 24. Causative organism of Syphilis? Mention a technique to demonstrate it?
UNIV FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VULVA 1. Bartholins Cyst 2. Histology of Condyloma accuminata
ROB-682 *** perinuclear vacuolation (called koilocytosis) ; 3. Condyloma acuminate /Venereal
Warts VAGINA 4. Sarcoma Botryoides CERVIX 5. ESSAY : A 56yr old woman came with c/o irregular
vaginal bleeding, leucorrhoea and painful coitus, dysuria. O/E fungating mass at cevix. a)Cytological
grading of CA Cervix? b) Staging? c) What are the macroscopic forms? d) Risk
factors? e) How does HPV cause Ca cervix? 6. Cervicitis mucopurulent purulent vaginal discharge
(leukorrhea) , ORGS Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum , T.vag, Candida etc 7.
***Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia UNIV (CIN)/(SIL)precursor to CA Cervix, 30yr,Risk Factorsearly
sex, multiple partners, persistent infection,Cigrte. PATHO- HPV 16&18 , block tumour suppressor genes
TP53 & RB1, activate cell cycle gene Cyclin Ecellular proliferation, Also HSV. HISTO- transformation
zone. 3 grades : CIN I(mild dysplasia) , superficial lyrs,flat condyloma, koilocytotic* changes. CIN II
(moderate dysplasia) , incr nuclr size,incr N:C ratio, hyperchromatism, abnormal chromatin
distrib,nuclear memb abnormalities CIN III (severe dysplasia / carcin in situ) complete lyrs, more
hyperchromatism, cells disoriented, parabasal cells [L-SILCIN I H-SILCIN II & III] DIAG-Pap smear
Cytology (crowding, pleomorphism, high N:C ratio, coarse irregular chromatin) Schillers Test. 8. Schillers
TestHM to detect Ca cervix, glycogen depletion in cancerous cervical cells , TESTcervix painted with
I&KI cancerous foci fail to absorb Iodine, due to lack of glycogen. 9. Carcinoma Cervix ESSAY 45yr, Sq
Cell CA (75-90%), GROSS-3 TYPES : (1)exophytic/fungating-most common,cauliflower like (2)ulcerating
(3)infiltrating-barrel cervix MICRO- moderately differentiated , non-keratinising, large tumour cells.see
HM CLINI- staging-refer 10. Etiological factors of Carcinoma cervix UNIV 11. Carcinoms in Situ UNIV 12.
Endocervical Polyp benign, polypoid masses, <5cm, protrude thru ex os, soft, yielding, bright red,
glistening surface, contains mucin filled cystic spaces, fragile may bleed, columnar epith, UTERUS 13.
Endometriosis deposition of endometrial tissue in pelvis,ovary*,LN,lungs,bones,heart ; PATHO-3
theories : Regurgitation theory-menstrual bld, Metaplastic theory-coelomic epith differentiation ,
Lymphatic dissemination theory. GROSS-yellow brown nodules/implants , 1-2cm 14. Chocolate cysts
deposition of endometrial tissue in Ovary bleeding blood filled cysts. 15. Adenomyosis aden-
gland mys-muscle osis-condition endometrial tissue distributed in myometrium, endometrial glands
invade into myometrium PATHO-unknown, estrogen, metaplasia GROSS-uterine wall thickened due to
endometrial tissue&reactive hypertrophy, MICRO-endometrial glands in myometrium CLIN-
menorrhagia,dysmenorrhea,pelvic pain. Common fnding in Hysterectomy. 16. Adenomyosis &
Endometriosis Endometriosis interna & externa 17. Leiomyoma UterusESSAY benign tumour from
smooth muscle cells, comn term fibroids, GROSS-well circumscribed, whorled pattern, graywhite
masses, types : submucosal,subserosal,intramural, parasitic leiomyoma.MICRO-?draw 18. Endometrial
Carcinoma 55-65yr, backgrnd of Endmtr Hyperplasia, with Br Ca, PTENgene on Chr10, Risk
factorsObesity,DM,HTN,Infertility GROSS- exophytic/infiltrative, HISTO-various differentiation :
mucinous, ciliated, squamous 19. Risk factors for CA Endometrium *** HTN, DM, obesity, Infertility 20.
Uterine Polyps / Endometrial Polyps 21. Draw : Histology of Non-secretory endometrium UNIV 22. Draw
: Histology of secretory endometrium UNIV 23. Draw : Histology of Cystic hyperplasia of
endometriumHM-760 UNIV OVARY 1. Polycystic Ovary Disease (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) hirsutism in
menarche girls, excess estrogen, GROSS-subcortical cysts, 0.5-1.5cm, 2. **Classification of Ovarian
Tumours UNIV 3 multipotent cells in ovary : (1)Surface/Coelomic cells 70% (2)Germ Cells 20% (3)Stromal
Cells 10%. 3. Serous Cystadenoma of Ovary 30-40yr, low malignant potential, GROSS-spherical-
oval, 5-40cm, smooth glistening, uniloculated to multiloculated, papillary projections, serous fluid
HISTO-cyst lined by tall columnar cells, Psammoma bodies, 4. Mucinous Cystadenoma of
Ovary 5. Pseudomyxoma PeritoneiHM-594 mucinous ascites, around appendix, from mucin secreting
ovary tumour 6. Brenner Tumour *** ovarian tumour,solid, unilateral, upto20cm, encapsulated,
grey-white,abundant stroma, transitional like epithelium, from urogenital epithelium. 7. Dysgerminoma
germcell tumour, 20-30yr, unilateral, seminoma testes, MORP- 8. Choriocarcinoma germ cell
tumour, testes&ovary, 9. Define Teratoma with eg UNIVx2 10. Teratoma Ovary (Dermoid
Cyst)germ cell tumour, 20yr, unilateral, Rt, <10cm, benign 90%, cyst lined by epidermis with hair,
sebaceous secretion, teeth bone cartilage present(Rokitanskys protruberance), mature&immature,
benign&malignant(1%). 11. Gross and microscopic features of Dermoid cyst UNIV 12. Draw & Label :
Microscopy of benign Cystic Teratoma UNIV 13. Krukenberg TumourHM-775 metastatic tumour from
stomach/colon/appendix/breast to Ovary, by transcoelomic spread,signet ring cells, mucinous
carcinoma, bilateral. 14. Carl-exner bodies 15. Struma ovaryHM-773 teratoma of ovary ,
thyroid surpassed other elements Hyperthyroidism, rare. 16. Germ Cell tumours of ovary
UNIV 17. Name the sexcord stromal tumours of ovary UNIV 18. Microscopy of Granulosa Cell
TumourUNIV benign or malignant tumor of the ovary arising from the membrana granulosa of the
graafian follicle and frequently secreting estrogen; it is soft, solid, white or yellow, and consists of small
round cells sometimes enclosing Call-Exner bodies; larger lipid-containing cells may be
present 19. Meigs Syndrome & PseudoMeigs Syndrome fibromyoma of the ovary associated with
hydroperitoneum and hydrothorax. PREGNANCY 20. Hydatidiform Molehydatidiform-drop of water
mole-shapeless mass /(Vesicular Mole) grape like structures, cystically dilated chorionic villi, voluminous
mass, 2 types Completeno fetal parts,diploid. Partialfetal parts,triploid. PATHO-abnormal
fertilisation, 2 sperm fertilise empty/normal egg complete/incomplete. GROSS-friable,thin walled
translucent cystic structures MICRO-swelling of chorionic villi, no vessels, CLIN-large uterine size by 5th
month, bleeding. 21. What are Partial Moles UNIV HM-778 22. What are the karyotypic
abnormality in vesicular mole UNIV 23. Invasive Mole ROB-703 24. Chorioadenoma
DestruensHM-778 invasive hydatidiform mole, invades uterine wall bleeding. 25. Ectopic
pregnancy 26. Morphology of Choriocarcinoma UNIV BREAST (HM-780) 122. ESSAY UNIV : A 39yr old
woman presents with a hard lump in the breast, fixed to the skin and maxillary
lymphadenopathy a) What is your provisional diagnosis? Invasive ductal Ca breast b) Which
preoperative investigation will prove the diagnosis?HM-785 Mammogram, FNAC, Xero-radiography,
stereotactic biopsy, c) What is the etiopathogenesis of this condition? d) What is the likely gross
and microscopic picture? 27. ESSAY : A 45 yr old woman with painless movable mass on the upper
outer quadrant of her right breast. Axillary lymph nodes were enlarged. Mammography revealed micro
calcification in the lesion. a) What is your diagnosis? Invasive Ca breast b) What other lesion can
produce calcification in mammogram? c) What are the factors that determine the
prognosis? d) Explain the staging system? e) Genetic factors involved in
pathogenesis? f) Hormonal & environmental influence? 28. ESSAY : 55yr old post-
menopausal lady was diagnosed as T1 N1 M0 for her breast mass according to TNM
classification. a) The Commonest cause for malignancy of breast? b) Changes in nipple
grossly? c) Gross features of this lesion? d) Three important differentiating features from
Fibroadenoma Grossly? e) How does it spread to ovaries? f) What is the name given for ovarian
Metastasis? Skip metastasis? 29. Classify tumours of Breast 30. Non-tumerous causes for
breast lump 31. Fibroadenoma 32. Draw : Microscopy of Fibroadenoma BreastHM-784
UNIV 33. Phyllodes TumourHM-785 UNIVx2 a spectrum of neoplasms consisting of a mixture of
benign epithelium and stroma with variable cellularity and cytologic abnormalities, ranging from benign
phyllodes tumor to cytosarcoma phyllodes; most often involves the breast. 34. Cystosarcoma
Phyllodes 35. Risk factors for CA BreastHM-786 UNIV 36. Morphology of infiltrating duct
Carcinoma 37. Lobular Carcinoma Breast 38. Morphology of Medullary Carcinoma
breast 39. Pagets Disease of Nipple UNIV 40. Plasma Cell
Mastitis 41. Galactocoele 42. Gynacomastia ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PITUITARY 1. Pituitary
Adenoma ROB-722 2. Sheehans Syndrome ROB-725*** post partum pituitary necrosis failure of
lactation after delivery ; inadequate blood supply to the enlarged pituitary after pregnancy ; 3. Empty
Sella Syndrome ROB-725 4. What is Diabetes Insipidus. How does it differ from DM UNIV ROB-
726 5. SIADH ROB-726 THYROID 6. Mention two midline cysts of neck UNIV GRAVES
DISEASE 7. Pathogenesis of Graves Disease UNIV autoimmune, Abs like TSI, TGI, TBII
etc, 8. Autoimmune nature of Graves Disease ROB-728 Name the three autoantibodies produced
in Graves disease TSI, TGI, TBII 9. Histology of Graves Disease ROB-729 HM-831 cuboidal tall &
columnar , papillae formation, scanty colloid. COLLOID GOITRE 10. Mention two causes of GoitreUNIV-
2008 11. Colloid Goitre ROB-730 12. Goitrogens 13. Pathogenesis of MNG ROB-
730 low I2 low Thyroxinecompensatory rise in TSH hypertrophy & hyperplasia of
thyroid 14. Plummer syndrome ROB-731 one of the nodule in MNG become hyperfunctioning
Hyperthyroidism , but no eye/skin symptoms. THYROIDITIS 15. Hashimotos Thyroiditis UNIV-
2007 ROB-731 16. Gross and Microscopic features of Hashimotos thyroiditis UNIV pale, greytan,
firm& friable MICROmononuclear infl infiltrate, Hurthle cells, incr mitochondria, germinal
centres, 17. Pathogenesis and Pathology of Hashimotos Thyroiditis 18. Hurthle Cells HM-829
ROB-731 UNIV a large, granular eosinophilic cell derived from thyroid follicular epithelium by
accumulation of mitochondria, e.g., in Hashimoto's disease. Syn: Oxyphil Cells, Askanazy
cell. 19. Hurthle Cells Conditions seen in ROB-731 Hashimotos , Foll CA , Follicular
Adenoma 20. What are Askanazy cells? Mention 1 condition assoc with? UNIV same as hurthle
cell 21. De Quervan Thyroiditis ROB-
732 TUMOURS Adenoma+(Papillary,Follicular,Medullary,Anaplastic) 22. Etiology of CA Thyroid
ROB-735 UNIV (1)Genetic (2)Radiations (3)long standing MNG 23. Papillary Ca Thyroid ROB-
735 24. Histology of Papillary Ca Thyroid ROB-735 HM-837(fig) UNIV transparent nucleus (Orphan
Annie nucleus) , pseudo inclusions, psammoma bodies(concentrically calcified
structures), 25. Orphan Annie nuclei ROB-735 clear transparent nuclei in cancer cells of Papillary
Caresembling the eyes of the cartoon character Orphan Anniewhich are virtually diagnostic of
papillary carcinoma even though they represent an artifact produced by formalin
fixation; 26. Psammoma bodies ROB-735 calcified bodies in papillary carcinoma ; small
concentric. 27. Follicular Ca Thyroid ROB-736 28. Which hormone is associated with
medullary carcinoma of thyroid UNIV parafollicular c cells Calcitonin 29. Thyroidisation UNIVx2
chronic pyelonephritis 30. Importance of T3, T4, TSH levels in thyroid
anomalies PARATHYROID 31. Brown tumour ROB-740 a mass of fibrous tissue containing
hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, replacing and expanding part of a
bone in primary hyperparathyroidism. 32. Complications of Parathyroid Adenoma ROB-741 fig
*** 33. Osteitis ficrosa Cystica ROB-740 increased osteoclastic resorption of calcified bone with
replacement by fibrous tissue, due to primary hyperparathyroidism or other causes of the rapid
mobilization of mineral salts PANCREAS 34. Zollinger Ellison Endrome HM-854 35. Oral
Glucose Tolerance Test ADRENAL CORTEX 36. Cushings Disease 37. Cushing Syndrome ROB-
743 HM-821 38. Clinical Features of Cushings Syndrome ROB-745 39. Most common
cause of Cushing Syndrome ROB-744 pituitary tumour 40. Crooke Hyaline change of pituitary
ROB-744 41. Mention 3 important aetiologies of Addisons DiseaseUNIV 42. Addisons Disease ROB-
748 ADRENAL MEDULLA 43. Pheochromocytoma ROB-751 rule of 10 , yellow-tan, spindle shaped
chromaffin cells, nests of cells Zellballen, HTN 44. Microscopy of Pheochromocytoma ROB-752
nests of cells (Zellballen) 45. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome *** a condition occurring mainly
in children under 10 years of age, characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, extensive purpura, cyanosis,
toniclonic convulsions, and circulatory collapse, usually with meningitis and hemorrhage into the
adrenal glands. MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE DISEASES 46. What is MEN 1? UNIV autosomal
dominant, MEN1 gene loss, 11q13, a tumour suppressor gene, Organs involved 3Ps Parathyroid,
Pancreas, Pituitary, 47. MEN1 / MEN2 ROB-753 MUSCULO-SKELETAL
SYSTEM BONES Osteosarcoma Osteoclastoma Ewings Sarcoma 1. Pyogenic Osteomyelitis HM-857
ROB-761 2. What is Sequestrum UNIV 3. Involucrum *** HM-858 fig26.2 ormation of viable new
reactive bone surrounding sequestrum.g 4. Brodies AbscessHM-858 *** 5. Complications of Pyogenic
Osteomyelitis HM-858 6. Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Pagets Disease of Bone *** HM-863 Pagets
Disease of Nipple UNIV HM-790 7. Pagets Disease of Vulva HM-749 BONES-TUMOURS 8. Classification
of Bone Tumours HM-867 ROB-766 Osseous & Non-Osseus 9. Osteoid Osteoma ROB-765 10.
Osteogenic Sarcoma/OsteosarcomaHM-867 UNIV Age-10 to 20yr ; Medullary & Parosteal ; sunray
pattern ; Codmans triangle ; lifts the periosteum ; osteod matrix interspersed in between ; 11. Two
causes of Osteogenic Sarcoma UNIV primaryHereditary Retinoblastoma. SecondaryPagets disease of
bone. 12. Giant Cell Tumour/Osteoclastoma HM-871 ROB-769 13. Draw & Label : Osteoclastoma
UNIV 14. Draw & Label : Osteoclastic Giant Cells UNIV 15. Osteosarcoma Gross and microscopy 16.
Osteosarcoma ROB-766 Clinical picture and investigation finding 17. Enumerate Chondrogenic
Tumours 18. ExostosesHM-869 19. Microscopy of Chondroma 20. Chondrosarcoma HM-871 ROB-
768 21. Ewings Sarcoma UNIV HM-873 ROB-769 small round blue cell tumour ; expansion of
diaphysis ; lobular pattern ; pseudorosettes ; primitive neuroectodermal cells ; salt&pepper chromatic
; 22. Morphology of Ewings Sarcoma HM-873 UNIV 23. Radiological and Morphological features of
Ewings Sarcoma HM-873 UNIV Radiological Onion skin appearance. 24. Chordoma HM-873 25. Small
Round Cell Tumours *** Neuroblastoma, Ewings Sarcoma, Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma, metastatic
small cell carcinoma. 26. Complications of fracture HealingHM-177 UNIV 27. Sun ray
appearance Osteosarcoma 28. Soap bubble appearance Giant Cell Tumour of Bone 29. Onion skin
appearance Ewings Sarcoma JOINTS 30. Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis ROB-772 31. Pathogenesis of
Rheumatoid Arthritis 32. Rheumatoid Nodule HM-878 33. Acute Gout 34. What is Gout UNIV-2008
ROB-774 35. Gouty tophi HM-880 fig *** fig porous stone ; urate crystals ; 36.
Synovioma Components of Reiters SyndromeHM-81 UNIV 2007 TRIAD : arthritis + urethritis +
conjunctivitis (joint+urethra+eye) MUSCLES 37. Myaesthenia Gravis UNIV ROB-779 38. Potts
Disease/Psoas Abscess SOFT TISSUE 39. Fibroma 40. Myositis Ossificans 41. Lipoma ROB-782 42.
Herring Bone pattern ROB-784 43. Rhabdomyosarcoma ROB-785 SKIN PATHOLOGY SKIN DISORDERS -
DERMATOSES 44. Molluscum Contagiosum HM-798 45. Lupus Vulgaris HM-799 TUMOURS (SCC &
BCC) 46. Sebaceous Cyst HM-805 47. Pre-Cancerous lesions of skin*** HM-805 48. Bowens
Disease HM-805 49. Squamous Cell Carcinoma ROB-801 HM-806 50. Etiology of SCC HM-806 51.
Histology of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma UNIV HM-806 52. Keratin Pearls 53.
Morphology of SCC HM-806 54. Basal Cell Carcinoma/Rodent UlcerROB-801 HM-807 55. What is
Rodent Ulcer? UNIV ROB-801 HM-807 56. Histology of Basal Cell Ca HM-808 UNIV 57. Mention two
gross features of BCC UNIV 2008 58. Gross and Microscopic features of Basal Cell
Carcinoma MELANOCYTES - TUMOURS 59. Morphology of Nevus ROB-803 60. What are Partial Moles
UNIV HM-778 Hydatidiform mole 61. Name pigmented lesions of skin 62. Malignant Melanoma ROB-
805 HM-811 UNIV ABCD ; 63. Morphology of Melanoma UNIV HM-811 fig:24-10 64. Histology of
Melanoma UNIV HM-811 fig:24-10 65. Malignant Melanoma Predisposing factor 66. Clinical warning
signs of melanoma in a Mole 67. Xanthochromia CSF UNIV The occurrence of patches of yellow color
in the skin, resembling xanthoma, but without the nodules or plates. Syn: cholesteroderma,
xanthochroia, xanthoderma(1), xanthopathy, yellow disease, yellow skin(1) 68. Dermatofibrosarcoma
protuberans HM-812 69. Sezary Syndrome HM-813 70. Rhinosporidiosis 71. Verrucous
Carcinoma NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR DISEASE 72. Berry AneurysmUNIV 08 ROB-817 73. Draw &
Label : Sites of Berry Aneurysm in relation to Circle of WillisROB-817 UNIV 74. Sub Arachnoid
Hemorrhage ROB-817 75. Gitterzillen Cells Intracerebral Hemorrhage ROB-816 UNIV HTN, Charcot
Bouchard microaneurysms, <300m, Common site-Basal ganglia, 76. Charcot Bouchard
microaneurysms ROB-816 CONGENITAL DEFECTS 77. Anencephaly ROB-822 *** no brain & cranial
bones,frog like facies, most common, dietary folate, female more affected, post pituitary absent, ant
pituitary small. 78. Spina Bifida ROB-822 79. Meningomyelocele ROB-822 protrusion of
meninges+Spinal cord thru post vertebral defect 80. Meningocoele protrusion of only spinal
cord. INFECTION (Meningits & Abscess) 81. Compare Pyogenic Meningitis and TB Meningitis 82.
Tuberculous Meningitis CSF Findings HM-901 Table28.1 UNIV (1)On standing fibrin web formation
(2)protein (3)glucose (4)CSF pressure (5)Staining Tubecle bacilli present. 83. CSF Findings in
Meningitis 84. Brain Abscess 85. Causes of Brain Abscess 86. Viral ExcephalitisROB-
828 NEOPLASMS HM-912 (Neuroglial Cells : Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells) 87.
Classification Intracranial tumours 88. Astrocytoma 3 patterns : well differentiated(Astrocytoma),
intermediate (anaplastic astrocytoma), most sggressive(glioblastoma multiforme). a. How does
Astrocytoma differ from Glioma b. Pilocytic Astrocytoma ROB-833 c. Glioblastoma
Multiforme ROB-832 HM-913 most aggressive lesions ; 89. Mention two microscopic features of
Glioblastoma Multiforme UNIV 08 90. What is OligodendrogliomaUNIVx2 Neuroglial cells ; 91.
NeuroblastomaROB-253 UNIV 92. MedulloblastomaROB-834 93. *Meningioma UNIV ROB-836 94.
Draw & Label : Meningioma ROB-836HM-916 UNIV 95. Histology of Meningioma ROB-836 HM-
916 UNIV 96. Mention Four Morphological types of Meningioma HM-916 ROB-836 UNIV 2007 97.
Morphology of Meningioma ROB-836 HM-916 UNIV 98. Tuberous Sclerosis MYELEIN
DISEASES 99. Multiple SclerosisROB-837 DEGENERATIVE DISEASES 100. Alzheimers DiseaseROB-
841 101. Lewy bodies ROB-844 /*** 102. Huntington Disease PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES 103. Guillen
Barre SyndromeROB-848 104. Wallerian Degeneration ROB-847 HM-917 105. SchwannomaROB-848
HM-919 106. Neurofibroma ROB-848 107. Von Recklinghausens Disease ROB-226, HM-919 108. MPNST
ROB-849 HM-921 109. Triton Tumour HM-921 PRACTICALS Download the complete practical photos
online from hafeesh.blogspot.com Examination Pattern Peripheral Smear Staining 5 Marks Hb
Estimation 2 Marks ESR 2 Marks Charts
Discussion 2 Marks Blood Grouping 2 Marks Total Leukocyte
Count 3 Marks Urine Examination 2 Marks Instruments 2
Marks Spotters x10 5 Marks (Histopathology-5, Haemotology-2, Gross Specimens-
3) Total 25 Marks Spotters - Histopathology Slides 1) Fatty
Liver 2) Cloudy Swelling Kidney 3) Calcinosis Cutis 4) CVC Lung 5) CVC Liver 6) Acute
Appendicitis 7) Lobar Pneumonia 8) TB Lymph Node 9) Dimorphic
Leprosy 10) Rhinosporidiosis 11) Molluscum Contagiosum 12) Capillary
Hemangioma 13) Cavernous
Hemangioma 14) Chondroma 15) Lipoma 16) Squamous Cell Papilloma 17) Villous
Adenoma 18) Teratoma 19) Basal Cell Carcinoma 20) Squamous Cell
Carcinoma 21) Malignant Melanoma 22) Carcinoma Stomach 23) Wilms
Tumour 24) Renal Cell Carcinoma 25) Giant Cell
Tumour 26) Osteosarcoma 27) Colloid Goitre 28) Toxic Goitre 29) Hashimotos
Thyroiditis 30) Leiomyoma 31) Meningioma 32) Schwannoma 33) Hodgkins
Lymphoma 34) Fibroadenoma Breast 35) Cracinoma Breast Spotters Haematology
Slides 1) AML 2) CML 3) ALL 4) Eosinophilia 5) Neutrophilia 6) Iron Deficiency
Anemia 7) Megakaryocyte 8) Normoblast 9) Multiple Myeloma Spotters Gross
Specimens 1) Hydronephrosis 2) Renal Cell Carcinoma 3) Kidney Gravitz 4) Twisted
Ovarian Cyst 5) Ductal Adenocarcinoma Breast 6) Gastric Carcinoma 7) Calculous
Cholecystitis 8) Acute Appendicitis 9) Chronic Appendicitis 10) Ulcerative Cholitis 11) TB
Ulcer of Small Intestine 12) Fibrolipoma 13) SCC 14)Carcinoma Rectum 15) Fibroid
Uterus 16) Adenomyosis 17) Papillary Serous Cystadenoma Ovary 18) Carcinoma
Penis 19) Multinodular Goitre 20) Hashimotos Thyroiditis 21) Follicular Carcinoma
Thyroid 22) Fatty Infiltration of
Liver Instruments 1) Urinometer 2) Haemoglobinometer 3) RBC Pipette 4) WBC
Pipette 5)Haemoglobinometer Pipette 6) Neubauers Chamber 7) Salah Marrow Aspiration
Needle 8) Jamshedhi Trephine Biopsy Needle 9) LP Needle 10) Syringe with
Needle 11) Capillary Tube 12) Centrifuge 13) Westergrens Pipette 14) Wintrobes
Tube 15) Pasteur Pipette 16) L Mould 17) Coplin Jar 18) Paraffin
Block 19) Rectangular Staining Jar 20) Slide holding Rack 21) Tissue Holding
Capsule 22) Histokinette 23) Rotary Microtome 24) Ayers Spatula